Safety and Health at Workplace

SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACE

OIL AND GAS DEPARTMENTSHE - SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION


1. OSH Management• Why Manage Occupational Safety and Health ?• Management Leadership• Assignment of Responsibility• Maintenance of Safe & Health Working Conditions and

Practices• OSH Training• Accident and Incident Recording• Occupational Health and First Aid System• Employee Responsibility

SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACE2. Machine Guarding / Fencing• Definition• The Need For Fencing• Legislation• Fencing Specification

3. Lockout and Tagout System (LO/TO)• When to LO/TO• LOTO Procedures


4. Safety Inspection• Objective• Benefits• Types of Inspection• Inspection Guidelines• Safety Observation• PPE


5. Safety in Confined Space• Main Danger• Oxygen deficiency• Fire and Explosion• Toxicity• Respirators• Standby / Rescue• Legal Requirement

SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACE6. Job Safety Analysis ( JSA )• First Step• Second Step• Third Step• JSA Review

7. Group Performance• Case study• Presentation

SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACE1. OSH MANAGEMENT

1.1. Why Manage Occupational Safety and Health ?

A. Legal Requirement– Law – Act and Regulation– Codes of Practice

B. Humanitarian Consideration– Ethics– Morals– Industrial relations


C. Economic Factor– Productivity– Medical cost– Insurance premium


1.2 Management Leadership • Leadership by example• Assumption of responsibility• Declaration of OSH policy• Implementation of OSH policy


1.3 Assignment of Responsibility • OSH is a line responsibility• OSH officer / manager to advice and provide assistance

to line managers.

1.4 Maintenance of Safe & Healthy conditions and practice.

• OSH Inspection / Audits• Engineering Revision• Purchasing Considerations• Supervisory roles


1.5 OSH Training• Tailored to different needs of different levels of

management, supervisors and shop floor employees.

1.6 Accident and Incident Recording• For monitoring of performance in OSH• Assessment of effectiveness of OSH training

and maintenance programs.• Measure of achievements


1.7 Occupational Health and First Aid System• Pre – employment / pre- placement medical assessment• Medical surveillance programmes• Occupational Hygiene ( workplace )• Emergency response plans

1.8 Employee Responsibility• Adequate OSH training provided• Allow for active participation in OSH improvements• Motivate employees with adequate rewards.


2.0 MACHINE GUARDING

SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACE2.1 Definition

• Machine guarding or Fencing is safeguarding by means of a locked rail enclosure that restricts access to the machine or an area, except by authorized personnel.2.2 The need for Fencing

• Guard rails may be required to fence at the edges of access ways and openings in floor to avoid people from falling. Some examples of hazards include the operation are :-

• Fixed ladders• Ramps (portable ladder)• Catwalks, runaways• and walkways• Openings• Stairways

SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACE2.3 Legislation

Fencing the MachineryThe Factories and Machinery ( Fencing of Machinery and Safety - Regulations 1970).Every dangerous part of every driven machine mover and transmission machinery shall fenced in accordance with this regulations.


• Construction and Maintenance of Fencing• All fencing or other safeguards shall be of strong

construction and constantly maintained and kept securely fastened in position at all time when the parts requires to be fenced or safeguarded in motion or in use except when any such parts are necessarily exposed in motion for examination and for any lubrication or adjustment shown by the examination to be immediately necessary.


2.4 Fencing Specification

• Guard shall be designed, constructed and used so that they will :• Provide positive protection• Prevent access to danger zone during

operation• Cause the operator no discomfort or

inconvenience• Withstand long use with minimum

maintenance• Resist normal wear and shock• Not constitute a hazard by themselves

SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACE2.4 Fencing Specification

• Every guard shall be securely fastened to the machine or to the floor, wall or ceiling and shall be kept in place whenever the machine is operating.

• The type of guard rail that can be used for fencing can be constructed from timber , metal pipe and other structural metal.

• Further specification details about fencing and railing are detailed out in the First Schedule of Factory and Machinery ( Fencing of Machinery and Safety )

Regulations 1970.


3.0 LOCKOUT AND TAGOUT ( LO / TO ) 3.1 Lockout

A technique used to prevent hazardous energy from injuring and even killing workers.

• A padlock is placed on a disconnect Switch, Circuit Breaker, Valve Handle that is in the ‘OFF’ or ‘CLOSED’ position.


3.2 Tagout A written warning tag is placed on the Energy

Isolating Device which is in the ‘OFF’ or ‘CLOSED’ position.

• Lockout and Tagout system was especially designed to protect against the unexpected startup of a machine that is supposed to be turned OFF.

• In the Lockout system, a padlock is placed through a gate covering the activating mechanism or is applied in some other manner to prevent a machine from being turned on until the lock is removed.


