sacxovrisi qarTveli eris yofasa da kulturaSi Zvelad Zvelad ...dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/69819/1/SacxovrisiQar...sacxovrisi saqarTveloSi Zvelad 9 Sesavali qarTveli eris (iseve

paata buxraSvilipaata buxraSvilipaata buxraSvilipaata buxraSvilipaata buxraSvili

PAATA BUKHRASHVILI

sacxovrisi qarTvelisacxovrisi qarTvelisacxovrisi qarTvelisacxovrisi qarTvelisacxovrisi qarTveli

eris yofasa daeris yofasa daeris yofasa daeris yofasa daeris yofasa da

kulturaSikulturaSikulturaSikulturaSikulturaSi

Zvelad Zvelad Zvelad Zvelad Zvelad

DWELLING IN THE LIFE AND CULTUREOF THE ANCIENT GEORGIANS

TbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisi

TBILISI20052005200520052005

Cems vaJs, oTos da yvela qarTvels, dabadebulsCems vaJs, oTos da yvela qarTvels, dabadebulsCems vaJs, oTos da yvela qarTvels, dabadebulsCems vaJs, oTos da yvela qarTvels, dabadebulsCems vaJs, oTos da yvela qarTvels, dabadebulssaqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis _ 1991 wels,saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis _ 1991 wels,saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis _ 1991 wels,saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis _ 1991 wels,saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis _ 1991 wels,momavlis saimedod...momavlis saimedod...momavlis saimedod...momavlis saimedod...momavlis saimedod...

winaTqmawinaTqmawinaTqmawinaTqmawinaTqma

mocemuli monografia Cvens mier momzadda iv javaxiSvilissax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis eTnologiis kaTedrazerogorc sakvalifikacio naSromi istoriis mecnierebaTa doqto-ris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, magram 2004 wlis 21dekembris umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos parlamen-tis mier miRebuli kanonis Sesabamisad saqarTveloSi ,,mecniere-baTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxi gaTanabrebulia doqtorisakademiur xarisxTan~(muxli 89, punqti9). gamomdinare aqedan,gadavwyviteT naSromi wignad dagvestamba da mocemuli saxiTwarmogvedgina specialistebisa da farTo sazogadoebisaTvis. naSromis Teoriuli da wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazanaSromis Teoriuli da wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazanaSromis Teoriuli da wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazanaSromis Teoriuli da wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazanaSromis Teoriuli da wyaroTmcodneobiTi baza.....naSromze muSaobisas upirvelesad veyrdnobodiT im mdidarsamecniero literaturas, romelic sacxovrisis fenomenisirgvliv arsebobs rogorc CvenSi, aseve sazRvargareT. gansakuT-rebiT gvinda aRvniSnoT qarTuli arqeologiuri (b. kuftinis,al. javaxiSvili, oT. jafariZe, g. gobejiSvili, k. ficxelauri, ...)da eTnologiuri (g. Citaias, v. bardaveliZis, al. robaqiZis, r.xaraZis, m. CarTolanis, T. Ciqovanis...) skolebis brwyinvalewarmomadgenelTa fundamenturi gamokvlevebi, romlebmacSeadgines Cveni naSromis Teoriuli baza. sazRvargareTmuSaobisas gavecaniT da kvlevis procesSi gamoviyeneT cnobilucxoel mecnierTa (J. Assman, J. Bergeman, J. Bretschneider, A. Bühnen,J. Mellaart, H. Müller-Karpe, E. Noll und R. Struwe, C. Renfrew, P. Bann, K.Schmidt, I. Motzenbäcker, Alekseev V.P., Krupnov E.I., KuwnarevaK.X., Masson V.M., Munqaev. R.M., ...) gamokvlevebi. Cveni naSromis wyaroTmcodneobiTi baza ki, ZiriTadad,Seadgina im savele masalam (audio, video, foto) da dRiurebma,romelsac vagrovebdiT da vawarmoebdiT wlebis ganmavlobaSiarqeologiur, eTnografiul da eTno-lingvistur eqspediciebSimonawileobis dros. es eqspediciebi ki Semdegia - VI-VIII 1980;1981; 1982; 1984; 1986; 1988 – akad. s.janaSias sax. saxelmwifomuzeumis svaneTis kompleqsuri eqspedicia (xel. m.CarTolani);V-VI 1985, 1987 – akad. a. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis institutislingvisturi eqspedicia daRestanSi, CeCneTsa da inguSeTSi(xel. v. kikilaSvili); 1983 wlidan dRemde – kaxeTisarqeologiuri eqspedicia (xel.akad. k. ficxelauri); VI-X 1995,1996, 1997; VI-IX 1999, 2000, 2001; IIV 2004 – monrealis (kanada)universitetisa da kanadis mecnierebaTa akademiis (kavkasi-

ologiis saerTaSoriso samecniero-kvleviT institutTanerTad) eTno-lingvisturi savele samuSaoebi fSav-xevsureTSi,mTiuleT-gudamayarSi, svaneTSi, raWaSi, guriaSi. warmodgenili naSromi ZiriTadad mzaddeboda germaniaSi,iqaur kolegebTan aqtiuri TanamSromlobis fonze, rissaSualebac mogvca germaniis akademiuri gacvlebis (DAAD)programiT mopovebulma stipendiebma _ IX-XII 1995 w. -stipendia haidelbergis (germania) univeristetis winare daZveli istoriisa da wina aziis arqeologiis institutSi(xelmZRvaneli - prof. dr. harald hauptmani); IX-XII 2000 w.– DAAD-is stipendia halles aRmosavleTis arqeologiis daxelovnebis institutSi (xelmZRvaneli prof. dr. vinfridortmani); VI-IX 2003 w. _ DAAD-is stipendia haidelbergismecnierebaTa akademiis yarayorumis da Sua aziis ganyofile-baSi (xelmZRvaneli - prof. dr. harald hauptmani). naSromis mecnieruli siaxlenaSromis mecnieruli siaxlenaSromis mecnieruli siaxlenaSromis mecnieruli siaxlenaSromis mecnieruli siaxle::::: - sanam uSualod gansa-xilvel sakiTxebze daviwyebdeT msjelobas, gvinda TavidanveaRvniSnoT, rom Cvens warmodgenil naSromSi, vecadeT, konkre-tuli masalebis mixedviT, gveCvenebina sacxovrisis fenomenisada ojaxuri kultmsaxurebis adgili qarTveli eris yofasada kulturaSi. gamomdinare aqedan, SevecadeT, SeZlebis-dagvarad, dagveWira is dvrita erovnul-sarwmunoebrivimdgradobisa, romelszec saukuneTa mdinarebaSi SesaZlebelixdeboda Temobriv-socialuri erTeulebis dafuZneba. yoveli-ve es ki, migvaCnia, rom Tavis mxriv, mogvianebiT, erovnulida saxelmwifoebrivi institutebis Camoyalibebis safuZveladiqca. naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba:naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba:naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba:naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba:naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba: naSromi da masSiwarmodgenili kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi SesaZloa gamoyenebuliiqnas qarTveli eris istoriis Sesaxeb monografiebis ansaxelmZRvaneloebis Seqmnisas; SesaZloa da sasurvelia maTigamoyeneba universitetebsa da sxva tipis umaRles saswavleblebSisaqarTvelos eTnologiis da arqeologiis, rogorc zogadi, asevespecialuri kursebis swavlebis procesSi. naSromSi gadmocemuliTeoriuli da praqtikuli debulebebis safuZvelze Cvens mierukve SemuSavebulia da iv. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis sax. universi-tetis aRmosavleTmcodneobis fakultetis asiriologiis speci-alobaze ikiTxeba saleqcio kursi paleoeTnologiaSi. asevevimedovnebT, rom naSromi daainteresebs saSualo skolebis zeda

klasebis moswavleebs da qarTveli eris istoriiT dainterese-bul mkiTxvelTa farTo wres. naSromis aprobacia:naSromis aprobacia:naSromis aprobacia:naSromis aprobacia:naSromis aprobacia: naSromis calkeuli sakiTxebimoxsenebebis saxiT wakiTxulia samecniero konferenciebsa dasesiebze, rogorc Cveni qveynis, aseve sazRvargareTis sxvadasxvasaswavlo Tu samecniero dawesebulebebSi – 25-28 05. 1991 w. Cikagos(aSS) universitetis kavkasiologTa V konferencia; 15-18 05.1993 - Cikagos (aSS) universitetis kavkasiologTa VI konferen-cia; 08. 01. 1995 w. haidelbergis universitetis winare da Zveliistoriisa da wina aziis arqeologiis institutSi (xelmZRvaneliprof. h. hauptmani); halles martin luTeris universitetSi 1998-1999 - 2000 w.w.- Fachbereich Kunst und Altertumwissenschaften. Institutfür Orientalische Archäologie und Künst. Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. Konferenz der Deutschen Akademien der Wissenschaften.Aktenzeichen 960.4-248. For-schungsforhaben zum Thema:,,Behausungsphänomen im Südkaukasischen Kultursystem in der Epochedes Paläometals”. (xelmZRvaneli prof. v.ortmani); 4-8 04. 1996 –saerTSoriso arqeologiuri koloqviumi. siRnaRi-Tbilisi;15-22 1997 – saerTSoriSo seminari Temaze ,,The Future of the Pastin Eastern Europe” loZis (poloneTi) universiteti; 2003 w.haidelbergis mecniebaraTa akademiiaSi; 4-10 10. 2004 – konfe-rencia Temaze -,,erovnuli da sarwmunoebrivi identoba~saqarTvelos teqn. universiteti. naSromma aseve aprobacia gaiara Tsu istoriis fakultetiseTnologiis kaTedris 2004 wlis 8 dekembris sxdomaze. daskvnanaSromze warmoadgina prof. s. WanturiSvilma.

samadlobelisamadlobelisamadlobelisamadlobelisamadlobeli _ minda gansakuTrebuli malierebis grZnobiTmovixsenio Cemi maswavleblebi ( akad. giorgi Citaia, b-ni mi-xeil CarTolani, akad. kiazo ficxelauri, prof. vinfridortmani, prof. harald hauptmani, akad. v. SamilaZe...), kolegebi(prof. q. TuiTi, prof. v. kikilaSvili, z. cqvitiniZe, S. amirovi,ad. billi, s. vinkelmani, fl. mulfredi, prof. paul maninngi, b.nikolaiSvili, r. doliZe...) da recenzentebi (akad. oTar jafariZe,prof. soso WanturiSvili, prof. giorgi qavTaraZe, prof. qevinTuiTi) romlebTan urTierTobisa da muSaobis gareSec SeuZ-lebeli iqneboda ara marto am naSromis warmodgena, aramedsaerTod Cemi profesiuli saqmianoba.

recenzentebi:akademikosi, prof. oTar jafariZeoTar jafariZeoTar jafariZeoTar jafariZeoTar jafariZe

prof. soso WanturiSvilisoso WanturiSvilisoso WanturiSvilisoso WanturiSvilisoso WanturiSviliprof. giorgi qavTaraZegiorgi qavTaraZegiorgi qavTaraZegiorgi qavTaraZegiorgi qavTaraZe

prof. qevin TuiTiqevin TuiTiqevin TuiTiqevin TuiTiqevin TuiTi

sacxovrisi qarTveli eris yofasa dasacxovrisi qarTveli eris yofasa dasacxovrisi qarTveli eris yofasa dasacxovrisi qarTveli eris yofasa dasacxovrisi qarTveli eris yofasa da

kulturaSi ZveladkulturaSi ZveladkulturaSi ZveladkulturaSi ZveladkulturaSi Zvelad

SinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsiSinaarsi

Sesavali...........................................................................................................9Sesavali...........................................................................................................9Sesavali...........................................................................................................9Sesavali...........................................................................................................9Sesavali...........................................................................................................9

Tavi ITavi ITavi ITavi ITavi I

eTnikuri kulturisa da sacxovrisis fenomenis urTi-eTnikuri kulturisa da sacxovrisis fenomenis urTi-eTnikuri kulturisa da sacxovrisis fenomenis urTi-eTnikuri kulturisa da sacxovrisis fenomenis urTi-eTnikuri kulturisa da sacxovrisis fenomenis urTi-

erTmimarTebisaTvis ................................................................... 49erTmimarTebisaTvis ................................................................... 49erTmimarTebisaTvis ................................................................... 49erTmimarTebisaTvis ................................................................... 49erTmimarTebisaTvis ................................................................... 49

Tavi IITavi IITavi IITavi IITavi II

sacxovrisis samSeneblo tradiciis ganviTarebis moklesacxovrisis samSeneblo tradiciis ganviTarebis moklesacxovrisis samSeneblo tradiciis ganviTarebis moklesacxovrisis samSeneblo tradiciis ganviTarebis moklesacxovrisis samSeneblo tradiciis ganviTarebis mokle

retrospeqtiva centaluri amierkavkasiiaSi...................83retrospeqtiva centaluri amierkavkasiiaSi...................83retrospeqtiva centaluri amierkavkasiiaSi...................83retrospeqtiva centaluri amierkavkasiiaSi...................83retrospeqtiva centaluri amierkavkasiiaSi...................83

Tavi IIITavi IIITavi IIITavi IIITavi III

sacxovrisi saqarTveloSi Zvelad............................................106sacxovrisi saqarTveloSi Zvelad............................................106sacxovrisi saqarTveloSi Zvelad............................................106sacxovrisi saqarTveloSi Zvelad............................................106sacxovrisi saqarTveloSi Zvelad............................................106

a) sacxovrisis fenomenis adgili sivrciseulad dapiris-

pirebul cnebaTa: ,,Sin~ da ,,gare~; ,,Sinauri~ da

,,gareuli~ - formirebis procesSi..............................................................106106106106106

b) sacxovrisi, rogorc konkretuli socialuri erTeu-

lis - ,,ojaxis~ yofis amsaxveli fenomeni..........................................121121121121121

g) sacxovrisi - ,,ojaxuri taZari~..........................................................................147147147147147

d) ,,saxli~ – ,,xati~ saqarTveloSi Zvelad.............................................160160160160160

daskvnebi ............................................................................................................191daskvnebi ............................................................................................................191daskvnebi ............................................................................................................191daskvnebi ............................................................................................................191daskvnebi ............................................................................................................191

damowmebuli da gamoyenebuli literatura........................199damowmebuli da gamoyenebuli literatura........................199damowmebuli da gamoyenebuli literatura........................199damowmebuli da gamoyenebuli literatura........................199damowmebuli da gamoyenebuli literatura........................199

Summary...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................219219219219219

tabulebis aRweriloba.....................................................................258tabulebis aRweriloba.....................................................................258tabulebis aRweriloba.....................................................................258tabulebis aRweriloba.....................................................................258tabulebis aRweriloba.....................................................................258

damatebadamatebadamatebadamatebadamateba

,,...marjah...~.............................................................................................................276,,...marjah...~.............................................................................................................276,,...marjah...~.............................................................................................................276,,...marjah...~.............................................................................................................276,,...marjah...~.............................................................................................................276

rusuli kolonialuri cnobiereba da amierkavkasiisrusuli kolonialuri cnobiereba da amierkavkasiisrusuli kolonialuri cnobiereba da amierkavkasiisrusuli kolonialuri cnobiereba da amierkavkasiisrusuli kolonialuri cnobiereba da amierkavkasiis

eTnopolitikuri realoba.................................................................288eTnopolitikuri realoba.................................................................288eTnopolitikuri realoba.................................................................288eTnopolitikuri realoba.................................................................288eTnopolitikuri realoba.................................................................288

9sacxovrisi saqarTveloSi Zvelad

Sesavali

qarTveli eris (iseve rogorc zogadad kavkasiel erTa)materialuri da sulieri kulturis Seswavlis istoria,sabednierod, aswleulebs swvdeba. Cvens xelTaa umdidresisamecniero memkvidreoba, romelic winamorbedTa TavdauzogaviSromiTa da didi rudunebiTaa Seqmnili. gansakuTrebuli etapiqarTul istoriografiaSi XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan dgeba,roca Seqmnili politikuri da ideologiuri viTarebispirobebSi SemuSavda da dainerga rigi sakvalifikaciosteroetipebisa, romelTa fonzec xdeboda qarTveli eris (dazogadad eris) istoriis da kulturis Seswavla _ gaazreba.axla ki (gansakuTrebiT gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebisbolodan), rodesac qarTveli eri kvlav daadga morigiTviTgnaxlebisa da TviTdamkvidrebis gzas, Sesabamisad,gadasaxed-gadasamuSavebeli gaxda mravali, aqamde uqceveladmiRebul-gaziarebuli debuleba. cnobilia, rom amgvarpirobebSi axali ZaliT iCens xolme Tavs SemoqmedebiTienergia, ris dasturicaa qarTveli eris Tanamedrove yofa.swored Seqmnilma garemoebam gagvabedina Cvenc, qarTvelmkvlevarTa SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreobis fonze, kvlavmivbrunebodiT sacxovrisis fenomenis gasazRvra-analizs dawinamdebare naSromis saxiT warmogvedgina igi. Tuki CveniSroma mkiTxvelSi kidev erTxel aRZravs mSobeli erisistoriaSi CaRrmavebis survils, Tavs bednieriad CavTvliTda didi siamovnebiT miviRebT yvela argumentirebul SeniSvnasaTu komentars. sanam uSualod gansaxilvel sakiTxebze daviwyebdeTmsjelobas, gvinda Tavidanve aRvniSnoT, rom rogorc es ukveSeniSnulia - ,,mocemuli naSromis Tavisebureba sakvlevisakiTxisadmi orgvar midgomaSi warmoCindeba: masSi, erTismxriv, gamovlenilia sacxovrisis, rogorc sazogadoebriviyofis erTerTi umTavresi Semadgenli komponentis is mxareebi,romelTa wiaRSic SesaZlebelia eTnosisaTvis damaxasi-aTebeli tradiciuli elementebis fiqsireba da Sesabamisad,dasaxulia am yofiTi fenomenis (sacxovrisis) Seswavlisperspeqtiva da gzebi; meores mxriv, arsebuli mravalricxovanida mravlismetyveli eTnografiuli da arqeologiurifaqtebidan, kvlevis sayrdenad gamoyofilia iseTni, romelTainterpretaciac, aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebiT, rea-

10 paata buxraSvili

luradaa SesaZlebeli. amgvari midgoma, vfiqrobT, sakvlevregionSi mimdinare kulturuli cxovrebis saintereso pano-ramas gadagviSlis, rac, garkveulwilad, warmoaCens kidecaq aTaswleulTa miRma mimdinare eTnikur procesebs. imismiuxedavad, rom qarTuli tradiciuli sacxovrebeli sakmaodfarTod da Rrmad aris Seswavlili eTnografebis mier, dagarda amisa, arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebebis Sedegad dag-rovili da nawilobliv Seswavlilia didZali axali faqtob-rivi masala uZvelesi adgilobrivi sacxovreblebis Sesaxeb,dRemde aravis ucdia Sexeboda maT erTobliobaSi, rogorceTnogenezis kvlevis pirvelwyaros.~1

XX s-is 80 - 90-iani wlebidan, rogorc saqarTvelosfarglebs gareT, aseve CvenSiac fexs ikidebs da mkvidrdebasamecniero-kvleviTi dargTaSorisi integracia, romlisnaTeli dadasturebacaa eTnoarqeologiis, rogorc gamokve-Til saistorio - sakvlevaZiebo mimarTulebad Camoyalibebisprocesi [174; 376; 369; 355; 356;...]. Tanamedroveobamde, TiTqmissaerTod ar xdeboda eTnoarqeologiis, rogorc aqcenti-rebuli definiciis Teoriuli da meTodologiuri ganviTa-reba, ramac ganapiroba kidec arqeologiis qvedisciplinadmiCneuli am dargis Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi darCena. gaziarebulia, rom eTnoarqeologiuri kvlevebis mizanswarmoadgens eTnologiuri informaciisa da meTodebisgamoyeneba arqeologiuri daskvnebis SemuSavebisaTvis. jerkidev, XIX saukunis gariJraJze, a‘de Jussieni safrangeTSiaRmoCenil qvis iaraRebs, maT formebsa da funqciebs udarebdaamerikis aborigeni mosaxleobis yofaSi imJamad funqci-onirebad nivTebs. igi maTze dayrdnobiT cdilobda aexsna mismier aRmoCenili arqeologiuri nivTebis arsi. dRevandeligadmosaxedidan SeiZleba iTqvas, rom a‘de Jussieni iyo pirveliarqeologi, romelmac gamoiyena eTnoar-qeologiuriparalelebi; romelic uZveles arqeologiur nivTTafunqciebis asaxsnelad eTnografiul monacemebs eyrdnoboda[ix. 369, 12-13]. XIX saukunis damlevisTvis, evolucionizmisideebis gavrcelebasTan erTad, l.h. morganisa da h. spenserisnaSromebSi mravlad vxvdebiT eTnografiuli paralelebisgamoyenebis magaliTebs. ramdenadac ,,evolucionizmi~, imperiodSi gavrcelebul mimdinareobas warmoadgenda, miCneuli

1 ix. akad. al. javaxiSvilis recenzia Cvens naSromze


iyo, rom yoveli nivTi _ universumi, qimiuri an biologiuriforma, agreTve sazogadoeba da kultura saerTod, safexurob-riv evoluciur process eqvemdebareboda, romelic ganviTa-rebis sxvadasxva stadias gadioda. am koncefciis Tanaxmad,magaliTad, l.h. morgani Tavis 1877 wels gamocemul wignSi,,Zveli sazogadoeba~, kacobriobas da mis kulturas, evolu-ciuri ganviTarebis mixedviT, sam safexurad _ ,,velurobad~,,,barbarosobad~ da ,,civilizaciad~ hyofda. saerTod, aRsaniSnavia, rom arsebobs orgvari midgomakacobriobis istoriisadmi: pirveli - pirveli - pirveli - pirveli - pirveli - kacobriobis istorias ganixilavs rogorcerTian process, mimavals safexurobrivi aRmavali xaziT.istoriis amgvari gageba gulisxmobs kacobriobis ganviTarebiserTian gaazrebas da mas SeiZleba unitaruli, anu unitarul-stadialuri xedva vuwodoT. unda iTqvas, rom amdagvarimidgoma kacobriobis istoriisadmi araxalia da man jer kidevmaSin iCina Tavi, roca gamoiyo ZiriTadi stadiebi kacobriobisistoriisa _ veluroba, barbarosoba da civilizacia (l. mor-gani, a. fergiuseni da sxvebi); Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis istoriadaiyo samonadireo-Semgroveblur, mesaqonleobis, miwaTmoq-medebis da savaWro-warmoebiT periodebad (a.tiugro, a. smitida sxv.). amdagvar midgomasTan gvaqvs saqme maSinac, rodesackacobriobis istoriaSi gamoiyofa jer sami da Semdgom oTximsoflio-istoriuli epoqa _ ZvelaRmosavluri, antikuri,Suasaukuneebisa da axali (l. bruni, f. biondo, k. keleri). amJamad, sazogadoebis istoriis unitarul-stadialurWrilSi konceptualuri gaazrebis ori ZiriTadi saxe arsebobs.erTia _ marqsistuli, romlis mixedviTac kacobriobisistoriis ganviTarebis safexurebad gamoiyofa xan xuTi, xaneqvsi stadia-formacia (pirvelyofil-Temuri, aziaturi,antikuri, feodaluri, kapitalisturi da komunisturi). xolomeore _ saxeldebulia sazogadoebis istoriis gaazrebispostindustrialur koncefciad (d. belli, o. toffleri, atureni, z. bJeJinski da sxv.). postindustrialistebi kacobriobisistoriaSi Semdeg stadiebs gamoyofen: 1. tradicionaluri(agraruli) sazogadoeba, 2. industrializebuli (sawarmoo)sazogadoeba da 3. postindustrialuri (zeindustrialuri,servisuli, informaciuli, teqnologiuri da sxva) sazogadoeba.Cvens saistorio mecnierebaSi gabatonebuli iyo istoriisunitarul-stadialuri gaazreba mis marqsistul, formaciulvariantSi.

12 paata buxraSvili

da meoremeoremeoremeoremeore _ Tanamedrove etapze, pirvelis sawinaaRmdegod,miRebulia istoriis sxvagvari, civilizaciurad saxeldebuligaazreba. am midgomis Tanaxmad kacobrioba ganiyofa ramdenimedamoukidebel warmonaqmnad, romelTaganac TiToeuls Tavisidamoukidebeli istoria gaaCnia. pluralizmi istoriis xedvaSi,uciloblad aRiarebs ciklurobas, rac ganapirobebebs kidecyoveli aseTi warmonaqmnis aRmocenebas, ganviTarebas da, adreTu male, gardauval kvdomas. TiToeuli amdagvari erTeuli, yvelafers Tavidan iwyebs.amdenad, axals igi verafers qmnis. gamomdinare aqedan aseTiwarmonaqmnebi sruliad Tanabarni da eqvivalenturni arian.arcerTi maTgani, Tavisi ganviTarebis doniT, arc uswrebs daarc CamorCeba meores. TiToeuli aseTi warmonaqmni viTardeba,magram mTlianobaSi kacobrioba arc evolucias da arcprogress ar ganicdis. amgvari xedvis safuZvelze arsebobenmravali aseTi istoriuli warmonaqmnebi, romelTac TavTavisisakuTari ,,istoriebi~ gaaCniaT. mTlianobaSi ki, kacobriobismTeli istoria aris erTiani uwyveti gameoreba erTi da igiveprocesTa erTobliobisa. e.i mimdinareobs mravalaTvladi,cikluri, mudmivi brunva. maSasadame, am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, ar arsebobsTanamimdevroba, rogorc gansakuTrebuli procesi. Sesabamisad,ar SeiZleba saubari adamianTa sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sta-diebze da amasTanave, msoflio istoriis epoqebze. istorii-sadmi amgvar midgomas, pluralistur midgomas uwodeben. istoriis pluralisturi gageba dRes ar aRmocenebula.mis sTaveebTan dganan J.a. gobino da h. riukkerti. istoriulipluralizmis safuZvlebi, ZiriTadSi, naTlad Camoayaliba n.danilevskim, da sakuTar gamokvlevebSi ganaviTares o.Spenglerma, a. toinbma, l. gumeliovima. es moazrovneni,kacobriobis istoriaSi maT mier gansazRvrul warmonaqmnebssxvadasxva saxelebiT moixsenieben _ civilizaciebad (gobino,toinbi), kulturul-istoriul individebad (riukkerti), eTno-sebad, an supereTnosebad (gumeliovi), rasac konceptualurigaazrebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba ar aqvs, radganac yovelSemTxvevaSi es moazrovneni ZiriTadSi erT konkretulrealobas, SeiZleba iTqvas, jiSs, modgmas gulisxmoben. mTlianobaSi, kacobriobis istoria albaT unda gaviaz-roT, rogorc sulieri arsebis, sazogadod adamianis isto-ria, romelsac suli uflisgan Caedga; romelic daibada, izrde-


ba, viTardeba, mwifdeba da gardaicvleba (saxes icvlis), risSemdegac gadadis axal TvisobriobaSi. amgvari xedva kacobriobis istoriisa mocemulia wmindawerilSi, ioanes gamocxadebaSi, roca saubaria axali cisa daaxali dedamiwis Sobaze. egzegetikis mixedviT, aq saubariasulier-sxeulebriv saxecvlilebaze, romelic gardacvaleba-Sobis misteriaSi xorcieldeba. Cven vTvliT, rom kacobriobisistoriis Wvretisas istorikosis mTeli yuradRebis koncentri-reba sasurvelia moxdes drosa da sivrceSi mudmiv _ zogadada-mianur, sulier Rirebulebebsa da kategoriebze. esaa sikeTis,absoluturi keTilobisa da moyvasis siyvarulis cnebebisadmierTguleba da samsaxuri, gansxeulebuli, ganxorcielebulicalkeul individTa (wmindanTa _ religiuri xedviT) amqvey-niur cxovrebaSi. mTlianobaSi, yovelive es warmoadgens saxesadamianurobisa, romelic calkeuli xalxebis, eTnosebis,civilizaciebis, modgma-jilagTa (Tu rac gindaT is vuwodoT)saxiTaa gaSualebuli RvTisganqmnil dedabunebasTan. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom gamoTqmulia sxvagvarimosazrebebic, romlis mixedviTac, marTalia, samyaro Cvenwarmogvidgeba rogorc mudmivad ganviTarebadi fenomeni,magram ganviTarebis dinebis sawinaaRmdegod, mis wiaRSimoedineba meore dineba gadagvarebisa, moraluri daevoluciuri entropiisa. rogorc aRniSnaven (l.n. gumelevi),mcirericxovani, veluri tomebi, mcxovrebni civilizebulisamyaros ganapira mxareebSi, warmoadgenen Sedegs degra-daciisa. es tomebi imyofebian ara startze, aramed finiSzesakuTari istoriisa, isini warmoadgenen reliqtebs ZveliZlevamosili xalxebisa, romlebic adre, odesRac samyaroscentrSi cxovrobdnen da Seqmnes Zveli civilizaciebi, romelTanaSTebsac amJamad afiqsireben arqeologebi. rogorc aRiarebs eTnografiuli mecniereba, zogierTixalxi (tomi) ,,iyineba~ pirvelyofili velurobis doneze,zogierTebi ki gadagvardebian da adamianuri velurobidancxovelur fiziologiur mdgomareobamde ecemian. am azrsexmianeba paleozoologTa daskvnebic, romelTa TanaxmadacTanamedrove adamianis uZveles genetikur winaprebad miCneulie.w. adamianis msgavsi maimunebi (Simpanze, gorila, orangutangi...)ufro metad ganviTarebuli yofilan, vidre maTi Tanamedrovesaxeobebi _ dadiodnen amarTulad, gaaCndaT naklebi cxovelu-roba da a.S. maSasadame, regresi, gadagvareba SesaZlebelia

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yvela saxis boilogiur arsebaSi, ris gamoc saTuo xdebapermanentuli da mudmivi evoluciis uwyvetobis ueWvelobac. Tuki amdagvar prizmaSi SevxedavT Tundac religiisistorias, maSin gamodis, rom ramdenadac veluri tomebiwarmoadgenen degradirebul narCenebs Zveli xalxebisa,amdenad, degradacia moicavs am tomebis cxovrebis yvela mxaresda maT Soris sulier kulturasac. e.i. avstraliel aborigenTa,tropikuli afrikis negroidul tomTa, an amazoniis indielTaprimitiuli rwmena-warmodgenebi ara Canasaxovan formebs,aramed adreul xanaSi ufro ganviTarebuli religiisgadagvarebis Sedegs warmoadgenen [ix. T. Baksan ,,Na taynjxtropax Istorii~ Groznjy 1995]. Tanamedrove religiaTmcodneoba ki Tavdayira ayenebsyvelafers, amtkicebs ra, rom erTRmerTianoba (monoTeizmi)warmoadgens ganviTarebas primitiuli warmarTuli rwmena-warmodgenebisa. arada, SesaZloa yvelaferi piriqiTacyofiliyo - Zveli, adreuli erTRmerTianoba, SemdgomSidaviwyebuli, ,,daCexili~ iqna; dacemulma, gadagvarebulmaxalxebma daiwyes Tayvancema ara Tavad Semoqmedisa, uflisaTvisisa, aramed misi qmnuli samyaroseuli sxvadasxvaelementisa; rac TavisTavad mravalRmerTianobas, poliTeizms,warmarTobas warmoadgens. biblia gveubneba, rom Tavidankacobrioba erTiani iyo da erT mama RmerTs eTayvaneboda.magram SemdgomSi isini ise ganzviaddnen, rom iwyes TavisufalTan gatoleba, ris alegoriasac bibliaSi adamisa da evasmier akrZaluli xilis miReba warmoadgens. am codvis (ufalTanTavis gatolebis) gamo isini ganidevnen edemidan, daiqsaqnenda danawevrden. danawevrda maTive fsiqika da sulieri erToba,gamravlda pirvelcodva _ mzvaobrivoba da garyvnileba; risCamosarecxadac ufalma kacobriobas warRvna mouvlina.gadarCenili marTali noes STamomavloba gamravldakavkasiidan. magram ramdenadac didi iyo sacduri codviskenmidrekili kacTa gulisa, RmerTma axla ukve Ze TvisimxolodSobili, ieso _ ,,Sobili uwinares yovelTa saukuneTa~(mrwamsi), mouvlina maT, raTa mas sakuTari sisxliT gamoesyidacodvani kacTa modgmisa. yovelive zemoTqmulis moxmoba dagvWirda imisa gamo, romgveCvenebina is, Tu ra mravalferovani da erTurTisgangansxvavebulia damokidebuleba zogadad kacobriobis


istoriisadmi; istoriisadmi, romlis Semoqmedsac daganuyofel nawils eTnikuri erTobebi warmoadgenen. vubrundebiT msjelobas eTnoarqeologiis Sesaxeb dagvinda aRvniSnoT, rom es saxelwodeba, albaT, jer kidev dasa-xvewia, radganadac igi mTlad srulyofilad ver unda asaxavdeskvlevis im sferoebsa da mimarTulebebs, romelTa aRsaniS-navadac es termini inergeba qarTul humanitarul mecnierebaTaspeqtrSi. safiqrebelia, rom kvlevis obieqtTan mimarTebaSiSeusabamobis saTave, TviT am xelovnurad Sedgenili terminisSinaarsobriv gaumarTaobaSia saZiebeli. igi ori sityvis _eTnosis (To e��tnoc????????-xalxi) da arqeologiis (Arqaioc- Zveli dalogia??????-mcodneoba) xelovnurad Serwymis Sedegadaa miRebulida pirdapir TargmanSi ,,xalxis siZveleTmcodneoba~-s niSnavs.TavisTavad, siZveleTmcodneoba ki wyroTmcodneobis nawiligaxlavT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, saistorio mecnierebis

damxmare disciplinad moiazreba[136, 45].

maSasadame, sruliad naTelia, rom calke termini _arqeologia, qarTulad, sityva-sityviT siZveleTmcodneobassiZveleTmcodneobassiZveleTmcodneobassiZveleTmcodneobassiZveleTmcodneobasaRniSnavs. swored amgvari mniSvnelobiT xmarobda mas eqvTimeTayaiSvilic, qarTuli arqeologiis erTerTi mesaZirkvle,romelic savsebiT marTebulad gamohyofda am sferodan calkegaTxriT arqeologias - gaTxriT siZveleTmcodneobas. esTavisTavad migvaniSnebs imaze, rom did mecniers gaTxra,siZveleTmcodneobiTi masalebis moZiebis erTerT xerxad,wyaroebis moZiebis erTerT saSualebad miaCnda mxolod. e.i.am SemTxvevaSi mTavaria, Zireulia wyaro, romlis mopovebiserTerTi xerxic arqeologiaa dRevandeli gagebiT. Tavis mxriv,ki wyaro, amjerad gaTxriTi meTodebiT moZiebuli, mecnieris,mkvlevaris mier Cayenebulia kvlevis Zireuli obieqtis (xalxis,eris) Seswavlis saqmeSi. konceptualurad swored amgvarimidgoma axasiaTebs didi ivane javaxiSvilis kvlevebsac; sadacSeswavlis Zireul obieqts, romelime calke aRebuli socia-luri erToba an politikur-kartografiuli erTeuli (TundacsaqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelosaqarTvelo, am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT) ki ar warmo-adgens, aramed mecnieris yuradRebis mTavari sagani, WvretiTiSemecnebis sanukvari obieqtia _ eri, jiSieri, jiSieri, jiSieri, jiSieri, jiSi, romlis amqveyniuriarsebobis sivrciseul nakvalevsac mis wiaRSive arsebulisocialuri fenebi, saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri sazRvrebian kidev sxva yofiTi mxareebi naTelhyofen. swored amisa

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gamo uwoda man Tavis saTao naSroms _ ,,qarTveli erisistoria~ da amitomac cdilobda igi am formiT daemkvidrebinaes saxelwodeba saistorio-sakvalifikacio terminad. didimecnieri pirdapir gveubneba, rom ,,istorikosis amocanaagaarkvios im hipoTezaTa siswore Tu mcdaroba, rac miRebuliaqvs istoriis filosofias; Seitanos axali monacemebis ankaranakadi, raTa ufro marTebulad iyos Camoyalibebuli amdisciplinis esa Tu is ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa dadgenada gansazRvra erovnebisa, rasobrivi da nacionaluri ganmasxva-vebeli niSnebisa, saxelmwifosi da sxva misTana~(189, 392). diaxac,mas kacobriobis istoria erebis, xalxebis da sazogadodjiSebis istoriad miaCnda da ara sazRvrebcvladi politikurierTeulebis (rac oden eris, jiSis garemosTan adaptaciisSedegs warmoadgens) istoriad. didi mecnieri sazogadoebisistorias warmomavlobiTi sisxlismieri erTobebis, modgmaTasivrculi arsobis rakusSi Wvretda. axla, rac Seexeba xalxTmcodneobiT samecniero discip-linas _ eTnologiaseTnologiaseTnologiaseTnologiaseTnologias; cnobili frangi struqturalistis,klod levi strosis mixedviT, kacobriobis istoriaSiwvdomisaTvis ar aris sakmarisi faqtebis, movlenebisa Tucalkeul yofiT nivTTa Tvisobriobis dafiqsireba. aucile-belia Zireulad CavswvdeT maT arss da mizez-SedegobrivadgavisigrZeganoT maTi adgili sazogadoebriv yofaSi. amismiRweva ki eTnologiis gareSe sruliad warmoudgenelia. Tusociologia Semoifargleba mxolod awmyos gagebiT, maSinigi ver miaRwevs mizans, radganac awmyo warsulis gareSesruliad warmoudgenelia. yovelive, rac awmyoSi xdeba, ukveistoriis kuTvnilebaa. mxolod istoria iZleva uzogadeskanonTa da RirebulebaTa Skalis Sesabamisad awmyos elementTadayofis SesaZleblobas. amdenad, warmoudgenelia istoriisada eTnologiis urTierTgaTiSva. SeuZlebelia istoriisarseboba eTnologiis gareSe; ramdenadac, yvelanairiaRweriTi da dakvirvebiTi xasiaTis kvleva, eTnologiuriprofilisaa, imdenad yoveli istorikosisaTvis, maSinac kirodesac igi sazogadoebis istoriis Soreul etapebs exeba,eTnologiuri masala (Tundac gaTxriTi meTodebiT moZie-buli) amosavali xdeba. rac Seexeba eTnologiisa da istoriismimarTebas, mecnieri Tvlis, rom maT Soris arsebiTi sxvaobaarc kvlevis obieqtSi, arc kvlevis mizanSi da arc kvlevismeTodSi ar SeiniSneba. maT aqvT erTi da igive kvlevis obieqti


_ socialuri cxovreba; erTi da igive mizani _ adamianis ukeTSecnoba da erTi meTodi. gansxvaveba mxolod erTSia: istoriayuradRebas socialuri cxovrebis cnobieri movlenebis mimarTwarmarTavs, xolo eTnologia ufro am ukanasknelis aracno-bier RirebulebaTa kuTxiT amaxvilebs Tavis yuradRebas [339,260-262; 84, 9]. eTnologiisadmi, rogorc samecniero disciplinisadmisakvalifikacio midgomis mxriv, vfiqrobT, metad sainteresosuraTi gvaqvs Tundac germanul saistorio mecnierebaSi.xalxmTmcodneobiTi disciplinis aRsaniSnavad aq or termins_ Volkskünde-s (xalxismcodneoba _ sakuTriv germaneli xalxisSemswavleli mecniereba) da Völkerkünde-s (danarCen sxva xalxTa_ aragermanelTa Semswavleli mecniereba) xmaroben. germa-nuli TviTSegneba aSkarad gamoicalkevebs Tavs danarCenisamyarosagan. igi Seimecnebs ra sakuTar meobas, Seiswavlisda gaisigrZeganebs ra sakuTar interesebsa da sulier moTxov-nilebebs, mxolod amis Semdeg, sakuTari interesebidan gamom-dinare, swavlobs danarCen xalxebs da maT Sesaxeb, sakuTariTvalsawieridan miRebul codnas ayenebs sakuTarsave intere-sebis samsaxurSi. sayuradReboa, rom amgvari damokidebuleba,danarCeni sxva warmomavlobis erebisadmi, uSualo ganviTa-rebaa Zvel elinTa (romelTa kulturis memkvidredac miCne-ulia evropuli civilizacia sazogadod) damokidebulebisadanarCeni xalxebisadmi. rogorc cnobilia, elini kacobriobasor nawilad hyofda _ elinad da barbarosad; misianad dasxvad, gadamTielad, velurad. maSasadame, kacobrioba eliniscnobierebaSi or xarisxad iyofoda: elinad _ pirvelxa-risxovnad da barbarosad _ meorexarisxovnad. vfiqrobT, amsuliTaa gajerebuli dResac Tanamedrove saerToevropulisazogadoeba. berZnulad _ To ejnoc_ xalxs aRniSnavs; zniTa da CveulebiTgamoyofil, gamorCeul erTobas (To ejoc _ zne, CveulebaberZnulad). berZeni zniTa da CveulebiT gansxvavebuls eZaxdaeTnoss da gamomdinare aqedan Tavs uwodebda elins; zniTada CveulebiT gansxvavebul sxva eTnoss ki eZaxda barbaross. qarTul enaSi da Sesabamisad, qarTvelur (TamamadSeiZleba iTqvas zogadkavkasiur) SemecnebaSi ki sxva xalxis,sxva jiSis, sxva modgmis aRsaniSnavad, warmomavlobiT-naTe-sauri niSniT gansxvavebulobaa aRiarebuli. Cven kacobriobisdanarCeni nawilisgan Tavs gamovicalkevebT modgmis, jiSis,

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sisxliTnaTesaobiTi erTobliobis safuZvelze, rac Tavismxriv, znisa da Cveulebis sxvaobasac gulisxmobs; Tumca Cvenivemsgavsi zne da Cveuleba sxvasac SesaZlebelia gaaCndes. amdenad,zne da Cveva CvenTvis Tavis gamosacalkeveblad Zireuli araris (,,TaTaric Cveni Zma ari~- qarTuli xalxuri leqsi);mTavaria sisxliT, jiSiT sxvaoba. amis naTeli magaliTia,,naTesaviT qarTvelis~ cneba, romelic RerZul xazad gasdevszogadqarTveluri erTobis mTeli Tanacxovrebis ramdenimeaTaswlovan istorias. gamomdinare aqedan, qarTveli daSesabamisad, kavkasieli adamiani, ucxotomelTan urTierTobasamave niSniT agebda da Tvlida ra masac Tvisobrivad missavemsgavsi naTesaur-warmomavlobiTi struqturis warmomad-genlad, berZnuli da Sesabamisad, zogadindoevropuli cnobi-erebisgan gansxvavebiT, agrerigad mkveTrad ar emijnebodaucxoels. igic (ucxotomelic) missave msgavs adamianad miaCndada Tvisobrivad did zRvars ar avlebda masTan. meores mxrivki, amgvari e.w. tolerantoba ufro amZafrebda da aZlierebdaqarTvel kacSi mkvidr jiSTSegnebas da sisxliTwarmomav-lobiT cnobierebas. marTalia, igi Semwynarebeli iyo sxvaTacxovrebis wesisa da SesaZloa, garkveulwilad Tanaziaric kigamxdariyo ucxoTa zne-Cveulebebisa; magram meores mxriv,amgvari, erTi SexedviT, ucxoTmoyvaroeba (ix. vaxuSti bagra-tioni) kidev ufro amtkicebda da aduRabebda sisxlismier-naTesaur erTobas, romlis wevradac qarTveli ucxotomelsiSviaTad Tu gaixdida; isic im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi (ucxo),adgilobrivi Teokratiul-Temobrivi samyaros Svili gaxde-boda da amgvarad eziareboda gaqarTvelebis misterias.qarTvelma kacma SesaZloa droebiT, garkveul situaciaSi,dafaros, daiokos kidec sakuTari Sexedulebebi da emociebida ucxo garemoSi swrafad gaSinaurdes kidec. Cvens amTvisebaze migvaniSnebs qarTuli andaza _ ,,sadac waxval, iqauriqudi daixure~; Tumca qarTveli erTob Znelad eguebaTvisobrivi xasiaTis Zireul cvlilebebs; ,,miuCvevels nu miaCvevda miCveuls nu gadaaCvevo~ - uTqvamT CvenSi. amdenad, migvaCnia, rom sxvaTagan gansxvavebiT, qarTvelitolerantia znisa da Cveulebis mimarT, magram Seuryeveliada mtkiced icavs jiSsa da modgmas. igi sxvas moirgebs, magramiSviaTad Tu Seirevs amave sxvas. amdenad, qarTvelma SeiZlebadaixuros kidec sxvisi qudi (isic droebiT), magram esgadajiSebad ar iTvleba mis SegnebaSi. gadajiSeba iwyeba


sisxlis Serevis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac amasTvisobrivad axali zne-Cveulebebis Semorevac axlavs Tan. gamomdinare aqedan, qarTveli (da Sesabamisad kavkasieli)kacis sulSi, midioda ra igi daTmobaze garkveul xalxTa zne-CveulebaTa mimarT, arasdros ar Rvivdeboda sxvisadmi mtrulidamokidebuleba, ramdenadac sxvaTagan kavkasiaSi motanil zne-Cveulebebs aq farad edga kavkasielTa sisxlismier-naTesa-obiTi jiSTSegneba. Sesabamisad, CvenSi arc ucxoTfobia,ucxoTmoZuleoba gaRvivebula, romlis Tanamedrove ganviTa-rebasac nacizmi warmoadgens da romlis sacecebic agre rigadfesvgadgmulia indoevropul samyaroSi. amis mizezi aqsisxliTnaTesaobiTi sistemebis dabalxarisxovnebaSi undaveZeboT, rac TavisTavad am xalxTa SemecnebaSi zne-Cveulebisuqcevelobaze aqcentirebas iwvevda. yovelive es Sobda kidecam xalxebis cnobierebaSi dogmatizmisken da fetiSizmisakenmidrekilebas. amgvari xedvis gamovlinebad unda miviCnioTSuasaukuneebis evropaSi inkviziciebis mZlavroba, romlissafuZvelic rwmenis, kerZod ki iesos moZRvrebis dogmaturgaazrebaSi mdgomareobda. dogmatizmiT gajerebuli xedvisSedegi iyo aq momZlavrebuli faSizmic, romelmac saboloodTanamedrove sazogadoebaSi zogadad erovnulobis, nacio-nalizmis TavisTavadi, keTilSobili da RvTiuri grZnobisdiskreditacia gamoiwvia. dogmatizmis gamovlinebad migvaCniaam samyaroSi erTob gavrcelebuli erTgvari formaT -,,uniformaTmouyvareobac~2. yovelive aman ganapiroba is, rommiuxedavad agre rigad ayvavebuli da materialuradgafufunebuli dRevandeli evropuli sazogadoeba erTobuRmerTo da araerovnulia. yovelive es mravalgzisaRuniSnavT TviT did evropel moazrovneebsac. rac Seexeba Cveneul, mSobliur samyaros; rogorc merabkostava erTob xatovnad aRniSnavs: ,,saqarTvelo (da kavkasiazogadad _ p.b.) kulturaTa Tananmimdevrobis da evoluciiswriuli mdinarebis centrSi imyofeboda. igi ara martodensivrcul, aramed droTa gamyofsa da ganmwesebelsac warmo-adgenda. odiTgan, saqarTvelo Tavisi meobis SenarCunebisaTvisbrZoliT uZveles samxreTel da axladfexadmul Crdiloelxalxebs ar aZlevda aRrevis saSualebas, raTa ar darRveuliyoxalxebis kulturaTa monacvleobis da Tanamimdevrebis uryevi

2 es sakiTxebi calke ganxilvis saganad gvesaxeba.