• The lock is usually has a label that gives the name, department and the telephone extension of the person who put it on.

• It may also carry a message such as the following : ‘ This lock is to be removed only by ………….’.

• The Tagout system is exactly like a lockout system except a tag is substituted for the lock. Tags should be used only in cases where a lock is not feasible.

SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACE• Sometimes, tags and locks may be used

together.• When an employer uses the Tagout system

instead of the locks, they must provide a level of safety equivalent to a Lockout Programme.

• The four factors that essential for effective LOTO System.

SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACE3.2.1 Attention in details – It is important to have procedures covering all steps and allowing for all contingencies. 3.2.2 Extensive Training – Employers must teach workers about LOTO procedures and WHY it is important to use them.

3.2.3 Reinforcement Training – Employers must reinforce the training provided by stressing the importance of safety principles and practices.

3.2.4 Disciplinary Action – Violators of LOTO procedures and other general safety principles and practices must be disciplined.


3.3 When to LO/TO

• Whenever performing service or maintenance on any machine where unexpected start-up or release of stored energy could cause injury , the worker must perform Lockout / Tagout procedures.


• 3.3.1 Energy Sources :-

• A. Electrical energy - Transformer, Power

transmission lines, motor, etc.• B. Hydraulic - Fluid under pressure• C. Pneumatics - Compressed air under pressure• D. Pressurized liquids and gasses – Steam , Chemicals.


3.4 LOTO Procedures ( 6 Steps )

1st : Prepare the shutdown2nd : Shut down the equipment ( Working place )3rd : Isolate the equipment4th : Apply LOTO devices5th : Control stored energy6th : Verify isolation of equipment

• Authorized employee / affected employee role, Training to be given.

• Removal of LOTO – individual / group locking


• SAFETY INSPECTION


4.1 Objectives

4.1.1 To maintain plant safety by :

– Identification of unsafe ACTS and unsafe CONDITIONS– Notification of line supervision for corrective action

4.1.2 To Minimize loss by early detection of potential Health and Safety Hazards.

4.1.3 To ensure compliance with OSHA REQUIREMENT

SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACE4.2 Benefits

• Promote on the spot correction• Develop workers health and

safety attitude• Help supervisors learn about

workers and to identify difficult workers.

• Check adequacy of training program ( safety observation )


4.3 Types of Inspection

• Inspection of working condition (Unsafe Condition).This pertains of the checking of equipments, machines, personal protective equipment (PPE). Noise level, housekeeping and etc.

• Inspection of working practices ( Unsafe Acts ).This pertains to be observation identification of unsafe methods.


4.4 Inspection Guidelines

• The inspection checklist should be a user friendly and the inspection team members should fill all information required in the checklist. If any section is not applicable to the department being inspected write N/A. recommendations must be precise (eg. Name the machine, exit no, fire Extinguisher no. and location.)

• The checklist is meant as a guide and is subjected to revision when more information is available. Write on a separate sheet if necessary if the listed in the checklist or if you don’t have enough space to write in details.

• Each member of the inspection team should be record his/her

own findings to be discussed later in the closing conference.

SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACE• Where possible, positive behavior reinforcement is

recommended when the inspection members identify unsafe conditions or unsafe behavior.

• Photographs taking should be done for both. Very good

safe practices and conditions as well as unsafe conditions and acts. However, taking photographs are not meant to incriminate a fellow worker. Photo taking is and should be used as visual tool for further communication.

• Closing Conference – The closing conference is the time

for the inspection team members to discuss the findings. Each member should summarized and write up the final report.


• Closing Conference – The inspection coordinator should carry out the following up activities and discuss the findings and follow up at the next OSH meeting.

• REMEMBER – It should be understand that the inspection team must NEVER touch anything or any equipment while inspecting a work area. If there is any need to correct any unsafe conditions or act, talk to the supervisor and ask him to carry out the task. The reason for this that the inspection member may not have the required expertise to ensure that the correction required carried out CORRECTLY.


4.5 Safety Observation

• Safety observation are used to identify unsafe ACTS. 80% of all reported industrial accidents are caused by unsafe ACTS while remainder caused by unsafe conditions.

4.5.1 Approaches• Be firm• Make private contacts• Always explain what, why and how • Get reason for acting unsafely• Review the safe alternative • To have agreement on future practices• Where possible , positive behavior reinforcement is recommended


4.6 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)


4.6.1 Types of PPE

• Hearing – Ear plugs and ear muffs: noisy area

• Eye - Gogles, safety spectacles ; area where splashing of chemicals of flying object may be present.• Face - Face shield : areas where splashing of chemicals or flying objects may be present.

SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACE• Falling Hazard - Safety belt, life line , ladder, working

at height.