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msoflio kanoni. kulturul-istoriuli misiis TvalsazrisiTsaqarTvelo ufro dafaruli sikeTis qveyanaa, romlis daniS-nuleba mis mraval saukeTeso Svilsac ki ar hqonda bolomdegacnobierebuli: cnobilia evropul civilizaciaSi arsebuliazri kavkasiis uZvelesi misiis Sesaxeb; saxeldobr is, romkavkasia evropis xalxTa akvania~(84, 8-9). aqve gvaxsendeba msjeloba miTiuri promeTes Sesaxeb, sadacb-ni zviadi, Cveuli xatovani eniT da siRrmiseuli WvretiT,gvisuraTebs qarTveluri (Sesabamisad kavkasiuri) modgmissivrciseul arss, _ protoqarTveluri (iafeturi) modgma damisi ena ,,damdablebuli~ da dawunebuli xdeba qristemde mesameaTaswleulidan, rodesac evraziaSi iwyeba indoevropelTaeqspansia da gabatoneba, rac berZnul miTologiaSi simboli-zirebulia iapetosis Zis _ titan promeTes (,,winaswar-metyveluri azris~) mijaWviT kavkasionze da dedamiwaze zevsisada misi panTeonis dominirebiT (promeTe _ iafeturi kacobri-oba, zevsi _ indoevropuli kacobrioba)... aq saqme gvaqvs orisxvadasxva kulturis brZolasTan da urTierdapirispirbasTan.saxeldobr, promeTe ar aris berZnuli RvTaeba, igi im xalxisRmerTia, romelic berZnebis mosvlamde cxovrobda da maRalikulturis matarebeli iyo. ...ase rom, kavkasionze mijaWvulipromeTe, anu maRali civilizaciisa da azrovnebis matarebelikacobrioba, aris protoqarTveluri _ iberiuli modgma,kavkasiaSi lokalizebuli, kavkasiaze mijaWvuli. ufroadrindel xanaSi es modgma aRavsebda ara mxolod kavkasias,aramed xmelTaSua zRvis auzs, Crdilo da samxreT evropas,pirineebs, egeosis arqipelags, mcire azias da indoeTamdeaRwevda...(31, 45). ar davfaravT da vityviT, rom gamoTqmulimosazrebebi protoqarTveluri genis Tvisobriobis, arsisada, Tu gnebavT, misiis Sesaxeb srulad exmianeba Cveneul xedvas,romelic albaT, Zalauneburad araerTxel gamokrTeba kidecqvemoT, garkveul sakiTxebze msjelobisas. Cvenis mizans ki am konkretul SemTxvevaSi warmoadgensqarTvelTa modgmis, jiSis Tvisobrivobis gaanalizeba da misi,rogorc danarCeni kacobriobisgan bunebrivad gamokveTilierTobis kerZoobiTi saxe-xasiaTis, Cveni SesaZleblobisfarglebSi, met-naklebad dasuraTxateba. amdenad, Cveni mizaniaCavswvdeT Cvens TavisTavadur saxes da, aqedan gamomdinare,im mizez-Sedegobriv niuansebs, romlebic ganapirobeben kidecCvensave cxovrebiseul-istoriul TviTmyofadobas. parale-


lurad aRvniSnavT imasac, rom yovel ers, iseve rogorc misSemadgenel TiToeul pirs, gaaCnia xiluli, xelSesaxebi cxov-rebac da uxilavi, grZnobadi, zeciuri cxovrebac (magaliTi-sTvis ixile ferweruli xati ,,zeciuri saqarTvelos dideba~).eric iseTive organizmia, rogorc calkeuli individi. eriibadeba, izrdeba, ecema da xandaxan qreba kidec, aRigvebapirisagan miwisa. dacema iwyeba ganviTarebis pikis miRwevis-Tanave, magram am or moments Soris mdebareobs monakveTi,romelic aRsavsea am eris simSvenieriTa da sidiadiTa (260,310). yovelive zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, Tamamad SeiZlebaCveni naSromis umTavres kvleviT mimarTulebad qarTvelTaeTnologia davsaxoT da Sesabamisad, mas erTgvari,,qarTvelTmcodneobiTi~ datvirTvac mivaniWoT; rameTumigvaCnia, rom nebismieri saistorio disciplinis umTavresidaniSnuleba, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari erovnuli raobisgansazRvra _ ganzogadoebaa winaparTa cxovrebaSi CaRrmavebisgziT. migvaCnia, rom mxolod da mxolod amis Semdgomaasrulyofilad SesaZlebeli sazogadod erTiani saistorioprocesebis gasigrZeganeba da Sesabamisad, sakuTari adgilispovna mis wiaRSi. sanam SevudgebodeT Cveni ZiriTadi Temis irgvliv saubarsada masalis analizs, vfiqrobT, aucilebelia dasawyisSiveSevTanxmdeT im konceptualur midgomaze, romlis mixedviTacSevecdebiT msjelobisas moxmobili calkeuli kulturulielementebis, Rirebulebebisa da movlenebis warmosaxva-analizs. migvaCnia, rom yovel artefaqts garkveulisivrciseuli ganSla axasiaTebs, romelic sam vertikalursa(qveskneli, skneli, zeskneli) da sam horizontalurkategoriaSia (warsuli, awmyo, momavalSi) ganfenili.vfiqrobT, eTnikuri yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli momentebisanalizisadmi amgvari midgoma kargad Cans, magaliTad, vaJa-fSavelas erT-erT cnobil eTnografiul werilSi ,,fSavelida misi wuTisofeli~(ix. lit). aq, mTeli msjeloba fSavelTayofa-cxovrebis Sesaxeb gaSlilia sikvdil _ sicocxlis mudmivikategoriebis fonze. avtori Txrobas iwyebs konkretuli piris(karaxelas) avadmyofobasa da gardacvalebaze da msjelobasasrulebs misi SviliSvilis dabadebiT. sivrciseuliganzomilebis xilul am or kategorias Soris ki gavrcobiliamTeli mravalferadovani gamma fSaveli kacis cxovrebisa,

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romelic Cveuli siRrmiseuli wvdomiTa da poeturobiT aqvsavtors gadmocemuli. erTobliobaSi, mTeli masala,fabularuli agebis mxriv, grafikulad Semdegnairadgamoiyureba:

mTlianobaSi, am sami sivrcul-yofiTi komponentis(sikvdili, qorwili, dabadeba) erToblioba3 qarTvelTa (iseverogorc sxva xalxebis) cnobierebaSi bunebrivi tradici-ulobiT aris gapirobebuli. qarTveli, rogorc aborigeniTavisi miwisa, romelic sisxlxorceulad momdinareobsadgilobrivi fesvebidan, winaprisken warsulis wingadmotaniTaris miqceuli. mas ukan moxedvis ar eSinia, radganac igiintuitiurad uSualod grZnobs Tavs dRevandeli samSoblosgenetikur Svilad; es ganapirobebs kidec mis tradiciona-listur bunebas. gamomdinare aqedan, igi tolerantia, ramdena-dac maspinZelia Tavis miwaze da calkeuli gamouvali situaci-ebis garda, arasdros amtkicebs, sakuTar adgilobriv warmo-mavlobas. yovelive zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, mocemulinaSromis ZiriTadi mizani Cven amgvarad gvesaxeba _ eTnogra-fiuli da arqeologiuri masalis safuZvelze Tvali gavadev-noT sacxovrisis fenomens da mis adgils stadialurad calke-ul sazogadoebriv erTeulebSi, am ukanasknelTa ganviTare-bisda mixedviT; davsvaT sakiTxi sacxovrisis, rogorc sivrcu-

3 gavixsenoT, rom adamiani gansakuTrebiT am yofiT momentebSiatradiciuli da zne-Cveulebebisadmi erTguli.


li aRqmis gamomxatveli obieqturi realobis Seswavlisa davaCvenoT amgvari kvlevis perspeqtiuloba; SeZlebisdagvaradwarmovaCinoT sacxovrisis roli eTnikur yofaSi im geogra-fiuli da social-ekonomikuri Taviseburebebis gaTvalis-winebiT, romlebic kavkasias da kerZod mis centralur nawilsaxasiaTebs. faqtiurad, Cveni amgvari midgoma konkretuli yofiTifenomenisadmi (am SemTxvevaSi sacxovrisisadmi), qarTulsaistorio mecnierebaSi jer kidev akad. g. Citaias mier SemuSa-vebuli da aw ukve kargad aprobirebuli kompleqsur-intensi-uri meTodis sivrcul perspeqtivaSi erTgvar gavrcobaswarmoadgens, rac upirveles yovlisa CvenSi saistorio mecnie-rebis ganviTarebis da amis safuZvelze didZali faqtobrivimasalis dagrovebis Sedegad gaxda SesaZlebeli. rac Seexeba sakvalifikacio termins, migvaCnia, rom mocemulSemTxvevaSi SedarebiT marTebulia vixmaroT gamoTqma _paleoeTnologiapaleoeTnologiapaleoeTnologiapaleoeTnologiapaleoeTnologia, romelic sityva-sityviT Zvel xalxT-mcodneobas niSnavs da albaT, metnaklebad srulad Seesabamebakvlevis im mimarTulebas, rasac Cven vadgavarT. marTalia,garkveulwilad, SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom es dasaxelebaufro istoriis asparezidan gamqral eTnikur erTobaTaSesaswavlad warmoebul kvlevas ufro miesadageba, magramqarTveluri _ iberiuli modgma, romelic kavkasiis aborigenmosaxleobas warmoadgens, aTaswleulTa miRma gaxedvas argaurbis da Tamamad usworebs Tvals Soreul winaparTaganCvensken momarTul mzeras.

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** *

,,mecniereba, rodesac mas ,,mecniereba, rodesac mas ,,mecniereba, rodesac mas ,,mecniereba, rodesac mas ,,mecniereba, rodesac mas Tan axlavs vneba, _ Tan axlavs vneba, _ Tan axlavs vneba, _ Tan axlavs vneba, _ Tan axlavs vneba, _ Tanabrad aris poeziis Tanabrad aris poeziis Tanabrad aris poeziis Tanabrad aris poeziis Tanabrad aris poeziis zeSTagoneba!~ zeSTagoneba!~ zeSTagoneba!~ zeSTagoneba!~ zeSTagoneba!~

galaktionigalaktionigalaktionigalaktionigalaktioni

mecniereba, umaRles doneze, sxva araferia, Tu arasamyaroTmcodneoba, romelsac Tavad Semoqmedis labora-toriaSi Sehyavxar; azrovneba erTdroulad aris obieqturisamyaros, anu sulieri da fizikuri realobis SemecnebissaSualebac da, rogorc subieqturi procesi, admianis me-sgamoxatulebac~(84,12). adamiani, rogorc maRali daniSnulebisda Tavisufali nebis mqone arseba, uzenaesis mieraa Seqmnilida misi pirovnuli Tavisufleba Semoqmedisgan momdinareobs.RmerTma adamiani Sehqmna ,,xatad Tvisad~ da amdenad, adamianigamorCeul, TavisTavad Rirebulebas warmoadgens. im orisubstanciidan (sulieri da materialuri), romlebic mTlia-nobaSi Seadgenen adamianis arsebas, umTavresi da upiratesadfaseulia ukvdavi suli. igi misgan momdinare gonier sawyisTanerTad adamianis pirovnulobis, individualobis ganmsazRvre-lia. e. i. TavisTavadoba, damoukidebeli Wvreta siRrmiseuliprocesebisa, rasac verasgziT avcdebiT kvlevis procesSi,bunebrivia, naklad ver CaiTvleba. piriqiT, es ucilobelpirobad unda miviCnoT da garkveulad Sinagani, pirovnuliTavisuflebis gamovlinebad unda vaRiaroT, rameTu ,,WeSmari-tad SemoqmedebiTi suli ver egueba veraviTar statikur dog-mebs, vinaidan Semoqmedeba Tavad dinamikaa, igia Tavad dinami-uri sulis sinamdvile~(31, 413). amdenad, yoveli WeSmariti mkvlevari am kuTxiT mzers daafasebs sxvaTa naRvaws, rac TavisTavad gamoricxavs raimepirovnul dapirispirebas kolegaTa Soris, rameTu yovelimaTgani ,,Semoqmedis laboratoriaSi~ Sesvlas mieswrafvisda am gzaze siaruli xvews da sanTlad Camoqnis TiToeulimaTganis suls. amis naTeli magaliTia did mecnier-mamuliS-vilTa biografiebic.


qarTuli kulturis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, rogorcamas xatovnad da marTebulad aRniSnaven, ara qmediTi, aramedWvretiTi elementia(84, 23), romelic Tavis mxriv, samfuZemdeblur princips eyrdnoba: individualizms, nacionalizms(erovnulobas) da Teizms (RmrTivmorwmuneobas). igigulisxmobs qarTveli eris mier gavlili gzis, eris raobisada daniSnulebis, erovnuli saxelmwifo interesebis gaazrebas.misi formirebisTvis uzarmazari mniSvneloba aqvs erovnuliarsis saganZurs _ winaparTa sulier da goniT memkvidreobas,istoriulad formirebul da yofaSi gadmocemul tradiciebs,Cveulebebs, sazogadoebriv institutebs, CamoyalibebulT genis,jiSis RvTiTboZebul garemosTan erTgvar ,,biocenozSi~Sesvlis Sedegad. qarTvelTa zne-Cveulebebisa da tradiciebis Sesaxeb cnobebsuZvelesi periodebidan vawydebiT rogorc ucxour (umetes-wilad berZnul-romaul), aseve sakuTriv qarTul werilobiTZeglebSi. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa XVIII s-ispirveli qarTveli mecnier-geografis, vaxuSti batoniSvilisdakvirveba mSobeli eris av-kargze. igi Tavis naSromSi _,,aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosi~, iZleva ra sakuTari erisSesaxeb sakmaod amomwurav informacias, qarTvelTa SesaxebpiruTvnelad wers: ,,...zneni aqundaT pirmtkicobapirmtkicobapirmtkicobapirmtkicobapirmtkicoba, mterTazeda erToba, TavisuflebisTvis mxned brZola, medgrad dgomamisTvis, cixe-simagreTa da qalaqTa Seneba, magreba queyanisa,erTisa colisa qmrobaerTisa colisa qmrobaerTisa colisa qmrobaerTisa colisa qmrobaerTisa colisa qmroba, rameTu moiyvandian Tvis-TvisTaTvis-TvisTaTvis-TvisTaTvis-TvisTaTvis-TvisTaTanasworTaTanasworTaTanasworTaTanasworTaTanasworTa...xolo kacni amis queynisani arian sarwmunoebiTqristianeni. xolo anagebiTa arian kacni da qalni Suenierni,haerovanni, Sav Tval-warb-Tmosanni, TeTryirmizni, iSÂaTSavgvreman da moyviTan, iSÂaT TvalWrel da gremani, damwiTur anu TeTr. qalTa Tma gardatevebuli da dawnuli.xolo kacTa yurTa zeda mokuecilni; werwetni, umetes qalni,iSÂaT sqelni, mxneni muSakni, WirTa momTmenni, cixesa zeda damxedrobaTa Sina kadnierni, mkvircxlni, mswrafni. salaSqroTaSina axovanni, saWurvelT moyuareni, amayni, laRni, saxelissaxelissaxelissaxelissaxelismaZiebelni esreT, rameTu TvisTa saxelTaTvis aramaZiebelni esreT, rameTu TvisTa saxelTaTvis aramaZiebelni esreT, rameTu TvisTa saxelTaTvis aramaZiebelni esreT, rameTu TvisTa saxelTaTvis aramaZiebelni esreT, rameTu TvisTa saxelTaTvis ararideben queyanasa da mefesa Tvissarideben queyanasa da mefesa Tvissarideben queyanasa da mefesa Tvissarideben queyanasa da mefesa Tvissarideben queyanasa da mefesa Tvissa, stumarTa da ucxoTmoyuareni; mxiarulni, ukeTu orni anu samni arian, araraYSeiWirvian; uxuni, arca TÂssa da arca sxvissa krZalven;saunjeTa ara mmesvelni, gonierni, mswrafl-mimxdomni,mCemebelni, swavlis moyvareni... urTierTis mimyolni, sikeTis

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damswavlelni da mimgebelni, sircxvilis mimdevarni, keTil-keTil-keTil-keTil-keTil-borotzed adre mimdrekni, Tavxedni, didebis moyvareni,borotzed adre mimdrekni, Tavxedni, didebis moyvareni,borotzed adre mimdrekni, Tavxedni, didebis moyvareni,borotzed adre mimdrekni, Tavxedni, didebis moyvareni,borotzed adre mimdrekni, Tavxedni, didebis moyvareni,Tvalmgebni da moTakileniTvalmgebni da moTakileniTvalmgebni da moTakileniTvalmgebni da moTakileniTvalmgebni da moTakileni...~(152, 44-45) sakuTar, odindel samkvidrosTan sisxlxorceuladSezrdis Sedegad qarTvelTa modgmas, jiSs CamouyalibdaTaviseuli yofa-cxovrebis stili. es gansakuTrebiT naTladgamomzeurdeba xolme mravalferadovan da mravalsaxovan wes-CveulebebSi, tradiciebSi Tu yoveldRiur qceviT normebSi.isini mniSvnelovanwilad gapirobebulni arian, isev da isev,mSobel garemosTan Seguebis Sedegad aTaswleulTa miRmaCamoyalibebuli biokulturuli da sameurneo-yofiTi urTi-erTobebiT. es sameurneo-kulturul urTierTobaTa kompleq-si uZvelesi periodidanve gulisxmobda socialuri erTeulis_ ojaxis mier miwis flobas sisxliTnaTesaobiTi principebissafuZvelze Camoyalibebuli samarTlebriv-CveulebiTi nor-mebis mixedviT. Tavis mxriv, amgvari urTierTobani SeduRabe-bul-Semagrebuli iyo saerTo saTemo salocavis, rogorcsaTemo miwis umaRlesi patronisa da ganmweseblis upiroboaRiarebiT. gamomdinare aqedan, Temis Semadgeneli yovelimiwismflobeli ojaxi, xatisymobis safuZvelze, uSualodsalocavis winaSe iyo pasuxismgebeli da Sesabamisad, Temisyoveli wevris moraluri saxec RvTismoSiSobis Rrma dakeTilSobiluri niSniT iyo aRbeWdili. Sesabamisad, Camoyalib-da imgvari moralur-sulieri principebi, romlis TanaxmadacsaerTo saTemo Rirebulebebis da Sesabamisad moZmeTa wina-aRmdeg wasvla, xatis winaaRmdeg wasvlis tolfasi iyo. xatisada Temis SembRalavis umaRlesi sasjeli ki mokveTa, gaZevebaiyo, rac pirovnebas sakuTar sisxlTan da xorcTan _ ojaxTanganSorebasac uqadda. gamomdinare aqedan, Temis yoveli wevrisumaRlesi mizani gaxldaT RvTismoSiSobis safuZvelzesamsaxuri sakuTari Tem-soflisa da Sesabamisad, sakuTarisamSoblosadmi. swored es RvTismoSiSoba aris safuZveliumaRlesi siyvarulisa (,,SiSi Seiqms siyvarulsa~_ SoTarusTveli, XII s.), romlis fonzec viTardeboda mTelimravalferadovani gamma saerToqarTveluri Tu regiona-luri zne-Cveulebebisa da tradiciebisa, romlebic esodenmravlad Semoinaxnen Cvens dromde da amJamadac cxovladganapirobeben qarTveli eris dRevandel yofas. savsebiT marTebuladaa aRniSnuli, rom ,,eri adamianTamodgmis unikaluri warmonaqmnia da amasTanave kacobrivi


arsis individualuri gamovlena. swored es gansazRvravs mis,,metafizikur adgils~ samyaros bunebiTsa da adamianurwyobaSi. ar arsebobs ufro didi Rirebuleba, vidre eradyofnis Rirebuleba~(75, 16). individis mier sakuTari eri daerovnuli yofiereba yovelTvis ganicdeba da moiazrebaabsolutur, upirobo da TavisTavad realobad, misi pirovnulicxovrebis uzenaes sazrisad. yoveli normaluri pirovneba,Tuki igi gadagvarebuli ar aris, Tavs miakuTvnebs arauSualod kacobriobas, aramed garkveul ers, ramdanadac, CvenimimarTeba samyarosa da saerTod, ,,kacobriv arsTan~ Cveniveerovnuli yofierebiT aris gansazRvruli da gaSualebuli,riTac samarTlianad amayobs yoveli individi. unda aRiniSnos,rom es ,,mikuTvneba~ ar niSnavs Tavisufal arCevans.metafizikuri gagebiT, individs misi erovnuli yofiereba mudammzamzareulad, garedan eZleva~(75,16). ama Tu im erisadmipirovnebis mikuTvneba bedisweris garduvalobaa da araTavisufali arCevanis Sedegi. ,,mamuliSvilad~, ,,eris Svilad~yofna - es individis bedisweraa~(75, 18). amdenad mamulisgangandgoma da erisgan ganyeneba iseTi danaSaulia, romlisTvisaczneobrivi TvalsazrisiT praqtikulad sasjeli ar arsebobs.igi TviTmkvlelobis tolfasia. moRalatisTvis mokvdinebaxsna ufroa, vidre sasjelis umaRlesi zoma. amitom ZveladRalati isjeboda ara mokvdinebiT, aramed samSoblodangaZevebiT(ostrakizmi, Temisgan mokveTa). eri adamianTa iseTi gansakuTrebuli erTobaa, romelicgarda genetikur-warmomavlobiTi da sulier-kulturulierTianobisa, saerTo istoriuli bedis erTianobas emyareba;es ukanaskneli ilia WavWavaZes eris yvelaze arsebiT daganmsazRvrel niSnad miaCnda: ,,yoveli eri Tavis istoriiTsuldgmulobs. igia saganZe, saca eri poulobs Tavisis sulisRones, Tavisis sulis bgeras, Tavis zneobiTsa da gonebiTsaRmatebulobas, Tavis vinaobas, Tavis Tvisebas. Cvenis fiqriT,arc erToba enisa, arc erToba sarwmunoebisa da gvartomobisaise ar SemsWvalavs xolme adamianebs erTmaneTTan, rogorcerToba istoriisa.~(,,osmalos saqarTvelo~)... ,,eris dacemada gaTaxsireba iwyeba maSin, roca eri, Tavis saubedurod, Tavisistorias iviwyebs; rogorc kacad ar ixsenieba is mawanwalabogano, visac aRar axsovs _ vin aris, saidan modis da saiTmidis, ise erad saxsenebeli ar aris igi, romelsac RmerTigaswyromia da Tavis istoria aRar axsovs~(,,daviT aRmaSe-nebeli~).

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mivakuTvnebT ra Tavs ers (konkretul SemTxvevaSiqarTvel ers) da aqedan gamomdinare, mis kulturas, Sesabamisad,dReniadag unda vcdilobdeT, rom Cveni cxovrebis wesimecnierebas (cnobierad cxovreba gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi) dazneobas emyarebodes, romlis umaRlesi mizanic RvTis, anukeTilobis ideis mibaZva-mimsgavsebaa(29,32). amitomac iyo, romodiTgan, yoveli saganmanaTleblo centri wminda adgilebTan,eklesia-monastrebTan arsdeboda. Cveni winaprebi ganasxva-vebdnen cnebebs _ ,,ganaTleba~ da ,,codna~, ,,ganaTlebuli~ da,,wignieri~. saganmanaTleblo centrebis wminda adgilebTandaarsebac swored gonebis (Ratio) ganaTlebas, gonebaSiRvTiuri naTelis Cadgomas isaxavda miznad. es mxolod damxolod ganRmrTobiT _ Teozisis saSualebiT iyo SesaZ-lebeli, ris sawindradac es wminda adgilebi gvevlinebodnen.,,sibrZnis siyvarulisa da siyvarulisgan aRZruli vaJkacobiskavSiria, sikvdilisaTvis mzadebiT, sicocxleSive ukvdave-bisTvis rom amzadebs adamians. vaJkacoba da sibrZne gzaagamocxadebisaken, naTel-xilvisaken, sulieri samyaros wvdo-misaken~(merab kostava). RvTismorwmuneoba qarTuli tradiciuli msoflmxed-velobis erTerTi burji da zogadi gagebiT, amosavaliwertilia. samyaros Teisturi aRqma sazogadoebis normaluriganviTarebisTvis iseve aucilebelia, rogorc haeri adamia-nisTvis _ ,,sarwmunoeba WeSmaritebaa gulisa~ (ilia). rogorcistoria da Tanamedrove sinamdvile gvarwmunebs, RvTisuaryofas, Tundac ,,neitralur~ aTeizms, kanonzomierad dagarduvalad mivyavarT uzneobasa da yoveldRiur ubedu-rebamde. qarTveli erisa da saqarTvelos ganaxleba-aRorZinebis umTavres winapirobas rwmeniTi ganaTleba,zneobisa da samarTlianobis kriteriumebiT cxovrebawarmoadgens. dRes ki ,,sakmarisia Tvali gadavavloTcxovrebas Cveni saukunis civilizebuli kacobriobisas, romnaTeli gaxdeba Tu raoden gamwvavda cnobieri Tu qvecnobieriaRqma dilemisa, romelic amgvarad gamoikveTa. . . an vaRiaroT,rom RmerTi, uzenaesi realurad arsebobs, arsebobs moralisgageba, srulyofili eTika, romlis ganxorcielebasac undamieltvodes adamiani, romelsac surs aRsruleba Tavisiamsofliuri maRali daniSnulebisa; an vaRiaroT sapirispiro:RmerTi, morali, eTika, mxolod carieli sityvebia, romlebicerT mcire jgufs adamianebisas mougonia meore, ufro didinawilis dasaTrgunad da dasamoneblad~(ix. 32). arada Zvelad,


rodesac adamiani jer kidev ar iyo ase rigad gamdgariuflisa da, Sesabamisad, sakuTari Tavisganac, brZenTa avtoriteti,didi religiebis fuZemdebelTa sakraluri praqtika saCinosahyofda gzas siqvelisas, WeSmaritebisas, romelsac mxolodSlegi an moralurad gadagvarebuli Tu Seaqcevda Secneuladzurgs; amitomac im epoqaSi, rogorc maSindeli Seqmnilifsalmun-RvTissadideblebi naTelyofs, aTeizmi da ugunurebasinonimad iTvleboda: ,,sTqua ugunurman gulsa TOssa Sigan,ar ars RmerTi~; Tumca dRevandel epoqaSi fsevdointe-leqtualuri ,,inteligenciisTvis~ ugunurebis sinonimadrwmena qceula~(iqve). qristianuli sarwmunoeba (rwmena RvTisa sazogadod)qarTuli cnobierebis safuZvelia. is organuladaa dakavSi-rebuli pirovnebis raobis, Tavisuflebis da erovnulobiscnebebTan. marTlmadideburi qristianoba da qarTulierovnuloba ganuyofelia erTmaneTisgan _ ,,qristianobamSegvinaxa Cven Cveni miwa-wyali, Cveni ena, Cveni vinaoba, Cvenierovneba~(ilia). sarwmunoebidanve gamomdinareobs adamianisdaniSnulebisa da Tavisuflebis idea. adamians imdenad aqvssocialuri uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, ramdenadac igi ,,RvTisxatia~, Seqmnili uflisgan, da gaaCnia ukvdavi suli. admianisarsi, misi daniSnuleba da Tavisuflebis mizani sruladmxolod sarwmunoebaSi, misi meSveobiT WeSmaritebis ZiebaSiSeimecneba. yovelgvari sxva gza Tavis motyuebaa mxolod daWeSmaritebas gvaSorebs. adamianis misiisa da Tavisuflebisamgvari gageba, tradiciulad arsebobda saqarTveloSi dakavkasiaSi sazogadod _ sulis Tavisufleba xom aq arasdrosyofila SeboWili. cxadia, individualizmis qristianul,zogadad sarwmunoebriv gagebas araferi aqvs saerTosxvadasxva aTeistur-racionalisturi doqtrinebis indivi-dualizmTan (pirovnebisa da adamianuri gonebis gaabso-luturebis principTan), rasac logikurad mivyavarT adamianisSinagan dacemamde, romelmac ukve gamoiRo sulieri safuZvle-bis damangreveli Sedegebi. liberaluri, revoluciuri da zogadad, aTeistur-racionalisturi nihilizmis zeobam (rac srulad gamoixataCvenSi 70-ian komunistur reJimSi da ramac yovlismomcvelimasStabebi miiRo dRevandel msoflioSi) da Sesabamismapropagandam erovnulobaze, nacionalizmze uaryofiTiSexeduleba ganapiroba. nacionalizms, uaRresad bunebrivsada samarTlians, xSirad aigiveben xolme nacizmTan da

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faSizmTan; maSin, rodesac es ukanasknelni iseTiveantierovnuli movle-nebia, iseve iwveven erovnulicnobierebisa da saerTod, eris gadagvarebas, rogorcsocialisturi internacionalizmi da kosmopolitizmi _ erebisSerwymisa da ,,msoflio moqalaqis~ absurduli ideebi. ,,istoriuli warsuli, buneba qarTvelobisa gvaimedebs,rom es ,,nacionalizmi~ mudam iqneba jansaRi da arasdros igiSovinizmad, fanatizmad ar gadaiqceva~(vaJa). ,,CvenSi mamulissiyvaruli sxva Tvisebaa. . . igi iferobs mxolod wmindagrZnobas. am grZnobaSi Tavis Tavis meti ara urevia ra. visimesiZulvili, visime daTrgunvis survili, visime gubedurebiswadili masSi sruliad ar Cans. Cvens mamuliSvilebs surTwarmateba Cveni erovnebisa da vinaobisa, romelTa gareSe araxalxs ar SeuZlia sicocxle da adamianuri arseboba~(iakobgogebaSvili). ,,vinc Tavis gvartomobas uarhyofs, is veRarcsxvas gamoadgeba, uvargisi iqneba Sinac da gareTac. giyvardeTTqveni qarTveloba, magram Sovinisturi grZnobiT ki ara, eseigi rom sxvisi daklebiT raime SesZinoT Tqvens erovnebas.ara! im siyvaruliT, romelsac sarCulad unda edvas Zmobis,erTobis da siyvarulis survili~. . .(akaki). Semoqmedma kacobrioba erebad dahyo da TiToeulmaTgans eTno-msazRvrelebi (ena, teritoria, saerTofsiqologiuri mowyoba, erTianobis SegrZneba...) mianiWa.macxovarma sazogadoebis polieTniuroba ganamtkica sulTmo-fenis saswauliT, eklesiaTa avtokefalurobiT... kacobrioba,erebad dayofili, iarsebebs qveynierebis aRsasrulamde.amdenad, erovnuli msoflaRqma RvTis saTno da misgandaSvebuli xedvis wesia. ,,TviT buneba araa erTgvarovani. issxvadasxva adgilas sxvadasxvagvaria da amis mixedviT sxvadasxvakuTxeSi mcxovrebi erebi sxvadasxva xasiaTisa da zne-Cveulebisaa... feradovani kacobrioba sxvadasxva naciiserovnebisgan aris Semdgari da TiToeulma maTganma TavisisakuTari elferi da sakuTari ,,rameoba~ unda Seitanos, romaivsos sakacobrio zRva! TiToeul kacs, Tavis naciasTanSezrdils, ufro nayofierad SeuZlian imuSaos Tavis samSob-loSi, vidre gareT. da marTlac, visac sakuTari mSobeli aruyvars, mas SeuZlia mSoblad sxva Seiyvaros?~ (akaki). ,,mTlianobaSi qarTveloba unda iqces did misabaZ erad,msoflio kulturis Semdgomi ganviTarebis erTerT moTaved,maRali ideebis, formebisa da sistemebis Semqmnelad damimtanad msoflio xalxebis wminda sakurTxevelze... swored


qarTveli xalxis yvelaze cnobasruli individualobebisgonebaSi unda damkvidrdes idea qarTvelobis did da misabaZerovnebad qcevisa. maTzea damokidebuli Cveni xalxis miermisi misiis marTebulad gageba da cxovrebaSi realizeba. diderad qceva rodi niSnavs eTikuri normebis darRvevas, rodiniSnavs guli gveTqmodes sxvisi miwisa da qonebisaTvis. Cvenierovnuli energia, Tundac qvecnobierad, sxvaTa keTildReo-bisaTvis mogvixmaria da amitom dauSvebelia qarTvelma xalxmaTavisi bedniereba sxvis ubedurebaze aagos. amgvari bednierebaqarTvelisaTvis bedniereba ar iqneba, magram Tavisi sanukvarimiznis ganxorcielebas igi ecdeba da gzas daulocavs, vincTavisi bednierebisa da Zlierebis sasaxles sxvebis dauzi-aneblad aagebs~(merabi). Zieba Rirebulisa, simarTlisa, WeSmaritebisa ucilebelipirobaa kacobriobis istoriis uzogadesi kanonzomierebebisSesamecneblad. rom CavwvdeT am saidumlos, kacobriobis aramarto materialurad xelSesaxebi istoriis furclebs, aramedmisi sulis simebis gamoZaxils unda veziaroT. SemTxveviTiar aris, rom udidesma germanelma moazrovnem hainrix hainemjer kidev XIX saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi daayena sakiTxipoeziiT istoriis Sevsebis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb. qarTulpoeziaSi am problemas exmianeba didi galaqtioni Taviscnobil nawarmoebSi ,,saubari lirikis Sesaxeb~, romliserTerTi taepi perifrazad wavumZRvareT am Tavs. SesaZloa,romelime empirikosi mkvlevari ar dagveTanxmos mecnierebisada poeziis urTierTSeTanxmebaSi da miaCndes, rom mecnierebamxolod da mxolod SiSvel faqtebsa da civ gonebas undaemyarebodes; Cven ki aseT mkvlevarebs SevaxsenebT, rom civgonebas Tu cxeli guli (zeSTagoneba) ar miumate, verasdrosmiiReb Rirebul, faseul naRvaws, romelic gascdeba awmyosxlarTebs da momaval Taobebs warsulTan dakavSirebissaSualebas miscems. arada es unari unda gaaCndes nebismieriistoriuli xasiaTis naSroms. es Tviseba ganasxvavebs sworederTimeorisgan,,geniosTa~ da ,,keTilsindisier swavlulTa~naSromebs~ (31, 454).4 uTuod, amgvarad Wvretda qarTuli

4 da rom es marTlac asea, da ara sxvagvarad naTelad gvidasturebsTundac oTar WilaZis cnobili romani ,,yovelman Cemmanmpovnelman~, romelic istoriul WeSmaritebaSi wvdomisa daasaxvis doniT namdvilad gadaswonis XIX saukunis ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebis Sesaxeb Seqmnil saistorio-kvleviTnaSromTa umravlesobas.

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hagiografiuli mwerlobis (zogadad mwerlobis) daniSnu-lebas, eris istoriasTan mimarTebaSi, ivane javaxiSvilic,gahyavda ra igi saistorio mwerlobis rangSi(ix. 190). mizeziamisa is aris, rom istorias (mecnierebas) Tuki saqme aqvskerZo WeSmaritebasTan da faqtebTan, (rac gamomdinareobieqturi Tu subieqturi faqtorebidan SesaZloa tendenciurxasiaTis atarebdnen) poezia (anu mxatvrul literaturaszogadad) ufro metad zogad WeSmaritebasTan aris wilnayari(31. 32). uTuod:

,,ixileboda suli diadi, ,,ixileboda suli diadi, ,,ixileboda suli diadi, ,,ixileboda suli diadi, ,,ixileboda suli diadi, ros simaRleebs swvdeboda arsi!~ ros simaRleebs swvdeboda arsi!~ ros simaRleebs swvdeboda arsi!~ ros simaRleebs swvdeboda arsi!~ ros simaRleebs swvdeboda arsi!~ galaktioni galaktioni galaktioni galaktioni galaktioni

** *

udides kulturaTa wiaRSi CaRrmaveba adamians aZlevsimis saSualebas, rom sulierad Seerwyas da zogadi WeSmari-tebis doneze aRiqvas samyaroSi arsebuli sikeTe da siyvaruli_ RmerTi. gana ra aris samyaro? igi xom sxva araferia, Tuara RmerTis RvTaebrivi arsebis sarke. adamiani, romelicgonebiT, mkvlevaris TvaliT umzers samyaros, yovel mineral-Si, yovel mcenareSi, yovel cxovelsa Tu adamianSi xedavsRmrTivsulieri nakadis gamoxatulebasa da anabeWds (161, 15-16); RmrTivsulierisa, romelic Tavad gvevlineba absoluturmudmivobad, sikvdilisa sikvdiliT damTrgunvel Zalad. ,,Seni Wirime sikvdilo, sicocxle fasobs SeniTa~ _ ai,ragvarad sWvretda yofa-cxovrebiseul polusebs qarTve-luri erovnuli suli. am dausabamo polusalur cnebaTa So-ris mimoiqceoda saerToerovnuli sulieri energia; energia,romlis maxasiaTebeli, merab kostavas rom davesesxoT,odiTgan, ara qmediTi, aramed WvretiTi elementi iyo. sikvdi-lis, gardacvalebis am bunebrivi aqtis siRrmeebSi wvdomissaSualebiT mzerda da afasebda amqveyniuri samyaros saxesqarTuli da saerTod, kavkasiuri jiSi. sityva ,,gardacvaleba~naTlad gadmoscems Sinaars am bunebrivi movlenisa, rac,TavisTavad, axal TvisobrivobaSi gadasvlas, saxis cvlas,


miwad miqcevas, deda bunebaSi dabrunebas, STasvlas aRniSnavs.danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamianurobis,kacobriobis istoria iwyeba maSin, roca adamiani afiqsirebssuls da iwyebs zrunvas masze, e.i. roca iwyeba rituali dasavaraudoa, rom upirvelesad es iyo dakrZalvis rituali,inhumacia. adamiani upirvelesad moraluri da ara fizio-logiuri movlenaa, romelsac RvTisgan boZebuli samyarosWvretis, mis siRrmeebSi wvdomis unari gaaCnia. yovelive amisSemdegaa igi adamiani da ara maSin, rodesac e.w. maimunis msgavsiadamiani Tu adamianis msgavsi maimuni bananis an msxlis Camosag-debad mokakul joxs an gaCiknil qvas moixelTebs. arada,rogorc amas sul axlaxan, RmerTsgandgomili _ materialu-robaSi CaZiruli mcodneebi, wignwakiTxuli gvamni gviqada-gebdnen (gansxvavebiT ganaTlebul, wignierebiT gonSi RvTa-ebis naTelCamdgar mecnierTagan) yovelive sulieri daSesabamisad, adamianuri, meorad, e.w. zednaSen movlenaswarmoadgenda. samwuxarod, miuxedavad maT mierve RmrTiv-morwmuneobis xmamaRali deklarirebisa, rac oden amgvar,,mcodneTa~ mier xandisxan salocavSi SevliTa da sanTlisanTebiT amoiwureba, Zveli, dialeqtikur-materialisturi daistoriul-materialisturi azrovnebis sterotipebi saqarTve-loSi jer kidev dasaZlevia. umwaresi da usaSinlesi iyo tkivilebi, romelic yovelmaqarTvelma ganicada (cnobierad Tu aracnobierad) ukanasknelperiodSi samSobloSi mimdinare movlenebisa gamo. xorcieladac da, rac mTavaria, sulierad didi tanjva-wameba gamoiara qarTulma genma, jiSma, magram TamamadSeiZleba iTqvas, rom yovelive es uciloblad unda gaxdesTvisobrivad axali, TavisTavadi, sulierad da fizikuradTavisufali eris yofa-cxovrebis aRdgenis sawindari. sruliadSemcdaria is, visac hgonia, rom viTomdac Cakvda, Canavldaeri sul-xorceulad, TiTqos daiSrita misi energia, viTomgzaabneuli miboginobs igi istoriis Saraze. piriqiT,qarTulma jiSma, uzarmazari, Tvisobrivad wminda, umwikvlomsxverpli gaiRo momavlisTvis, sulieri TviTgadarCenisTvis.WeSmaeritad, ,,dRes CvenTan arian is sulebi, saqarTvelosTavisuflebis qomagni, saqarTve-losTvis mravali maTganiSemdgomSi wamebulni, saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis sulis-Camdgmelni. . . . da dRes, dRes, megobrebo, unda iTqvas simar-Tle, rameTu simarTlisTvis mogvavlina ufalma Cven, simar-

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TlisTvis moavlina qarTveli eri, raTa man swamos WeSmariti,raTa man swamos RvTis gzis WeSmariteba, raTa man swamosqristesaTvis, raTa igi gabrwyindes msoflios xalxTa winaSe,viTarca qomagi WeSmaritebisa~.(zviadi) erTxel da samudamod unda gavicnobieroT, romdidwilad swored zeciuri saqarTvelo ganapirobebsamqveyniuri yofiTi saqarTvelos beds, mis dedamiwiercxovrebas. swored amaSi mdgomareobs qarTveli erisRvTisrCeulobac, rac misi misiis aRsrulebis procesSi zeciuri(mudmivi sikeTis RvTiuri saTave) WeSmaritebisadmi wmindamsxverplis TviTgaRebaSi vlindeba. Tavganwirvam RvTivkurTxeuli ideisadmi, naTelimomavlisTvis, erovnuli cxovrebis wesis siwmindisadmi,romlis axali talRac oraswlovani mconare Zilidan erisgamosafxizleblad sulmnaTma zviad gamsaxurdiam da merabkostavam5 erovnuli moZraobis axali etapis gariJraJzeaazvirTes, gansakuTrebiT 1989 wlis 9 aprilis movlenebisSemdgom gaZlierda6. eris amqveyniuri cxovrebidan umeteswilad saukeTesoniwavidnen zeciur saqarTveloSi (mogexsenebaT TavganwirvasuliT spetaksa da Zliers ZaluZs mxolod), raTa gaeZliere-binaT, ganemtkicebinaT qarTvel wmindanTa rigebi. SesaZloabevri maTganis vinaoba ucnobic ki rCeba amqveyniuri rigiTiqarTvelisTvis, magram maT SevaxsenebT, rom im aTi aTaswamebulTagan jalaledinis mier, romelnic erT dRes Seewir-nen qristianul saqarTvelos, pirovnulad ucnobni rCebian

5 mkiTxvels SevaxsenebT erT faqts: wminda ilia marTalisaqarTvelos mtrebma 1907 wels gamoasalmes sicocxles; 1937 welsmisi mkvlelebis (esdekebis) ideurma memkvidreebma - komunistebmamas dabadebidan 100 wlis iubile didi zar-zeimiT gadauxades;qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis sinodma ki aqedan 50 wlisSemdeg 1986 w-s, e.i. gardacvalebidan 80 wlis Semdeg, didi iliawmindanad Seracxa; uflis gzaze Semdgari es didi mamuliSvili kiwmindani iyo 1907 wlis 20 agvistosve. ,,wiwamurSi rom mohklesilia, maSin epoqa dasrulda didi.~- galaktioni.6 mkiTxvels SevaxsenebT erovnuli gmiris, merab kostavas sityvebswarmoTqmuls 9 aprilis Rames, sadac igi zustad gansazRvravs ammistiuri Ramis adgils qarTveli eris istoriaSi: ,,qarTveli erisistoriaSi yofila didebuli wamebi da es wami aris erTerTiudidebulesi, rodesac qarTveli eri ase erTad Sekruli warsdgaRvTis winaSe~.


CvenTvis, oRond maT mier gaRebuli msxverpli, maTiTavganwirva rwmenisa da mamulisTvis aq, amqveyniur yofaSiaZlierebs yoveli Cvenganis, yoveli dResmyofis dadebiTenergias. albaT, oraswlovani mconarobis, gazuluqeba-gadagvarebis,xorcis gaTrevis periodSi ise Sesustda zeciuri saqarTvelosenergia, rom iveriis gabrwyinebam moiTxova saukeTesoni zva-rakad. Cven ki, aq darCenilebma, maqsimalurad unda SevZloTdaTmeniT, xorcieli TviTgacemiT codvaTa gamosyidva. ,,sikvdilis SiSi sxva araferia, Tu ara materiis dakargvisSiSi. ai, am ,,didi~ SiSiT gvebrZvis arakeTili, boroti Zala,materialuri sulTsimZime, eSmaki sazogadod. rameTu adamiani,romelsac swams, rom misi WeSmariti samSoblo sulebis sauf-loa, xolo misi materialuri sxeuli droebiTi samyofeliamxolod, ar SiSobs mis dakargvas. rogorc didi SoTa brZa-nebs: ,,SiSi ver ixsnis sikvdilsa, cudia daRrejiloba~.7

pirveladi da umTavresi sakiTxi _ esaa samyarosa da mara-disobisadmi Cveni mimarTeba, romelic usaTuod unda da-eyrdnos sulis ukvdavebis ideas... mxolod ukvdavSi SeiZlebaiSvas maradisobisa da ukvdavis Sesatyvisi sakiTxebi... samyarossulis ukvdaveba ki sulis ukvdavebasTan migvaaxlovebs. sulisukvdavobas uSualod ukavSirdeba sindisis, RvTis naTelSiwvdomis niWi. sindisi gaazrebis abstrstraqtuli obieqti ro-dia, aramed aqtiuri, qmediTi, centridanuli Zalaa, transfor-mirebuli saxiT mZinare mdgomareobaSic rom gamoscems eqos,magram Tu gaiRviZa, veRaraferi Seakavebs mis mflobel adami-ans sikeTisa da WeSmaritebisaken mimaval gzaze(merab kostava).rogorc ioane RvTismetyveli gvamcnobs: ,,SiSi ara arssiyvarulTa Tana, rameTu srulma siyvarulma gandevnos SiSi~. adamiani, gamomdinare Tavisive bunebidan, Tavidanve svamskiTxvebs samyaros warmoqmnisa da dasasrulis, yofierebismiznebisa da RmerTis Sesaxeb(349, 10); imis Sesaxeb Tu ,,vin aris,sidam mosula, sad aris wava sadao~(ilia). maSasadame, TavadadamianSia kodirebuli interesi da miswrafeba am qvakuTxedurcnebebSi garkvevisa. adamianis goni gonierebas am sakiTxTagarkveviT iwyebs; adamiani am cnebebis aRqmiT adamianobs. ukvdaveba _ es problema adamians awvalebs dasabamidan;gaCnda ra, Seimecna ra man sakuTari Tavi, pirveli umZimesidartyma sikvdilTan pirispir SexliT miiRo:

7 niniko xundaZe. werili Svils.

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,,moyvares Cemsas, CemTan rom iyo yovel gansacdelSi, _ewia bedi kacisa!eqvs dResa da eqvs Rames vtirodi mis gvamzed,meSvide dRemde ar damimarxavs.Sevwuxdi, ra ganvicade misi bedi;sikvdilis SiSma Semipyro, amisTvis var gaWrili velad.bedi enqidusi, Cemi moyvasisa, mimZims friad.rogor davCumde _ rogor aRmovTqva ese?!moyvare, Cemi sayvareli, miwad gadaiqca!xom mec davwvebi msgavsad imisa,rom aRar avsdge aRarasodes?!~(43, 36)

SeigrZno ra sikvdiliT wuTisoflis amaoeba, adamianmaiwyo sakuTar TavSi Zieba gzisa warmavlobis dasaTrgunad.Semecneba imisa Tu saidan movida, saidan gaCnda samzeoze,realobam, yofam ukarnaxa _ winaprisgan, sazogadod. arqauliadamiani xom saxiT warsulisken iyo mimarTuli. misi msoflxati_ samyaroseuli suraTi safuZvelSive miTologiuria dawarsulis kuTvnilebaa. Tavisi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisgamo igi warsulsac ekuTvnis, magram amave dros awmyoSicmoqmedebs. da es gadasvla, naxtomi droisa da sivrcis erTisistemidan meoreSi, ritualSi gacxadebuli iniciaciurisibrZniT aris SesaZlebeli. TviT sityva ,,winapari~ xom,TavisTavad, warsulis win gadmotanas, warsulSi dabrunebasaRniSnavs, rac oden tradiciis, winapriseuli cxovrebis wesiserTgulebiT aris SesaZlebeli. adaminma Seimecna, rom TviT igia awmyoSi winaparTamsgavsad ganmgrZobi sisxlisa, genisa, nagramis saxiT; rom manunda upatronos winapris jiSs da gaisigrZegana is, romrogorc igi mihxedavs, ise misi nagrami mihxedavs mis sulsada xorcs. ibrZvis ra Tavisi STamomavlobis sicocxlisaTvis,sulieri siwmindisaTvis, winapriseuli cxovrebis wesisuqcevelobisaTvis _ samSoblosaTvis (mSobelTa samkvidro-saTvis) sazogadod, igi Sedis ukvdavebaSi. samSoblosTvis,mamulisTvis, erisTvis Rvwa ukvdavebis gzaze SedgomiserTaderTi WeSmariti gzaa. es ki is gzaa, ukvdavebis bilikiT(gavixsenoT, rom farToa Saragza codva-warwymedisa da viwroda ekliania gza madlisa, sulis gadarCenisa. _ zviadi) svla isprocesia, sadac sicruiT, CaliCiT, mxolod piradulzezrunviT ver ivli. es gza RmerTTan, gansawmendelTan, ukvdave-


basTan misasvleli gzaa, sadac usiyvarulod, mxolod sakuTarTavze fiqriT ver mixval. samsaxuri mamulisaTvis, erisaTvis, sisxlismieri cxovrebiswesis ucvlelobisTvis, is ,,ukvdavebis balaxia~, gilgameSidanmoyolebuli rom eZebs adamiani. ,,sjobs saxelisa moxveWayovelsa mosaxveWelsa~ _ am TvalsazrisiT saxelmoxveWiliis ki ar aris, visi saxelic mTels qveyanaze cnobilia, aramedis, vinc moixveWa WeSmaritad saRvTo saxeli, eziara mas, riTacdaimkvidra saukuno cxovreba. amiT sjobs igi ,,yovelsamosaxveWels~. brZeni avTandili, rogorc amas zviadgamsaxurdia aRniSnavs, popularobis moxveWas ar dasaxavdakacis uzenaes idealad da daniSnulebad. ,,saxeli~ iyo misTvisgza da xidi RvTaebrivisaken, rac mxolod sibrZniT, eTiurisrulyofiT, vaJkacobiT da moyvasisadmi TavdadebiT miiRweva,viTarca ,,SerTva zesT mwyobrTa wyobisa~, filosofosTabrZnobis praqtikuli aRsrulebis Sedegi~ (31, 241). aqve davsZenT imasac, rom Semoqmedi suli ( da marTal,WeSmarit, RvTiur gzaze siaruli Semoqmedeba da gmirobaaswored) naTlad, umwikvlod, srulad mSobliur garemoSigamovlindeba mxolod. yoveli didi pirovneba, romelic kiganaTda sakacobrio cis kabadonze, pirvel rigSi Tavisi eris,xalxis RviZli Svili iyo da Semdgom saerTod kacobriobisa.,,SoTa, ilia, akaki, vaJa da galaqtioni~ mSobeli erisTvisqmnidnen upirveles yovlisa; iRvawes ra maT sakuTari erisTvis,samSoblisTvis, Semdgom ganaTdnen, ganaTldnen msoflioSemoqmedTa TanavarskvlavedSi. RvTisboZebuli SegrZneba da gageba WeSmaritebisa Zevsyovel adamianSi (349, 14), Sinaganad yoveli adamiani grZnobs,Tu ra aris kargi da ra aris cudi. sakuTar TavTan yveladaufaravia. Sinagani sindisis grZnoba, kargisa da avis garCevispotencia yovel CvenganSia uzenaesidan kodirebuli. rac ufroRiad moxdeba am Sinagani, RvTismomadlebuli sisndisisgacxadeba moyvasis, Tanamemamulis (am cnebasTan azrs kargavsyovalgvari socialuri sazomi, rac gansakuTrebiT ucxogaremoSi kavkasielTa Sexvedris dros gamomJRavndeba xolme_,,ukeTu orni anu samni arian, araraY SeiWirvian~ _ vaxuStibatoniSvili) siyvarulis niadagze, miT ufro Sesrulebuliiqneba saxelmwifos, rogorc naciis, eris TviTdacvis meqanizmisuzenaesi funqcia _ ,,uzrunvelyos Tavis moqalaqeTa rogorcsaSinao, aseve sagareo usafrToeba~ (177, 12). rogorc

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marTebuladaa aRniSnuli: ,,saxelmwifo Tavdapirvelad ufroorganizaciaa erTi eTnikuri jgufisa da Semdeg summa imdawesebulebaTa, romliTac eri qmnis erTi gansazRvruliformis sazogadoebriobas~ (177, 85). amasTanave, ,,eri organulikavSiria adamianTa Soris... eri rCeba umaRles, udides,ubunebrives da dRes TiTqmis erTaderT did WurWlad mTelskulturul sazogadoebaSi. mWidro kavSiri eris nawilTaSoris maSin arsebobs, Tu am kavSiris ganmamtkicebelicentraluri Zala iRwvis SeZlebisa da gvarad yvelaadgilobriv interesTa dasacavad, ramdenadac sazogadodsaxelmwifos SeuZlia aseTi rolis aRsruleba erisa dasaerTod kacobriobis cxovrebaSi~ (177, 87). swored erovnulsaxelmwifoSia SesaZlebeli adamianis WeSmariti miznisaRsruleba _ sakuTari potenciis sruli da proporciuliganviTareba, romlis ucilobeli pirobac RvTivmoniWebuliTavisuflebaa. adamiani bunebis nawilia, amitom is TavisufaliamaSin, rodesac araferi ar borkavs mis bunebriv Zalebs.saukeTeso adamianuri qmedeba ki isaa, romelic metad exmianebasamyaros bunebriv arss, e.i. rac ufro bunebrivia qmedeba.adamianis fizikuri da moraluri buneba ki qmnis erT didmTlianobas da emorCileba erTsa da imave samyaroseulkanonebs (259, 144). sazogadoebriv, nacionalur interesebTan pirovnebisTavisuflebis harmoniaSi moyvana, saerTo Sexedulebebisa daerTiani religiuri mrwamsis aRiarebis safuZvelzea SesaZle-beli, rac, Tavis mxriv, yovel adamianSi uzenaesis aRiarebiskodirebul gancdas emyareba. ramdenadac saxelmwifodainteresebulia imaSi, rom sufevdes erTiani azri, ibrZolebsimisTvis, rom mis SigniT, eri cxovrebas erTi rwmenisa daRmerTis safuZvelze Wvretdes (259, 63-64). religiisa da miTosis sakiTxebs Cven qvemoT ufro vrcladSevexebiT, axla ki aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom religia, rogorcSexedulebaTa sistema, rogorc RvTaebisadmi (RvTaebebisadmi)samsaxuris sistema, ama Tu im erSi, sazogadoebis ganviTarebisadreul etapebze iwyebs formirebas. albaT maSin, rodesacsawyisi socialuri erTeulebi (didi monogamiuri ojaxebi)yalibdebian da mkvidrdebian. damkvidreba amgvari socialurierTobisa erT, mxolod misTvis saWiro teritoriaze,samkvidrebelze, moiTxovda am socialuri erTeulisideologiurad SemakavSirebel SexedulebaTa sistemas. es is


periodia, rodesac miTs8 ekveceba frTebi da dinamikidanstatikaSi gadadis. igi TandaTan eqvemebareba racionalurgansjas. racionaluri gansjisadmi daqvemdebareba umTavresiniSania religiisa. ai, eris istoriis swored am monakveTSi, samkvidrozedamkvidrebis procesSi yalibdeba religia, ufro sworad,miTologiaSi gansxeulebuli sisxlismier-genetikuriazrovnebiT SexedulebebaTa SemoqmedebiTi sistemagardaisaxeba tradiciul, mdgrad, erTian SexedulebaTa sistemad,romlis erTerT umTavres funqciasac (RmrTivsulierZalebTan SenivTebasTan erTad) misi aRmsareblisTviTmyobadobis, TavisTavadobis da tradiciulobis dacvawarmoadgenda. amasTanave, es am eris individualuri saxis,sxvisgan gansxvavebulobis dacvac iyo. faqtiurad, religia,ama Tu im jiSSi Casaxuli, erovnul movlenasac warmoadgens.igi adamianisTvis, miTSi iracionalurad SegrZnebuli daasaxuli RmerTis udao arsebobis Semecnebis gaerovnulebuliSexedulebaTa sistemacaa. e.i. religiis erTerTi umTavresidaniSnuleba misi aRmsareblis sisxlismieri TavisTavadobis,jiSis, erovnulobis SenarCunebacaa RmerTis aRiarebissafuZvelze. amitomacaa kurTxeuli da Tanaswori yoveli eriRmerTis winaSe, rac naTladaa gadmocemuli bibliaSiunitaruli enis, naciis Seqmnis usafuZvlobaSi, ganuxor-cieleblobaSi. amitomac gacxadda wminda ilia marTlisSemoqmedebaSi qarTveluri (Tavis mxriv, zogadsakacobroc)erovnuli ukvdavebis formula enis, mamulisa da sarwmunoebistriadiT warmosaxuli. mTlianobaSi es sameba _,,mamuli, ena,sarwmunoeba~ da meore, aseve iliaseuli sivrculi Teza_,,awmyo Sobili warsulisagan, mSobeli aris momavalisa~ -erTurTTan mimarTebaSi im kveTs qmnian, romlis SuagulSiceris Cauqrobeli suli Rvivis. rogorc aRiarebulia, yovel ers, jiSs sakuTari,Taviseuli msoflaRqmis ekrani aqvs, romlis sxvaTagangansxvavebulobac, upirveles yovlisa, am erisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli fsiqikuri mowyobiT aris gapirobebuli.

8 miTi Semoqmedebaa, dinamikaa. miTi, mTqmels SexedulebebisfrTebis gaSlis nebas rTavda, CarTavda mas Tavis samyaroSi,saSualebas aZlevda pirovnebas Tavisuflad emoZrava mis SigniT,SemoqmedebiTad aReqva miTi da sakuTari fantaziisamebr mciredicvlilebebic ki Seetana masSi.

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Tavis mxriv, es fsiqikuri mowyoba ki am konkretuli jiSismSobliur samkvidrosTan erTgvar biocenozSi SesvliTyalibdeba. tradiciulad, qarTvelTa warmodgeniT, msoflioor mTavar nawilad iyo dayofili: ,,xilul da uxilavsoflad~; pirvels ekuTnoda yvelaferi, rac ki ,,sacnaurTada grZnobadTa bunebaTa~ mflobeli iyo, meores _ rasac ki,,zesTasoflisa ZalTa~ buneba hqonda. RmerTis mier Seqmniliadamiani ki am orsave ,,soflis~, ,,yovlisa agebulisa bunebisa~SemaerTebeli iyo: mas hqonda ,,sacnaur da grZnobad~ bunebis~mqone sxeuli da uxilavi, ,,zesTasoflis~ ZalTa bunebovanisuli. amrigad, igi iyo viTarca patara msoflio (,,mikro-kosmosi~) did msoflioSi (,,makromosmosSi~) (184, 129). adamiani_ es patara arseba, Seqmnili RvTisa mier ,,xatad TÂsa~; anumisi patara guli ,,jojoxeTis damteveli pawawina samoTxe~iyo da aris erTgvari gamtari im RmrTivsulieri nakadebisa,romelTa SegrZneba im zeSTagonebiT aris SesaZlebel-xelmisawvdomi, romelic poezias (zogad WeSmaritebas) esodenamSvenebs da mecnierebisa da vnebis SenivTebiT (galaktioni)warmoiqmneba. gancda, gaTaviseba Sesaswavli garemosi aucilebelipirobaa warmatebuli kvlevisa. Tu gvinda Seswavla ama Tu imxalxisa, mxarisa da iq mimdinare procesebisa, an warsulisa, e.i. iq mcxovrebTa istoriisa _ am mosaxleobis sisxlis wvisada amis Sedegad iq akumulirebuli energiisa, uciloblad undamoxdes maT yoveldRiur yofasTan, maT samkvidroSi, amenergiasTan safuZvliani kontaqtireba. umTavresia SegrZnebaim mxarisa, romlis Seswavlasac veswrafviT. mkvlevaris sxeulmajer unda SeigrZnos Sesaswavli obieqti da mxolod amisSemdeg unda gansajos igi. adamiani TaviT ki ara, fexebiT dadisdedamiwaze. ,,samSoblos grZnoba gasakvirveli, mzis mcxunvarebagars rom avlia~, galaktions ,,cvrian balaxze SiSveli fexiT~gavlis Semdeg aqvs nagrZnobi. cnobilia, rom fexis gulzeTavmoyrilia adamianis nervuli sistemis yvela naskvi. rodesacdadixar miwaze, energia sisxlisa, Zval-dvritaTa, romliTac,,gapoxierebulia~ (akaki) es mxare, igrZnoba mavalis mier; amguliT _ fexis guliT Sedis masSi, gaivlis Sigans (materias _miwiers), ava RviZlSi _ sisxlis warmomqmnel organoSi(371, 27),Semdeg gulSi da bolos TavSi, Ratio-mde aRwevs. Tuki Cven,romelime xalxis, mxaris Seswavla, SegrZneba gvinda, uSualodunda viyoT maTTan. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ver CavwvdebiT am


mxaris sulsa da guls. upirvelesad Cven kacobriobis, misSemadgenel nairsaxeobaTa xorcieli, sxeuliebrivi, fizikurisaxe _ materialuri mxare ki ar unda gvainteresebdes (racmeoradia), aramed maTi suli da guli, romelic mudmivia,ukvdavia da romelic maradis myofobs saufloSi - uflissamyofelSi, gansxvavebiT kvdomadi da xrwnadi sxeulisgan _materiisagan. vsaubrobT ra kulturaze, eris sulis gamoZaxilze,sazogadod, vfiqrobT, unda ganirCes Semecnebis, erTgvari,SemoqmedebiTi da damkvidrebiTi sferoebi; anu pirovnulida koleqtiuri aRqmiTi potencia RmrTivsulieri nakadebisa,romelTa Soris Sexameba-wonasworobis simtkices ZvelsazogadoebaSi ganapirobebda Rrma tradiciuli principebiTgajerebuli socialuri urTierTobani. roca jer kidev ariyo dawyebuli eTnikur erTeulTa masiuri Serevis procesebi,adamianebi TavianTi sagvareulo da tomobrivi sazRvrebiTifarglebodnen. maT interesebs brZnulad Tavad bunebaaregulirebda da isini swori moraluri principebiT iyvnengamsWvalulni. amasTanave, sisxlismieri urTierTobebiTgapirobebuli moraluri foni garkveulwilad xels uSlidauazro, zomierebas gadasuli interesebis gaRviZebas. dakvirvebacxadyofs, rom CvenSic, Cvens droSic ki interesi iolad dabunebrivad iq iRviZebs, sadac sisxlismieri da STamomavlobiTikavSirebia (161,47). maSasadame, sisxlismier-naTesauriurTierTierTobebiT gapirobebuli tradiciuli kulturuligaremo, Tavisi sazogadoebis wevrTa cxovrebis wesisaTvisTavisTavad ganapirobebda jansaR moralur fons. rogorc mravalgzis aRuniSnavT, Zalze Znelia garkvevaimisa, Tu sad mTavrdeba miTi da sad iwyeba religia.gansakuTrebiT Znelia es, aw ukve gadaSenebul sazogadoebebSi,romelTa Sesaxebac mxolod arqeologiuri gaTxrebisSedegad mopovebuli masalebis mixedviT Tua SesaZlebelimsjeloba. migvaCnia, rom erTurTisgan unda ganvacalkevoTuSualod Semoqmedebisa da mis nayofTa sazogadoebis donezedamkvidrebis sferoebi. Semoqmedeba, zogadad, sazogadobiscalkeul pirebSi gacxovelebuli sisxlis duRiliaintuitiuri, grZnobadi simebiT gawyobili; maTSi Semoqmedismier boZebuli zeSTagonebis niWiT cxaddeba samyarosgrZnobadi aRqma, rac SemdgomSi sazogadoebrivi, koleqtiuricnobierebis damaregulirebeli intuitiur-grZnobadi gaaz-

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rebis saSualebiT aRiarebas hpovebs. magaliTisTvis, galakti-onma, misdami RvTiTboZebuli niWiT Seqmna ,,lurja cxenebi~,xolo xalxma, misma mSobelma erma gaigo igi koleqtiuriaRqmis doneze. galaktionSi erTgvari miTi iqmneboda leqsissaxiT, eri ki mas saerToerovnul doneze aRiqvamda; risbarometrsac swored sazogadoebrivi, koleqtiuri cnobi-erebis damaregulirebeli intuitiur-grZnobadi simebi warmo-adgendnen. Cvenis azriT, sakmaod marTebuladaa aRniSnuli, romarsebobs erTgvari ,,moraluri temperatura~, romelicwarmoadgens zne-CveulebaTa da gonebrivi ganviTarebissaerTo mdgomareobas da iseve moqmedebs, rogorc fizikurikategoria...geniosebi da, saerTod, niWieri adamianebiemsgavsebian erTgvar Teslebs9... ,,erTsa da imave qveyanaSi,sxvadasxva epoqebSi albaT arsebobs niWieri da saSualoadamianebis erTi da igive raodenoba~(141, 39); da marTlac,statistikis mixedviT, or Tanamimdevar TaobaSi, aRricxuliaTiTqmis erTi da igive raodenoba samxedro samsaxurisTvisvargisi wvevamdelebisa da am saqmisTvis fizikuradSeuTavsebeli axalgazrdebisa. albaT, amgvari situacia gvaqvssulierebis mxrivac. da buneba, am SemTxvevaSi, warmogvidgebarogorc mTesveli, romelic erTi da imave xeliT, erTi daimave sawyaodan, TanamimdevrobiT, erTi da igive odenobisada xarisxis Teslebs abnevs nakveTebad ganawilebul miwaSi.magram dabneuli Teslebidan yvela rodi aRmocendeba; droisada sivrcis mixedviT saWiroa erTgvari ,,moraluri tempe-ratura~, rom gansazRvrulma niWma SesZlos ganviTareba(ix.141.iqve). Tu ar aris Sesabamisi pirobebi, RvTisgan boZebuliniWi unayofod STeba, an SesaZloa man saxec ki icvalos daaTropirebuli saxiT uaryofiT rakusSi hpovos gamovlineba.amis magaliTebi, Tuki Tvals gadavavlebT qarTveli erisistorias (sazogadoebis istorias zogadad) mravladmogvepoveba. mgaliTad, rom yofiliyo Sesferisi ,,moraluritemperatura~ da saqarTvelo yofiliyo Taviseul, sulierimoTxovnilebebis Sesaferis Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi, ufrosworad, SesaZlebloba rom hqonoda ecxovra im sulier-eTikuri xatis mixedviT, romelic esoden naTlad aqvsdasuraTxatebuli vaxuSti bagrations, savsebiT SesaZlebelia,

9 gaixsene igavi saxarebidan, Tesvad gamosuli mTesvelis Sesaxeb.


rom sruliad sxvagvarad warmarTuliyo bevri cnobilipirovnebis rogorc piradi, aseve sazogadoebrivi cxovreba.10

Tundac amisTvisaa aucilebeli erisTvis, sulier-kulturulimovlenisaTvis namdvilad Taviseuli, sulissabamo socialurierTeulis _ saxelmwifos qona; saxelmwifosi, rogorc upirve-les yovlisa eris, rogorc sulieri erTobis TviTdacvismeqanizmisa. vfiqrobT, es faqtoric gasaTvaliswinebeliawarsulze msjelobisas, radganac migvaCnia, rom - ,,araferiaaq axali, am cisqveSeTSi~... ,,da ukve rac iyo, is aris axlac~(eklesiaste). aRniSnulia, rom CvenSi, iseve rogorc sxvaganac, garkveulavtorebs ar gaaCniaT swori gageba mxatvruli Semoqmedebis11

arsisa; maTTvis xelovneba intuitiuri, sulismieri fenomenirodia, aramed martooden inteleqtis mier konstruirebulisurogati sinamdvilisa (da ara sinamdvilis axali, umaRlesiforma, zeSTagonebiT miRebuli) (31, 452). umTavresia pirovnebisroli, misi SemoqmedebiTi iniciativa...xelovneba gamocxadebaazelogiuri sinamdvilisa, damtkicebulobas, cdismier sizustesrodi mivyavarT am sinamdvilisaken, am realobisaken...xelovnebis umaRlesi qmnilebani idealebia. ar SeiZleba maTiubralod mowoneba an dawuneba, an ,,damtkiceba~ maTi siav-kargisa, ramdenadac isini esTetiur imperativebs warmoadgenen...empirizmi, ,,zusti, utyuari informaciis~ saTayvanebel obieqtadqceva Sors ver wagviyvans. meTodi unda iyos intuitiuri, arunda eridebodes gabedul analogebs da hipoTezebs, ar undaeZebdes damtkicebulobas ise, rogorc es aucilebeliasabunebismetyvelo dargebSi. sulieri kulturis ganviTarebisetapebi, aramc da aramc ar hgvanan teqnikis ganviTarebassworxazovnebaSi... miTosi da literatura umaRlesi gagebiTidenturi cnebebia... berZnuli miTologia Targmanebaanacionaluri religiisa, aseTive miTia madona axali droisa(novalisi); axali miTosis Semqmnelni arian: joisi, kafka,morgenSterni, selma lagerlofi, erza paundi, t.s. eliotida sxvani~(31, 61-62).

10 ganzraxuli gvaqvs am problemis calke ganxilva. vamzadebTstatias sazogadoebis xelovnur kriminalizaciasa da e.w.,,qurdobis~ institutze.11 Zvel sazogadoebebSi ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, yofa ufrorigad iyogajerebuli SemoqmedebiTi impulsebiT, vidre axla.-p.b.

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rogorc Zveli xalxebis kulturebis da religiurikoncepciebis Seswavla cxadyofs, odiTgan arsebobda religiisSinagani (ezoteruli) da garegani (egzoteruli) mxare. aqedangamomdinare, religias aqvs Sinagani da garegani istoria...religiis adreuli formebi warmoadgenen xalxis masebisadmigamartivebul, xatovnad, igavurad mocemul RrmaazrovanWeSmaritebebs adamianis da samyaros ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.religiebi eZleoda kacobriobas Semecnebis maRal safexurzemdgomi adamianebis mier, romelTac gaaCniaT uaRresad Rrmacodna samyarosa da adamianis Sesaxeb(31.351). cnobiTi azrovnebis kidegan arsebobs intuitiuriazrovneba, intuitiuri logika, romelic ufro axlos midisrealobasTan, ris dasturicaa Tanamedrove gnoseologiac(igive.384). Cvengan Soreuli, uZvelesi kulturebisa da civilizaciebiswarmomadgenelTa msoflmxedvelobis dafaruli dasiRrmiseuli Taviseburebani, xSirad, ara marto rigiTmkiTxvelTaTvis, aramed mkvlevar- mecnierTaTvisac idumalida SeugrZnobeli rCeba. cnobilia, rom warsul (Tundac ZvelaRmosavlur)kulturaTa kvleva, ZiriTadad dafuZnebulia CvenamdemoRweuli da arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuliwerilobiTi Zeglebis Seswavlaze. magaliTisaTvis, Zvelteqstebze muSaobis specifika, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs maTi,Tundac samuSao xasiaTis Targmans. Tanamedrove mkvlevarnierTob xSirad iviwyeben erT metad mniSvnelovan garemoebas;kerZod imas, rom am teqstTa SemoqmedTaTvis, ZvelmcxovrebTaTvis, originalis sityvebs gansxvavebuli Zala,Sinaarsi da datvirTva hqondaT; vidre axla gaaCniaT maTsruliad sxva enobrivi Targmanis konteqstSi. sabolood, axalenaze Targmnili es teqstebi, romelTac Tanamedrovemkvlevarni eyrdnobian rogorc wyaros, azrobrivadac daSinaarsobrivadac arsebiTad gansxvavdabian originalisgan.yovelive amis mizezi ki is aris, rom sruliad uneburad daSeumCnevlad es teqstebi Tanamedrove mTargmnel-mkvlevarTamier Zalauneburad gadmovidnen, maTeul, originalisganTvisobrivad gansxvavebul axl SemecnebiT sistemaSi. umTavresi sxvaoba e.w. Zvel da Tanamedrove adamianTaSemecnebiT sistemaTa Soris, mdgomareobs maTi ,,mcodneobis~xarisxsa da Zireul mimarTulebebSi. Zveli adamianisTvis es


,,mcodneoba~ ufro praqtikuli da saxviTia, TanamedroveadamianisTvis ki igi, xSirad, ufro Teoriuli, mowyvetilida erTob zedapiruli. rigiTi Tanamedrove adamianis ,,mcod-neobiTi~ samyaro, Zvel adamians, albaT, erTob ucnauradmoeCveneboda. dRevandelma adamianma icis Soreuli qveynebis(sadac SesaZloa igi arasdros moxvdes) geografia da ar icismezobeli quCis dasaxeleba; mas SeuZlia CamoTvalos sxvadasxvasafexburTo gundebis moTamaSeTa gvarebi da arc ki icnobsTavis zogierT naTesavs; mas waukiTxavs wignebi uZveles xalxTaSesaxeb da arc ki smenia sakuTari didi babuis _ peperas saxeli... TanamedroveTa xedviT, warsuli warmodgenilia bundovaniSexedulebebis, sibnelis epoqad; sasacilo, ugunuri rwmena-warmodgenebisa da gadmonaSTebis xanad; magram arsebobsaranaklebi safuZveli imisa, rom Cveni droc CaiTvalosfsevdocodnis, zedapirulobisa da fuWmcodneobis epoqad.Tanamedrove da Zveli adamianebis ,,mcodneobebs~ SorisZiriTadi gansxvaveba mdgomareobs ara marto sagnis, aramedmcodneobis struqturaSi, azrovnebis xasiaTSi. TanamedroveadamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia abstraqtuli azrovneba,gagebiTi logika; Zveli adamianis, anu e.w. ,,primitivis~SemecnebaSi dominirebs ,,kompleqsuri~ azrovneba, sagnobrivilogika. yoveli kultura Tavis wiaRSi aRzrdil individs uya-libebs sakuTar, Tavisebur ,,xedvis ekrans~, romelzec igiaRibeWdavs, warmoisaxavs gare samyaros Taviseul aRqmas. Zvelda Tanamedrove adamianebs swored es xedvis ekranebiganasxvaveben erTimeorisagan realobis aRqmis Sinaarsisa dastruqturis mixedviT. arqaul da Tanamedrove admianTa cnobierebas Soris ariskidev erTi arsebiTi sxvaoba: Zveli adamiani cxovrobdaabsoluturi WeSmaritebebis samyaroSi. mas hqonda zusti dasaboloo pasuxi yvela kardinalur SekiTxvaze: rogor Seiqmnasamyaro, misi qveyana, xalxi, ra moelis mas sikvdilis Semdegda a.S. Zvelad, sazogadoebriv SemecnebaSi, rogorc wesi,sufevda erTazrovneba da individs erTob naklebi safuZveligaaCnda RirebulebebSi daeWvebisa, mas ar sWirdeboda ekeTebinaarCevani maT Soris. Tanamedrove adamians ki aRniSnulSekiTxvebze erTob miaxlovebiTi da droebiTi, cvladi pasu-xebiT uxdeba dakmayofileba, rac udaoa, Zveli adamianisyofisagan erTob gansxvavebuli garemos Camoyalibebas iwvevs.