• Whole Body Splashing – Apron, : chemical splashing • Hand - Gloves : chemical , heavy load areas, heat. • Respirator - Mask ( full face/half face ), SCBA – Self Contained Breathing Apparatus, ; where excessive chemical vapor or fumes may be present.


• Special attention should be given by the inspectors during respirator inspection. Check for : The condition of the respirator, start date and end date usage of the catridge, suitable catridge, catridge and respirator should be kept in a proper storage place or at least in a plastic bag and cleanliness.

• Feet - Safety shoes ; may place where heavy load is handled and any place where objects may fall on feet. • Head - Helmet ; areas where falling objects or potential

to knock head is high.


SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACEConfine Space


5.1 Definition

• A confined space is a tank , process vessel, underground vault, tunnel or other enclosure not design or intended fro human occupancy, except for the purpose of performing work :

• That has limited number openings for entry and exit• That has poor natural ventilation• In which there may be an oxygen – deficient atmosphere,

or, • In which there may be an airborne hazardous substance

SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACE5.2 Main Danger In Confined Space

• Oxygen deficiency and oxygen enrichment• Fire or explosion• Toxic substance• Drowning in liquids or free flowing solids.

SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACE5.3 Two Main Cause Of Oxygen Deficiency

• Oxygen is displace by gases such as nitrogen, an inert gas introduced to displace flammable gases when purging vessels.

• Oxygen is used up by :• Combustion of flammable substance such as in welding and

other hot work.• Explosion or fires ( oxygen levels may stay dangerously low

long after the fire is out because the oxygen is replaced by product combustion).

• Chemical reaction such as rusting of metal.• People working in the space and using up oxygen as they

breath.


5.4 What Are The Effects Of Reduced Oxygen Level

• Normal air has approximately 21 % oxygen• At least 16% oxygen , your judgement and breathing are

impaired and you are quickly fatigue.• At 12% you become unconscious and will die unless

removed from the area.• At 6% you have difficulty breathing and will die in

minutes.


5.5 What Happens When The Level Of Oxygen Is High ?

• More than 20.9% oxygen in the air creates an oxygen enriched

atmosphere. This will cause flammable materials, such as clothing and hair, to burn violently when ignited. NEVER use pure oxygen to ventilate a confined space.

5.6 Fire and Explosion • Fire and explosion are serious dangers in confined spaces. Chemicals,

poor ventilation, static electricity or machinery may cause explosions and fire.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION

FIRE AND EXPLOSION

SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACE5.7 Toxicity

• Toxic ( poisonous ) gases present two kind of risks in a confined space:• Irritation • Chemical asphyxiation.

5.8 Warning • Be sure the confined space has been tested fully before entry. Continue to

test, if necessary, while person are working there. Wear prescribe respirator and personal protective equipment (PPE).

• Keep the engine exhaust gases away from openings of confined spaces where people might work.

SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACE5.9 Testing The Atmosphere.

• It is necessary to test all areas ( top, middle, bottom ) of a confined space with properly calibrated testing instrument to determine what gases are present. If testing reveals oxygen – deficiency, or the presence of toxic gases or vapours, the space must be

ventilated and re – tested before workers enter. If ventilation is not possible and entry is necessary ( for emergency rescue, for example ), workers must have appropriate respiratory protection.


5.10 Respirators

• Respirators are devices that can allow workers to safely breathe without inhaling toxic gases or particles. Two basic types are AIR PURIFYING, which filter dangerous substances from the air ; and AIR SUPPLYING, which deliver a supply of safe breathing air from a tank or an uncontaminated area nearby.


5.11 Standby / Rescue• A stand bye person should be assigned to

remain on outside of the confined space and be in constant contact ( visual or speech ) with the workers inside. The standby person should not have any other duties but to serve as standby and know who should not enter a confined space until help arrives, and then only with proper protective equipment, life lines, and respirators.



5.12 Legal Requirement• Regulation 13 of the Factories and Machinery ( Safety, Healthy and Welfare ).Regulations

1970 describe more detailed requirements for work in confined spaces :

• Minimum access / egress to a confined space is a manhole at least 16” wide or 18” in diameter if circular.


• All practicable steps must be taken to remove fumes.

• Atmospheric testing must be carried out, or alternatively a suitable respiratory device and safety belt and life line must be worn.

• A person must be at the entrance to the work and to take emergency action.

• Adequate equipment and training must be provided.

Bright Sparkles Tragedy -1991




Safety Philosophy • Safety should be obvious• Safety is learned and experience• Some occupational illnesses such as

toxic chemicals and asbestos exposure do not show symptom for 10 to 30 years.• We need to be trained to recognize

this hazards.

Safety Philosophy• Our employees are the company's greatest

resource. To protect this resource, we continue to instill a safety culture that permeates every level of the company and every worksite.