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gansxvavebuli iyo Zveli adamianis damokidebulebacnivTebisadmi, sagnebisadmi. amJamad xSirad gavigonebT, romTanamedrove adamiani erTob materialuria da gamodevnebulianivTebs, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad amisa, esdamokidebuleba erTob zerele da zedapirulia. dResadamianebi umalve Seelevian xolme am Tu im nivTs, TukiSexvdebian ukeTess, odnav modernizebulsa da gaumjobesebuls.Zvelad ki adamiani da misi qoneba _ saxli, miwa, yofiTi nivTebi,yoveli umniSvnelo wvrilmanic ki erTmaneTTan dakav-Sirebulni iyvnen Rrma, SeiZleba iTqvas, pirovnuli urTier-TobebiTac ki. yovel nivTs, winapris xelqmnilsa da TaobaTaxelSi gamovlils, hqonda sakuTari bedi, Zala, saxeli,romelTac Zalze Znelad, SeiZleba iTqvas, mtkivneuladac TuSeeleoda Zveli _ tradiciuli adamiani. Zvelad mesakuTresCvenTvis uCveulo urTierTobebi akavSirebda mamulTan, kar-midamosTan, romlis dakargvac mis mier tragikuladaRiqmebida. Zvel sazogadoebebSi sakuTreba warmoadgendaerTerT umTavres kategorias, individis Tavisebur ,,gagrZe-lebas~ sxeuls gareT. Zveli sazogadoebebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia warsulisken,siZvelisken orientireba. Zveli adamiani fsiqologiuradwarsulisken iyo mimarTuli. Tuki Tanamedrove adamianisTviswarsulSi xedva, ukan gaxedvas niSnavs, Zvelad adamianiixedeboda ra win, xedavda warsuls; momavali ki misTviszurgsukan iyo miqceuli. amgvari xedva sivrcisa kargad CansqarTul sityvaSi ,,winapari~, sadac aSkaraa, rom qarTvelisTvismisi sisxli da xorci, visi Svilic Tavad iyo da romelicgardaicvala, cocxalis cnobierebaSi misgan ukan sivrceSi kiar moeqca, aramed suladqceuli win uZRvis mas anTebulisanTeliviT cxovrebis gzaze. tradiciuli adamianisTviswarsuli naTelia, xilulia, xolo momavali ucnobi dauxilavi; saiTken mimaval gzasac mas, misi winaprebi unaTeben.daxloebiT amgvarad Wvrets sivrces marTlmadidebeliqristianic, romelsac amqveyniuri cxovrebis gzaze win uZRvianwmindanebi (rwmenas, ideas, sikeTes salbunad dadebuli pirni)da sulierad ganamtkiceben mas. gvagondeba vaxtangkotetiSvilis sityvebi mTasTan mimarTebaSi naTqvami. ai raswers igi:,,...metad Znelia mTasTan misvla. iq sul sxvagvarigancdebia, Taviseburi azri da nebisyofa. iq xalxi amiranisamalas CamorCenilebiviT arian mdevis nafexurebze mimofan-


tulni. iq sicocxlec sxvanairia da sikvdilic TiTqos ufroadvili. iq erTgvari panTeonia, sadac Zveli sulis ganZeulobainaxeba Tamaris saflaviviT~. marTali iyo didi mecnieri, rocamaqsimalurad cdilobda sakvlev, (faqtiurad ki misi sulissaxsnel sivrcesTan _ yoveli WeSmariti mecnierisTvis misisakvlevi sfero sulis xsnaa namdvilad), garemosTan umWid-roesad dakavSirebas da mis gancdas siRrmiseulad. unda aRiniSnos, rom amJamad mimarTulia garkveul ZalTagegmazomieri mcdeloba tradiciul sazogadoebebSi amgvarirwmeniTi, aRmsareblobiTi xedvis, Teisturi aRqmismosasSlelad. isini mizanmimarTulad muSaoben, raTa erebSiSeZlebisdagvarad amoSanTon siZvelisaken, warsulisaken daSeiZleba iTqvas erovnuli TviTmyofadobisaken orientirebada maTi mzera mimarTon faqtiurad ucnobi, bundovanimomavlisaken. sinamdvileSi ki maT mier zizil-pipil, brWyvialaferebSi daxatuli es ,,momavali~ arafriT gansxvavdeba,,bednieri komunisturi momavlisagan~, romlisgan nagemi,,sitkboc~ postsabWoTa sazogadoebas jer kidev ar ganelebia.rogorc aRvniSneT, am zeerovnuli bednieri erTobisakentradiciuli sazogadoebebis _ erebis cnobierebis orien-tirebisTvis, pirvel rigSi aucilebelia erovnuli TviTmyo-fadobis mqone erTobebs daaviwyon sakuTari saxe. ase daamgvarad ebrZvian es Zalebi erovnul, nacionalur cnobie-rebas, romelsac isini CamorCenilobis, sibnelis, siClungissinonimad Tvlian da kidev aTasi umsgavsod uSinaarsosaxelebiT naTlaven (mag. ,,provinciuli faSizmi”). sinamdvileSiki es Zalebi TviTon arian sibnelis, borotebis, gaiZverobis,gulRrZobis mociqulni, romelTaTvisac siyva-ruli, sikeTe,sinaTle, erovnuli msoflmzera _ rwmena, sazogadod, zedmetbargad qceula. dasasrul, gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom konkretul sakiTxzemsjelobis dawyebamde saWirod CavTvaleT mkiTxvelisaTvismokled gagveziarebina Cveneuli xedva sazogadoebriv-istoriuli procesebisa, raTa man ufro naTlad aRiqvas,,Semoqmedis laboratoriaSi~ SeRwevis Cveneuli mcdeloba;raTa igi Sesabamisi gulmowyalebiT moekidos eris istoriisproblemebis Cveneul gaazrebs, rameTu _ ,,aqa vdgavar dasxvagvarad ar ZalmiZs~.

48 paata BbuxraSvili

Tavi ITavi ITavi ITavi ITavi I

eTnikuri kulturisa da sacxovrisis fenomeniseTnikuri kulturisa da sacxovrisis fenomeniseTnikuri kulturisa da sacxovrisis fenomeniseTnikuri kulturisa da sacxovrisis fenomeniseTnikuri kulturisa da sacxovrisis fenomenis

urTierTmimarTebisaTvisurTierTmimarTebisaTvisurTierTmimarTebisaTvisurTierTmimarTebisaTvisurTierTmimarTebisaTvis

tradiciuli (Sesabamisad, erovnuli) samyaroseuligaazrebisa da eTnikuri yofis erTerT uTvalsaCinoes gamov-linebad sacxovrisis fenomeni gvesaxeba. es, erTi SexedviT,erTob materialuri xasiaTis movlena, erTgvari pirveladiadamianiseuli xelqmnili taZari, uzarmazari informaciismomcveli fenomenia. udaoa, rom sacxovrisi, misive Semomqmedi jiSis, modgmisim samyaroseuli aRqmis gamoxatulebaa, romelic am sisxlismier,Teslnayar erTobas samkvidrosTan, mamulTan biocenozSiSesvla-Serwymis Sedegad uyalibdeba. udaoa isic, rom sworedes SenivTeba, gamTlianeba winaparTa Zval-sisxliT gapoxi-erebul da zeciuri sulebis kamariT dagvirgvinebul samkvid-rosTan, sakmaod xangrZlivi procesia. sabolood, es Widilisamyaroseul mudmivobasTan am modgmis myari ,,kulturuliSublis~

1 CamoqniT sruldeba, romelsac mdgradoba axasiaTebs

da gasrulebis dRidan saukuneTa mier motanil qartexilebsuZlebs. sanam sacxovriss, rogorc eTnikuri yofis erTerT yvelazeufro naTlad amsaxvel kompleqss SevexebodeT, ramdenimesityviT mimovixilavT TviT eTnoss da eTnikur yofas. saerTo-warmomavlobiTi urTierTobebiT gapirobebulikulturul-tradiciul fenomenTa Seswavla, eTnologiispirdapiri daniSnulebaa. ukanasknel periodamde, qarTulistoriografiaSi am dargis aRsaniSnavad termini eTnografiaixmareboda, rac, ZiriTadad, sabWour mecnierebebSi (romlisorganuli nawili qarTuli sabWoTa saistorio skolac iyo),marqsistul-leninuri principebis aRiarebiT iyo gamowveuli.miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli mecnieruli eTnologiisfuZemdebeli akad. giorgi Citaia, eTnografias (xalxis aRweras)eTnologiis (xalxTmcodneobis) nawilad miiCnevda, saistorioliteraturaSi mainc termini ,,eTnografia~ ixmareboda. Tumca,jojoxeTuri ideologiuri zewolis pirobebSi, mecnieri TavismowafeebSi mainc, SeiZleba iTqvas, riskis fasadac ki, axerxebdakvlevis sakuTari principebis damkvidrebas.

1 es gamoTqma ekuTvnis akad. niko marrs.


kolonialur mxareebSi, centralur imperiulxelisuflebas2, diaxac, ar awyobda mcodneobis _ ,,logiis~ganviTareba da mxolod aRweras _ ,,grafias~ axalisebda, raTaadgilobriv mkvidrTagan gamosul mecnierTa saxiT mSvenieriinformatorebi hyoloda. maTi meSveobiT, erovnul mxareebSiikribeboda amomwuravi Zvirfasi masala (adgilobriviwarmomavlobis mkvlevarze ukeT aba amas sxva vin SesZlebda),da dasamuSaveblad igzavneboda ssrk-s saTao eTnografiisinstitutSi. iq, mikluxo-maklais sax. eTnografiis institutSi,romelic uSualod kontrolirdeboda saxelmwifo uSiSro-ebis komitetidan (suk-i), xdeboda ukve am aRwerilobiTimasalis eTnologiur-sociologiuri damuSaveba da imperiulixelisuflebisTvis konkretuli rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.magaliTad: igegmeboda eTnikuri konfliqtebi; ,,Tbilisobis~msgavsi socialisturi dResaswaulebi; Sereuli eTnikuriSemadgenlobiT dasaxlebuli administraciuli erTeulebismowyobis rekomendaciebi; umTavresad ucxo garemoSi,polieTniuri dasaxlebebis gaCenis mizniT, xdeboda didimSeneblobebis (Tundac ekonomiurad wamgebianis) organizeba.amis magaliTad ,,bam~-is magistrali an engurhesis kaSxlismSeneblobac kmara; eTnosTa masiuri deportaciebi da sxva...udaoa, rom yovelive es imperiuli mmarTvelobis gaZlierebasisaxavda miznad. miuxedavad Seqmnili situaciisa, qarTvelmecnier-eTnografTa didi nawili, romlebsac xatad edgaT didiivane javaxiSvilis mamuliSvilur-mecnieruli saxe, arsebulgaremoSi mainc axerxebda Seeqmna msoflio mecnierulistandartebis Sesabamisi gamokvlevebi3. Tamanedrove qarTul eTnologiur mecnierebaSiaRiarebulia, rom eTnosi(xalxi) _ es aris gansakuTrebulisaxe socialuri dajgufebisa, Camoyalibebuli ara adamianTasurvilis mixedviT, aramed istoriuli principebiT. upirvelesyovlisa, es aris saerTo Tvisebebi da ganmasxvavebeliTaviseburebani, gamovlenili eTnosis cxovrebis sxvadasxvasferoSi. uZiriTadess am sferoebs Soris warmoadgens ena,romlis saSualebiTac xdeba eTnosis wevrTa urTierToba.enasTan erTad, erTerTi yvelaze ufro ganmsazRvreli

2 ssrk rom ruseTis imperiis modernizebul variants warmoadgenda,amJamad ukve aRaraa davis sagani.3 amis naTeli magaliTia axlaxan dasrulebuli akad. giorgiCitaias naSromTa xuTtomeuli.


mniSvneloba eniWeba kulturas. upirveles yovlisa es exebamis im komponentebs, romelTac gaaCniaT tradiciuli xasiaTida masiurad vlindebian yoveldRiur yofaSi. eTnosis wevrTakulturuli erTianoba, Tavis mxriv, ganuxreladaadakavSirebuli maTsave fsiqikur TaviseburebebTan, fsiqikiszogadadamianuri Tvisebebis gamovlinebis ZalebTan. esTaviseburebebi, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgenen e.w. erovnul xasiaTs(40,45). rogorc aRniSnaven: ,,eTnosi individi araa; yoveleTnoss gaaCnia Tavisi sakuTari yofis garemo, Tavisi teritoria,Tavisi konkretul-istoriuli pirobebi, Tavisi gansakuTrebuliSemogareni... Sesabamisad, eTnosebi sxvadasxvanairad reagirebenerTsa da imave problemaze; rac Seexeba sxvadasxva xasiaTisproblemas, Sesabamisad, TiToeuli misTvis aucilebelsa damisaRebs Tu gaixdis yuradRebis sagnad. eTnosTa gansxvaveba -es kulturaTa gansxvavebaa. kultura ki, rogorc esaRiarebulia Tanamedrove kulturologiaSi, aris adamianTagarkveuli jgufis adaptaciis universaluri meqanizmi sakuTariarsebobis bunebriv da sazogadoebriv garemosTan~ (219, 83). eTnosebi ganifinebian sivrceSi, adgilmonacvleoben,ganiyofian sxvadasxva nawilebad, mTlianad an nawilobriverwymian kidec xolme erTmaneTs. aseT SemTxvevaSiaRmocendebian axali eTnosebi, magram miuxedavad amisa, isinimainc ar hkargaven mTlianad sakuTar Zvel niSan-Tvisebebs.eTnosebs Soris naTesauri damokidebuleba xSirad gani-sazRvreba maTi kulturebis msgavsebis xarisxiTac. oRond,garkveul SemTxvevaSi, es msgavseba sxvadasxva xalxebs Soris,SesaZloa Sedegi iyos ara maTi ucilo naTesauri kavSirebisa,aramed msgavsi geografiuli da istoriuli ganviTarebispirobebisa, an farTo ekonomikuri da samezoblo urTier-Tobebisa. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, xandisxan imdenad didiamsgavseba eTnikur kulturebs Soris, rom Znelic kia imisgarkveva, erTni arian isini Tu sxvadasxvani; anda sulac erTikulturis lokalur variantebs xom ar ganekuTvnebian isini.cnobilia isic, rom esa Tu is xalxi, eTnosi ama Tu im socialuriformiT warmogvidgeba. miuxedavad amisa, esa Tu is socialuriforma, sruliadac ar aris eTnosis uciloblad Tanmxvdomi. eTnosis mravalsaukunovan arsebobas ganapirobebs enis,kulturuli tradiciebis da yofis memkvidreobiToba.eTnikuri sazogadoebis gaCena gapirobebulia mis wevrTauSualo urTierTobebiT, rac mxolod saerTo teritoriaze


cxovrebis dros aris SesaZlebeli. amave teritoriaze xdebaSesabamisi kulturuli erTobis Camoyalibeba eTnoss SigniTac.swored aq, erT garkveul garemoSi unda Camoyalibdes igimTlian, mdgrad sociokulturul erTobad, ris SemdegacZaluZs mas gadaadgileba drosa da sivrceSi, miReba an gacemaraime Rirebulisa. adamianTa nebismieri jgufis kultura erTob mobilurimovlenaa, romelic, aseve sxva kulturebTan urTierTobebisgamo, mravalmxrivobiT xasiaTdeba da advilad cvladia droSi;oRondac, igi icvlis ara Sinaarss, aramed Camoicilebsgarkveul niSan-Tvisebebs da maT magivrad axal niuansebsSeiZens xolme. kulturis am dinamiur, cvladi nawilTan erTadarsebobs misi meore, SedarebiT konservatuli nawilic,romelic ucvleli rCeba droTa ganmavlobaSi da ganviTa-rebisda mixedviT eTnosis Sinagani cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapebsmoicavs. eTnosi gadis social-ekonomiuri da struqturulixasiaTis sxvadasxva etapebs, gaivlis xolme politikuriorganizaciis sxvadasxva formebs, SesaZloa man ramdenimejerSeicvalos aRmsareblobac ki. mTlianobaSi, amdagvari xasiaTiscvlilebebi eris erTiani istoriis organul nawils Seadgenen. specialur literaturaSi SemoTavazebulia eTnikurierTobebis e.w. ,,horizontaluri~ da ,,vertikaluri~klasifikacia. horizontaluri dayofis mixedviT, xalxebi, anueTnosebi iSlebian an ganiyofian eTnografiul jgufebad daamave dros, erTiandebian ufro msxvil sistemur rgolebSi _monaTesave xalxTa jgufebSi, anu eTnolingvistur erTobebSi.vertikalur klasifikacias ki ganapirobebs is, rom sxvadasxvaistoriuli epoqis xalxebi Tvisobrivad mniSvnelovnadgansxvavdebian erTimeorisgan ganviTarebis donis mixedviT.eTnikuri xasiaTis erTobani, jer kidev adamianTa sazogadoebissawyis etapebze gvxvdeba. aseT erTobebs tomobrivs uwodeben.es erTobani, yalibdebodnen gansazRvrul teritoriaze imadamianTa Soris, romlebic erTimeoresTan realur sameurneokavSirSi imyofebodnen, laparakobdnen erT enaze da gaaCndaTgarkveuli kulturul-sameurneo Taviseburebani (351, 68-70). gviandel istoriul epoqaTa eTnikuri erTobebisgangansxvavebiT, ganviTarebis sawyis etapze mdgomi tomobrivierTobani efuZnebodnen namdvil an misterialur (moCvenebiT)sisxliTnaTesaobiT kavSirebs. ese igi Sedgebodnenadamianebisagan, romelTac saerTo warmoSoba hqondaT; anda,


yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tavs erTmaneTTan saerTo warmomavlobiTdakavSirebulad Tvlidnen. ramdenadac tomobriv erTobebSiar arsebobda metnaklebad mniSvnelovani socialuriganSrevebani, miTumetes antagonisturi klasebi, am tomobrivierTobebis kultura iyo erTiani _ am epoqis mosaxleobaSieTnikuri da socialuri specifika kulturisa, metnaklebademTxveoda kidec erTimeores. adrindeli myari socialuri organizaciis SeqmnaSi didimniSvneloba eniWeboda adamianTa jgufebs Soris saqorwinourTierTobaTa Cvevebsa da normebs, gamoxatuls gvarisegzogamiurobasa da tomis endogamiurobaSi. am momentisa dakidev sxva aucilebel pirobaTa erTianobaTa gaTvaliswinebiT,miCneulia, rom tomi ukve warmoadgenda Tavdapirvel eTnikurujreds; Tumca, rogorc marTebuladve SeniSnaven, calkeulitomebi ar SeiZleboda yofiliyvnen winareistoriulisazogadoebis ZiriTadi eTnosebi. upriania, vivadaudoT, rommonaTesave da aramonaTesave tomebis danawevrebisa dagaerTianebis procesSi, adreve iwyes Camoyalibeba ufromsxvilma tomobrivma jgufebma, romlebic momijnaveteritoriebze saxlobdnen, laparakobdnen erTi enis dia-leqtebze da hqondaT mravali kulturuli xasiaTis saerToTviseba. swored amgvari jgufebia miCneuli winareistoriulixanis ZiriTad eTnosebad. momdevno istoriul epoqebSieTnikuri erTobani imdenad icvlebodnen, rom am erTobebSiSemavali adamianebi erTomeoresTan dakavSirebulni iyvnenara realuri sisxliT naTesaobiT, aramed teritorialur-mezobluri tipis sameurneo-kulturuli urTierTobebiT.Sinagani sulieri diferenciacia daRs asvamda cxovrebis wessac.kulturisa da yofis eTnikuri specifika klasobrivsazogadoebaSi ukve aRar emTxveoda socialur specifikas (40,25-27). aqve unda aRiniSnos is garemoebac, rom yvela tomi, xalxida eri msgavsia sakuTari Zireuli bunebrivi Tu sulieriTvisebebiT, sakuTari sazogadoebriv-istoriuli arsebiT.magram, amasTanave, isini gansxvavdebian erTimeorisgan aramxolod ekonomiuri da socialuri ganviTarebis doniT, aramedcxovrebisa da yofis mxriv, eniTa da adaT-wesebiT, sakuTarkulturul faseulobaTa formebiT, fsiqikuri TvisebebiTa dasxva(263, 4). yoveli eTnosi _ es erTobaa mis konkretul-istoriul gamoxatulebaSi, mcxovrebi sisxlsavse, socialurad


sawinaaRmdego sulieri cxovrebiT. eTnosis, rogorc sazoga-doebis ganviTarebis formis Seswavlis logika moiTxovs misisocialuri cxovrebis Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis aRiarebas.es ukanasknelni, mTlianobaSi ganixilebian rogorc garkveulisocialur-istoriuli pirobebis niadagze mimdinare sulieriprocesebis gamovlinebani. ramdenadac eTnosi aris erTimTlianoba, imdenad misi sulieri sferoc warmoadgens mTlianwarmonaqms, romelic Seicavs ama Tu im Sinaarsis istoriulda erovnul-specifikur elementebs (264, 62). eTnosis, rogorc rTuli socialuri organizmis Seswavla,pirvel rigSi, sistemurad unda moxdes. movlenebisadmisistemuri midgomis idea, raRa Tqma unda, sruliadac ar arisraRac axali xili da is odiTgan Tan axlda namdvil mecnierulkvlevebs. kulturul _ istoriuli da eTnikuri urTierTobebiskvlevis dros, mravali siZnelis daZleva uxdeba mkvlevars.erTerTs, maT Soris, warmoadgens is garemoeba rom, faqtobrivimasalis dagrovebasTan erTad (rac Tanamedrove etapze erTobswrafi tempebiT mimdinareobs), kvlevis procesSi Tavs iCenssul ufro da ufro viwro specializacia. TavisTavad esmovlena garduvali da progresulia, magram, samwuxarod, massagrZnoblad CamorCeba mecnieruli kooperaciis procesi.erTerTi mTavari dabrkoleba, romelic win eRobeba eTnikuriprocesebis warmatebul kvlevas, kerZod, rac xels uSlis amsakiTxebis Semswavlel dargebs Soris urTierTgagebisdamkvidrebas, aris Teoriuli bazis sisuste. albaT, yovlad gaumarTlebeli unda iyos eTnosis fenomenisdanawevrebulad Seswavla sxvadasxva dargebis meSveobiT;urTierTkavSiris gareSe. arada, samwuxarod, CvenTan sakmaodxSirad vawydebiT amgvar faqtebs. calke aRebuli yovelidisciplina, aqcevda ra eTnoss sakuTari kvlevis obieqtad, masTaviseuli poziciebidan gamomdinare Seiswavlida. moxdakuriozuli ram: es disciplinebi ki ar emsaxurebodnen eTnosiskvlevas (kvlevis obieqts), aramed piriqiT, eTnosi _ Tavadkvlevis obieqti iqca maTi uwyebrivi interesebis msaxurad.konkretuli, mravalmxrivad dinamiuri fenomenisadmi amgvarmamidgomam Seqmna iseTi viTareba, rom eTnografia, arqeologia,kulturis istoria, istoriografia, enaTmecniereba da sxvamomijnave disciplinebi erTimeorisgan gansxvavebuladaRiqvamen obieqturad yofaSi arsebul fenomens _ ers. raRa


Tqma unda, amgvari viTareba mizanSeuwonelia imdenad,ramdenadac eri (eTnosi) - es aris mTliani, arsebulikonkretuli realoba da yovlad dauSvebeli misi, rogorcerTiani fenomenis daqucmaceba, danawileba uwyebriviinteresebidan gamomdinare. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, kvlevisprocesSi yoveli calkeuli dargi sakuTari kanonebisa dalogikis mixedviT daanawevrebs mas, ramac SesaZloa, kuriozuldaskvnebamdec ki migviyvanos. eTnosis Seswavla unda xdebodeskompleqsurad. yovelma disciplinam, romelic am fenomensTavis Seswavlis obieqtad gaixdis, unda gaiTvaliswinos imdargTa daskvnebi, kvlevis mimarTulebebi da SeniSvnebi,romlelTa Seswavlis obieqtic aqamde yofila eTnosi _ eri.ase, urTierTSemoqmedebiT procesSi, urTierT daskvnaTagaTvaliswinebiT unda Seiswavlebodes es mravalmxrivifenomeni. kvlevis ucilobeli kompleqsuroba mraval siZnelesuqmnis am sakiTxiT dainteresebul mkvlevars da mis winaSemTel rig problemebs (Teoriuli Tu praqtikuli xasiaTisas)wamoWris, romelTa gadawyvetis gareSec SeuZlebelia im eTno-socialuri procesebis warmoCena-analizi, romelTac adgiliaqvT gansazRvrul regionSi, drois gansazRvrul monakveTSi. jer kidev 40-iani wlebis bolos, cdilobda ra aewyofexi zogadad msoflio istoriuli procesebisaTvis, sabWoTaistorikosTa erTma nawilma iwyo Teoriuli gzebis ZiebaeTnogeneturi procesebis kvlevaSi kompleqsuri meTodebisdasanergad. am problebas Seexo Tavis statiaSi (ix.336) cnobili rusimecnieri s.a. tokarevi, romelic aRniSnavda: ,,garkveulixalxebis eTnogenezis Seswavla erTob rTul problemaswarmoadgens, romlis sruli gadawyveta SeuZlebeliaeTnogeneturi procesis niSan-Tvisebebis gauTvaliswineb-ladda yvela saWiro saxis wyaroze dayrdnobis gareSe. samwuxarod,umravles SemTxvevaSi ase ar xdeba da ama Tu im xalxiswarmomavlobis problema xSirad ganixileba mxolod erTiromelime saxis _ anTropologiur, enobriv, arqeologur ansxva romelime masalaze dayrdnobiT, rac Tavis mxriv, iwvevssakiTxis calmxriv gadawyvetas~(336, 35). eTnosi, eri niSan-TvisebaTa simravliT xasiaTdeba da Tavismxriv, warmoadgens istoriulad Camoyalibebuli Tavisebu-rebebis, yofiTi Tvisebebis, kulturuli Rirebulebebis rTul


kompleqss. eris warmomavlobaSi garkveva niSnavs, amoicnomisi yvela es Tavisebureba, daadgino maTi genezisi daganviTarebis gzebi. aseT situaciaSi, rogorc s.a. tokarevimiiCnevda, saxeldobr eTnologias da mxolod eTnologias,rogorc xalxebis eTnikuri Tvisebebis Semswavlel mecnierebas,ZaluZs yoveli calkeuli xalxis eTnogenezis problemismetnaklebad sruli da amomwuravi gadawyveta. magram mas,amgvari sakiTxebis gadaWra, aramc da aramc, ar ZaluZszemoTaRniSnuli samecniero disciplinebisgan gancalkevebiT.piriqiT, aucilebelia TanamSromloba am dargebs Soris(336,36). eTnogeneturi procesebis kvlevaSi, kompleqsuri midgomagulisxmobs eTnologiuri monacemebis farTo da meToduradsworad gamoyenebas; maT kavSirs sxva saxis istoriulmasalebTan da momijnave dargebTan (zogierTi sabunebismetyve-lo disciplinis: eTnobotanikis, eTnozoologiis da sxvamonacemebTan). kompleqsuri meTodi, pirvel rigSi, angariSsuwevs mocemuli faqtebis mravalferovnebas: anTropologiis,arqeologiis, folkloristikis, istoriis, lingvistikis,eTnologiis, onomastikis da sxvaTa Taviseburebebs. samwuxarod, miuxedavad garkveuli cdebisa, eTnogeneturisakiTxebis kvlevaSi kompleqsuri midgoma mainc ver CaiTvlebasabolood damkvidrebulad, ris mizezic, albaT, amgvari kvlevisdid sirTulesa da meTodologiuri sakiTxebis daumuSa-veblobaSi unda veZioT. ganvlili periodSi, aRniSnuli sakiTxebis kvlevaSierTerT umTavresad xelSesaxeb Sedegad SeiZleba CaiTvalosis garemoeba, rom gamoikveTa eTnogeneturi procesebiskvlevis qronologiuri CarCoebi da sivrcul-obieqturimeTodika. eTnogenezis, rogorc procesis kvlevis dros,qronologiis problemas ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba eniWeba.miCneulia, rom eTnogenezi, rogorc istoriuli procesi, iwyebaeTnikuri erTobis pirveli formis _ tomis Camoyalibebis-Tanave (272, 27). aRiarebulia isic, rom anTropologiuri tipebi neoliTisxanaSi yalibdebian; arqeologebic neoliTis epoqas ukav-Sireben tomobrivi organizaciebis saboloo formirebas;leqsikostatistikur meTodze dayrdnobiT, enaTmecnierebic,ZiriTadi enobrivi ojaxebis Camoyalibebis periodad


neoliTis xanas Tvlian. amdenad, marTebulia xalxTaeTnogenezis dasawyisis neoliTiT gansazRvra. marTalia,SeuZlebelia msoflios yvela xalxis eTnogenezis Seswavlisqronologiurad erTi epoqidan dawyeba, magram am process,rom stadialurad winare istoriul xanaSi eyreba safuZveli,es naTelia. gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom meTodurad SesaZlebeliaeTnogeneturi xasiaTis kvleva warimarTos rogorcgarkveuli eTnosis SigniT, aseve garkveul teritoriaze.pirvel SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZensTanamedrove eTnosis savele-eTnografiuli Seswavla damecnieruli kvleviTi xazis ageba Tanamedrove mdgomareobidanwarsulisken, eTnogenezis saTaveebisken; meore SemTxvevaSi kiCven viwyebT problemis damuSavebas sakvlev teritoriazemopovebuli kulturis uZvelesi naSTebidan da movdivarTTanamedroveobamde. migvaCnia, rom aucilebelia ama Tu imeTnosis formirebis Seswavlis procesSi moxdes aRniSnuliorive mimarTulebis erTgvari Tanxvedra da arqeologiurikvlevebis Sedegad siRrmiseul SreebSi mopovebuli masalaSeupirapirdes eTnografiuli Seswavlis Sedegad axla ukvexelSesaxebad cocxali masalebis analizis Sedegad miRebuldaskvnebs. ese igi, SesaZleblad maqsimalurad dainergosinterdisciplinaruli kvlevebi. miTumetes, amgvari midgomasavsebiT gamarTlebulad migvaCnia iseTi regionisadmi,rogoricaa kavkasia, sadac aSkarad gamokveTilia Zireuliiberiul-kavkasiuri modgmis avtoqtonoba. amdenad, paralelTadaZebna erTimeorisgan qronologiurad daSorebul serTowarmomavlobis kulturaTa Soris, Tuki damuSavebuli iqnebaamis meTodoligiuri meqanizmi, ar unda iyos mTladgaumarTlebeli. aqve davamatebT imasac, rom kulturaTa saerTowarmomavlobis upirveles ganmsazRvrelad, mocemul regionSigaremosTan adaptaciis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli droSimdgradi da ucvleli sameurneo-kulturuli kompleqsimigvaCnia. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens amdagvarkulturaTa suldgmis Zireul RerZs. axla, ramdenime sityviT, gvinda SevexoT eTnogeneturiprocesebis kvlevaSi, TiToeuli zemoT aRniSnuli samecnierodisciplinis gamoyenebis principebs. daviwyoT dargiT, romelsac ZaluZs metnaklebad ZvelieTnomadiferencirebeli faqtebis mocema, _ anTropologiiT,


saxeldobr ki misi im nawiliT, romelic istoriuli, anueTnikuri anTropologiis saxeliTaa cnobili(ix. 216). anTropologiur monacemebSi, Cven upirveles yovlisa,gvainteresebs eTnoganmasxvavebeli xasiaTis masalebi,romelTac gvawvdis kacobriobis ara marto rasobrivi niSniTdiferenciacia (am mxriv, upiratesad, igia SedarebiT momcvelixasiaTisa), aramed msoflios xalxTa klasifikaciaanTropologiur tipebad. es ukanaskneli Camoyalibebuliaformirebuli rasebis socialur-istoriuli ganviTarebisSedegad kulturuli, istoriuli, rasebSorisi kontaqtebis,migraciuli da konsolidaciuri procesebis ganviTarebispirobebSi. gansazRvravda ra anTropologiur tips, rogorcmaklasificirebel erTeuls, n.n. Ceboksariovi werda:,,anTropologiur tipTa jgufebSi erTiandebian isini, romel-Tac aqvT saerTo warmoSobis istoria, romlebic morfologi-urad gvagoneben erTmaneTs, romlebic CamoyalibdnenerTgvarovani mizezobrivi elementebis Semdeg~ (350, 304).swored anTropologiuri tipebi gvevlinebian msoflioeTnikuri mravalferovnebis pirvelad kategoriebad;oRondac, bunebrivia, unda viTvaliswinebdeT imasac, romanTropologiuri tipebis mixedviT, klasifikacia atarebsmomcvel xasiaTs; e.i. xandaxan erTi tipis qveS SesaZloagamovlindes ramdenime eTnosi, an kidev erTi eTnosiwarmodgenili iyos ramdenime tipiT (mag. rusebi). aRsaniSnavia enobrivi monacemebisa da anTropologiurimasalis urTierTmimarTebac. ena da kultura SesaZloagavrceldes anTropologuri tipis damoukideblad, xoloanTropologuri tipi arasdros ar gavrceldeba enisa dakulturis gareSe. anTropologiuri monacemebis sameurneo-kulturul anistoriul eTnologiur monacemebTan Sejerebis dros ar undadagvaviwydes is, rom rogorc wesi saqme gvaqvs, erTis mxriv,msgavsi sameurneo-kulturuli tipebis gaCenasTan (romlebicviTardebian erTimeoris damoukideblad) da iseT erTobasTan,romelic ar aixsneba istoriuli kavSirebiT; xolo meoresmxriv erTobasTan, romelic aRmocendeba gansazRvrulteritoriaze xangrZlivi kavSirebis Sedegad, iq dasaxlebulixalxebis istoriuli bedis erTobasTan erTad. gamomdinareaqedan, sameurneo-kulturuli tipebis mixedviT klasifikaciaar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom vivaraudoT misi siaxlove an


genetikuri kavSirebi arsebul anTropologiur tipebTan;istoriul-eTnografiuli olqebis mixedviT klasifikacias kipiriqiT, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs eTnogeneturiproblemebis gadasawyvetad, imdenad, ramdenadacanTropologiuri tipebis gaCena garkveulwilad ukavSirdebaswored amgvari erTobebis Camoyalibebas. saukuneTa siRrmeSi rac ufro Sors mivdivarT, miT ufrometia damTxveva eTnikursa da anTropologiur erTobebsSoris (274, 15); oRond, istoriul-socialuri movlenebi cvlianeTnikur erTobaTa Semadgenlobas, zrdian maT ricxvs,ganacalkeveben an aerTianeben xolme maT Semadgenel nawilebs,cvlian saqorwilo kavSirTa arealebs, rasac TandaTanmivyavarT anTropologiuri tipis cvlilebebamdec ki. eTnogeneturi procesebis kvlevaSi wyaroTa siZveliT,anTropologiuri monacemebis Semdeg, arqeologia gamoirCeva.arqeologia, romelsac Tamamad SegviZlia erTgvari,,paleoeTnilogiac~ vuwodoT (Tu ki igi mxolod Zeglebisformaluri aRweriT ar Semoifargleba da ecdeba aRadginosgarkveuli kulturuli yofa da cxovreba), iZleva eTnikuriistoriis adreul etapebSi SeRwevis saSualebas. arqeologiuri masalebis gamoyenebisas aucilebeliameTodologiurad sworad gaverkveT maT SesaZleblobebSi.isini, rogorc wesi, eTnosis yofis or sferos ganekuTvnebian:materialur-sameurneos (sabrZolo da Sromis iaraRebi,sacxobrebeli nagebobebi, yoveldRiuri yofis nivTebi da sxva)da sulier-saritualos (gamoyenebiTi xelovneba,samlocveloebi, samarovnebi, yorRanebi...). Tumca es dayofamxolod pirobiTia da erT sferos mikuTvnebuli nivTi,sruliad SesaZlebelia, atarebdes meores mikuTvnebuli nivTisTvisobriv niSnebs. amas emateba isic, rom kulturis dayofamaterialur da sulier sferoebad TanamedroveobisTvis arisdamaxasiaTebeli. adreul epoqebSi ki, rogorc irkvevamravalricxovani monacemebiT, sameurno da sasuliero-saritualo sferoebi srulad erwymodnen erTimeores da maTSoris raime zRvari TiTqmis saerTod ar arsebobda.gamomdinare aqedan, zedmetia mtkiceba imisa, rom ukve neoliTisxanidan (Tu ufro adridan ara) arqeologiur masalaSiSesaZloa aisaxos eTnikurobis niSniT aRbeWdili sulieri,sameurneo-yofiTi, socialuri Tu sxva urTierTobani.


eTnikurobis niSniT aRbeWdil mravalferovan masalebs,rogorc ukve zemoT aRvniSneT, neoliTis xanidan vxvdebiT4,romelTac ukve gaaCniaT ufro adreul xanebSi Camoyali-bebuli lokaluri gansxvavebebiT gapirobebuli kulturulimravalsaxeoba. cnobilia, rom yofiTi kultura mniSvnelovanwiladbunebriv pirobebze, fizikur-geografiul garemozec didadaadamokidebuli. arqauli adamianis yofasa da cxovrebazeuSualo gavlenas axdenda mocemuli garemos flora da fauna,petrografia da klimati, TavSesafrad da dasasaxlebladvargis adgilTa raodenoba, imgvar adgilTa raodenobrivisixSire, sadac adamians SesaZlebloba eZleoda Seguebodaarsebul garemos da biocenozSi Sesuliyo masTan. gamomdinareaqedan, msgavs ekologiur pirobebSi, sruliad dasaSvebi iyo,rom teritoriulad erTmaneTisgan daSorebul mxareebSi,msgavsi meurneobisa da kulturuli yofis formebi Camoyalibe-buliyo. rogorc fiqroben, ukve paleoliTuri kulturebisSigniT SesaZlebelia lokalur gansxvavebaTa gamoyofa.arqeologiuri monacemebis safuZvelze dadgenili lokalurivariantebis gaanalizebisas SesaZloa gairkves xalxisavtoqtonoba Tu mosuloba, kulturuli kavSirebis done,adgilobriv garemo-pirobebTan Seguebis intensivoba. cnobiliaisic, rom sazogadod kultura gapirobebulia ara imdenadbunebrivi garemoTi, ramdenadac sazogadoebrivi yofiT. misSigniT arsebuli lokaluri gansxvavebani warmoadgenen araTavidanve momdinare movlenebs, aramed isini yalibdebianistoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi da ganisazRvrebian arauSualod garemos zemoqmedebiT, aramed sazogadoebis mier amgaremosTan SeguebiT(274, 17). aqedan gamomdinare, arqeologiurimonacemebis gamoyenebis gamocdileba metyvelebs, rommaterialurad dafiqsirebul yofiT ZeglebSi SesaZloagamoiyos eTnikuri specifika, romelsac sruliad TavisTavadi,aramaterialisturi sawyisi gaaCnia da ama Tu im eTnikurielementis jiSobriv-genetikuri dvritidan momdinareobs.

4 Tumca aris garkveuli cdebic imisa, rom arqeologiur masalaSieTnikuri xasiaTis niSnebi dafiqsirdes ufro adrindelixanebidanac, mag.mustieruli epoqidanac ki (o.jafariZe 200; 202).


eTnogeneturi problemebis sakvlev ucilebel wyaroTaSoris arqeologiur monacemebs, kvalSi enaTmcnierulidaskvnebi udgas. lingvisturi monacemebi mkvlevars, ZalzexSirad, xalxTa eTnikuri istoriis adreul SreebSi CaxedvissaSualebas aZlevs. Tanamedrove etapze, enaTmecnierebisgadamwyvet miRwevas, naTesaobis principiT enaTa ojaxebad,ganStoebebad da jgufebad diferencirebuli genealogiuriklasifikacia warmoadgens. swored es enaTa genealogiuriklasifikacia gamoiyeneba eTnologTa mier xalxTa kulturul-istoriuli kavSirebis Seswavlis da eTnosTa klasifikaciisdros. ena _ erTobis eTnikuri specifikis diadi gamovlineba,naTeli gamoxatulebaa misi unikalobisa. didad sayuradReboais momentebi, roca xalxebis istoriaSi Tavs iCens enis SerCevisada gaazrebis faqtebi. ,,deda enis~ aRmoCena erebis istoriaSikacobriobis TviTSemecnebis gzaze, aucilebeli monakveTia. enaar aris mxolod raimes anarekli, igi TviTon aris erovnulikulturis agebaSi monawile faqtori. roca xdeba deda enisgacnobiereba, maSin yalibdeba erovnuli cnobierebac(122, 46).rogorc mecnieruli lingvistikis erTerTi fuZemdebeli, didigermaneli mecnieri vilhelm fon humboldti aRniSnavs, eri -es aris konkretuli eniT daxasiaTebuli sulieri formakacobriobisa, individualizirebuli totalurobasTanmimarTebaSi (260, 310). ,,sxvaoba enebs Soris ufro mets niSnavs,vidre es ubralo niSandoblivi sxvaobaa. sityvebi dasityvaTformebi warmoqmnian da gansazRvraven cneba-gagebebs;sxvadasxva enebi sinamdvileSi, TavianTi arsiT, sakuTarizegavleniT Semecnebisa da SegrZnebis faqtorebze,erTimeorisgan sruliad gansxvavebul samyaroTSemecnebebswarmoadgenen. ena, miuxedavad garkveuli gavlenebisa,gamomdinare TviTmyofadi xasiaTidan, mainc inarCunebs sakuTarindividualobasa da ganumeoreblobas; xolo enis ukugavlenaimiTaa gapirobebuli, rom misi saSualebiT ama Tu im eriswarsuli SemoqmedebiTi yovelive fenomeni, uSualod moqmedebsindividze; adamianis individualoba xom enis individualobisanalogiuria swored imisa gamo, rom maTze erTi da igivefaqtorebi zemoqmedeben~(260, 372). enaSi, romelic bunebrivmoTxovnilebebidan da xmebidan (fonemuri gamidan-p.b.)momdinareobs, Cven yovelTvis vafiqsirebT WeSmaritad enobrivi


xasiaTis duRabs, romelic am enas zogadad erovnulixasiaTidan aqvs SeTvisebuli(260, 373). rogorc didi humanisti da kulturtregeri zviadgamsaxurdia brZanebs, ,,ena musikaluri stiqionis cnobierigamocxadebacaa da ara martooden ,,niSanTa sistema~. enaSeiTavsebs racionalur da iracionalur sawyisebs...kacobriobis pirveladi ena musikaluri da alogiuri iyo. esiyo ena-simRera5. igi TandaTan uaxlovdeboda da eguebodaempiriuli samyaros sazrisebs da logikas, magram masSimusikalur-emociuri sawyisi prevalirebda mainc. misi eqodResac SemorCenilia Zveli sakraluri poeziis himnebSi,uZvelesi qarTuli simRerebis alogiur teqstebSi. kacobriobaTavdapirvelad ki ar ,,laparakobda~, aramed simReriTloculobda... yovlisSemoqmedi da yovlismomcveli logosiazrismier logikur planSi mxolod nawilobliv cxaddeba.logosis gamouTqmeli, miRmuri sawyisi marad musikaluria,igi ,,meore~ logikiT, logosis logikiT gadmoicema, emociiseniT, zeSTa azriT. xalxur sityvierebaSi amgvar enas ,,xatisena~ ewodeba. logosi qmnaa da zeSTasibrZnis gamocxadebayofad. Cven winaparTaTvis logosis msaxuri iyo ,,sibrZniTagamomTqmeli sulisa saidumloisa~. dae, nurc Cveni Tanamedro-veoba Caaqrobs logosis msaxurebis am maRal kandels~(zviadi). enobriv monacemebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukaviaonomastikuri wris sityvebsa da cnebebs; iseTebs, rogoricaa:eTnonimebi, anTroponimebi, toponimebi (maT Soris hidronimebi)da nizonimebic ki. eTnogeneturi procesebis kvlevaSi erTerTi arsebiTimniSvneloba eniWeba naratiul wyaroebsac, werilobiTixasiaTis monacemebsac. yvelaze faseulad am saxis masalaSi, albaT,eTnonimebi da toponimebi unda CaiTvalos. Zalze sayuradReboa,agreTve religiur-saritualo aRwerilobiTi da leqsikurimonacemebic. ramdenadac werilobiTi wyaroebi drosa da

5 amis naTeli magaliTia Tundac guruli polifoniurisimRerebi:,,alifaSa~, ,,xasanbegura~, ,,Savi SaSvi~... cnobilia, romsaxelganTqmuli guruli momRerlebi, Sesrulebisas, erTimeoreSisimReriT saubrobdnen. improvizacias xom am dros sazRvari arhqonda saerTod. is momRerali, romelic saSemsruleblo partiasubralod gaimeorebda, sasimRero paeqrobisas damarcxebuladiTvleboda.


sivrceSi erTob SezRudulia, eTnogeneturi procesebiskvlevisas mizanSewonilia iseT wyaroebze dayrdnobac,rogoricaa folkloruli monacemebi. am SemTxvevaSi fol-klorSi igulisxmeba zogadad xalxuri Semoqmedeba arsebuliganStoebebiT: zepirsityvierebiT, musikiT, qoreografiiT,ornamentuli xelovnebiT. Tanamedrove gamokvlelvebis Sedegad, kacobriobisistoriaSi aRiarebulia klimaturi kataklizmebis gadamwyvetimniSvnelobac. (ix. 282). gamoTvlilia, rom met-naklebadaRsaniSnav movlenaTa sixSire arsebiTad izrdeboda klimaturieqstremumebis epoqebSi, romlis drosac miiRweoda tempe-raturis an maqsimumi, an minimumi. qristemde IV-I aTaswleulebSiCveni planetis Crdilo naxevarsfero ganicdida arsebiTklimatur ryevebs, romlebic udaod did gavlenas axdendnenadamianTa qmediT aspeqtebze. aRniSnulia isic, rom Cveni epoqis,XX saukunis, globaluri daTboba Tavisi sididiT (0,6 C0—

iT Crdilo naxevarsferoSi) Seesabameba adreuli civili-zaciebis warmoqmnis epoqis klimaturi ryevebis masStabebs. SesaZloa danamdvilebiT iTqvas, rom Soreul warsulSi,xalxTa didi gadasaxlebebi Tan sdevda lokaluri bunebrivipirobebis gauaresebas, rac TavisTavad didwilad ganapiro-bebda kidec kacobriobis istoriaSi amdagvari xasiaTismovlenebs. Tu klimatis da bunebrivi pirobebis gauaresebaganapirobebs xalxTa da saxelmwifoebis konsolidacia-gaZlierebas da centralizebuli xelisuflebis gamkvidrebas,bunebrivi pirobebis gaumjobeseba sapirispiro movlenebisganviTarebas uwyobs xels. mTlianobaSi SesaZloa davaskvnaT,rom im epoqebSi, rodesac xdeboda globaluri klimaturiaRrevebi, am movlenebs Tan axlda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaqtivizacia, xalxTa didi gadasaxlebebi, axali saxelmwifoebiswarmoqmna; xolo rodesac saqme gvaqvs klimaturi pirobebisgaumjobesebasTan, maSin xdeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebismoduneba, inteleqtualuri da materialuri degradacia ...(282,153) vsaubrobT ra eTnogeneturi kvlevis meTodologiaze,kompleqsur midgomaze, upirvelesad Cven mxedvelobaSi gvyavsTavad eTnologis, mkvlevaris figura, romelsac aRWurvilsspecialuri codniT, gamomdinare sxvadasxva disciplinebismiRwevebis Tanamedrove donidan, ZaluZs metnaklebad sworadSeafasos moxmobili monacemebi. swored eTnologi, iyenebs


ra anTropologiis, arqeologiis, enaTmecnierebis, werilo-biTi wyaroebis, folkloris, onomastikis, eTnobotanikis dasxva monacemebs, akavSirebs da ixilavs maT TviT eTnologiismonacemebTan konteqstSi. eTnografiuli masala uSualod yofaSi aikrifeba daeTnogeneturi procesebis kvlevaSi arsebiT rols TamaSobs.Tumca am masalis (gansakuTrebiT iseTis, romelic sameurneoyofas asaxavs da materialuri kulturis sferos ganekuTvneba)gamoyeneba garkveul sifrTxiles mainc moiTxovs, ramdenadacarc Tu ise iSviaTad maT modernizebuli, saxecvlili xasiaTigaaCniaT da gareSe kontaqtebis gavlenasac ganicdian; andagamomdinare msgavsi fizikur-geografiuli pirobebidan xSiradsakmaod waagvanan xolme erTimeores. eTnosis kvleva qarTul istoriografiaSi, iseve rogorczogadad sabWoTa istoriografiaSic, istoriis materialisturgagebas emyareboda. istoriis materialisturi gageba aRiarebsmovlenebis mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs, ris gamoc es ukanasknelniganixilebian erTimeoresTan kavSirSi da amgvarad dgindebamaTi ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba da specifika. fiqrobdnen,rom sakvlevi istoriuli procesebisadmi amgvari midgomagamoricxavs istoriuli sqemebis apriorul gagebas, warsulismodernizacias, gaTamedroveobas. miCneulia, rom gardasulmovlenaTa Seswavla istoriuli masalis sizustes undaefuZnebodes da ara apriorul sqemebs, romelTa utyuarobacZalze xSirad SesaZloa saTuo da aramyari iyos.

kvlevis procesisadmi amgvari damokidebulebis Sedegad,winare sazogadoebebis Seswavlis dros, SeiZleba bevriuzustoba gagveparos; ramdenadac SesaZloa mxedvelobidangamogvrCes yvelaze mTavari _ saukuneTa siRrmidangamomzirali ,,dvrita~, romelic Sesaswavl saganSia Cadebulida sazogadod, mocemuli momentisaTvis, misi Semoqmedierovnuli energiis konkretul gamovlinebas warmoadgens. istoriuli kvlevis magistraluri mimarTulebaa,Soreuli Tu axlo warsulis konkretuli sinamdvilis yvelaarsebiTi movlenis urTierTkavSirSi ganxilva,,,individualuris socialuramde” dayvana, movlenebis Sinaganikanonzomierebebis dadgena, istoriuli progresisa da misimravalgvari variantebis aRiareba. istoriuli ganviTarebismniSvnelovani mxarea memkvidreobiToba, romlisTvisacdamaxasiaTebelia erTimeoris Semcveli situaciebis da


periodebis urTierTkavSiri, yovelive im axlis SenarCuneba,rac wina etepze iqna miRweuli~ (87, 74). istoriuli WeSmariteba moicavs movlenebs, romelTa arsisgageba istorikoss SeuZlia istoriuli situaciebisurTierTganmapirobebeli mizez-Sedegobrivi kanonebis gaxsniT.es kavSirebi ki usasruloa, rogorc droSi, aseve sivrceSi.yoveli istoriuli movlenis, faqtis gageba, yoveli istoriulisituaciis gaxsna SesaZlebelia mxolod msoflio istoriulimovlenebis fonze. istoriul mecnierebaSi kvleva dRes, rogorczemoTac aRvniSneT, kompleqsur xasiaTs unda atarebdes dasamecniero informacia unda moicavdes ara marto viwrospecialobebs, aramed saWiroa srulyofili informaciamomijnave dargebSi mopovebuli kvlevis Sedegebis Sesaxebac;mecnierebaSi axlad danergili meTodebis mimoqcevaSi Semotanada maTi meSveobiT axali istoriuli koncefciebis Seqmna (136,76). sazogadoebriv-istoriuli procesi iseTive obieqturixasiaTis procesia, rogorc bunebriv-istoriuli procesi (136,36). magram TiToeul maTgans sakuTari kanonzomierebaniaxasiaTebs, romelTa Sorisac erTianoba arsebobs. sworedamitom, eTnosis cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebi undaSeiswavlebodes maTi adgilobrivi ganxorcielebis mTelsspecifiurobaSi, konkretul istoriul sinamdvilesTanmTlianobaSi(195, 102). rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, eris (xalxis)TavisTavadobis erTerT umTavres maxasiaTebels kulturawarmoadgens. e.i. istoriulad arsebuli TviTmyofadobasawarmoo wesebisa, warmodgenebisa, rwmenisa, codnisa da sxvaTa,romlebic Seadgenen mocemuli eTnikuri erTobis cxovrebisSinaars. ,,kulturis~ cnebaSi, arsebul SemTxvevaSi, moiazrebaadamianuri saqmianobis (materialuri da sulieri) yovelgvarigamovlineba. sxvadasxva xalxebSi SesaZloa kulturis bevrielementi erTgvaric iyos; samagierod yoveli xalxi flobsistoriuli da geografiuli specifikiT gapirobebulTvisebebs, Taviseburi Sinaarsis kulturul elementebs. sworedam Taviseburi elementebis kvleviT unda xdebodes ama Tu imeTnikuri erTobis arealizacia-gamoyofa. amisTvis saWiroaara is, rac maT aerTianebs, aramed is, rac ganasxvavebs maTerTimeorisagan (221, 49).


arsebobs kulturis uamravi ganmarteba. dResdReisobiT,albaT, yvelaze misaRebad migvaCnia e. marqarianiseuliganmarteba, romlis mixedviTac, kultura _ es aris arabio-logiurad SemuSavebuli da gadmocemuli wesi adamianismoRvaweobisa (311, 15). Tumca Cvenis mxriv davamatebdiT, rom amfenomenis Tvisobriobaze sakmaod didi gavlevna aqvsbiologiur (Tavad am kulturis Semomqmedis warmomavlo-basac, gensac, jiSsac) faqtorsac. am amosavali debulebidangamomdinare, kulturuli specifika mis gamomxatvel enasTanerTad, miCneulia eTnikur erTobaTa erTimeorisgangamomcalkevebel mTavar kriteriumad. e.i. unda davuSvaT, romkonkretuli sazogadoebis, eTnikuri eraTobis yofiisgamoxatulebas, kultura warmoadgens. amdenad, yovel eTnikurerTobas misTvis damaxasiaTebeli kultura gaaCnia. eTnosiki TavisTavad mudam garkveul teritorias ukavSirdeba.nebismieri regioni, sivrcesa da droSi mocemuli, qmnisTvisebaTa ganumeorebel konfiguracias. es aris erTianikompleqsi, romelic mTlianobaSi warmodgenili, garkveulsistemas ganasaxierebs. adamianis mier Seqmnili kultura, erTismxriv, gamoavlens garemos aTvisebis konkretul xarisxs;meores mxriv, adaptaciis mocemuli wesi gansazRvravs amavekulturis dones. maSasadame, kultura erTdroulad mizezicSeiZleba iyos da Sedegic. ganviTarebis maRal safexurebzegamovlenili kultura garemos aTvisebis ukeTesSesaZleblobebs qmnis da adaptaciis Sedegad Seqmnili, Tavismxriv, ufro rafinirebuli, srulyofil formebs warmoaCens.e.i. saqme gvaqvs metad rTul procesTan _ adamianze moqmedebsmisive Seqmnili fenomeni. eTnikuri kultura (iseve rogorc kultura, sazogadod),Tundac rogorc nebismier doneze warmoCinebuli globalurifenomeni, mravali sxvadasxva donisa da mniSvnelobis movlenisdifuziuri erTianobaa. tradiciuli kultura, eTnologiisTvalsazrisiT, ZiriTadSi or damoukidebel sferos moicavs:materialurs da suliers, romelTagan TiToeuli kidev mTelrig Semadgenel nawilebad ganiyofa. magaliTad, materialurikulturis sferoSi, garda sakuTriv materialuri kulturisiseTi elementebisa, rogoricaa nagebobani, tansacmeli,sameurneo da sxva saxis elementebi SehyavT TviT meurneobisdargebic: mesaqonleoba, miwaTmoqmedeba, mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba, xelosnoba da a.S. miiCneven, rom materialuri


kultura gapirobebulia, ZiriTadad, sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTa-rebiT da gansakuTrebiT bunebrivi garemos TaviseburebebiT.amdenad, igi arc ise gadajaWvulia eTnosTan (278, 74). yoveli eTnosis sulieri kultura, materialurTanerTad, aris ara marto nawili mTliani eTnikuri kulturisa,aramed igi saerTo eTnikuri Semecnebis uSualo da uZliereszegavlenasac ganicdis. eTnikuri Semecneba ki, ukiduresadmobilizebis SemTxvevaSi, gvevlineba rogorc eTnosis (xalxis)sulieri saxe, romelic TavisTavad ganapirobebs kidecideologizaciis sxvadasxva formebs; yovelive amisa gamo, igiaris tradiciis konservaciisa da ganaxlebis erTerTiwarmmarTveli faqtoric (351, 78). tradicia, romelic farTod dominirebs rogorcmaterialuri, aseve sulieri kulturis fenomenSi, zogadigagebiT, adamianTa erTgvarovan jgufur Cvevebsa da qcevasasaxavs. igi warmoqmnis Sedegad gadaicema droSi da ganagrZobsarsebobas. eTnikuri tradicia, istoriul-socialur movlenadiTvleba, romelic orsaxovania da mxolod sazogadoebrivicxovrebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. erTis mxriv, tradiciagvevlineba rogorc socialuri wesebisa da normebis aRdgenismeqanizmi, rac gapirobebulia warsulSi am RirebulebaTaarsebobiT; meores mxriv, tradiciaSi igulisxmeba istoriuladCamoyalibebuli imgvari socialuri wesebi da normebi,romelTac gaaCniaT TviTganaxlebis unari da aqvT socialur-memkvidreobiTi Tvisebebi. miCneulia, rom xalxuri, anueTnikuri wes-Cveulebebi da eTnikuri tradiciebi, daaxloebiT,erTi da igive Sinaarsis cnebebia (40, 6). aRniSnul eTnikur tradiciaTa erToblioba Semadgenelinawilia eTnikuri kulturisa, romelic Tavis mxriv rTuliwarmonaqmnia da mravali sxvadasxva faqtoris sinTezswarmoadgens. eTnogenezis embrionuli safuZveli, istoriuliganviTarebis rTuli procesi, mravalmxrivi socialur-ekonomiuri da politikuri situaciebi, kulturul-istoriulurTierTobaTa Sedegebi Tu sxva mxgavsi movlenebi isfaqtorebia, romlebic sxvadasxva mimarTulebiTa da siZlieriTmoqmedeben eTnosze da udides gavlenas axdenen yofiTikulturisa da misi Tvisebebis Camoyalibebaze. eTnikuri kulturis, kerZod misi materialuri nawilissferos ganekuTvneba sacxovrisi da Cveulebriv, am ukanasknelisCarCoebSi Seiswavleba.


materialuri kulturis elementebTan dakavSirebiT,rogorc adreve aRniSnavdnen, sabWoTa Camoyalibda kvlevisgarkveuli principebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, am movlenebiseqsrautilitalur _ ,,sulier~ mxareebs TiTqmis ariTvaliswinebda; saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi maT nawilobriv,fragmentulad ganixilavda. amgvari midgoma ki marTebuliar unda iyos, radganac SeuZlebelia kulturis obieqturelementebze sruli warmodgenebis Camoyalibeba, TumxedvelobaSi ar viqoniebT maT ,,sulier” mxareebs, argaviTvaliswinebT im Sinaarss, romelic maT miewerebaT (anmiewerebodaT) sxvadasxva eTinkur erTobebSi drois sxvadasxvamonakveTebSi; Tu mxedvelobaSi ar viqoniebT maT adgilssamyaros individualur Tu sazogadoebriv aRqmaSi (230, 3). eTnografiul masalaSi, iqneba es sasuliero-religiuri,sameurneo-yofiTi xasiaTis, socialuri Tu saojaxo-saqorwinourTierTobani, rogorc wesi, TiTqmis yovelTvis SesaZlebeliaeTnikuri specifikis gamoyofa. materialuri kulturis sferoSi eTnomaCvenebel niSanTa(romelnic Tavis mxriv sayofacxovrebo sferosTan SeguebiTarian gapirobebulni) raodenoba sakmaod maRalia dasaxlebistipebSi, ramdenadac es ukanasknelni adgilis reliefTanSesabamisobaSi wamoiqmnebian da yalibdebian. maTi SeswavlisSedegad SesaZloa dafiqsirdes dasaxlebis organizaciulispecifikis Taviseburebani _ mimarTeba centralur moedanTan,samlocvelosTan da a.S. eTnikuri specifikis mxriv, SedarebiT ufro informatuliasacxovrisi, romlis kvlevis drosac es specifika SesaZloagamovlindes ZiriTad konstruqciebSi (miwuri, naxevradmiwuri,saTavsoTa ganlageba, gadaxurva...), damxmare nagebobebTanmimarTebaSi da sxva. eTnikuri xasiaTi aqvs Sida sivrcisganlagebas _ keris mdabareobas, keris formas, saTavsoebisfunqciebs da ganlagebas, wminda kuTxis an sakurTxevlismdebareobas, Sesasvlelis orientacias, sakvamle an sasinaTleRiobs (erdo) da a.S. mTeli rigi specifiurobebiT xasiaTdebasaxlis avejeuloba, saWmeli, damxmare sameurneo yofiTinivTebi... (ix.227). cnobilia, rom uZvelesi sacxovrebeli nagebobebi (da araTavSesafrebi) neoliTis adreuli safexuridan Cndebian (209;210; 223; 256; 298; 373...) da sabolood, rogorc sacxovrebelikompleqsebi, am epoqis ukve dasasrulisTvis yalibdebian.


aRniSnuli procesi, mniSvnelovanwilad im didi cvlilebebiTiyo gapirobebuli, romlebic e.w. ,,neoliTur revolucias” _miTvisebiTi meurneobidan, mwarmoeblur meurneobazegadasvlas axlda. arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, ukve qristemde X-IX aTaswleulSi, wina aziis ramdenime mxareSi (anatoliiszeganze, zagrosis mTianeTSi, sinjaris velze...) samonadireo-Semgrovebluri meurneobis rRveva SeimCeva. mwarmoeblurmeurneobaze gadasvla garkveuli socialuri mizezebiT iyogapirobebuli, romelTa Camoyalibebac Sesabamis bunebrivpirobebSi xdeboda. rogorc cnobilia, wina azia warmoadgenskulturul mcenareTa formirebis erTerT gamoyofilkeras(248, 29-57). Tumca mwarmoeblur meurneobaze gadasasvle-lad mxolod garkveul saxeobaTa simravle sakmarisi araris; didad mniSvnelovania maTi produqtiulobac. aRiare-bulia, rom velur saxeobaTa moSinaureba xdeboda iq, sadacarsebobdnen aseTi jiSebi, oRondac mcire raodenobis.mxolod amgvari deficitis SemTxvevaSi dadgeboda maTimoSinaurebis aucilebloba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, maTisimravlis dros, adamiani xels aRar mihyofda am jiSebis(rogorc cxovelTa, aseve mcenareTa) moSeneba-moSinaurebas(209, 13). mwarmoebluri ekonomikis formirebas win uswrebdaintensirebuli Semgroveblobisa da specializirebulinadirobis periodi. mcenareTa da cxovelTa raodenobaSesaZleblobas iZleoda sezonuri, perioduli samosaxloebisSeqmnisa. amgvari nasadgomarebi mdebareobdnen jer kidev imzonebSi, sadac gavrcelebuli iyo Sinaur cxovelTa damcenareTa winare saxeobebi. qristemde IX-VIII aTaswleulebSi zagrosis mTianeTsa damTiswineTSi (qerim-Sahri, zavi Cemi-Sanidari, Tel-malafaaTi...)mosaxleoba misdevda veluri endemuri jiSebis Segrovebas(312, 112). SesaZloa moSinaurebuli hyavdaT cxvari, magramxorceuli sakvebis mopovebis ZiriTadi wyaro aq maincnadiroba iyo. siriaSi mureibiTis namosaxlaris mcxovrebTaarsebobis safuZvels Seadgenda endamuri jiSis xorbleulisda sxva marcvleulis Segroveba; nadirobdnen gareul Rorze,misdevdnen meTevzeobas; palestinaSi, mezoliTis xanaSi dawinarekeramikul periodSi Semgroveblobis ganviTarebisparalelurad myar poziciebs inarCunebda meTevzeoba da


monadireoba. samxreT-aRmosavleT da samxreT TurqeTSi(hajilari, Caeniu-Tefesi) moSinaurebuli iqna xorbali da qeri,mosaxleoba nadirobda keTilSobil iremze, xarze, Txasa dacxenze(368, 23-26). samxreT qurTistansa da luristanSi gamokvlevebisSedegad SesaZlebeli gaxda 4 tipis samosaxlos gamoyofa:miwaTmoqmedTa soflebi _ romlis mcxovrebTa mTavarisaqmianoba nadiroba da Semgrovebloba iyo; sezonuri banakebi_ romlebic saqonlis ialaRebsa da samiwaTmoqmedosavargulebis axlos mdebareobdnen; mwyemsuri sezonurisadgomi gamoqvabulebi da momTabare mwyemsebis sadgomebi(208, 16). qristemde VII-V aTaswleulSi mcire aziaSi mwarmoeblurimeurneoba sabolood mkvidrdeba. zagrosis mTianeTsa da mismimdgom mxareebSi (jarmo, ali-qoSi...) moaSinaures xorbalida qeri, Txa da cxvari (373, 23-26). Zveli miwaTmoqmedni mTebidanTandaTan eSvebian SuamdinareTis nayofier velze sadacdReisaTvis Seswavlilia am periodis _ winare hasunis (VIII-VII aTaswleulebis) da hasunis (VI aTaswleuli) namosaxla-rebi; sinjaris velze, erayis CrdiloeTiT, arsebobdadasaxleba Tel-magzalia, sadac aRmoCnda marTkuTxa formis,qvis masiur saZirkvelze nagebi sacxovrebeli; qvis TavdacviTikedeli. namosaxlari ganekuTvneba adreul, winarekeramikulneoliTs (315, 126-137). amave periods miakuTvnebs haidelbergeliarqeologi klaus Smiti erTob STambeWdav namosaxlarebs(gurji-Tefa da hemekli-Tefa) TurqeTis centralur regionSida maT qristemde IX aTaswleuliT aTariRebs. arqeologi amnamosaxlarebze ukve sakmaod ganviTarebul sataZroarqiteqturas da amasTanave erTob STambeWdav skulpturulZeglebsac swavlobs (379; 380). um dabaRinis namosaxlarze, xaTris maxloblad (qristemdeVII-VI aTaswleulebi) napovnia moSinaurebuli xorblis daqeris ramodenime jiSis naSTebi, Tumca am namosaxlarismosaxleobis ZiriTad sameurneo saqmianobas monadireoba daSemgrovebloba warmoadgebda. samaris namosaxlarebze (Teles-saban, CoRa-mami...), romlebic miwaTmoqmedebisTvisaraxelsayrel mxareebSi mdebareobdnen, gamoiyenebodairigaciac(315, 39). morwyviTi miwaTmoqmedebis niadagze Crdilo da SuaSuamdinareTis mosaxleobis meurneoba da materialuri


kultura manamde arnaxul ayvavebas ganicdis. savaraudoa, romTel es-sabanis namosaxlarze ukve arsebobda specialurisataZro arqiteqtura. mdidari da mravalferovania amZeglebidan momdinare maRalmxatvruli donis masalebi, risTvalnaTeli dadasturebaa samaruli da xalafuri keramika;iwyeba liTonis damuSavebac, Tavidan WedviT, xolo SemdgomCamosxmiT(315, 307-316). siriaSi, aRniSnul periodSi, mohyavT xorbali. qeri,cercvi; xolo odnav mogvianebiT iwyeben Txis, cxvris,msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvisa da Roris moSenebas. palestinisnamosaxlarebze, am periodSi, grZeldeba Zveli tradiciulimemkvidreobiToba, oRond maTi materialuri kulturagarkveulad kargavs Tavis gamomsaxvelobas samxreT TurqeTisZeglebTan SedarebiT, sadac arsebuli dasaxlebani _ CaTalhuiuqi da hajilari naTlad warmoaCenen im periodissamiwaTmoqmedo meurneobis miRwevebs(315, 23-26). am namosax-larTa mcxovreblebs mohyavdaT sami jiSis xorbali, qeri;aSenebdnen msxvilfexa rqosan saqonels, magram amasTanaveagrZelebdnen nadirobasac. am namosaxlarTa ganviTarebisaseTma maRalma donem warmoSva mosazreba, rom aq meurneobamorwyviT miwaTmoqmedebas emyareboda(iqve). pirveli namosaxlarebi, TurqmeneT-xorasnis mTiwineTsada zeganze, qristemde VI aTaswleulSi, jeiTunis kulturiszeobis xanaSi Cndeba. am periodSi, aq mosaxleobas mohyavdaxorbali da qeri, eweodnen mesaqonleobas da monadireobas.mogvianebiT samxreT TurqmeneTSi fexs ikidebs gadarekviTimesaqonleoba da mcire oazisuri miwaTmoqmedeba(312, 40-41). mcire da Sua aziis mwarmoebluri ekonomikis kulturebi-saTvis damaxasiaTebelia sakmaod didi erTgvarovnebac dagansxvavebulobac. amas ganapirobebda is konkretuli bunebriv-klimaturi garemo, sadac es kulturebi yalibdebodnen daviTardebodnen. savaraudoa, rom aq dawinaurebul miwaTmoqmedtomebTan gverdigverd mezoblobdnen da mosaxleobdnenSedarebiT ganviTarebis dabal safexurze mdgomi eTnikur-socialuri warmonaqmnebic. qristemde VII-VI aTaswleulebSiSua da wina aziaSi formirebas iwyeben msxvili sazogadoebrivierTobebi, rac arqeologiurad kulturebis CamoyalibebaSiaisaxeba _ metnaklebad mcire an did teritoriebze xdebanagebobaTa formebis, iaraRis, WurWlis, dakrZalvis wesebiserTimeoresTan axlomdgomi formebis gavrceleba. es


migvaniSnebs kontaqtebze rogorc nedleulis, aseve mzaproduqciaze moTxovnilebebis zrdasa da gacvlaze. yovelivees, Tavis mxriv, meurneobis tipsa da ganviTarebis doneze iyodafuZnebuli(314, 73). meurneobis ganviTarebam da warmoebis axal principebzegadasvlam materialuri dovlaTis Seqmna ganapiroba, racTavisTavad gansazRvravda sakvebis warmoebis sferodan TemiswevrTa gamoTavisuflebas. es procesi xels uwyobdaxelosnobis Casaxv- ganviTarebas da Sesabamisad, sazogadoebissocialur diferenciacias. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, romcivilizaciis didi miRwevebis: mesaqonleobis, miwaTmoqmedebis,keramikuli warmoebis, liTonwarmoebis da sxvaTa gaCenaSeuZlebeli iyo Tavad adamianisTvis RvTivboZebuli, aqtiuriSemecnebiTi moRvaweobis gareSe, aseve aswlovani da aTaswlo-vani dakvirvebebis Sedegad gamomuSavebuli empiriuli codnisurTiergaziarebisa da urTierTgamdidrebis gareSe. erTob Znelia Zvel miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebriviurTierTobebis aRdgena, maTi socialuri problemebis kvleva.ZiriTad cnobebs neoliT-eneoliTis xanis sazogadoebrivierTobebis Sesaxeb, maTi struqturis Sesaxeb, mxolod damxolod arqeologiuri masalebi gvawvdian. kerZod, sazogado-ebrivi cxovrebis amsaxveli masalebi SesaZloa davafiqsiroTdasaxlebis organizaciaSi, nagebobis _ sacxovrisis sivrculsada arqiteqturul ganSlaSi... sacxovrisi, uZvelesi meurneobisa da saerTod, ekonomikuriurTierTobebis Seswavla-aRdgenis procesSi, warmoCindebarogorc unikaluri da TiTqmis yovlismomcveli fenomeni.mas SeuZlia mogvces iseTi monacemebi, rogorsac ver mogvcemsverc erTi sxva tipis Zegli da amdenad misi mniSvnelobagansakuTrebulia. uZvelesi sacxovrebeli nagebobebis masiuri gaCena, rogorcaRvniSneT, saxeldobr mwarmoeblur meurneobaze gadasvlasukavSirdeba. natufiis kulturis erTerT namosaxlarzeaRmoCenilia 50-mde mrgvali gegmarebis naxevradmiwuri tipissacxovrisebi 3-4 da 7-9 m-is diametrisa. saxlebSi gamarTuliiyo kera; sanovagis Sesanaxi xarixebi gamarTuli iyo rogorcsaxlSi, aseve mis gareT(315, 36). momcro mrgvali da ovalurisacxovrisebi arsebobda mureibiTis, zavi Cemi Sanidaris dawina da Sua aziis sxva uZveles namosaxlarebze(314, 118-123).


rac Seexeba kavkasias, neoliTis xanaSi aqac daiwyoSemgroveblobiTi meurneobidan mwarmoeblurze gadasvlisprocesi. es sakmaod rTuli da xangrZlivi (rogorc es winada Sua aziidan momdinare masalebidan Cans) procesi kavkasiaSimosaxle tomebma warmatebiT ganvles. adgilobrivixelsayreli bunebrivi pirobebis safuZvelze maT daiwyesmeurneobis axali formebis damkvidreba da ganviTareba. esprocesi am mxareSi, rogorc irkveva, qristemde VI aTaswleulisbolosa da V aTaswleulis damdegisaTvis unda dasrulebu-liyo (ix. 81; 265; 354, 100-104). amierkavkasiaSi, adresamiwaTmoqmedo meurneobis ramdenimekeris gamoyofaa SesaZlebeli. maTgan erTerTi udidesi keraarsebobda qvemo qarTlis barSi, mdinare mtkvris dinebis Suawelze, kerZod amJamindeli saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanismosazRvre yazaxis, marneulisa da bolnisis raionebSi. maTiTanadrouli dasaxlebani mikvleulia milis, yarabaRis, muRanisda araratis velebze. dRevandeli mdgomareobis mixedviT, qvemo qarTlis vakeze,kerZod marneulis midamoebSi, sam jgufs gamohyofen:,,aruxlos” jgufi~ _ Sedgeba sami borcvisagan; xolo ,,qvemoSulavris” da ,,wiTeli soflis~ jgufebi ki Sesabamisad - 4da 5 borcvisagan. sagulisxmoa isic, rom es nasaxlarebi jgufurganlagebasTan erTad bunebrivad Semofarglul midamoSiarian ganTavsebul-ini(203, 41), rac maT TavisTavadobas usvamsxazs. rogorc aRniSnaven, am adresamowaTmoqmedo ZeglTaumravlesoba nasaxlar borcvebs _ ,,Tefe~ – ,,Telis~ tipisgorebs warmoadgens(354, 5). amasTanave, centraluri amierkavka-siis am periodis nasoflarebi, ZiriTadad mtkvris Sua welzeda mis marjvena Senakadebis _ xramis, berdujisa da aRstafisvrcel, mdinarispira velebze mdebareoben; igive SeiniSnebasamxreT kavkasiis sxva mxareebSic(iqve). centraluri amierkavkasiis am periodis yvelaze ufrokargad Seswavlili e. w. ,,Sulavris jgufSi~ Semavali gorebia:,,dangreuli gora~, ,,gadaWrili gora~, ,,Sulavris gora~ da,,imiris gora~. am oTxi goridan moculobiTa da fenaTasimZlavriT, gansakuTrebiT, ,,Sulavris gora~ gamoirCeoda.mas TiTqosda gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekava da ,,mbrZaneb-lobda~ danarCen dasaxlebebze(203, 69). qvemo qarTlis Zeglebi-danac uadresad igia miCneuli. rac Seexeba ,,imiris goras~,


igi sazogadod qvemo qarTlis adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturisganviTarebaSi ,,Sulavris goris~ momdevno stadias undaasaxavdes(354, 69). Sulavris goraze gamovlenili yoveli nageboba,sameurneo iqneba igi Tu sacxovrebeli, wriuli an elifsuriformisaa da konusur-crugumbaTovani gadaxurva axasiaTebs.aq, ZiriTad sacxovrebel erTeuls Seadgenda ramodenimenagebobis erToblioba. esenia: a) sakuTriv sacxovrisi _mozrdili, alizisgan nagebi wriuli gegmis gumbaTovaninageboba, uqrobi cecxlisaTvis gankuTvnili Tixisgan naZerwikvercxiseburi keriT; b) sanaxevrod miwaSi Cadgmuli sameurneodaniSnulebis momcro wriuli Senoba; g) sacxovrebliskedelTan, ezoSi gamarTuli, Zirbrtyeli amoburculi aguriTnaSeni sameurneo Rumeli da d) sanovagisa da wylisTvisgankuTvnili Tixalesili ormoebi(203, 49-52). ix. tabula III-IV. miCneulia, rom Sulaveri-Somu Tefes kulturis uadresisafexurebic ki, ar asaxaven mkvidrad binadrobis sawyis etaps.Tefes tipis es mravalfeniani dasaxlebebi aRmocenebuliasavsebiT Camoyalibebuli miwaTmoqmedebisa da mesaqonleobissafuZvelze. sadReisod mizanSewoniladaa miCneuli Sulaveri-Somu Tefes da samxreT kavkasiis msgavsi kulturebismwarmoebluri meurneobis Camoyalibebis finaluri etapisTvismikuTvneba(354, 201). sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis miRweulidone xels uwyobda erT adgilze mudmiv binadrobas damosaxleobis gamravlebas. garkveul momentSi xdebodanasaxlarebis segmentacia _ namati mosaxleoba qmnida axaldasaxlebebs, rasac naTlad adasturebs ZeglTa jgufuriganlagebac(354,203). qvemo qarTlSi gavrcelebul adresamiwaTmoqmedokulturebSi IV aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris bolosaTvismniSvnelovani cvlilebebi xdeba(ix. 130; 197; 77; 354...). eskulturebi am etapisaTvis, mis adreul safexurebTan SedarebiT,sakmaod winwasulni Canan, rac kargad dastur-deba mag.Toqalos goridan momdinare arqeologiuri masalis mixed-viT(197, 81). miCneulia, rom am winsvlis Sedegad IV aTaswle-ulis meore naxevarSi iwyeba mtkvar-araqsis kulturisCamoyalibebis procesi. am periodis dasaxlebaTagan yvelaze ukeT urbnisismaxloblad qvacxelebis namosaxlaria Seswavlili. igi mtkvrismarjvena terasaze mdebareobda da dabal borcvs warmoad-


genda. dasaxleba aq, rogorc Cans, mtkvar-araqsis kulturisganviTarebul safexurze Caisaxa da TiTqmis am kulturisCaqrobamde iarseba(187, 4). (ix. tabula V). qvacxelebze SenobebimijriTaa nagebi da erTimeorisgan viwro gasasvlelebiTgamoiyofian. es nagebobani ZiriTadad sworkuTxa formisaniarian, gaaCniaT momrgvalebuli kuTxeebi, metnaklebadTanabari sidide, nagebni arian xis karkasze da orve mxridanTixalesilni. gadaxurva banuria, Tixatkepnili da dedaboZzedayrdnobili. TiTqmis yoveli Senobis centrSi stacionarulikera iyo gamarTuli da rogorc wesi, sacxovriss wina mxaresderefani hqonda midgmuli(202, 98). sxva tipis Senoba mtkvar-araqsis kulturis ganviTarebulsafexurze, Sida qarTlis teritoriaze TiTqmis ar Cans(187,102). magram arc amgvari Senoba ar Cans am kulturisgavrcelebis sxva areebSi. amitom, gamarTlebuli unda iyosmosazreba imis Taobaze, rom III aTaswleulis dasawyisisaTvis,Sida qarTlis intensiuri aTvisebis xanaSi, aq TaviseburisamSeneblo tradicia Camoyalibda, romelic mtkvar-araqsiskulturas mTeli arsebobis manZilze gasdevs. am tipisnagebobis damkvidreba da misi drois did manZilze TiTqmisucvleli saxiT arseboba imiTaa gapirobebuli, rom igi ammxaris klimaturi pirobebis Sesabamisi iyo da saTanadodpasuxobda im periodis sazogadoebis moTxovnebs(187, 102). mesame aTaswleulis meore naxevridan dRevandelisaqarTvelos teritoriaze iwyeba sazogadoebriviganviTarebis axali safexuri, Sua brijaos periodi, romelicdaaxloebiT II aTaswleulis Sua xanebamde grZeldeba.centraluri amierkavkasiis teritoriaze aRniSnuli periodisdasawyiss adreuli yorRanebis epoqis saxeliTac moixsenieben(ix.202; 204).(ix. tabulebi VI-VII). gansakuTrebiT dawinaurebulanTrialeTis kulturis matarebeli tomebi. TrialeTiskultura, iseve rogorc adreuli yorRanebis kultura,ZiriTadad samarxeuli masalebis safuZvelzea Seswavlili(ix.82; 202; 204; 292; 294;...). Sua brinjaos xanis namosaxlarebi,samwuxarod, jer kidev saTanadod Seuswavlelia. amdenad, jer-jerobiT sabolood ar aris naTeli, Tu sad da rogorcxovrobda is sazogadoeba, romelmac TrialeTis ,,brwyinvaleyorRanuli kultura~ dagvitova. miuxedavad amisa, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos da Sesabamisad,centraluri samxreT kavkasiis Sua brinjaos xanis masalebi,


garkveulwilad, saSualebas gvaZlevs warmodgena viqonioTaRniSnul teritoriaze mcxovrebi tomebis materialur dasulier kulturaze, samSeneblo tradiciebze da sxva yofiTelementebze. am mxriv, pirvelyovlisa, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvsyorRanuli Zeglebi da maTgan momdinare samarxeuli inven-tari (ix. 46: 204; 294; 198; 199 da sxva). namosaxlarTa arsebobis mxriv, sul sxva suraTi gvaqvsufro mogviano periodSi _ gvian brinjao-adre rkinis xanaSi(qristemde II aTaswleulis meore naxevridan I aTaswleulispirveli mesamedi). am dros dRevandeli saqarTvelo dasaerTod TiTqmis mTeli kavkasia ganviTarebis donisa datempebis mxriv erT mTlian erTeulad yalibdeba, Tumca yovelmxares an xeobas danarCen sxvebTan, saerTo kulturiselementebTan erTad, sakuTar damaxasiaTebel niSanTaerTobliobac gaaCnia(130, 43). aRniSnuli periodis erTerTi yvelaze tipiuri namosax-lari_ xovlegora(ix. tabula VIII), centralur qarTlSi,dRevandel kaspis raionSi mdebareobs. aq kulturuli niSnebisSemcveli rva stratigrafiuli fena gamovlinda, rac amadgilze, qristemde XV-IV saukuneebSi mosaxleobis uwyveticxovrebis Sedegad Camoyalibda. uZvelesi nageboba, romelicam periodSi mSeneblobis teqnikis ganviTarebis Sesaxebgarkveul warmodgenas iZleva, borcvis Txemzea dadastu-rebuli. am periodis sacxovrisebs sworkuTxa forma hqonda,CaWrili iyo miwaSi da fleTili qva-talaxiT da ZelebiT iyonagebi; qvis kedlis Sida, xolo Zeluris orive mxare TixiTiyo nalesi. gadaxurva xis ConCxs emyareboda TavxesgamoyenebiT da banuri (SesaZloa orferdac) unda yofiliyo.soflis mosaxleoba ZiriTadad miwaTmoqmedebas misdevda.sakmaod iyo ganviTarebuli mesaqonleobac (144, 21-22). xovlelTa cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani gardatexa IIIsamSeneblo horizontze (qristemde VI s.) dasturdeba. am drosgoris dasaxleba sagrZnoblad gascda bunebriv farglebs.mosaxleoba, dasaxlebas Rrma TxrilTan erTad did da ganiergalavans avlebs. ufro vrceldeba da mWidrod saxldebasofeli; ZiriTadad goris fuZe-galavnis SigniT. sacxovrebelisaxlebi aq ukve ramdenime oTaxisgan Sedgeba da fleTiliqviT talaxis xsnarze, tkepnili TixiTa da aliziTaa naSeni.saqoneli ZiriTadad sacxovrisSi udgaT. sayofacxovrebokompleqsidan calke gamoiyofa sakulto nageboba (144, 21-23).


am periodis (gviani brinjao-adre rkinis xanis) dasaxle-baTa naSTebi, rogorc dRevandeli saqarTvelos, aseve zoga-dad kavkasiis teritoriaze, sakmaod mravlad mogvepoveba. raTqma unda, Cvens naSromSi ar SevudgebiT maT aRwera-daxasiaTebas (amis arc saWiroebaa), magram SeZlebisdagvaradgamoviyenebT im mravalferovan samecniero literaturas,romelSic maT Sesaxeb aris saubari (182; 325; 26; 111; 112...). vexebiT ra sacxovrisis Sesaxeb arsebul uxv masalas,analizisa da daskvnebis gamotanis dros didi sifrTxile dadakvirveba gvmarTebs, rasac TviT sacxovrisis, rogorcmravalsaxovani kompleqsis Tavisebureba moiTxovs. ganvi-xilavT ra kulturas materialuri kuTxiT, Tundac erTiromelime konkretuli eTnosis magaliTze, vfiqrobT, undagaviTvaliswinoT am sisxlismieri erTobis cxovrebis socia-luri mxarec. mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT da mTels kvlevasgavadevnoT is Teza, rom swored socialuri urTierTobebisgariJraJze xdeboda eTikur-moraluri xasiaTis, sulierisamyaros, cxovrebis wesis da sxva eTnikurad ganmasxvavebeliniSnebis Camoyalibebac. am etapze individSi jer kidev ararsebobs, dabali ekonomiuri SeZlebis gamoisobiT, mogvianoperiodebSi Camoyalibebuli arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsi.am dros Seqmnili yoveli kulturis materialurad xelSesa-xebi Zegli, Semomqmedis, damamzadeblis sulis nawilia. maSin-del, Tundac nebismier umniSvnelo yofiT nivTSi, ufro Cansmisi Semqmnelis, maSindeli adamianis suli, vidre msgavsidaniSnulebis dRevandel nivTSi Tanamedrove adamianissulieri samyaro.