• Project Managers are held accountable for accident costs. Because we are team members with owners and general contractors, our Project Managers are also accountable, on a daily basis, to our customers' safety concerns.


• JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS ( JSA )


• A good JSA will describe an accident before it happens, and set up the necessary safety precautions to eliminate or guard against the hazards.

• It is most positive accident PREVENTION TOOL we have, and will if properly developed.

• Identify the hazards or potential accident associated with each step of a job.


• Develop precautions that will eliminate guard against the hazards or potential accidents on each job.

• Provide an up to date safe job procedures for training purposes, and it will be your guide for the enforcement of safe work procedures.


6.1 First Step

• Determine the jobs to be analyzed by studying past safety performance, or….

• Frequency of minor injuries…• Frequency of disabling injuries• Potential serious accident• Causing damage to equipment but not resulting

in injuries to employees.


• JSA should be made on any new jobs before the job are performed.

• The JSA will then be a valuable tool in breaking in employees on the new jobs.

• Organize each basic step of the job in natural order.

• Describe each step with an action word eg.: REMOVE, PLACE, FILL, etc…

and end with the subject being discussed.


• Each step is a generalization• Detail must be omitted• Too much detail will make the job

monumental.• Too little detail will omit natural steps in the

breakdown.


REMEMBER!!!• IT IS IMPORTANT THAT EACH NATURAL STEP THE JOB

BE DESCRIBE.

• ONLY THEN CAN WE CONCENTRATE ON LOOKING FOR ALL HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH PARTICULAR JOB.

• CAUTION : AN OVERLOOKED NATURAL STEP COULD MEAN AN OVERLOOKED HAZARD.


6.2 Second Step

• Identify hazards and potential accidents• Identify all hazards relating to job environment and

procedures.• Observe each step with the objectives of making that

specific step safer and more efficient.• Pay particular attention to those basic steps where a

man can be struck by objects or caught in, on, or between anything, fall or expose himself at gas, heat, radiation and etc.


REMEMBER !!!!

• DEVOTE FULL ATTENTION TO IDENTIFY THE HAZARDS AND POTENTIAL ACCIDENTS.

• FORGET ABOUT THE SAFETY PRECAUTION UNTIL ALL HAZARDS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED.


6.3 Third Step • Institute ways to eliminate hazards and potential accidents.• Develop a better way to do the job.• Review carefully the possibility of changing the job

procedures.• Suggest environmental changes if changing the job

procedures is not adequate.• Eliminate the frequency with each job must be done by

instituting new methods or ways of doing thing /job.• Check precautions recommended by re observing the job

and specify the necessary protective equipment required.


6.4 Developing JSA Review6.4.1 Basic Steps

• Select job to be analyzed• Breakdown jobs into progressive steps• Identify the hazards and potential accidents• Develop ways to ensure the hazards listed are

eliminated.


6.4.2 Selecting The Job • Jobs having are repeated number of accidents are prime

candidates for an early JSA review.• Any job that has been produced disabling injuries might

be a candidate for an early JSA.• The most hazard potential.• Any job that is potential for a serious accident or injury

should be considered for JSA.• The entire job may be too large to analyze at one time.

If that is the case break the job down into subtasks and address those portions of the job that may have.


6.4.3 Breaking Down the Job

• Select the right person to observe. If you are not thoroughly familiar with a particular job, the person selected should be experienced, capable and willing to share thoughts.

• Brief the person on the purpose of JSA. Explain thoroughly what is being done. ASK for COOPERATION.

• Observe the job. Record each step on the worksheet. Check the job with the worker when finished. ASK for his input.


6.4.4 Identify the Hazards

• Analyze the job to identify and potential accidents• Each should be recorded on the worksheets in the

centre column.• Keep the hazards parallel with the steps recorded.• Check with the employees for the ideas.• Check with the other employees who have

knowledge of the job.


6.5 Solutions Might Incorporate

• An entirely different way to do the job• A chance in physical conditions, layout or environment.• A changed job procedure.• A change in how often the job is performed.• For each hazard ask ‘How can be done differently “and

“How should it be done “. Solution like “Be more alert” or “Use more caution “ are NOT GOOD ENOUGH.

• Solutions must state exactly what to do and how to do it.


REMEMBER !!!!!!

• BEST DEFENSE IS A GOOD OFFENSE• THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF JSA WILL

REDUCE ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES.


7.0 Group Performance

SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORKPLACE• The students /participants will have a group

brainstorming and discussion and present the outcome of the SAFETY PROGRAM. Each group will have to :-

• Identify the HAZARDS at their working area.

• Perform the Job Safety Analysis ( JSA ) base on the case.

• Perform a PRESENTATION base on the case.

• Comment and suggestion by Safety and Health Officer – SHO.

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Safety and Health at Workplace