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, eTnografiuli monacemebismixedviT, istoriulad Camoyalibebuli binadari mosaxleobisarsebobis pirobebSi, formaTa nairsaxeobis mixedviT, sofluridasaxlebis ZiriTad ujreds, calkeul ojaxTa mier Seqmnilisaxl-kari warmoadgenda. calkeul ojaxTa saxl-kari ki, Tavismxriv, Sinaarsobrivad konkretulad aRebuli, ama Tu im mikro-raionis mosaxleobis kulturul-sameurneo cxovrebis gamomxa-tveli da misi erTerTi Semadgeneli nawili iyo (173, 37). XX s-is 20-ian wlebamde saqarTvelos soflurdasaxlebaSi, ama Tu im saxiT, Semonaxuli iyo misi warmomSobisocialuri da ekonomiuri cxovrebis maniSnebeli kvali.swored amitomacaa, rom dasaxleba sazogadoebrivi da


sameurneo yofis Seswavlis saqmeSi TiTqmis pirvelwyarosmniSvnelobis matarebelia. yvela formis qarTul sofelSi,mosaxleobis Sidasasoflo gansaxlebaSi, yvelgan sisxliTmonaTesave mogvareTa monogenurad dasaxlebis tradiciadasturdeba (173, 38). monogenuri dasaxleba myari da istoriu-lad momdinare tradiciaa. Zveli yofisaTvis damaxasiaTebelimonogenur ubnebad dasaxleba sofluri dasaxlebis morfo-logiis xangrZlivad Semonaxvis damadasturebeli faqtia.amitomac, arqeologiuri Ziebis Sedegad Seswavlili namosax-larebis kulturul-sameurneo bunebis garkvevaSi, eTnografi-ulad dafiqsirebuli dasaxlebis formebis Seswavlas sakmaodbevrismTqmeli da zogjer amomwuravi pasuxis gacemac kiSeuZlia. istoriulad Camoyalibebuli binadari soflismosaxleobis dasaxlebis morfologia, Tavisi konservatiulibunebis gamo, sakmaod mcired ganicdida epoqaTa gavlenas.savsebiT marTebuladaa miCneuli, rom Cvens regionSidasaxleba Zveleburi darCa da mis formas saxe ar ucvlia(173, 31). sofeli, centralur qarTlSi, monogenur uban-kvartlebi-sagan Semdgar jgufur dasaxlebas warmoadgenda. swored esemxare iyo erdoian-gvirgviniani, anu darbazuli saxlisgavrcelebis erTerTi umTavresi kera (ix.335). arqeologiurida eTnografiuli paralelebi aCveneben, rom xangrZlivadSemonaxuli iyo ara marto darbazuli saxlis tipi, arameddasaxlebis is formac, romelSic is warmoadgenda mis erTerTSemadgenel ujreds. cnobilia, rom dasaxlebis formassamosaxlod miCneuli adgilis mdebareoba, misi reliefigansazRvravda. igi ZiriTadad ganapirobebda mis garegan saxesda ara mis tips. dasaxlebis tipi mosaxleobis mier warmoebulkulturul-sameurneo cxovrebas efuZneboda (174, 43). vaxseneT ra darbazi, rogorc centralur amierkavkasiaSigavrcelebul sacxovrebel nagebobaTa erTerTi ZiriTadi saxe,vfiqrobT, ramdenime sityviT unda SevexoT mis morfologiasac. sacxovrisis ganviTarebis pirveli stadiis _ darbazisZiriTad tipologiur niSnebs warmoadgens: didi moculobaganuyofeli farTiT (gankuTvnili didi ojaxisaTvis, romelic3-4 Taobisgan Sedgeboda); sacxovrisis darbazuloba; Ria kerada naWa (ojinjali); dabali xarisxis bunebrivi ganaTeba _,,erdoTi~, saidanac xdeboda kvamlis gawovac; soxane _Tixatkepnili iataki; parmaRi _ ,,derefani~ miwis doneze; gegmis


siRrmuli ganviTareba; gadaxurvis sammaliani sistema; farTo,calfrTiani kari xis qusliTa da urduliT; dabali aveji daSesabamisad, sayofacxovrebo saqmianobis dabali horizonti;sacxovrisi ZiriTadad SeTxrilia miwaSi; xis konstruqciebisdamuSavrba ZiriTadad xdeba xeleCoTi da najaxiT xerxisgamouyeneblad; gadaxurva gvirgviniania, baniT odnav daqane-buli; nagebobas aqvs farTo qvis kedlebi TaxCebiTurT; xismasalad ZiriTadad muxaa gamoyenebuli (334, 3). ganviTarebis Sedgom etapebze, darbazis Zveli struqturisSecvla gardamavali etapiT, dRevandel qarTlsa da kaxeTSi,sacxovrebeli farTis SemcirebiT aRiniSna, rac upirvelesyovlisa, didi ojaxis daSliT iyo gamowveuli. aqedan gamomdi-nare, Semcirda Sida sivrcec, Sua cecxli buxarma Secvala;erdos magivrad, apk an gaqonil qaRaldgakruli sarkmelebidamkvidrda; anjamebSebmuli Semosasvleli kari daviwrovda;nawilobriv damkvidrda ,,maRali~ aveji; masalad wiwvovanijiSebis gamoyeneba gavrcelda. mogvianebiT, saxls ukana mxridanmiuSenda damxmare saTavsoebi da marani (334, 3). sacxovrisi _ darbazi, ganviTarebis am etapze inarCunebsrig Zvel niSnebs _ cudi ganaTeba ori Seuminavi sarkmeliT;Tixatkepnili iataki; daunawevrebeli sacxovrebeli farTi (araris oTaxebi); gegmarebis siRrmiseuli ganviTareba; nawilob-riv miwaSi CaRrmaveba; banuri gadaxurva. amgvar saxlebSiTanaarsebobs Zveli da axali niSnebi da maT Sereuli formissacxovriss uwodeben (iqve). rogorc cnobilia, eTnografiulad fiqsirebulimovlenebis faqtiuri monacemebis umravlesoba TavisiwarmomavlobiT Soreuli epoqebidan momdinareobs. ufrometic, zogierTi eTnografiuli movlena da realia, romlebmacTavi sporadulad TiTqmis Cven dromde Semoinaxes, arcTuiSviaTad analogiebs sakmaod adreul periodebis ganaTxarmasalasTan pouloben. (173, 47). vfiqrobT, zemoTmoxmobili masala savsebiT naTelhyofsimas, rom kavkasiaSi da kerZod dRevandeli aRmosavleTsaqarTvelos teritoriaze, arqeologiuri da eTnografiulikvlevebis Sedegad, momdinare uZvelesi xanebidan, TiTqmisuwyveti intervalebiT, dafiqsirebulia mudmivi cxovrebiskvali. mikvleuli da Seswavlilia uZvelesi namosaxlarebi,gamokvleulia sacxovrisis mravali nairsaxeoba. amitom,vfiqrobT, arsebuli mravalferovani masalis safuZvelze


Tvalis midevneba sacxovrisis fenomenis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebisTvis uZvelesi xanebidan dRevandelobamde,savsebiT gamarTlebulia da erTob saSuric. misi vertikalurWrilSi amgvarad warmodgena, albaT sagulisxmo panoramulsuraTs dagvixatavs mocemul teritoriaze mimdinareeTnogeneturi procesebis Sesaxebac. imdenad, ramdenadacsacxovrisis fenomeni eTnikuri elementis sacxovrebelgaremosTan adaptaciis Sedegad formirebuli eTnikurikulturis Semadgeneli erTerTi arsebiTi elementia, igi amaveelementis samyof geremosTan erTgvar ,,biocenozSi~ SesvlisnaTeli asaxvacaa. amasTanave, am yofiTi kompleqsis vertikalur WrilSiganxilva gamarTlebuli Cans imdenad, ramdenadac eswarmoadgens eTnikuri yofis am yvelaze damaxasiaTebelielementis dinamikaSi ganxilvis erTerT xerxs. am SemTxvevaSi,misi swored vertikalur WrilSi Tvalis gadevneba(retrospeqtiva) saSualebas mogvcems davadasturoT aramxolod axali safexurebi mis ganviTarebaSi, aramed davinaxoTtradiciuli elementisa da inovaciis urTierTobis rTuliprocesi. odiTgan ,,saxlis~ gagebasTan, ama Tu im saxiT Serwymuliiyo (da es amJamadac asea) adamianis cnobierebaSi aRqmulisamyaros yvela ZiriTadi kategoria. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvasisic, rom individis qcevis normebic ki principulad imismixedviT yalibdeboda, Tu sad imyofeboda igi _ saxlSi Tumis gareT. swored sacxovriss gaaCnia gansakuTrebuli,ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba sivrcis tradiciul sqemaTaCamoyalibebaSi. da kidev, sacxovrisi xom, garkveulwilad,aerTianebs adamianis mier aTvisebul samyaros. yovelive amda kidev mraval msgavs garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebis gareSeSeuZlebelia eTnosis yofaSi sacxovrisis fenomenis adgilisnaTlad gasigrZeganeba. vexebiT ra sacxovriss, mis fenomens ama Tu im tradiciulsazogadoebaSi, pirvel rigSi, albaT, unda SevecadoT,SeZlebisdagvarad, gamovavlinoT adaminis mier mocemuligaresamyaros aTvisebis funqcionaluri meqanizmis principebi.e.i. unda dafiqsirdes is principebi, romlis mixedviTac xdebodaadamianis cnobierebaSi gardaqmna ,,bunebrivisa~ _ ,,kulturu-lad~, ,,auTvisebelisa~ _ ,,aTvisebulad~. amasTanave, Zalzesaintereso da kvlevis procesSi angariSgasawevia konkretul


eTnikur yofaSi Camoyalibebuli sivrcis gaSinaureba-gaTavi-sebis tradiciuli modelis TavisTavadobac. bunebrivia, am SemTxvevaSi, kvlevis ZiriTad obieqts undawarmoadgendes ritualebi, Cveulebebi; ramdenadac, tradiciulkulturaSi swored am Zireuli movlenebis saSualebiT xdebaeris sisxlxorceul kulturul RirebulebebaTa gadacemadrosa da sivrceSi. yovelive amisa gamo, mkvlevarisaTvisarsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba agreTve enobriv, folklorul,miTologiur da eTnosis ,,sulis~ aRmbeWdav sxva msgavsixasiaTis monacemebs. am movlenebs gaaCniaT saerTo arsi,romliTac Tavisi arsebobis manZilze xelmZRvanelobsmicemuli koleqtivi Tu misi yoveli wevri (230, 5). sacxovrisis fenomenis kvlevisas mxedvelobaSi undaviqonioT misi rogorc yofiTi kompleqsis socialuri arsic.,,saxli~” unda ganvixiloT rogorc socialuri erTeuli immravalmxrivi masalisa da Teoriuli gamokvlevebis niadagze,romlebic uxvad aris dagrovili Sesabamis samecnieroliteraturaSi. SeZlebisdagvarad unda warmoCindes is, Turogor vlindeba sacxovrisis fenomenSi TviT iq mosaxlesazogadoebrivi jgufis socialuri niSan-Tvisebebi. vexebiT ra sacxovriss, wamoiWreba misi mimarTebis sakiTxicdasaxlebasTan. rogorc aRniSnaven, dasaxleba, Tavis mxriv,warmoadgens istoriulad Camoyalibebul erTeuls, romelicxasiaTdeba ZiriTadi eTnikuri Semadgenlobis garkveulierTobiT; mosaxleTa, maTi enis, sameurneo pirobebis, Tavdacvisinteresebis erTianobiT. es erToba vlindeba ideologiiszogierT sferoSic... dasaxlebani arseboben ra xangrZlivad,inarCuneben warmomSobi sazogadoebriv-ekonomiuri pirobebiskvalsac. yovelive zemoTaRniSnulidan naTelia, rom sacxovrisis,rogorc eTnikuri yofis damaxasiaTebeli kompleqsisSeswavlis momentSi, mkvlevaris winaSe rigi amocanebiswarmoCindeba, romlebic ganuyoflad arian erTimeoresTandakavSirebuli. maTi gasigrZeganebis gareSe TiTqmiswarmoudgenelia ama Tu im eris istoriis sulier xlarTebSidavanebuli im dvritis SegrZneba, romlis gareSedac SeuZle-belia eris ganvlili istoriis nebismier niuansSi metnaklebad,Tundac miaxloebiTi garkveva. sacxovrisi iqneba swored Cveni amJamindeli kvlevisZireuli sagani; ufro sworad, SevecdebiT imis gansazRvras,


Tu ra adgili ukavia am fenomens sazogadod eTnikur yofasada kulturaSi; ramdenad aisaxeba masSi eris (eTnosis), rogorcsisxliTnaTesaobiT, genetikur urTierTobebze amozrdiliunikaluri erTobis, RvTivboZebul samyof-samkvidrebelTan,,biocenozSi~ Sesvla-Sexamebis erTob saTuTi da amave drossakmaod mizanmimarTuli procesi. sacxovrisSi, upirveles yovlisa, Cven vgulisxmobTZiriTad sacxovrebel nagebobas romelic samyofeliasruliad garkveuli mikrosocialuri ujredisa _ ojaxisa.paralelurad SevexebiT mis mimarTebas sacxovrebelikompleqsis sxva elementebTan (iseTebTan, rogoricaa ezo-yure,damxmare sameurneo nagebobani, saxnav-saTesi da a.S) daSevecdebiT misi adgilis gansazRvras ojaxis formireba-ganviTarebaSi; gare da Sida sivrceebis aRqmiTi momentebisCamoyalibebaSi; genoTeizmis, rogorc ojaxis ideologiurisafuZvlis, SemuSaveba-ganmtkicebaSi.

da bolos, kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom naSromismomdevno TavebSi, SevecdebiT qarTvelur samyaroSi da kerZodmisi Tanamedrove samkvidros Suagul nawilSi, sacxovrisisSesaxeb Cvens xelT arsebuli arqeologiuri da eTnografiulimasala gavaanalizoT, Cvenis azriT, zemoT ukve naxsenebiumTavresi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT; Semdgomi Tanamimdev-robiT:

a) sacxovrisi da sivculi aRqma;b) sacxovrisi da samSeneblo tradicia;g) sacxovrisi da ojaxuri religia _ genoTeizmi;a) sacxovrisi da gvarovnul-Temobrivi socialuri

organizacia.


Tavi IITavi IITavi IITavi IITavi II

sacxovrisis samSeneblo tradiciis ganviTarebissacxovrisis samSeneblo tradiciis ganviTarebissacxovrisis samSeneblo tradiciis ganviTarebissacxovrisis samSeneblo tradiciis ganviTarebissacxovrisis samSeneblo tradiciis ganviTarebis

mokle retrospeqtiva centralur amierkavkasiaSimokle retrospeqtiva centralur amierkavkasiaSimokle retrospeqtiva centralur amierkavkasiaSimokle retrospeqtiva centralur amierkavkasiaSimokle retrospeqtiva centralur amierkavkasiaSi

vikvlevT ra sacxovriss da mis adgils eTnikur yofaSi,vfiqrobT, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens sacxovrisisSenebis teqnikis _ samSeneblo tradiciis, misi Camoyalibebisada ganviTarebis fiqsireba-Tvalis midevneba im masalis niadagze,romelic esoden mravlad mogvepoveba sakvlev regionSi. samSeneblo tradiciaSi Cven vgulisxmobT samSeneblomasalisa (Tixa, qva, Zeli - bunebrivad boZebuli garemo) daZireuli samSeneblo arqiteqturuli formebis (iataki-,,qveskne-li~, kedlebi da Sida sivrce-,,skneli~, gadaxurva-,,zeskneli~)erTobliobas, rac Tavis mxriv, uSualod ukavSirdeba konkre-tul garemo pirobebs da masTan adamianis (da Sesabamisadsocialur-sazogadoebriv erTeulTa) erTgvar ,,biocenozSi~Sesvlis Sedegad aris Camoyalibebuli. migvaCnia, rom am orkomponentTagan pirveli mzamzareulad eZleva adamians, xolomeore, ukve uSualod adamianismieria, SemuSavebuli pirvelissafuZvelze. samSeneblo tradiciisadmi Tvalis midevneba, misi kvleva,gansakuTrebiT saSuria adamianTa sazogadoebis ganviTarebisadreul safexurebze, ramdenadac masSi gamovleniliakoleqtivis, garkveuli erTobis (SesaZloa ukve eTnikurijgufis) damokidebuleba sakuTar samyofTan; rac TavisTavadgapirobebulia samyaros aRqmis individualobiT da sacxov-rebeli garemo pirobebis TaviseburebaTa erTianobiT. vexebiT ra winareistoriuli periodebis kulturas, misZeglebs, mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT isic, Tu ragvari iyodamokidebuleba imdroindeli adamianisa bunebasTan, sazogadod,da aqedan gamomdinare, sakuTar TavTan. istoriuli ganviTarebis adreul etapebze, sazogadod,adamianebi sakuTari cnobierebis, Sexedulebebis formebs,Tavissave namoqmedarSi axorcielebdnen. vfiqrobT, sacxovrisSigamovlenili samSeneblo tradiciciis gaCena-Camoyalibebisadmiamgvari poziciidan midgoma, saSualebas mogvcems masSi,erTgvarad, eTnikurobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebicdavafiqsiroT. samSeneblo tradicia, TavisTavad, eTnikurikulturis erTerT mTavar Semadgenel komponentad unda


CaiTvalos, romelSic Tanabarzomierad Serwymulia daSemdgom xilulad gadmocemulia eTnikuri kulturis rogorcmaterialuri, aseve sulieri sferos mTavari elementebi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, uZvelesi nagebi sacxovrisebi(sacxovrisebi da ara TavSesafrebi) neoliTis xanaSi Cndebian(209; 210; 211; 256; 298; 371; 354; 356; 368...) da sabolood, rogorcsacxovrebel kompleqsebadkompleqsebadkompleqsebadkompleqsebadkompleqsebad eneoliTis xanaze gardamavalperiodSi yalibdebian. aRniSnuli procesi sazogadoebrivcxovrebaSi mimdinare im didi cvlilebebiTac iyo gapirobebuli,romlebic e.w. ,,neoloTurma revoluciam~ _ mimTviseblobidan,mwarmoebluri meurneobis formebze gadasvlam gamoiwvia. sanam uSualod daviwyebdeT saubars sacxovrisisa dakultis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebze, saWirod migvaCniasagangebod SeCereba im mdidar arqeologiur masalaze,romelic mravladaa moZiebuli uSualod kavkasiaSi da mismimdebare mxareebSi. am mxriv metad saintereso suraTi ikveTebacentraluri amierkavkasiasa da mis samxreTiT mimdebareregionebSi moZiebuli adre brinjao – Sua brinjaos xanisarqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT. magaliTad, SeniSnulia,rom am perodebSi namosaxlarTa Tavmoyra xdeba harberT-malaTisa da eliaziRis midamoebSi. esenia: fluri II, helenCiq-Tefe, norSun-Tefe, yoruju-Tefe, romlebzec sacxovrisTamoyvaniloba sworkuTxaa da qvis kedlis wyoba iseTivea,rogorc yarazisa da amiranis goris namosaxlarebze. am jgufisZeglebidan gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva borcvi fluri II, romlissimaRlec 16 metrs aRwevs (eneoliT (qalkoliT)-adrebrinjaos fena). mis TerTmet samSeneblo horizontze naTladaawarmoCenili am dasaxlebis mcxovrebTa kulturuli dinamika.qveda fenebze Warbobs sworkuTxa nagebobani, romelTacmomdevno xanebSi mrgvali formis sacxovrisebi cvlian (ix.368).rogorc zemoT, samSeneblo tradiciis Sesaxeb saubrisas ukveaRvniSneT miCneulia, rom jer kidev eneoliTis xanaSi, samxreTkavkasiaSi dafiqsirebuli mrgval-gumbaTovani nagebobebisarqiteqturis sawyisebi unda ukavSirdebodes adgilobrivpirobebs da ara impulsebs wina aziidan; metic, im periodSi,kavkasiuri tradicia iqiT axdenda gavlenas maxlobeliaRmosavleTis samSeneblo tradiciaze(ix.265; 317;). ukanasknelxanebSi, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebuli aqtualobaSeiZina kavkasiis eneoliTis finaluri etapis TaviseburixasiaTis axali Zeglebis didma seriam. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs


e.w. sionis tipis Zeglebi. mTlianobaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, romsaxeze iyo raRac erTiani kulturuli erToba, romelicarsebobda klasikuri eneoliTuri kulturis(Sulaveri-SomuTefes kultura) minavlebis da uSualod mtkvar-araqsiskulturis wamyvani niSnebis Camoyalibebamdel periodSi. aqvegansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia isic, rom winare mtkvar-araqsuli xanis TiTqmis yvela Zegli samxreT kavkasiis dablobregionSia dafiqsirebuli - mxareSi, sadac SemdgomSi hyvaodamtkvar-araqsuli kultura. aRiarebulia, rom Tvisobrivad SedarebiT axali mtkvar-araqsis kultura, atarebs winare, eneoliTuri kulturisanabeWds da inarCunebs mTel rig Zvel tradiciebs. mtkvar-araqselTa mier cxovreba grZeldeba mTel rig eneoliTurnamosaxlarebze _ baba-derviSi, SengaviTi, qiul-Tefe...tradiciuloba SeiniSneba mSeneblobis principebSic; mTel rignamosaxlarebze yofaSia igive, oRond ufro Tanamedroveteqnikuri meTodebiT agebuli mrgvali formis sacxovrisebi.zogadad eneoliTuri tradicia SeiniSneba mtkvar-araqsiskulturis gavrcelebis ZiriTadi arealis sxvadasxva olqebSi,rac imis saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom mTlianobaSi am kulturisganviTareba ganvixiloT, rogorc samxreT kavkasiismosaxleobis kulturul-sameurneo progresis momdevno etapi.amasTanave, mtkvar-araqsis kulturaSi adgilobrivi fesvebisgamovlena sruliadac ar gamoricxavs misi gavrcelebissazRvrebSi sxva eTnikur-kulturuli jgufebis infiltracias,romlebic garkveul gavlenas axdendnen misi saboloo saxisCamoyalibebaze. magaliTad, gamoTqmulia mosazreba, romlisTanaxmadac qristemde IV aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi kavkasiaSimcire aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleT mxareebidan iWrebianmosaxleobis garkveuli jgufebi(al.javaxiSvili). Tumca undaaRiniSnos, rom amgvar gadmoadgilebebs ver unda moexdinaZireuli xasiaTis gavlena mtkvar-araqsis mosaxleobis yofiTida sameurneo-kulturuli cxovrebis Tvisobriobaze, ramdena-dac IV aTaswleulis bolosaTvis am kulturis ZiriTadi maxa-siaTeblebi erTob myarad Cans ukve Camoyalibebuli (299, 87). mtkvar-araqselni TavianTi arsebobis bolo etapzegaWrilan ufro samxreTiTac _ siriasa da palestinaSi, sadaciseTi namosaxlarebi, rogoricaa Tabara-el-aqradi, hama, ras-Samra da sxvani, xasiaTdebian e.w. qirbeT-qeraquli tipislokaluri niSan-TvisebebiT (299, 71). Tvlian (g. qavTaraZe, o.


jafariZe), rom aRmosavleT anatoliaSi mtkvar-araqsiskultura mosula da aq am kulturis matarebelTa ori talRaSemoiWra. pirvelma nakadma asaxva hpova Tefe-jiqis, yarazisada fluris namosaxlarebze mopovebul masalebSi da aqgavrcelda dRevandeli saqarTvelos samxreT regionebidan(es masala did msgavsebas amJRavnebs amiranis goris tipiskompleqsebTan). meore talRa ki savaraudoa, momdinareobdaararatis velidan, romlis Zeglebsac (SengaviTiII-III) Zalzeemsgavseba Crdilo-dasavleT iranis (ianiq-Tefe) da aRmosav-leT anatoliis Zeglebi(299,86). SesaZloa, mtkvar-araqselTaes moZraoba CrdiloeTidan samxreTiT imaze migvaniSnebdes,rom es eTnikuri erToba Seviwrovebuli iyo ufro Crdiloregionebidan SemoWrili eTnikuri masebis dawoliT, ramacgamoiwvia mtkvar-araqselTa garkveuli masis emigrireba ufrosamxreT regionebSi. iTvaliswineben ra III aTaswleulebis Sua xanebisaTvismtkvar-araqsis kulturis matarebeli mosaxleobis gansaxlebistalRas dablobebidan kavkasiis mTiswineTSi, Crdilo-dasavleTiransa da aRmosavleT anatoliaSi, varaudoben, rom mtkvar-araqsis kulturis pirvelad ared unda CaiTvalos samxreTkavkasiis dablobi, ramdenadac swored aq aris dafiqsirebuli:

a) mTlianobaSi kavkasiis eneoliTur tradiciebTandakavSirebuli finaluri (sionis tipis) Zeglebi;

b) mtkvar-araqsuli kulturis adreuli tipis Zeglebi,romlebic inarCuneben sionis tipis posteneoliTurikulturuli erTobis gavlenas; da

g) mTlianobaSi aq SeiniSneba mtkvar-araqsuli ZeglebisZiriTadi koncentracia.

uaxlesi aRmoCenebis mixedviT, am kulturuli erTobispirveladi gavrcelebis areSi unda CaerTos Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiac, sadac ganviTarebis igive xazi SeimCneva(299,86); aRsaniSnavia isic, rom es regioni Tavisi fizikur-geografiuli da kulturul-istoriuli TvisebebiT erTobaxloa samxreT kavkasiasTan. kavkasiis sxvadasxva klimatur zonebSi aRmoCenilkompleqsTa atribucia asaxavs mtkvar-araqsis kulturismatarebelTa gansaxlebis process IV-III aTaswleulebis SuaxanebSi, ris impulsadac iqca mosaxleobis mkveTri zrda, racgapirobebuli iyo sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebiT. aTaswle-ulis ganmavlobaSi mWidrod iqna dasaxlebuli miwaTmoqmede-


bisa da mesaqonleobisTvis gamosadegi vel-mindvrebi, zeganida mTa-gorebi. namosaxlarebi ganfenili iyo vake-velebze,qmnidnen xelovnur borcvebs mdinareTa qvemo dinebis koncxebze,SesarTavebSi, tbebis napirebze, ferdobebze. aRniSnaven, rom mosaxleoba am periodSi cdilobs didimdinareebis mimdebare velebis dakavebas da aTvisebas. Tvlian,rom es migvaniSnebs mcirewyliani, adresamiwaTmoqmedodasaxlebebis masazrdoebeli fSa-nakadulebis daSrobaze(299,72). sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTareba, romelsac adgili hqondamtvar-araqsis kulturis ayvavebis xanaSi, moiTxovda ufromsxvili dasaxlebebis gaCenas. maT Camoyalibebas ufro metadswored es ganapirobebda da ara raime kardinaluri bunebriv-klimaturi cvlilebebi. is, rom mosaxleoba iTvisebs mTiswinada mTian zols, swored sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebazemigvaniSnebs. saerTod, dasaxleba baridan mTis mimarTulebiT,zogadad axasiaTebs kavkasiis mosaxleobas. rac mTavaria,mtkvar-araqsis periodis mosaxleobisaTvis mTavari maxasia-Tebelia erTiani sameurneo-kulturuli tipi _ ganviTarebulimiwaTmoqmedeba damxmare, aseve ganviTarebuli mesaqonleo-biT(ix.187). aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am periodisaTvis mTispiradasaxlebebisTvisac, miwaTmoqmedeba prioritetul sferodrCeba da mesaqonleobis wili sameurneo yofaSi, iseve rogorctradiciulad axasiaTebs kavkasias, ar aWarbebs mas. amdenad,rogorc amas moZiebuli masalis analizi gviCvenebs, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis arsebobis ganmavlobaSi, mosaxleobaTanabrad iTvisebs sacxovreblad vargis midamoebs kavkasiisteritoriis udides nawilze, ayalibebs ra bunebriv pirobebTanSesabamis sameurneo-kulturul tips, romelic xasiaTdebodamiwaTmoqmedebis wamyvani roliT aseve ganviTarebulmesaqonleobasTan erTad. magaliTad, dRevandeli Sida qarTlis teritoriaze,mtkvris Sua welze, 120 km-is manZilze 16 mtkvar-araqsulinamosaxlaria dafiqsirebuli. e.i. yovel 8 kilometrSiTiToeuli dasaxleba. advili SesaZlebelia, rom amgvarnamosaxlarTa raodenoba ufro metic yofiliyo. mWidrodaadasaxlebuli am periodSi araratis velic; dasaxlebuliajavaxeTic, Siraqis velic, daRestnis yvela zona da saerTod,kavkasionis qedis mimdebare mTiswineTi. mowodebuliinformaciiT mtkvar-araqsuli fenebi mravlad gvxvdebaxevsureTSic. rogorc mosalodnelia, gamomdinare samosax-


lod vargisi adgilis SesarCevi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT,mtkvar-araqselebi dasaxlebulni iyvnen iseT midamoebSi, sadacmravlad iyo saxnav-saTesi da saZovrebi, saSeni masala, wylisresursebi da iyo Znelmisadgomi momxvdurTagan. faqtiurad,ukve adre brinjaos xanaSi, kavkasiis reliefis gansaxlebissameurneo-kulturuli suraTi analogiuri iyo gviandelieTnografiuli monacemebis mixedviT dadasturebul-aRwerilisuraTisa. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis aqamde ucnobi plastebisaRmoCenasTan dakavSirebiT (TeTriwyaro, axalqalaqi, sioni,gremi, ginCi, meqegi, Rarahefeq-Tefes qveda fenebi) Seiqmna amkulturis kidev ufro daZvelebis tendenciis safuZvlebi, racimis saSualebas iZleva, rom misi adreuli etapi qristemde IVaTaswleulis dasawyisiT ganisazRvros, Tumca, aris sakmaoddamajerebeli cdac imisa, rom am zRvarma V aTaswleulisbolomdec ki gadaiwios(ix.275). Tuki gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba kulturul fenaTasimZlavre (romelTa sisqe samxreT kavkasiur Zeglebzexandisxan 10-16 metramdec aRwevs) da maTi warmoqmnisaTvissaWiro drois xangrZlivoba, aRmoCndeba, rom mtkvar-araqsiskulturas aq sul mcire aTaswleulis manZilze mainc uarsebia.am kulturis daisi, daaxloebiT, qristemde III aTaswleulisbolo mesamedis dasawyisisTvis dgeba, rodesac kavkasiaSi xdebadidi social-ekonomikur Zvrebi, rac aq mtkvar-araqsiskulturis dangrevis da Sua brinjaos xanis dasawyisissafuZveli xdeba. rac Seexeba anTropologiur suraTs, mtkvar-araqsiskulturis matarebeli mosaxleoba warmoadgenda evropeiduli(Zvel literaturaSi _kavkasiuri) rasis xmelTaSuazRispirultips, romelic mTeli rigi niSnebiT uaxlovdeba Tefe-hisarisII-III , el-ubeidis, qiSis namosaxlarebze aRmoCenilanTropologiur ti pebs(186, 118). rogorc miCneulia,kavkasiaSive unda daiZebnos aborigenuli misaxleobisadgilobrivi fesvebi, romelic genetikur kavSirSia wina aziismosaxleobis samxreTevropeidul StosTan(1; 3.). mtkvar-araqsis kulturis paralelurad samxreTi kavkasiisdid nawilSi, kerZod mis dasavleT mxareebSi, adre brinjaosxanaSi viTardeboda sxva xasiaTis kultura, romelsacpirvelisgan gansxvavebiT axasiaTebda neoliTuritradiciebidan amozrdili konservatizmi. aq did rols


TamaSobda ekologiuri faqtori _ kavkasiis am nawilSisubtropikuli hava ganapirobebda ekonomikis erTgvaruZraobas. sawarmoo sferoTa ganviTarebas aq xangrZlividrois manZilze Tan axlda Semgrovebloba, nadiroba, Tevzaoba,rac Tavis mxriv, airekleboda materialuri kompleqsebisspecifikaze. am dasavlurkavkasiuri kulturis sazRvrebi aRwevssoWamde. aRmosavleTiT igi SexebaSi iyo mtkvar-araqsiskulturasTan, ris Sedegadac am sasazRvro mxareSi aRniSnulkulturaTa erTgvari Sexebis zona Camoyalibda. rogorcmiCneulia, daaxloebiT IV aTaswleulis bolosa da IIIaTaswleulis dasawyisisaTvis mtkvar-araqsis kulturavrceldeba rion-yvirilas auzis teritoriaze, ris mizezadacaRmosavleTi regionebidan mosaxleobis infiltraciasTvlian(ix.202). Cndebian iseTi namosaxlarebi, rogorebicaadablagomi da argveTa, saCxeris yorRanebi; saidanac momdinaremasalebs specialistTa didi nawili mtkvar-araqsis ganviTare-buli da bolo etapis Zeglebs uTavsebs. magaliTad, rogorcq-ni g.fxakaZe Tvlis, rion-yvirilas auzis adre brinjaoskultura atarebs erTgvar simbiozur xasiaTs, aerTianebs raadgilobriv tradiciebs, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis wamyvanelementebs, kolxeTis dablobis sinqronuli kulturis daamasTanave, maikopis kulturis niSnebs. rogorc irkveva, kolxeTis dablobis intensiuri aTvisebaxdeba qristemde III aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi. ammxarisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sacxovrebeli gorebis mowyoba_ momcro, jgufuri, Txril-Semovlebuli dasaxlebebi. esTxrilebi pirvel yovlisa sadrenaJo daniSnulebisa iyo, racaucilebeli iyo daWaobebuli garemos asaTviseblad. nasofla-rebze iSviaTad aris dadasturebuli adre brinjaos fenebi.erTerT aseT sacxovrebel goras warmoadgenda anakliismaxloblad, jer kidev akad. b. kuftinis mier Seswavlili,dixa-guZuba(ix. 295; 296). sadrenaJo TxrilebiT garSemovlebulamgvar nasaxlarebze sacxovrisis ZiriTadi tipi iyo mrgvaliformis wnuli, karkasovani, konusur-saxuraviani nageboba. amaveperiods ganekuTvneba saeliaos, ispanis da qobuleTissacxovrebeli gorebis qveda fenebi (T.miqelaZe, m.baramiZe). Seswavlili masalebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebeliaiTqvas, rom kolxeTisa da rion-yvirilas auzis ZeglebTanSesabamisobaSi modis maWaris namosaxlari, guadixus, ganTiadis,oCamCiris nasadgomarebic. aRniSnuli namosaxlarebidan


momdinare masalebi migvaniSneben, rom iqaur mcxovrebTasameurneo yofa iyo samiwaTmoqmedo-mesaqonleobiTi, romel-Sic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda nadiroba, Semgroveblobada meTevzeoba. axla ki rac Seexeba Sua brinjaos xanas. am periodSisamosaxloebi axal adgilebSi arsdebian da unda iTqvas, romsamwuxarod, TiTqmis saerTod ar arian Seswavlilni. amdenad,TiTqmis sruliad ucnobia maTi xasiaTi. iqmneba STabeWdileba,rom samosaxloTa ricxvi am periodSi SesamCnevad klebulobs.magaliTad, karmir-berdis kulturis statistikurma Seswavlamgamoavlina, rom misi gavrcelebis sazRvrebSi (45 000kv.km) erTsamosaxloze saSualod oTxi samarovani modis(299, 92).maSasadame Cans, rom mkveTrad izrdeba mosaxleobis mokvdavoba,rac savaraudoa, rom gamowveuli unda iyos am teritoriazeagresiuli fonis zrdiT; emocionalur-fsiqologiuri xasia-Tis mkveTri xasiaTis cvlilebebiT. Sua brinjaos xanaSi icvleba dakrZalvis wesi _ yvelgandominirebs yorRanuli samarxebi, farTod vrceldeba kremacia.Cndeba individualuri samarxebi rTuli yorRanSida samSe-neblo nagebobebiTa da mdidruli inventariT; romelTac,rogorc akad. o.jafariZe miiCnevs, ar gaaCnia adgilobrivifesvebi(198, 106). samSeneblo tradiciac, keramikuli da meta-lurgiuli warmoebac Tvisobrivi xasiaTis cvlilebebsganicdis(299,92). yofiTi niSnebis, kerZod iseTi konservatiulitradiciebis, rogoric dakrZalvis rituali da samSeneblotradiciaa, agrerigad mkveTri sxvaoba, Cvenc mosaxleobiseTnikur SemadgenlobaSi momxdar garkveul cvlilebebsgvavaraudebinebs. kavkasiaSi mimdinare did cvlilebebs, romelTac aq adgilihqonda Sua brinjaos xanaSi, mecnierebi diametraluradgansxvavebulad xsnian. maTi erTi nawili Tvlis, rom Suabrinjaos xanis kulturebi Camoyalibdnen adgilobrivi winarexanis kulturebis evoluciis Sedegad; nawils ki miaCnia, romsameurneo-kulturul cxovrebaSi, aseTi xasiaTis kardinalurisxvadasxvaobebi kavkasiis teritoriaze ucxo kulturulielementis SemoWriT unda iyos gapirobebuli. mkvlevarTaerTi nawili arsebuli cvlilebebis mizezebs ekologiurixasiaTis cvlilebebSic xedavs. faqtia, rom es gansxvavebulimosazrebebi kavkasiis da mis mimdebare mxareebSi moZiebulerTsa da imave masalebs efuZneba. k. kuSnariova aseT azrTa


sxvadasxvaobis mizezad erTiani meTodologiuri midgomisararsebobas Tvlis da miiCnevs, rom Sua brinjaos xanaSi aseTikardinaluri cvlilebebis mizezebi dasaxelebuli faqtorebisSjerebaSi unda veZioT. magaliTad C. bernei miiCnevs, rom mtkvar-araqsisa daTrialeTis kulturebs Soris aris wyveta. mis mizezad igiTvlis kavkasiaSi CrdiloeTidan indoevropuli eTnikurielementis SemoWras, romelic Semdeg anatoliis zeganzegansaxlda. amave azrs adgas j.melaartic. rogorc a. simoniani Tvlis, Sua brinjaos xanis kavkasiiskulturebis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli iTamaSes amierkavka-siaSi garedan (iranis mTianeTidan, CrdiloeTidan, mcireaziidan) SemoWrilma eTnikurma elementebma. igi miiCnevs, rommoxda am eTnikur elementTa Serwyma adgilobrivi mosaxleo-basTan, ris Sedegadac Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreTnawilSi, azerbaijanis samxreT-dasavleT mxareSi da somxeTiszeganze Camoyalibdnen Sua brinjaos xanis monaTesavekulturebi. albaT marTlac, TrialeTis, karmir-berdis, yizil-vanqiskulturebi unda Camoyalibebuliyo SemoWrili indoevropulieTnikuri Zlieri (agresiuli) elementis mier adgilobrivi(SedarebiT mSvidobiani miwaTmoqmedTa - georgianuli)mosaxleobis damorCilebis da dapyrobis Sedegad. safiqrebe-lia, rom ucxoTagan Seviwroebuli da ltolvilobiTsaxecvlili mtkvar-araqsis kulturis matarebeli adgilob-rivi mosaxleobis erTi nawili siria-palestinisken gaiWra(qirbeT-qeraki), erTma nawilma rion-yvirilas auzsa dakolxeTis dablobs Seafara Tavi. maTi nawili centralurikavkasionis mTianeTSi gamagrda, nawili ki iZulebuli gaxdaSereoda momxvdurs da masTan erTad Tvisobrivad axalikulturuli erTobisTvis daedo saTave. savaraudoa, romalbaT am dros xvdeba indoevropuli elemantebi (nasesxobebi)kavkasiur enebSi; xdeba kavkasiel haisas tomis armenizireba(indoevropuli inkorporireba) da zogadad indoevropulielementebis momZlavereba kavkasiur samyaroSi. rogorc oT. jafariZe varaudobs, mtkvar-araqsiskulturis samxreTiT ufro intensiuri gavrceleba amierkav-kasiaSi adre yorRanuli samarxebis amgebi tomebis pirvelmagamoCenam daaCqara. axali eTnikuri elementis SemoRwevamSesaZloa, erTgvarad xeli Seuwyo mtkvar-araqsis kulturis


matarebeli tomebis erTi nawilis ufro samxreTiT gada-nacvlebas. es tomebi aq sakmaod mWidrod dasaxlebul adgileb-Si iWrebian, kulturis sruliad gansxvavebul garemoSixvdebian, magram ar kargaven sakuTari kulturis xasiaTs(198,110). xangrZlivi kvlevebis Sedegad samxreT kavkasiis terito-riaze SesaZloa gamoiyos oTxi kultura, romelTa SorisSeimCneva rogorc mkveTri sxvaobani, aseve didi msgavsebani.esenia:a) dasavleT amierkavkasiis Rrmad TviTmyofadi kultura,aRniSnuli, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli, mTeli rigi niSan-TvisebebiT. es kultura viTardeboda adgilobrivi tradiciebissafuZvelze, gaaCnda TavisTavadi xasiaTi, rac pirvel rigSi,kulturul damoukideblobaSi vlindeboda; kavkasiiscentralur, aRmosavleT da samxreT olqebSi ki CamoyalibdnenxasiaTiT monaTesave kulturebi: b) TrialeTis; g)karmir-berdis da d) yizil-vanqis kulturebi, romlebic monaTesavekulturebis erTian bloks warmoadgenen da ganfenilni arianwina mtkvar-araqsis adre brinjaos xanis kulturis arealze. dasanania, rom am kulturuli blokis Zeglebi SeswavliliaerTob araTanabrad. amJamad isini warmodgenilia calkeulteritoriul jgufebad, lokalizebulad araratis velze,Tanamedrove Crdilo-aRmosavleT somxeTSi, sevanis auzSi, mili-yarabaRis stepebze, mcire kavkasionis samxreT-aRmosavleTferdobebze, saqarTvelos maRalmTian mxareebSi: mesxeT-javaxeTSi, alaznis velze, samxreT-aRmosavleT amierkavkasiasada kaspiispireTSi. winare, adre brinjaos adgilobriv kulturasTangenetikurad dakavSirebuli dasavleT kavkasiis Sua brinjaosxanis kultura, gavrcelebuli iyo Tavisi winamorbedikulturis gavrcelebis arealSi _ kolxeTis dablobsa damis gareSemo mimdebare mTiswineTSi. igi warmoadgendasubstrats, romlis safuZvelzec SemdgomSi viTardebodacnobili gviani brinjaos xanis cnobili kolxuri kultura. Sua brinjaos sxva kulturebisagan gansxvavebiT,dasavlurkavkasiuri kultura warmodgenilia samosaxloebiT,romelTa xasiaTic didad iyo gapirobebuli am regionSiarsebuli bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebiT _ Tbili, subtro-pikuli hava, specifiuri Tixnari niadagi, notio garemo dasxva. samosaxloebi ganlagebuli iyo xelovnur borcvebze,


romelTa nawili (anaklia I, dixa-guZuba, naoxvamu, zurga,nosiri, patrikeTi...) xangrZlivi, uwyveti cxovrebis Sedegadaawarmoqmnili; nawili ki daWaobebul niadagze xelovnuradaagamarTuli (simagre, anaklia II ). samosaxloebi mcire zomisaa_ 1 200-2000 kv.m. borcvebis topografia (erTimeoresgan 1-2 km-iT daSoreba), ezo-yuris mowyoba, alaguri(e.w. ,,xutoruli”)dasaxlebis tipi, iseve rogorc axla, monogamiur-patronimiuldasaxlebis tipze migvaniSnebs. sacxovrisis ZiriTadi tipi aqiyo Zeluri nageboba, romelic jargvalis saxiT dRemdeaSemorCenili. mTlianobaSi, Sua brinjaos xanis dasavlurkavkasiurikulturisaTvis, ZiriTadad, damaxasiaTebelia TixiT gadalesilxis platformebze nagebi jargvalebi; specifiuri, amoRarul-savarcxliseburi ornamentiT Sesrulebuli keramika; sxvadasxvavariantis yuamiliani culebi da brinjaos Toxebi. adgilobrivniadagze amozrdili es niSnebi ganapirobebdnen aTaswleulTamanZilze kolxeTisa da misi mimdebare mxareebis Tavisebursada TviTmyobad kulturas.

** *

rogorc vxedavT, umdidresi arqeologiuri da eTnogra-fiuli masala, romelic ara marto Tanamedrove saqarTve-los, aramed mTels kavkasiaSi kvlevis Tanamedrove etapzemogvepoveba, imis SesaZleblobas iZleva, rom metnaklebadnaTeli warmodgena viqonioT am mxareSi samSeneblo tradiciisCamoyalibeba-ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, uZvelesi nagebi sacxovrebelikompleqsebi centralur amierkavkasiaSi, eneoliTis xanasganekuTvneba. Tanamedrove etapze am mxareSi eneoliTisadresamiwaTmoqmedo xanis Zeglebis ori didi jgufi gamoiyofa,romlebic qristemde VI _ IV aTaswleulebiT TariRdebian.pirveli am jgufTagani md. mtkvris Sua welzea (dRevandelisaqarTvelo-azerbeijanis administraciuli sazRvrebismimdgomi raionebi) gamokveTili da sakmaod kargadaaSeswavlili. es aris Sulaveri-Somu Tefes saxeliT cnobilikultura. meore jgufi aerTianebs samxreT kavkasiaSi ganla-gebul Zeglebs _ naxWevanis dasavleTiTa da muRanis aRmosav-leTiT. es jgufi pirobiTad samxreTkavkasiur, anu naxWevan-mili-muRanis jgufad iwodeba, romelsac TeRuTas


(dRevandeli somxeTi) namosaxlarsac miakuTvneben. rogorcmiCneulia, centralur-kavkasiuri jgufis Zeglebi qronolo-giurad win uswreben meore jgufis Zeglebs da amasTanavewarmoadgenen samxreT kavkasiis adresamiwaTmoqmedo kultu-rebis ganviTarebis adreul etapebs (354, 103). centralur kavkasiuri, anu igive centralur amierkavka-siuri jgufis yvelaze ufro tipiuri Zeglia Sulavris goranamosaxlari (tab. III-IV

1).

aq Senobebi aliziTaa nagebi _ gamoyenebulia brtyelZi-riani, amozurguli formis alizi; e.w. planokonveqsi. SenebisprocesSi gamoyenebulia Tixis xsnari (nakerebis sisqe 2-4 sm).gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Sulaveri-Somu TefeskulturaSi gavrcelebuli alizi, Tavisi formebiTa da damza-debis teqnikiT, sruliad originaluria da gansxvavdebamesopotamiuri planokonveqsebisgan (265, 203-205). Senobis kedlebis amoyvana xdeboda aguris rigiT horizon-talurad, gruntze an dangreuli nagegbobis moswo-rebisSedegad gamzadebul safuZvelze. yvela nageboba gegmarebaSimrgvali an ovaluria, WrilSi _ cilindruli an konusuri.zomebis mixedviT nagebobani sam jgufad ganiyofa: mozrdilebi(diametri 2,5-5 m.), saSualoebi (diametri 1,25-2 m) da patarebi(diametri 0,50-0,75 m). mozrdili nagebobani sacxovrebladgamoiyeneboda, xolo danarCens sameurneo daniSnuleba hqonda. sacxovrebeli nageboba, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgenda erToTa-xian, gegmaSi ovalur-gumbaTovan nagebobas, romlis simaRlecaranakleb 2,5 m-s da farTobi 7-idan 17 kv.m-s aRwevda (354,104).(ix.tabula VI1). Sulavris gorisa da misi paraleluri Zeglebis mixedviT,irkveva, rom aRniSnul periodSi, mocemul regionSi, samSeneblotradiciis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSania samSeneblomasalad Tixis gamoyeneba _ umTavresad Zirbrtyeli agurida Tixis xsnari. mSeneblobaSi qva TiTqmis ar gamoiyeneba, racSeexeba xes, uSualod igic ar Cans gamoyenebuli. e.i. saqme gvaqvsTixa-alizis garkveul samSeneblo tradiciasTan, romlissawyisebic mTlianad ar aris garkveuli, Tumca gamoTqmuliamosazreba, rom igi adgilobriv fesvebzea amozrdili daneoliTur kulturas ukavSirdeba (265, 205). am xasiaTis Zeglebis meore damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba_ nagebobaTa wriulobaa; ufro metic, imiris goris magaliTzeCans, rom TviT nagebobanic wriuladaa ganlagebuli wriulive


centraluri moednis garSemo (265, 203). rogorc dadgenilia,aRniSnul teritoriaze qristemde V aTaswleulisTvis mainc,arsebobs ukve Camoyalibebuli samSeneblo arqiteqturulitradicia, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia alizis wriul-gumbaTovani nagebobani da rom es nagebobani ar ukavSirdebawina aziis arcerT samSeneblo tradicias (265, 349). centraluri da samxreT amierkavkasiis teritoriaze,samSeneblo tradiciis momdevno axali etapis Camoyalibeba,mtkvar-araqsis kulturas ukavSirdeba. arsebuli mosazrebisTanaxmad am kulturis Camoyalibebis procesi qristemde IVaTaswleulis II naxevrisTvis iwyeba (199, 83). gegmarebis sakiTxebi da adgilobrivi reliefis gamoyenebaam periodisTvis did gaqanebas poulobs. dasaxlebisTvisgamosadeg mTis ferdze Cndeba xelovnuri terasebi, Sendebadamcveli kedlebi, mewyeris SesaCerebeli yoreebi da arxebiCamonadeni wylebisTvis. amgvar samuSaoTa Catarebis kvaliSeniSnulia magaliTad amiranis goris cnobil namosaxlarze.samosaxlo adgilis daterasebam, garkveulwilad, ganapirobakidec dasaxlebis ubnebad dayofa (298, 98). gegmarebis garTule-basTan erTad viTardeba mSeneblobis teqnikac, umjobesdebanagebobebis xarisxi. samSeneblo masalad kvlav gamoiyenebaTixa-alizi, magram axla xmarebaSi Semodis da farTod iner-geba xis karkasuli konstruqciebi, dadasturebulia samSeneblomasalad qvis gamoyenebac. mTlianobaSi, samSeneblo masalisarCeva garemo pirobebze iyo damokidebuli. ase magaliTad,alizis nagebobani, am etapisTvis, ufro aRmosavleTamierkavkasiis dablob da stepur mxareebisTvis aris damaxasia-Tebeli; gamomdinare, rogorc varaudoben, iq xisa da qvisdeficitisgan (298, 98). amrigad, IV aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan mainc, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Camoyalibebis Semdeg dgeba dro gardatexe-bisa. mtkvris auzSi Zveli namosaxlarebi carieldebian daaRmocendebian axlebi. mocemul etapze aRmosavleT saqarTve-los teritoriaze Camoyalibebas iwyebs Senobis axali, winaetapisgan gansxvavebuli tipi, romelic imdenad Taviseburia,rom mtkvar-araqsis kulturis analogiuri kompleqsebidan(SenobaTa tipebidan) calke tipad gamoyofen da mas SidaqarTlurs uwodeben (199; 112; 76;) (ix. tabula V). am tipisSenoba mogrZoa, kuTxeebmomrgvalebuli, ormxrivSelesiliwnuli kedlebiT, brtyeli banuri gadaxurviT. am saxis Senoba,


rogorc Cans, Sida qarTlSi mtkvar-araqsis kulturisganviTarebuli safexuris (qristemde III aTaswleulisdasawyisi) garkveul stadiaze Cndeba da am periodidan wamyvanitipi xdeba. cnobil xizanaanT goris namosaxlarze TiTqosSeiniSneba kidec am Senobis TandaTanobiTi Camoyalibebis kvali(76, 46). msgavsi Senobebia damaxasiaTebeli qvacxelasnamosaxlarisTvisac. aq Senobis tipSi raime gansakuTrebulicvlileba ar SeiniSneba. rogorc aRvniSneT, qvacxelazeSenobebi upiratesad sworkuTxaa, kuTxeebmomrgvalebuli,metnaklebad Tanabari sididis. Senobebi xis karkaszea nagebi,Signidan da garedan nalesia TixiT. gadaxurva banuria,Tixatkepnili da dedaboZze dayrdnobili. TiTqmis yvelaSenobis centrSi moTavsebuli iyo stacionaruli mrgvali kera.Senobas, Cveulebriv, wina mxridan miSenebuli hqonda derefani(187). sxva tipis Senoba mtkvar-araqsis kulturis ganviTarebisaRniSnul safexurze am regionSi TiTqmis ar Cans; magram undaiTqvas isic, rom arc amgvari nageboba Cans am kulturisgavrcelebis sxva regionebSi. amitom marTali unda iyosmosazreba, romlis mixedviTac, III aTaswleulSi, Sida qarTlisintensiurad aTvisebis xanaSi, aq Taviseburi samSeneblotradicia Camoyalibda, romelic aqaur mtkvar-araqsiskulturas arsebobis mTels manZilze gasdevs. Senobis am tipisgarkveul raionSi damkvidreba da misi drois did manZilzeTiTqmis ucvleli saxiT arseboba, iman ganapiroba, rom igi ammxaris klimaturi pirobebis Sesabamisi iyo da saTanadodpasuxobda imdroindeli sazogadoebis moTxovnebs (199, 102). arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, qristemde IIIaTaswleulis meore naxevridan, centraluri amierkavkasiisteritoriaze dgeba Zireuli gardatexebis etapi, ramacgamoiwvia sakmaod ganviTarebuli da Zlieri mtkvar-araqsiskulturis dacema. am kulturis samosaxloebi mitovebul iqnen;baris (dablob) mxareebSi cxovreba kvdeba da ufro intensiuraTvisebas ganicdian mTiswina da mTis mxareebi. riT iyogamowveuli es cvlilebebi, romlebmac Tavis mxriv kulturisSecvla ganapirobes, jer kidev gaurkvevelia. aRniSnul etapsadreuli yorRanebis epoqas uwodeben (ix.198; 204;). amkulturaSi, dakrZalvis wesisa da inventaris gaTvaliswinebiT,qronologiurad or jgufs gamohyofen: adreuls daSedarebiT gvians (198, 26-27). samwuxarod, adreuli yorRanebisepoqis daxasiaTeba SesaZlebelia mxolod samarovani


Zeglebidan momdinare masalis mixedviT. am kulturis dasaxle-bebis Sesaxeb, jerjerobiT, TiTqmis araviTari monacemebi argagvaCnia. amitomaa, rom amJamad SeuZlebelia garkveviTmsjeloba am periodis centraluri amierkavkasiis mosaxleobissamSeneblo arqiteqturul tradiciebze, samosaxloebisganaSenianebasa da gegmarebaze, sacxovrisTa tipebsa dasameurneo nagebobebze. erTi kia, rom am etapis samSeneblotradiciebis maRal doneze garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnianTavad samarxeuli Zeglebi _ uzarmazar yorRanTa daskrZalavkameraTa konstruqciebi. TavianTi SinaarsiT xom isinigarkveulad sacxovrisebs ukavSirdebian, warmoadgenen ra maTamgebTa cnobierebaSi amjerad ukve saiqio sacxovrisebs. yorRanuli tipis samarxi, romelic erTi micvalebuli-sTvis iyo sagangebod agebuli, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi,da kerZod dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze, pirveladgamoCenas iwyebs mtkvar-araqsis kulturis momdevno xanaSi,adreuli yorRanuli kulturis gavrcelebis periodSi(ix.tabula VI-VII). dakrZalvis konservatiuli tradiciis am axalwess, rogorc oT. jafariZe varaudobs, adgilobrivitradicia ar gaaCnia(198, 107). yorRani, rogorc samarxis tipi,Cans, unda warmoqmniliyo Tvaluwvdenel tramalebSi, gaSlilvelebze mobinadre tomebSi(Merpert N.$.), raTa igi garemosganadvilad gamosarCevi yofiliyo. marTalia, SemdgomSiyorRanuli tipis samarxebi sxva landSaftur garemoSicgvxvdeba, magram Tavdapirvelad, Cans, igi stepebSi mcxovrebitomebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. yorRanis gavrcelebisZiriTadi regioni swored stepi iyo da am garemoSi undaCamoyalibebuliyo dakrZalvis es tradicia. martyofis didi yorRanis kamera, Tavis mxriv, erTimeo-reSi Cadgmul or Zelur nagebobas warmoadgenda, romelTaSoris sivrce riyis qvebiT iyo amovsebuli. gareTa Zeluriszomebi 11 X 10 metri, xolo Sidasi - 8 X 6 metri iyo. kamerissimaRle or metramde aRwevda. kedlebi muxis msxviliZelebisgan iyo nagebi (9 cali TiToeul kedelze) WdeurigadabmiT. gareTa mxridan kedlebi, aseve, Zelis bijgebiT iyogamagrebuli. kameris iataki qvis filebiT iyo mogebuli.varaudoben, rom Senoba zemodan aseve ZelebiTve banurad iyodaxuruli (204, 3). analogiuri yorRani gaiTxara kaxeTisarqeologiuri eqspediciis mier ivrispirebze sof. maRarosTan1987 wlis ivlis - agvistoSi. (ix.tabula VI 3-6) am yorRanis


dasakrZalavi kamera, martyofis yorRanTan SedarebiT, ukeTiyo Semonaxuli. amis gamo aq ramdenime mniSvnelovani detalidafiqsirda. magaliTad: dasakrZalav kameras garedan,aRmosavleTis mxridan ZirSi, fasadis marjvena mxares,midgmuli hqonda mcire zomis (1 X 1 m.) ,,kidobnis~ magvarikonstruqcia, romlis gawmendis drosac Sig mravladdafiqsirda am yorRanTa damaxasiaTebeli e.w. dominoseburimZivebi da isrispirebi. CarWobili isrispirebi asevefiqsirdeboda amave aRmosavleT fasadze, rac dakrZalvis drosCatarebul garkveul ritualze (raRac isrebis ,,zalpis~ mag-varze) unda migvaniSnebdes. SemorCenili iyo da nawilobrivdafiqsirda gadaxurvis sistemac. SedarebiT ukeTaa warmodgenili adreuli yorRanebismeore _ e.w. bedenur-alaznis jgufi. amJamad arsebuli masalismixedviT, am jgufis gavrcelebis dasavleT ganapira sazRvariSida qarTlSi, dRevandeli goris iqiT gadioda, sadac jerkidev Seswavlis periodSia berikldeebis namosaxlari.SedarebiT mWidrod am periodSi, rogorc Cans, dasaxlebuliyofila Tanamedrove saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleT mxare,qvemo qarTli. TrialeTze, walkisa da bedenis platozemravladaa am periodis yorRanebi. gansakuTrebiT aRasa-niSnavia bedenis #5 gora-samarxi, romelic sagulisxmo masa-las iZleva arsebuli periodis samSeneblo tradiciis Sesaxeb.,,saxl-sakrZalavis~, rogorc mas germane gobejiSvili uwo-debs, Sida sigrZe 6 metrs, sigane 4,5 m-s, xolo simaRle 3 m-sudrida(ix.tabula VII 3). akldamis kedlebi gamarTuliaerTimeoresTan mWidrod mijrili da Sveulad mdgari muxis15-20 sm-is simsxo Zelebisgan; Zeluri iyo aseve iatakic.gadaxurvaSi gamoyenebulia gacilebiT ufro msxvili Zelebida direebi. Sveulad aRmarTuli Zelebisgan Sedgenilisvetnari kedlis Casadgmelad, iatakis oTxive mxares, 20 sm-siganis da siRrmis Txrilia gavlebuli. garda amisa svetebisZirebi eyrdnoba Zeluri iatakis napirs da mis gaswvrivgadebul dires. gare dawolisgan kedlebs icavs rigTaSorissivrceSi uxvad Cawyobili xe-tye, qva da naklebad wyalgamtariTixa. saimedodaa gamagrebuli akldamis gadaxurvac. ormosaRmosavleT napiridan dasavleT napiramde, Sua grZiv RerZze,TavSeqceviT gadis 15 m-is sigrZisa da 30 sm-mde siganis direebi,romlebic Tavxes, kexis daniSnulebas asruleben. isinieyrdnobian ganivad gadebul or dires, romelTac Seyenebuli


hqondaT mercxliskudiviT TavwaTlili boZebi. erTi boZiRrmad Casmulia uSualod dasavleT ganiv kedelTan, xolomeore _ misgan mopirdapire aRmosavleT kedelTan. ormosorive grZivi napiridan Tavxeebze mWidrod aris gawyobilisakmaod msxvili koWebi, romelzec dafenili yofila Wilobi.igi Semdgom moutkepniaT 5-10 sm-is sisqis Tixis feniT; masSemdeg kvlav Wilobia da bolos kordovani beltebis wyoba.yovelive es qmnida mcired daxril orferda gadaxurvas (46,34-35). rogorc S. dedabriSvilis mier aris gamoTvlili, qvebiwnoris yorRanis asagebad 40 km-is Semogarenidan uzidavT.zvinulis asagebad 1500, dasakrZalavi kameris amosaTxrelad –200, xolo masalis mosazidad 7500 kac-dRea daxarjuli. agreTvedidi raodenobiT napovnia Sewiruli wvrilfexa rqosanipirutyvis koWebi (54, 81). yovelive es, yorRanis agebaSi adamianTaimgvari sakmaod didi masis monawileobaze migvaniSnebs,romelic sameurneo mowyobiTa da kulturuli tipiT mkveT-rad gansxvavdeboda winare mtkvar-araqseli mosaxleobisgan. qristemde II aTaswleulis pirveli naxevari TrialeTurikulturis ayvavebis xanaa. mTelma rigma axalma movlenebmameurneobaSi, xelosnobaSi, metalurgiaSi da saerTod teqnikaSi,am kulturas Taviseburi saxe Camouyaliba. am periodSicvlilebebi SeiniSneba agreTve sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSic.amitomacaa gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom am periodSi, TrialeTiskulturis gavrcelebis arealSi, unda momxdariyomniSvnelovani rogorc kulturuli, aseve eTnikuri xasiaTiscvlilebebi (130, 206). Sua brinjaos xanis ganviTarebuli safexuris ZeglebidangansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia yorRanebi ,,dasakrZalavi darba-zebiT~. yorRanis centralur nawilSi Cadgmulia upiratesadfilaqvis mSrali wyobiT nagebi Senoba (294, 80). aRniSnulixasiaTis yorRanTagan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia #3 yorRani,romelic zurtaketis yorRanTa Soris yvelaze didia. masdaaxloebiT erTi heqtari farTobi ekava da misi qvayrilissimaRle 8 m-s aRwevda. es qvayrili, Tavis mxriv, kidev 3 m-issimaRlis qva-miwayrilian fuZeze iyo aRmarTuli. yorRaniscentralur nawilSi aRmoCnda ,,dasakrZalavi darbazi~. misisimaRle 6 metri iyo. simaRlis or mesamedze darbazis kedlebs1,5 m-is siganis terasuli safexuri Semouyveboda. darbazisgareTa kedlebis sigrZe 24 m-ia. es kedlebi sagrZnoblad


scildeboda darbazis Sida kedlebs da dromosis Tavze amoyva-nil sayrden kedlamde aRwevda. dromosi TiTqos darbazSiiWreboda da samkuTxedismagvar ,,burjebs~ qmnida. darbazisgareTa sigane 13 metri iyo, xolo Sida zomebi 14,5 X 10,5 m.darbazisa da dromosis kedlebi nagebi iyo mSralad, uxsna-rod, upiratesad brtyeli qvebiT; Tumca maT Soris zogjerriyis qvac iyo gamoreuli. Crdilo kedelSi mozrdili riyisqva sWarbobda, samxreTisaSi ki brtyeli filaqva. amgvariSemTxveva dafiqsirebuli iqna walkaSic, ,,kuSCis Tofqarebzec~,sadac darbazis dasavleT kedeli nagebia riyis, xolo danarCenikedlebi - brtyeli qvebiT (200, 69-71). #4 yorRanSi, darbazisZirze, kedlebidan da erTmaneTisgan daaxloebiT TanabarmanZilze daSorebiT brtyeli qvebi iyo dalagebuli. es qvebi,albaT, xis svetebis baliSebad iyo gamoyenebuli; erT-erTqvaze xis kvalic ki SeimCneoda (iqve). ,,dasakrZalav darbazs~xis gadaxurva hqonda (130, 207).(ix. tabula VII 1-2). qristemde II aTaswleulis meore da I aTaswleulis pirvelnaxevarSi, romelsac Cveulebriv gviani brinjaosa da adrerkinis xanas uwodeben, saqarTvelo da TiTqmis mTeli kavkasia,ganviTarebis tempebisa da donis mixedviT erT mTlianerTeulad yalibdeba, Tumca yovel mxares an xeobas, sxvamxaresTan saerTo kulturis elementebTan erTad TavisidamaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebanic mravlad gaaCnia (130, 243).ganviTarebis mocemul etapze, aRmosavleT saqarTvelosteritoriaze arsebuli sacxovrisis samSeneblo tradiciisSesaxeb warmodgenas gviqmnis arqeologiurad Seswavlilinamosaxlarebi, romelTagan aRsaniSnavia: cxinvalis nacargora(ix.45), xovlegora (130; 123), yaTlanixevi (ix.182;), Treligorebi(ix.135; PAI 74; 83) RrmaxevisTavi (PAI 83;) da sxva. xovles namosaxlarze (ix. tabulaVIII i,2,3,5) Senobebi amoyva-nilia qvis saZirkvelze da zogjer xisganaa nagebi. nacargorasSenobebis saZirkveli riyis qvisganaa amoyvanili. TixiTSelesili kedlebi horizontalurad dawyobili xis Zelebisaa.yaTlanixevze horizontaluri wyobis nacvlad dafiqsirebuliaTixis baTqaSiT Selesili svetiseburi kedlebi. samivenamosaxlarze SenobaTa iataki Tixatkepnilia. saxuravi eyrdno-boda xis svetebs, safiqrebelia, rom dRis sinaTle SenobebSisaxuravze datanebuli sarkmelidan Cadioda(112, 298). Treligorebis meore borcvze gaTxrilma #36 saTavsomSemoinaxa banis Zelebi, kargad ganleqili Tixis xsnariT


Selesili kedlebi, Tixatkepnili da qvis filebiT mogebuliiataki(135,26). iqve axlo mdebare ,,Calipira gorebze~ Senobebinagebia fleTili qviTa da aqvT sworkuTxa gegmareba. yoveliSenoba damrec reliefze terasuladaa ganlagebuli (PAI 1983,19). RrmaxevisTavis namosaxlarze yoveli gaTxrili nagebobanaxevarmiwurs warmoadgenda, romelTa kedlebi fleTiliqviTaa nagebi. iataki Tixatkepnilia. zogierTi Senobis kedlebSiTavxeebis boloebis Casasmeli fosoebic gamovlinda (iqve, 22). maSasadame, aRniSnul periodSi sacxovrisi, Tavis mxriv,warmoadgens naxevradmiwurs brtyeli, banuri gadaxurviT.zogierT ganaTxar saTavsoSi aRmoCenili sayrdeni boZebisnaSTebis mixedviT Cans, rom binis gadaxurva dedaboZs iyodayrdnobili. Senobis kedlebi amoyvanilia fleTili da riyisqviT, Tixis xsnaris gamoyenebiT. kedlebi SigniT TixisxsnariTve iyo nalesi (iqve, 42). sacxovrisis aRniSnuli tipiZiriTadad damaxasiaTebeli Cans sazogadod Sida qarTli-saTvis. rac Seexeba kaxeTs, samSeneblo tradicia (saSeni masalada ZiriTadi arqiteqturuli koncefciebi) aqac TiTqmisanalogiuria, oRond SeiniSneba erTi umTavresi gansxvaveba _nagebobani upiratesad miwizeda konstruqciebia da aqeT miwurian naxevradmiwuri sacxovrisebi, am periodis mosaxleobisyofaSi, TiTqmis ar dasturdeba (325, 21) antikuri xanis centraluri amierkavkasiis xuroTmoZRvre-bis Sesaxeb warmodgenis Seqmna adre mxolod werilobiTisaistorio wyaroebis mixedviT xerxdeboda. Sesabamisi qarTu-li da ucxouri wyaroebi, bunebrivia, am periodis qalaqisxuroTmoZRvrebas, sakulto nagebobebs da cixe-simagreebsSeexeba. ufro konkretuli warmodgenebis SemuSaveba, umTav-resad, arqeologiuri kvlevebis Sedegad xdeba. mcxeTis Zvel xidTan axlos aRmoCenili akldama qristesSemdgom I saukunisaa da Tavisi drois xuroTmoZRvrebismetismeted mkafio nimuSs warmoadgens. aq qvaTlilebicgamouyenebiaT da qviTkiriTac uSenebiaT. akldama SignidanduRabiT SeulesavT, garedan qvaTlilebiT SeumosavT,qviTkiris TaRic gadauyvaniaT, zed orferda saxuravicgaumarTavT da kramitiTac gadauxuravT. ase, TiTqmisxeluxleblad, Senaxva 2000 wlis winandeli nagebobisa iSviaTi,xolo saqarTveloSi erTaderTi SemTxvevaa (130, 718).(ix.tabula IX 5). samwuxarod, jer kidev cotaa gamokvleuli iberiisqalaqebisa da soflebis rigiTi sacxovrisebi. ramdenime


sacxovrebeli nageboba gamovlenili da Seswavlilia karsnis-xevSi (bagineTTan). sacxovrebeli kompleqsebi warmodgeniliagegmaSi oTxkuTxa nagebobebiT, romelTa kedlebi da saZirkve-li nagebia fleTili qviT Tixis xsnarze. Senobebi daxuruliiyo kramitiT. Tixatkepnil iatakze, centrSi, kera iyogamarTuli. sacxovriss ekvroda msubuqad nagebi damxmaresaTavsoebi, romlebSic aseve kerebi iyo gamarTuli (267, 84). adrefeodaluri xanis sacxovrisebis samSeneblo tradiciisSesaxeb garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis Jinvalis, nadikvrebis,rusTavis, dmanisis da sxva arqeologiuri Zeglebi. sakuTrivsacxovrisTa Sesaxeb gacilebiT naklebi raimes TqmaaSesaZlebeli, radganac TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi isini Tavisdros safuZvlianad gaunadgurebiaT. ise ki Cans, rom Senobebssaxuravi metwilad banuri da, iSviaTad, kramitisa hqoniaT;saSen masalad an riyis, an fleTil qvas xmarobdnen; xandaxaniyenebdnen alizsac. wina periodTan SedarebiT klebulobskramitis zomac(131, 228). ganviTarebuli feodaluri xanis Zalze saintereso sacxov-rebeli kompleqsi gaiTxara sof. WobisxevTan. kompleqsi orsamSeneblo periods moicavda: pirveli, adreSuasaukuneebsda meore XI-XIII ss. ganekuTvneboda(PAI 1984-85, 95-97).kompleqsi Sesdgeboda rva sacxovrebeli da sameurneo nagebo-bisagan, romlebic didi zomis, naxevraddamuSavebuli bazaltislodebiT iyo naSeni, Tixis xsnaris gamoyenebiT. kedlebis sisqe1,2-1,5 m-is farglebSi meryeobda. wyobaSi gamoyenebuli iyoxurda qvac. kompleqss emCneoda ramdenjerme gadakeTebis kvali.saTavso #1-s araTanabari gegmareba gaaCnia da Sida momrgva-lebuli kuTxeebiT xasiaTdeba. Sesasvleli gaWrilia Crdilo-eTis mxridan. aRmosavleT kedelze Signidan kiriT Selesilisawnaxelia miSenebuli. saTavso #2 ganlagebulia pirvelisgverdiT. maT ziari kedeli hyofT. es saTavso didi zomisaa _farTobiT 38 kv.m. aqvs araswori forma, Sesasvleli aqvs Crdi-lo-aRmosavleTidan. iataki Tixatkepnilia, swori. saTavsosSua nawilSi dafiqsirebulia sayrdeni qvebi da dedaboZisnaSTi. danarCeni eqvsi saTavso sxvadasxva sameurneo daniSnule-bisa iyo. mTlianobaSi rvave saTavso qmnida erT mTliankompleqss, romelic yoveli niSnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, albaT,unda miviCnioT qarTul eTnografiul yofaSi gavrcelebul,,darbazad~. amrigad, ganviTarebul feodalur xanaSi (VIII-XIV ss.)centraluri amierkavkasiis teritoriaze ukve Camoyalibebulia


sruli saxiT is samSeneblo tradiciebi, romlebic mogvianebiTqarTul eTnografiul yofaSi dasturdeba. kerZod, mxedvelo-baSi gvaqvs ,,darbazis~ tipis sacxovrebeli nageboba.(ix. tabulaX-XI). Sesabamis samecniero literaturaSi darbazis ori tipiagamoyofili: qarTluri da mesxuri. darbazis qarTluri tipi warmoadgens erTsaTavsian sacxov-riss derefniTa da Sua keriT, romlis Tavzec aRmarTuliagvirgvini. es ukanaskneli, rogorc wesi, moCuqurTmebul xisdedaboZebs eyrdnoba. dedaboZebis raodenobisa da ganlagebismixedviT ganirCeva sami ZiriTadi tipi: orboZiani(1+1),samboZiani(2+1) da oTxboZiani(2+2). darbazis mesxuri tipi warmoadgens kompleqsur sacxov-riss _ darbazovans, romelSic ZiriTadi sacxovrebelis garda,erT WerqveSaa moqceuli sxva danarCeni sameurneo-sacxov-rebeli saTavsoebic: bose-li(,,axori~), sacxovrebeli oTaxi(,,axvris oda~), zamTris sacxovrebeli ,,oda~ buxriT, sabZeli,derefani da sxva. mesxur darbazSi gvirgvini Tormet ked-lispira boZs eyrdnoba. darbazi Tbeba moCuqurTmebuli buxris_,,ojaxis~ meSveobiT(335, 355). ganviTarebul feodalur xanaSi ukve faqtia im samSeneblotradiciis arseboba, romelic qarTul eTnografiul yofaSidadasturebulia Tanamedrove aRmosavleT saqarTvelosmTianeTSic. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs aragvis xeobis arqeologiuriZeglebi. maSasadame, dRevandeli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos terito-riaze Seswavlili ganviTarebuli feodaluri xanis sacxov-risebis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia vivaraudoTim samSeneblo tradiciebis arseboba, romlebic eTnografiulimonacemebiT dasturdeba. amasTanave, zemoTmotanili masalebismixedviT, SesaZlebloba gvaqvs vimsjeloT centraluramierkavkasiaSi sacxovrisis samSeneblo tradiciis Casaxva-ganviTarebis ZiriTad momentebze, romelTa fiqsirebasac ukvemotanili arqeologiuri masalis safuZvelze vecdebiT. centralur amierkavkasiaSi (Tanamedrove aRmosavleTsaqarTvelo), sacxovrisis samSeneblo tradiciis ganviTare-baSi, moyolebuli eneoliTis xanidan ganviTarebuli feoda-lizmis CaTvliT, dafiqsirebuli arqeologiuri monacemebismixedviT, vfiqrobT, Semdegi ZiriTadi etapebi gamoiyofa: a) alizis wriul-gumbaTovani samSeneblo tradicia (,,Sula-veri-Somu Tefes~ kultura. qristemde VI-IV aTas-wleulebi),


romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia e.w. ,,plano-konveqsebi~,nagebobaTa wriuloba, gumbaTovani gadaxurva. samSeneblo masa-lad mxolod Tixa-alizis gamoyeneba. b) xis karkasovani, Tixalesili nagebobebis samSeneblotradicia (,,mtkvar-araqsis~ kultura. qristemde IV aTas-wleulis II naxevari - III aTaswleulis I naxevari). damaxa-siaTebelia sworkuTxa, kuTxeeb-momrgvalebuli, metnaklebadTanabari sididis TixiT Selesil xis karkasze naSeni nagebobani.gadaxurva banuria, Tixatkepnili, dedaboZze dafuZnebuli.Senobis centrSi gamarTulia stacionaruli mrgvali kera.nagebobas wina mxridan derefani aqvs miSenebuli. g) Zeluri Senobebis samSeneblo tradicia (e.w. ,,adreuliyorRanebis epoqa~ _ qristemde III aTaswleulis II naxevari),romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia samSeneblo masalad masiuriZelebisa da riyis ,,xurda~ qvis gamoyeneba, nagebobebis Zelurivegadaxurva rogorc banuri, aseve orferda teqnologiiT,Tavxeebis, koWebis, kexis, sayrdebi boZebis gamoyenebiT. d) qvis mSrali wyobis samSeneblo tradicia (,,TrialeTisbrwyinvale yorRanebis kultura~ _ qristemde III aTaswleulisukanaskneli meoTxedi - II aTaswleulis I naxevari), romlis-Tvisac upiratesad damaxasiaTebelia qvis mSrali wyobiT nagebisworkuTxa nagebobebi, sakmaod sqeli kedlebiT, brtyeli,boZebze dayrdnobili gadaxurviT. e) fleTili qviTa da Tixis xsnariT nagebi naxevradmiwurinagebobebis samSeneblo tradicia (gviani brinjao - adre rkinisxanis Zeglebis mixedviT), romlisTvisac Senebis procesSidamaxasiaTebelia aRniSnuli masalis gamoyeneba, Tixatkepniliiataki, centrSi gamarTuli kera(,,Sua cecxli~) da dedaboZzedayrdnobili banuri gadaxurva. momdevno periodebis (antikuri xana, adrefeodaluri,ganviTarebuli da gviani feodaluri periodebi) sacxovri-sebiT warmodgenili samSeneblo tradiciaSi, Cven ukve arsebi-Ti sasiaTis cvlilebebs ver vxedavT: ucvlelia saSenimasala(fleTili da riyis qva), gadaxurvis forma(banuri),nagebobis ganTavseba(naxevradmiwuri). am mogviano periodebSiufro TvalnaTliv ikveTeba sacxovrisis ZiriTadi tipebiregionaluri ganmasxvavebeli niSnebiT. ganviTarebulifeodaluri xanis arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT,magaliTad, albaT ukve SesaZlebelia garCeva ,,darbazis~ mesxurivariantisa. ganirCeva mTis mxaris sacxovrisebic Tavisispecifiuri niSnebiT.

104 paata buxraSvili

Tavi IIITavi IIITavi IIITavi IIITavi III

sacxovrisi saqarTveloSi Zveladsacxovrisi saqarTveloSi Zveladsacxovrisi saqarTveloSi Zveladsacxovrisi saqarTveloSi Zveladsacxovrisi saqarTveloSi Zvelad

a)a)a)a)a) sacxovrisis fenomenis adgili sivrciseuladsacxovrisis fenomenis adgili sivrciseuladsacxovrisis fenomenis adgili sivrciseuladsacxovrisis fenomenis adgili sivrciseuladsacxovrisis fenomenis adgili sivrciseuladdapirispirebul _ ,,Sin~ da ,,gare~; ,,Sinauri~ dadapirispirebul _ ,,Sin~ da ,,gare~; ,,Sinauri~ dadapirispirebul _ ,,Sin~ da ,,gare~; ,,Sinauri~ dadapirispirebul _ ,,Sin~ da ,,gare~; ,,Sinauri~ dadapirispirebul _ ,,Sin~ da ,,gare~; ,,Sinauri~ da,,gareuli~ cnebaTa formirebis procesSi.,,gareuli~ cnebaTa formirebis procesSi.,,gareuli~ cnebaTa formirebis procesSi.,,gareuli~ cnebaTa formirebis procesSi.,,gareuli~ cnebaTa formirebis procesSi.

uZvelesi periodidanve sacxovrisma, rogorc bunebrivisaarsebo garemosgan gamocalkevebulma erTgvarmaxelovnurma mikrogaremom, umTavresi adgili daikava adamianis,rogorc RvTisxatad Seqmnili gonieri arsebis TviTgansa-zRvraSi, mis mier saerTo dedabunebaSi sakuTari adgilisdamkvidrebaSi. nebismieri CvenTaganisaTvis naTelia, romsacxovrebel nagebobas, saxls, sazogadod, udidesi rolieniWeba adamianis, individisa da kerZod erT WerqveS, erTkerasTan, erTi ,,mfarveli angelozis frTebqveS~ Semokrebilikoleqtivis yofiTi Sexedulebebis CamoyalibebaSi. sacxovrissTavad adamianma daakisra urTulesi funqcia - iyos erTgvaradzemomqmedi, ganmapirobebeli, ganmsazRvreli TviT misiveSemoqmedis (adamianis) sivrciTi Tu sxva yofiTi Sexedulebebisa,samyaroseuli aRqmisa. adamianma aigo ra sakuTari sacxovrebeli, amiT, garkveul-wilad, gamoeyo kidec garemos. sacxovrebeli iqca misTvissulieri damSvidebis, dawynarebis adgilad. swored sakuTarsacxovrisSi SeeZlo mas Tavi egrZno yovelives baton-patro-nad, radganac im mikrosivrcis, romelsac saxli moicavs, Sem-qmnelad da Semoqmedad mas sakuTari Tavi miaCnda. yoveliveis, rasac TavisTavad es mikrosivrce moicavda, misi xelqmnili,xelSenavlebi, misi gonebis nayofi iyo; maTSi iyo dayursulimisive azrebi, individualuri da sazogadoebrivi Sexadulebebi;manve Cahbera ,,suli~ am nivTebs, gaacocxla, gaasuliera isini.aigo ra sacxovrebeli, mas Semdeg iqca Weri cis, xolo iatakimiwis simbolod.; mas Semdeg mieniWaT kedlebs zRvaris funqcia;mas Semdeg iqca kera uwmindes adgilad; mas Semdeg daivanadedaboZSi ,,fuZis angelozma~... samyaroseuli wesrigis koncefcia, momdinare Sesabamisadtomobrivi warmodgenebidan, miTologiuri azrovnebis safuZ-velia; mTeli miTologiuri kulturis sayrdenia. Tvlian, rom


miTiuri koncefciiT samyaro warmoiSva kosmiuri aqtissafuZvelze, romelsac qaosis dangreva da kosmosis warmoqmnamohyva. kosmogonias ganixilaven, rogorc pirvel kulturulaqts, romlis Sedegadac sazogadoeba upirispirdeba bunebasda amiT warmodgeba pirveli globaluri opozicia: kosmisi_ qaosi, e.i. kultura _ buneba. amis Semdgom aRimarTebamsoflio, kosmiuri RerZi, romelsac ganasaxiereben mTa,RvTaeba, taZari, samyaroseuli xe. yovelive es ganapirobebsqaosis Sewyvetas da wesrigis damyarebas.(22, 78). unda aRiniSnos,rom amgvari midgoma adamianiseuli msoflaRqmisadmi marTlacmisaRebi da gasaziarebelia, Tumca am sakiTxebze msjelobisasmxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCes erTi metad mniSvnelovanigaremoeba - erTxel da samudamod unda gavicnobieroT is,rom Cveni winapari samyaroseul siRrmeebSi wvdomisRvTivboZebuli unariT Cvenze dabla arafriT idga. piriqiT,misi mzera, Wvreta samyaroseuli Zalebisa, samzeoze mimdinareRmrTivsulieri nakadebisa, Tanamedrove adamianis gacveTil-moClungebul aRqmasTan SedarebiT, aTaswilad ufro faqizida WeSmariti gaxldaT. Cveni winapari, RvTisa da Sesabamisad,bunebis Svili, mSobliur wiaRs ki ar upirispirdeboda, aramedmasTan mTlianad, mTelis arsebiT SenivTebul-SeTvisebuliiyo da aranair opoziciaSi ar edga mas. adamians maSin naTladesmoda, rom bunebis, samyaros da Sesabamisad, RvTis opoziciaSiCadgoma, misive sulieri da Sesabamisad, fizikuri katastrofistolfasi iqneboda. rogorc cnobilia, adamiani garemos calkeul gamRizianebe-lTa da maTi kompleqsebis meSveobiT ki ar ganicdis, e.i.gamRizianeblebs ki ar SeigrZnobs, aramed obieqturad, misgandamoukideblad, saganTa saxiT aRiqvams(115, 91). yoveldRiurnormalur pirobebSi garemos realuri zemoqmedeba adamianissxvadasxva modalobis da intensivobis SegrZnebebis saxiT kiar ganicdeba, aramed mocemuli obieqturi sagnebis saxiT.adamiani garemos ki ar SeigrZnobs mxolod, aramed aRiqvamskidec mas(iqve). amdenad, es Tviseba adamianuri Semecnebisa CvenmudamJams unda viqonioT mxedvelobaSi da amis gaTvaliswi-nebiT unda vudgebodeT materialuri Tu sulieri kulturisnebismier elements, adamianis nebismier namoqmedars. Tanamedrove fsiqologiur mecnierebaSi dadgenilia, romaRqma calke SegrZnebebis jami ki ar aris, aramed garkveulistruqturis mqone realobaa. aRqma ara mxolod raime sagnis


xatia, aramed konkretuli adamianis moqmedebacaa - moqmedeba,romelic mimarTulia obieqturi sagnis aRsaqmelad. aRqmaadamianis SemecnebiTi aqtivobis gamovlenaa; amdenad aRqmaSic,rogorc yvela sxva moqmedebaSi, TviT aRmqmeli pirovnebisSinagani mdgomareoba, misi gamocdileba, misi miswrafebebi, misimoTxovnilebebi da interesebi vlindeba. aRqma, garkveulfarglebSi, pirovnul xasiaTs atarebs. istoriuli ganviTarebis im etapze, roca isaxebodasacxovrisis fenomeni, roca ar arsebobda filosofia damecniereba saerTod, adamianebi sakuTar SexedulebebsmiTologiur warmodgenebSi ayalibebdnen. samyaro jer kidevar warmoadgenda analizis obieqts. urTierToba adamiansada samyaros Soris iyo emociiT gapirobebuli da gaucnobiere-beli. es urTierToba iyo ara msoflmxedveloba, aramedsamyaroTSemecneba. im periodSi samyaros aRqma xdeboda araimdenad goniT, ramdenadac SemecnebiTa da aRqmiT. albaT,amitomac SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom samyarosTan urTierTobismet-nakleb asaxvas samyaros mxatvrul gaazrebaSi xedaven(209,3). bunebrivi garemo da adamianis yofa ganuyofel mTlianobaswarmoadgenda. bunebrivi movlenebi mudmivad gaiazrebodaadamianuri gancdis aRmniSvnel terminebSi, adamianuri gancdaki _ kosmiur movlenaTa terminebSi(346, 25). uZiriTadesi gansxvaveba Tanamedrove da Zvel adamiansSoris is aris, rom Tanamedrove adamianisTvis movlenaTasamyaro, pirvel rigSi aris ,,is~ (mesame piri), xolo ZveliadamianisTvis, aseve e.w. ,,primitiuli~ adamianisTvis, igi aris,,Sen~ (meore piri). es ,,Sen~ ara marto gasagebi da axlobelia,aramed ormxriv dinamiur urTierTobaSi meti emociuridatvirTvac aqvs. amitomacaa, rom aseT adamians aqvs azrovnebismxolod erTi forma, metyvelebis erTi nawili, gamoTqmis erTiforma - piradi(346, 26). misi azrovneba, moqmedeba da SegrZnebebi,upiratesad, amgvar aRqmazea damyarebuli. kontrasti Zvel da TanamedTrove adamians Soris SeimCnevamaSinac, roca saqme exeba mizezobriobis kategoriebidan sivrciskategoriebisaken mimarTebas. Cven sivrces ganvixilavTrogorc usasrulos, ganuwyvetels, erTians. aRniSnuliTvisebebi, rogorc viciT, SeuZlebelia gavicnobieroT daaRviqvaT SegrZnebebiT; Zveli adamianis sivrciTi warmodgenebidamyarebulia konkretul orientirze, isini Seexebian garemosda gaaCniaT emociurobis Rrma kvali. es warmodgenebi


imdroindeli adamianis SemecnebaSi SeiZleba iyos Soreulida axlobeli, megobruli da mtruli. aqedan gamomdinare, igi(Zveli adamiani) aRiarebs, rom ubralo, individualurdakvirvebaTa miRma arseboben kosmiuri movlenebi, romlebicsivrcis mxareebs aniWeben gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobebs.magaliTad, dRe da Rame ukavSirdeba dasavleTsa da aRmosav-leTs sikvdil-sicocxlis gagebiT. an kidev, mag: mesopotami-urma astrologiam ganaviTara vrceli sistema, erTis mxrivciuri movlenebsa da sxeulebs Soris da meores mxriv, maTimiwier garemosTan SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb(346, 40). amis gamomaSindeli individis koordinirebuli Sexedulebebis sistemagapirobebuli iyo ara obieqturad logikuri azrovnebiT,aramed RirebulebaTa emociuri aRqmiT. amgvar emociur SegrZnebaTa saSualebiT aRqmuli sivrciTiSexedulebebis fonze yalibdeboda sacxovrisis fenomenic.sacxovrisis gaCenasTan erTad samyarom SeiZina is Tvisebebisivrcobriobisa, romlebic amJamadac ki aqtualuria yofaSi.pirvel rigSi gaCnda universaluri aTvlis wertili sivrceSi.amasTanave unda aRiniSnos isic, rom sivrce sacxovriss gareTaRiqmeboda swored sacxovrisis arsebobisa gamo. saxlmamianiWa samyaros sivrciTi azri, riTac amasTanave ganimtkicasakuTari statusi mis organizebul nawilSi. saxlma adamiani gamohyo kosmosisagan, aRimarTa maT Sorisda amiT SeiZina urTierTdamakavSirebeli kompleqsis Tvisebac.erTis mxriv, saxli ekuTvnis adamians, asaxavs mis nivTier,materialur samyaros. meores mxriv, saxli akavSirebs adamiansgare samyarosTan, warmoadgens ra, garkveulwilad, imavegaresamyaros Semcirebuls adamianur parametrebSi. mis SigniTTanaarseboben adamiani da samyaro. swored amitomacaa asexSiri perekodireba adaminis sxeulis nawilebs, kosmosiselementebsa da saxlis nawilebs Soris(230, 7). sayuradReboaisic, rom amgvari modelirebuli niSan - TvisebebimiewerebodaT im obieqtebsac, romelTac Zveli adamianisamyaroseuli centris datvirTvas aniWebda. aseTi mniSvnelo-bebiT ki odiTgan uxvad iyo dayursul - Seburvili CvenswinaparTa warmodgenaSi gageba, magaliTad, qalaqisa, taZrisa,sakurTxevlisa... maT ricxvs Tamamad SeiZleba mivakuTvnoTsacxovrisisic. Tu taZarSi samyaros saxe Semecnebulad (cnobie-rad) aRiqmeboda, sacxovrisSi qveyniereba aRiqmeboda aracno-bierad. aRniSnuli Tviseba, ki am yofiT fenomens ormxrivad -


rogorc sulieri, aseve materialuri kuTxiT, metad saintere-sos xdis. saxlis - sacxovrisis struqtura, garkveulwilad,imeorebs kidec samyaros struqturas im SinaarsiTac, rommasac gaaCnia sakuTari centri, ,,periferia~ da a.S. mdidariarqeologiuri da eTnografiuli masala imis saSualebas gvaZ-levs, rom vilaparakoT saxlisa da dasaxlebis struqturulerTgvarobazec, gansakuTrebiT wriuli formis dasaxlebasTandakavSirebiT SeiZleba vimsjeloT am kuTxiT; rodesacgamokveTili centraluri adgilis gareSemo SemokrebiliamTeli samosaxlo. sivrculi aRqma da misi gaTaviseba erTerTi mTavarifaqtoria adamianis SemecnebaSi. yoveli adamianuri Semecnebaindividis bunebis ZiriTadi Tvisebebidan gamomdinareobs. igiTavs iCens xolme yvelaze adamianur qcevebsa da reaqciebSicki. es ZiriTadi Tviseba gansazRvravs da ganmsWvalavs grZnobadiarsebobis mTels sferos(72, 25). adamiani mudam eswrafvissamyaros Suagulad miiCnios is wre, romelSic TviToncxovrobs da samyaros masStabad aqcios sakuTari piradicxovreba. rogorc mravalferovani masalidan Cans, e.w. ,,primi-tivebi~ dajildovebulni arian sivrcis uaRresad maxviliaRqmiT. isini TavianT garemomcvel samyaros ufaqizesdetalebsac ki amCneven da Zalze mgrZnobiareni arian maTiyovelgvari cvlilebebis mimarT. sacxovrisis agebam da erT adgilze Tundac droebiTdamkvidrebam, udidesi roli iTamaSa kacobriobis istoriaSi.sacxovrisma Zireulad gardaqmna adaminis fsiqika, misisivrculi Sexedulebebi, socialur-ekonomiuri pirobebi.sacxovrisma adamiani garkveuli kuTxiT gamoacalkeva garemos;Seuqmna mas mikrogaremo, mikrokosmosi, riTac Tvisobriavadsxva kuTxiT warmarTa misi aRqmiTi procesebi. yovelive amanki, Tavis mxriv, adamianis yofiT da sameurneo cxovrebaSigarkveuli winsvla ganapiroba. adamiani sazogadoebrivi warmoebiTa da am warmoebaSiSromis gziT hqmnis Tavis sacxovrebel pirobebs. es aris bunebisgardaqmnis procesi adamianis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebismizniT (140, 74). rasakvirvelia, adamianis samyaro ver Seqmnisgamonakliss saerTo biologiur wesebSi, romlebic warmar-Taven yvela sxva danarCeni organizmis sicocxles; magram masmoepoveba erTi axali Tviseba, romelic adamianuri arsebobisgansakuTrebul niSan-Tvisebad gvevlineba. adamianma TiTqos


miagno garesamyarosTan Seguebis axal meTods. receptorulsada efeqtorul sistemebs Soris, riTac aRWurvilia cxovelisyoveli saxeoba, adamianTan vxvdebiT mesame, SemaerTebelrgols, romelsac simbolur sistemas uwodeben(72, 57). essruliad axali monapovari, mTlianad gardaqmnis adamianisyofas. am etapidan adamiani, ase vTqvaT, realobis axaliganzomilebis binadaria. gansxvaveba organul reaqciebsa dagaRizianebaze adamianis pasuxebs Soris TvalsaCinoa; Tu pirvelSemTxvevaSi garegan gaRizianebebs mosdevs pirdapiri dameyseuli pasuxi, meore SemTxvevaSi pasuxi Seyovnebulia.amjerad mas ayovnebs azrovnebis SedarebiT neli da rTuliprocesi. amrigad, adamiani aRar cxovrobs mxolod uSualoyofaSi, igi simboluri samyaros mkvidri xdeba. ena, miTosi,xelovneba da religia am samyaros nawilebia(72, 57). swored amgvar simbolur samyaros itevs saxlic - sacxov-risic, sadac simboluri samyaro Tanaarsebobs, ase vTqvaT,TanamSromlobs sruliad obieqtur, realur samyarosTan,romelic Tavis mxriv socialur-ekonomiur safuZvlebsacefuZneba. maSasadame, sacxovrisi - saxli, Tavis mxriv, gvevlinebafenomenad, romelic aerTianebs, kravs adamianis arsebobisor samyaros - simbolursa da realurs. Sesabamisad, vexebiTra sacxovriss, Cven SesaZlebloba gveZleva SevexoT mas orikuTxiT, ori ganzomilebiT: pirvelia saxli, rogorcrealuri, praqtikuli kompleqsi da meore, rogorc simbo-lur-warmosaxviTi obieqti. vexebiT ra saxls, sacxovriss rogorc praqtikul, realurkompleqss, Cven SesaZlebloba gveZleva davinaxoT misiekonomiuri, socialuri mxare; gavaanalizoT misi roli calkeindividisa da calke sazogadoebis (Tundac garkveuli socia-luri erTeulis) arsebobaSi, cxovrebaSi. SesaZlebloba gveZ-leva avagoT socialuri da ekonomiuri modeli ama Tu imsazogadoebisa. rac Seexeba saxls, sacxovriss, rogorc simbolur warmo-saxvaTa erTobliobis momcvel obieqts, aq saqme sxvagvaradgvaqvs. Tuki Cven SevecdebiT aRniSnuli kuTxiT mis gaana-lizebas, maSin SesaZlebloba gveZleva masSi ama Tu imsocialuri organizmis (iqneba es ojaxi, gvari Tu Temi) suliericxovrebis kvalis dafiqsirebisa. e.i. SesaZlebloba gveZlevaamovikiTxoT is ZiriTadi, ganumeorebeli, TviTmyofadi dvritasulieri cxovrebisa, romelic arsebiTad ganasxvavebs am


socialur ujreds sxva romelime misi msgavsi socialur-genetikuri (saerTo- wamomavlobiTi) erTobisagan. amSemTxvevaSi saxli, sacxovrisi gamodis rogorc ganmasxvavebeliniSani, romelSic xelSesaxebad Cans socialuri organizmissulieri cxovrebis is niSnebi (enobrivi, religiuri, miTolo-giuri, sivrcis aRqmiTi...), ris safuZvelzec aseTi erTobagansxvavdeba struqturuli wyobiT missave msgavi sxva erTobe-bisagan. aqve ar unda dagvaviwydes isic, rom miuxedavad aseTiorgvari saxovnebisa, sacxovrisi erTian, ganuyofel fenomenswarmoadgens, romlis SigniTac Tanaarseboben urTierTgan-mapirobebeli obieqturi da subieqturi faqtorebi; mTliano-baSi ki adamianis cnobierebaSi aRqmuli realuri da irealurisamyaro. vexebiT ra sacxovriss, kerZod masSi asaxul sivrciTkategoriebs, vfiqrobT, aucileblad unda davafiqsiroT misi,rogorc adamianis sivrculi Sexedulebebis ganmapirobebelifenomenis orbunebovneba. sacxovrisi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,individs (Tu individTagan Semdgar ama Tu im socialurerTeuls) gamoacalkevebs gare samyarosgan da mis SegnebaSiafiqsirebs ufro mcire, myudro, Sinaur samyaros. es mikro-samyaro adamianisTvis ufro misawvdomi, xelSesaxebi, gasagebida Sinauria, radganac misive xelqmnilia, Seqmnilia; adamianiTavadvea am samyaros ,,mSobeli~, Semoqmedi. amdenad igi ammikrosamyaroSi Tavs grZobs yovelives ufrosad, baton-patronad. igi ,,meufea~ Tavisive ,,mikrokosmosisa~, sadacxelewifeba mas yovelive. aq, am sivrceSi mas yvelaferi (cxadiamaSindeli sazomebis mixedviT, rodesac moTxovnilebaSesaZleblobebis farglebs ar scildeboda) aqvs da am sivrceSiTiToeul nivTs adamianisgan gansazRvruli Sesabamisi saxelida funqcia gaaCniaT. aq igi sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebrasulierebs da rTul Sinaarsobriv datvirTvasac aZlevs kidecSesabamis nivTebs; mag. Sua cecxlis Tavze dakidebuli jaWvimamakacuris, xolo Tundac qvabi qaluri sawyisis simboloebia;orive erTad ki mis SegnebaSi ojaxis erTianobas ganasaxierebs(79, 127-128). es suldgmulTqceva, usulo sagnebis gasuliereba,Zireulad gansxvavdeba amave adamianis mier garesamyaros,makrokosmosis Semadgeneli elementebis gasulierebisgan.Sinauri samyaros nivTebi adamianisTvis ufro axlobelni,gasagebni da keTilganwyobilni arian vidre garesamyaros


Semadgeneli elementebi. Sinauri cecxli, romelic adamianskeraze unTia keTilia, misi msaxuria, xolo gareTa cecxliborotia, gamanadgurebelia, yovelives mSTanTqmelia. Sinadamians sacxovrisis yovel kuTxeSi keTili angelozebi hyavsCasaxlebuli, romlebic mfarveloben da xels umarTaven mas;gareT ki ukidegano, aTasnairi RvTaebebiT (keTili Tu boroti)dasaxlebuli bolomde Seucnobi samyaroa. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, udidesia sacxovrisis roliadamianis sivrciTi Sexedulebebis gaazrebasa da CamoyalibebaSi.saxlma iqonia arsebiTi gavlena iseTi Sinagani opoziciebisformirebaze, rogoricaa cnebebi ,,Sin~ da ,,gare~. adamianiscnobierebaSi garemomcveli samyaros - sivrcis orad gayofam,,Sin~ da ,,gare~ kategoriebad, TavisTavad ganapiroba am sivrcisSemadgeneli elementebis gayofac aseve or nawilad - ,,Sinau-rad~ da ,,gareulad~. vinc da rac ,,Sin~-Si Sedioda, ,,Sinaurad~iqca, xolo vinc da rac ,,gare~-Si - ,,gareulad~. amrigad, aRniSnuli kuTxiT samyaros or nawilad gayofam,adamianis cnobierebaSi ori ,,qvesamyaros~ Camoyalibeba gamoiw-via; ufro sworad ki dafiqsirda am ori qvesamyaros arseboba.,,Sina~ sivrces, romelic uSualod adamianis xelqmnili iyo,raRac safuZveli, sawyisi unda hqonoda, romlis arsebobacsafuZvlad daedeboda am sivrculi cnebis (romelic SemdgomSisocialur cnebad Camoyalibda) gaformebas. swored es ,,raRac~unda yofiliyo is centri, romlis gareSemoc Tavi moiyarayovelive iman, rasac ,,Sina~ cneba aerTianebda; romelmac TavisgarSemo Semoikriba adamianis ,,Sina~ samyaro da romelic amsivrcis aTvlis wertilad iqca. amgvar centrad, amgvarqvakuTxedad gvevlineba kera. sacxovrisSi igia umTavresikomponeneti, romlis garSemoc trialebs yovelive; TamamadSeiZleba iTqvas, rom igia Tavad sacxovrisis pirdapirisimbolo, igia misi sawyisi. Tu kera Caqreboda, ojaxic qreboda;Tuki saxli cxovrobda - kerac enTo. kera iyo is mTavariwertili, centri, romlis irgvlivac brunavda mTeli ,,Sinauri~samyaro. uZvelesi nagebi sacxovrisebi, romlebic dResdReisobiTmikvleulia centraluri amierkavkasiis teritoriaze, wriuliformisani arian(265; 203; 186; 81...). uZvelesi arqiteqturuliforma, romelic aq adgilobriv aRmocenda da Camoyalibda(265,349), wriul-gumbaTovani arqiteqturuli nageboba iyo. aqveunda aRiniSnos isic, rom wriuli forma mxolod kavkasiel


adremiwaTmoqmedTa arqiteqturis damaxasiaTebeli niSanirodia. mezoliTis xanis palestineli Semgroveblebi (natufiiskultura) binadrobdnen ara mxolod bunebriv TavSesafrebSi,aramed momcro, 3-9 m-is diametris mrgval miwurebSi, romelTacentriSic kera hqondaT gamarTuli. amgvari nagebobebinapovnia mureibiTis (Crdilo siria) namosaxlarzec(373, 36-39). arqiteqturuli forma, iseve rogorc forma nebismierixelqmnili sagnisa, emsaxureba adamianis moTxovnilebebisdakmayofilebas. oRondac formis utilitaroba, praqtikuladsruliadac ar ewinaaRmdegeboda mis asaxvas kulturissistemasa da arsebul azrovnebaSi; mocemul situaciaSi _warmosaxvaSi. arqiteqturac xom kulturis erTerT sferoTa-gania, romelSiac xdeba sivrciTi warmodgenebis asaxva. ZvelmiwaTmomqmedTa warmodgenebSi, nagebobaTa gegmarebaSi, maTyofiTsa da sakralur arqiteqturaSi gamoixateboda maTeulixedva geometrizirebuli sivrcisa. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, centraluri amierkavkasiisteritoriaze mikvleuli uZvelesi sacxovrisebis erTerTmTavar damaxasiaTebel niSans nagebobaTa wriuli gegmarebawarmoadgens. wris, rogorc geometrizirebuli sivrculi warmosaxvisxasiaTis magaliTebs, am SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli eTnografiulimasalebidan movitanT. maTSi naTlad SeimCneva is Sinaarsob-rivi datvirTva, romelic am geometriul formas, yofiTitradiciebis mixedviT, miewereba xolme. unda aRiniSnos, rom wre, erTgvar Caketil, garesamyaros-gan gamocalkevebul sivrces asaxierebs, romelic SeuRwevadiagaredan da gamouRwevadia Signidan. vfiqrobT, wris amdagvarixasiaTi mTel rig magiur qmedebebSi naTlad vlindeba. mag.wres Semouxazaven xolme daklul cxovelsa Tu frinvels,raTa am arsebam wris SigniT dalios suli. wreSi Cadebuli Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva kargad SeiniS-neba mTel rig magiur qmedebebSi; aRwerilia, rom erTmaeqimbaSma Selocvis teqstis Caweris dros xis CxiriT garSemowre Semoixaza. Tavisi amgvari qmedeba man Semdegnairadganmarta: ,,am wris iqiT sityvis Zala ar gadmova da mxolodcariel sityvebs gaigonebTo~(37, 195). sayuradReboa avadmyof-Tan myofi Semlocvelis qmedebac, roca is Selocvis wakiTxviswin avadmyofs gars uvlis an CxiriT wres Semouxazavs. lazebSi dRemdea Semonaxuli am mxriv erTi metadsayuradRebo wesi: ,,sivsilis~ (kanis daavadebaa) SelocviT


mkurnalobisas, Semlocveli adgils, sadac avadmyofi imyofeba,wriT Semofarglavs, raTa es daavadeba am wres ar gascdes.imave lazebSi, micvalebulis datirebisas, samZimarze misulebsWirisufali ramdenjerme gars Semouvlis, raTa Tavisi amqmedebiT maT Tavidan aacilos msgavsi gaWirveba. vfiqrobT,msgavsi magiuri qmedebis gamoZaxili unda iyos qarTulmetyvelebaSi dafiqsirebuli gamoTqmac - ,,Semogevle~,,,Semogiare~(guruli dialeqtis mixedviT). rogorc am da kidevsxva masalebidan irkveva, wris Semovlebis magiur qmedebas,qarTvelur (da sazogadod kavkasiel) tomebSi sayovelTaodgavrcelebuli yofila da mas yvela konteqstSi erTi ZiriTadimniSvneloba hqonia(37, 196). dafiqsirebulia isic, rom Selocvis procesSi ara mxolodwris SemoxazviT kmayofildebian (teqsts rom magiuri Zalaar daekargos) da xSirad, mTqmelsa da Camwers Soris raimesagansac Casdeben xolme - rkinas, qvas an saerTod raime kedlis(Tundac simboluri) gadaRma dadgebian xolme. amgvariqmedebebidan kargad Cans, rom mTqmelis cnobierebaSi xazsa dazRudes erTgvari mniSvneloba eniWebaT - maT unda Seakavonsityvis magiuri Zala. maSasadame, xazi - kedeli zRvariaSelocvisa, ris SigniTac Tavis cxovelmyofel Zalas ganfensda inarCunebs esa Tu is magiuri qmedeba. amrigad, konkretulSemTxvevaSi xazs, Sorisad Cadebul nivTs da kedels erTurTismsgavsi - Semomfargvlelis, danarCeni sivrcisgan gamomcal-kevebelis, SemomzRudvelis funqcia ekisreba, ris Sida sivrce-Sic mimoiqceva garkveuli sulieri energia. wrexazis magiuri daniSnulebisamebr gamoyenebis tradicianaTlad Semounaxavs qarTul xalxur zRaprebsac. erTerTimaTganis (,,yaramani~) mixedviT, yaramani da misi coli,romlebsac ucxo garemoSi uxdebaT Ramis gaTeva, garSemo wresSemoixazaven(37, 197). am qmedebaSi naTlad airekleba TviT wrisSemomxazvelTa damokidebuleba wresTan, romlis saSuale-biTac maT Tavi gamoicalkeves ucxo garemosgan, SeiqmnessakuTari mikrogaremo, romlis SigniTac maT Tavi ,,Sinaurad~igrZnes da ,,saxlad~ gaixades es sivrce. wre, rogorc Caketili sivrce, gvxvdeba mTel rig xalxurTamaSobebSic. magaliTad am mxriv ,,laxtis~ TamaSisassayuradReboa wreSi CamdgarTa qmedeba - isini mowinaaRmde-geTagan icaven TavianT sartylebs (sartyelic xom Tavad wrea).wreSi mdgomT hyavT TavianTi ,,deda~, romelic exmareba


,,Svilebs~ am sartylebis dacvaSi(158, 87). TiTqmis analogiurisituaciaa meore TamaSobaSic, romelsac ,,zurgobana~, igive,,mrgvali viri~ hqvia. kenWisyris Semdeg erT gunds mouwevswred Cadgoma; meore gundis wevrebi ki cdiloben, miuxedavad,,mcvelis~ winaaRmdegobisa, zurgze moaxtnen maT(iqve). wriul moZraobebs, rogorc wesi, vxvdebiT xalxur qore-ografiaSic, romlebic saTaves uZvelesi misteriebidan iReben.aseTi cekvebia sxvadasxva ,,ferxulebi~, ,,xorumi~, ,,Zabrale~da kidev mravali sxva. wris, rogorc geometriuli ornamentis analizi mocemuliaqvs Tavis gamokvlevaSi qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis Sesaxebi. surgulaZes(ix. 137). dasasrul kidev erTxel SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wreganasaxierebs Caketil, gamocalkevebul mikrosivrces, romlisSigniTac mimoiqceva, trialebs magiuri Zala. e.i. wrewarmoadgens saSualebas makrokosmosidan mikrokosmosisgamocalkevebisa. aqve davsZenT imasac, rom amgvari xedvasazogado xasiaTs atarebs da ara marto Cveni regionisTvisaadamaxasiaTebeli. amasTanave, gvinda aRvniSnoT isic, rom Cvensruliadac ar vavlebT paralelebs centraluri amier-kavkasiis adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebis ZeglTa arqiteq-turasa da qarTul eTnografiul yofasTan. amis saSualebasmaT Soris arsebuli uzarmazari qronologiuri sxvaobac argvaZlevs; ubralod, Cven gvsurs davafiqsiroT da aRveniSnoTis fsiqologiur-Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva, romelicodiTganve devs wreSi da romelic TiTqmis msgavsia yvelawarmomavlobis xalxebSi maTi ganviTarebis Tundac Zalzeadreul safexurebzec ki. migvaCnia, rom wris amgvari Sinaarsi,albaT, garkveulwilad TamaSobda kidec rols wriuliarqiteqturis formirebaSi; miTumetes, rom wriuli arqiteq-tura ufro adreulia da arqauli, vidre sworkuTxa (209, 76-77). Cndeba ra sacxovrisi, dgeba sakiTxi sivrcis sxvagvariorganizaciisa. gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria misi is nawili,romelic gamoixateba cnebebiT - ,,Sin~ da ,,gare~. samecniero literaturaSi sakmaod srulyofiladaadamuSavebuli koleqtiur doneze sivrcis gaazrebis proble-mebi da ganxilulia misi formebi, niSnebi Tu ganviTarebisetapebi. erTerTi aseTi Sexedulebis mixedviT, samyaroscentrSi dgas individumi, romelic socialur jgufTan erTad


ganixileba. mas gars akravs Secnobili, mowesrigebuli garemo,xolo am ukanasknels uzarmazari Seucnobeli sivrce.wamoyenebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, ,,Sina~ mowesrigebuli,socialuri erTeulis Tvalsawierze ganlagebuli terito-riaa, romelic horizontis saxiT esazRvreba ,,gares~, qaoss,stiqiaTa araorganizebulad gamovlenis asparezs(230, 14). aqveunda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom es cnebebi, upirveles yovlisa,gamoxataven mTeli socialuri jgufis erTobliv xedviTmodels da misi damaxasiaTebeli niuansuri TavisTavadobidanmomdinareoben. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, rodesac socialurijgufi Seicnobs ,,Sina~-s, sakuTari sulis ganfenis garkveulsivrcul nawils, maSinve missave cnobierebaSi aRmocendebacneba ,,gare~, romelic gacilebiT ufro farTo da momcveliawina nawilisgan. TiToeuli es cneba gulisxmobs rigbiosocialur garemoebebsa da parametrebs, romlebicerTimeorisgan gansxvavebuli pirobebiT zemoqmedebensazogadoebis cxovrebaze(138, 133). kosmosi sayovelTao, cisa da miwieri Zalebis mowesri-gebuli gamovlinebaa: ,,Sina~ socialuri jgufisa da individissaarsebo, mowesrigebuli sivrcea, romelic iseve upirispir-deba ,,gares~, rogorc kosmosi qaoss. ,,gares~ gaazrebaSiSenarCunebulia ,,qaosuri~ buneba da amitom, Tu ,,Sina~ sakralu-ri da wmindaa, ,,gare~ SesaZloa uwminduri da mavne iyos. rogorc fiqroben, sivrcis ,,Sina~ da ,,gare~ samyaroebaddayofa uZveles dros, kerZod im xanebSi unda momxdariyo,rodesac socialurma jgufma daimkvidra Tavisi sameurneoteritoria(138, 141). maSasadame, SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom ,,Sina~-sa da ,,gare~-s, rogorc sivrculi gagebis formireba centra-luri amierkavkasiis teritoriaze mosaxle tomebSi adresami-waTmoqmedo kulturebis gaCena-Camoyalibebas emTxveva; xanas,rodesac aq dasaxlda (am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT)adamiani(ix. 354). swored maSin gaiTavisa Secneulad man Tavisisamkvidro, Tavisi mamuli. momdevno etapi sacxovrisis, rogorc sivrculi fenomenisganviTarebaSi, aRniSnul teritoriaze dgeba maSin, roca CndebasworkuTxa formis nagebobebi. qristemde IV aTaswleulis Suaxanebidan, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Camoyalibebidan, dgebadro gardatexebisa, romlebic aRm. amierkavkasiis Crdiloda samxreT mxareebSi sxvadasxva simZlavriT vlindebian. mtkvrisauzSi, Zveli samosaxloebi carieldebian da aRmocendebian


axlebi, romlebzec dafiqsirebul nagebobebs sworkuTxaformebi da banuri gadaxurva axasiaTebs(265, 270). gadasvla sworkuTxa formis sacxovrisebze, erTerTimagaliTia imisa, Tu rogor izrdeba adamianis bunebisgandamoukidebloba, Tu rogor qmnis igi axali kulturisTvisdamaxasiaTebel formebs; sworxazovani da kuTxovaniarqiteqtura ara marto adamianis mzardi Zlierebis gamoxatvas,aramed mis mier bunebis materializebul gadmocemasacwarmoadgens. masSi areklilia adamianis garemosTan Widilic(278, 9). sworkuTxa formis nagebobebis gaCena dakavSirebuliadamjdari cxovrebis wesis saboloo damkvidrebasTan dasamyaros Sesaxeb, rogorc urTierTganmapirobebel movlenaTasistemis Sesaxeb, warmodgenis formirebasTan. sworkuTxasacxovrisis sivrcis simboluri gageba (xedva) TvalnaTlivSesamCnevia wina aziis cnobil CaTal-huiuqis namosaxlarze:garkveuli gamosaxulebebi (,,RvTaebebis~, cxovelTa)aswleulTa ganmavlobaSi gamoisaxeboda interieris erTsada imave kedlebze. ,,RvTaebis” gamosaxva xdeboda dasavleTiskenmimarTul kedlebze, xolo xarebis gamosaxulebebs mcxovrebniupiratesad Crdilo da aRmosavleT kedlebze xatavdnen(372,102-108).(ix. tabula I,II-1). centraluri amierkavkasiis teritoriaze, wriuli formissacxovrebeli nagebobis(Tolosi) oTxkuTxa nagebobadganviTarebis TvalnaTliv suraTs warmodgenis xizanaanTgoris cnobili mravalfeniani namosaxlari (ix.76). aRsaniSnaviaisic, rom mtkvar-araqsis kulturis periodSi saboloodmkvidrdeba oTxkuTxa formis sacxovrebeli nagebobebi, risnaTeli dadasturebacaa am periodis sxva namosaxlarTagan(qvacxelebi, gudabertya, berikldeebi...) momdinare arqeolo-giurad Seswavlili arqireqturuli formebi. adamianis adgilze kidev ufro damkvidrebam, dafuZnebam,dasaxlebam ufro metad gaamZafra garesamyaros sivrculiaRqma. kidev ufro gamoikveTa sivrcis ,,Sina~ da ,,gare~nawilebad dayofa. eTnografiuli masalebidan cnobilia, Tura gulmodgined icavdnen calkeuli jgufebi TavianT saarsebosivrces da ra urTierToba hqondaT ,,ucxosTan~ - sxva jgufiswarmomadgenlebTan. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi es urTierTo-bebi mudmiv mesisxleobiTa da droebiT samSvidobo kavSirebiTgamoixateboda. aq ukve SeiZleboda socialur jgufs sakuTariteritoria ,,Sina~-d CaeTvala mTeli danarCeni samyaros


sapirispirod, romelic Sesabamisad, misTvis ucxod dasaxifaTod unda yofiliyo miCneuli. sacxovrisis fenomenis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis adreuletapebze, misi arqiteqturuli formis analizisda mixedviT,SesaZlebelia formiTi gadawyvetis ori ZiriTadi saxisgamoyofa: pirveli _ mrgvali, TaRovani nageboba da meore _sworkuTxa, oTxi kedliT SemozRuduli, banurad daxurulinageboba. orive es arqiteqturuli forma arqeologiuraddadasturebulia dRevandeli aRmosavleT saqarTvelosteritoriaze(ix. 265). sworkuTxa, baniT daxuruli saxlebi kidev ufro metadaviTarebdnen adamianis sivrcul Sexedulebebs. oTxi kedlisarsebobam saxlSida sivrce oTxad dahyo, yovel kedels,Sesabamisad, Tavisi sakuTari samxareo daniSnuleba mianiWa. israc idgmeboda, an ixateboda aRmosavleT kedelTan, igi ardaidgmeboda da ar daixateboda samxreT an sxva romelimemimarTulebis kedlTan; Werma cargvalis - cis simboluridatvirTva miiRo; dedaboZi Werisa da iatakis da, Sesabamisad,cisa da dedamiwis ,,SemaerTavad” aRiqmeboda. albaT am period-Si unda dafiqsirebuliyo sabolood adamianis SidasivrculxedvaSi sami sknelis, samyaros sami vertikaluri nawilis _sknelis, zesknelisa da qvesknelis arsebobac. qarTul eTnografiul yofaSi amgvari vertikalurisivrculi mimarTeba naTlad SeimCneva tradiciuli sacxovrisis- darbazis arqiteqturaSic. darbazi sivrculad gaazrebulimTeli samyaro iyo. dedaboZi ojaxis erTianobis damTlianobis simbolos warmoadgenda. dedaboZs dafuZnebuliWeri ojaxis zecasTan kavSirs, erTgvar kosmiur ,,wesrigsac~gamoxatavda, e.i. es, erTi SexedviT, wminda arqiteqturulidetali (dedaboZi) imave funqcias asrulebda, rasac ,,sicocxlisxe~, taZari, sakurTxeveli, romelTa mniSvnelobaSic, Zveliadamianis Sexedulebisamebr, asocirdeboda samyaroseuli,,momwesrigeblis~ funqciebi. saxlSi, keraze enTo cecxli,romelic arasdros ar unda Camqraliyo. Caumqrali kera ki,rogorc r. siraZe aRniSnavs, mzis simbolo iyo; xolo Tu mzear moakldeboda ojaxs, Tu ar Caqreboda kera, mzegrZelobaiqneboda dasadgurebuli am saxlSic (139, 23). moCuqurTmebuliiyo darbazis dedaboZi. igi imagrebda Wersac da amSvenebdasaxlsac, romelic ara marto sacxovrebel, aramed sakultonagebobasac warmoadgenda. masSi RvTiuri azri da mzissimbolika iyo gansaxovnebuli(iqve).


motanili magaliTebi naTeli dadasturebaa imisa, TusivrciTi simboloebiT raoden uxvad datvirTul adamiani-seul samyaros aerTianebda ,,darbazi~ da zogadad, sacxovrisisfenomeni. aq TiTqmis yoveli elementi garkveuli astraluriTu raime sxva simbolos matarebeli iyo. Tumca aqve undaaRiniSnos isic, rom am kompleqsis yovel garkveul elements,iqneboda es arqiteqturuli(dedaboZi) Tu yofiTi(kera),pirvel rigSi TavTavisi praqtikulad gansazRvruli daniSnu-lebebi hqondaT. vexebiT ra sacxovrisis fenomens da samyaros sivrculaRqmas, gvinda kidev erTxel aRvniSnoT, rom sivrcis ,,Sina~ da,,gare~ samyaroebad dayofa uZveles droSi, kerZod ki imperiodSi unda momxdariyo, rodesac socialurma jgufmaTavisi sameurneo da sacxovrebeli teritoria daimkvidra(138,141). centraluri amierkavkasiis teritoriaze es etapiadresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebis Casaxva-ganviTarebis periodsunda emTxveodes. rogorc miCneulia am periodSi sawarmooZalTa miRweuli done xels uwyobda erT adgilze mudmivbinadrobasa da mosaxleobis gamravlebas(265, 67). gamomdinare aqedan, unda vifiqroT, rom centraluriamierkavkasiis teritoriaze mosaxle tomebis cnobierebaSi,samyaros or ZiriTad nawilad sivrciseuli dayofis sabo-lood gaformeba _ ,,Sin~ da ,,gare~ cnebebad, qronologiurad,qristemde VI aTaswleulis bolosa da V aTaswleulisdasawyiss emTxveva.


b)b)b)b)b) sacxovrisis fenomeni konkretuli socialurisacxovrisis fenomeni konkretuli socialurisacxovrisis fenomeni konkretuli socialurisacxovrisis fenomeni konkretuli socialurisacxovrisis fenomeni konkretuli socialurierTeulis - ,,ojaxis~ yofis amsaxvelierTeulis - ,,ojaxis~ yofis amsaxvelierTeulis - ,,ojaxis~ yofis amsaxvelierTeulis - ,,ojaxis~ yofis amsaxvelierTeulis - ,,ojaxis~ yofis amsaxvelifenomeni.fenomeni.fenomeni.fenomeni.fenomeni.

Zveli xalxebis sazogadoebrivi yofisa da kulturisaRdgenisaTvis, rogorc ukve mravalgzis aRvniSneT, mxoloderTi romelime samecniero disci plinis monacemebi, ramravalferovanic ar unda iyos monacemebi, namdvilad ar arissakmarisi; yovel SemTxvevaSi, am dros aucilebeliafunqcionalurad sxvadasxva kategoriis Zeglebis (pirvelrigSi samosaxloebis, nasadgomarebis da samarovnebis, asevesaxelosnoebis, sakulto Zeglebis da sxva) urTierTSejerebiTiganxilva. samarTlianadaa miCneuli, rom arsebiTi wvliliaRniSnuli sakiTxebis SeswavlaSi Seaqvs eTnologias; oRondacmis mier mopovebuli eTnografiuli masala, romelicTanamedroveobamde mTeli rigi inovaciebiTaa moRweuli, didisifrTxiliT unda gamoiyenebodes _ maTi qronologiurimonacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, geografiuli da eTnikuriatribuciis, tradiciuli da gadmonaSTuri TaviseburebebisgulisxmisyofiT. aRniSnulia (ix.299), rom kavkasiologiur arqeologiurliteraturaSi sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis sakiTxebisSeswavlas, Tu ar CavTvliT am problemisadmi miZRvnilramdenime naSroms (g. qavTaraZe; g. mindiaSvili; a. amirxanovi;i. kikviZe), ar eTmoba saTanado yuradReba. unda aRiniSnosisic, rom xsenebul regionSi am sakiTxebis Sesaswavladarsebuli wyaroTmcodneobiTi bazac arasakmarisadinformatiulia.Tumca arsebuli monacemebis safuZvelze maincSesaZlebelia kavkasiis regionSi uZvelesi periodidanmoyolebuli sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa erTgvariretrospeqtiva. saerTod cnobilia, rom Semgrovebluri meurneobispirobebSi Camoyalibebuli Temis sidide, bunebrivi pirobebidangamomdinare, mkacrad limitirebuli iyo. aseTi koleqtivebisaSualod 40-idan 100-mde iTvlida da maT Soris, rogorcwesi, 8-10 kaci nadirobiT, xolo qalTa didi nawili Semgro-veblobiT iyo dakavebuli. Temebi atarebdnen sisxliTnaTesaur,anu ojaxur xasiaTs (276,26), romlebic gaerTianebulnisameurneo da sulieri kavSirebis rTuli sistemiT Seadgendnenim safuZvels, romelis bazazec Semdgom periodSi ufro


rTuli socialuri erToba _ tomi amoizarda. am procesisanarekls warmoadgens mezoliTis epoqaSi farTo kulturulierTobebis bazaze rigi lokaluri variantebis warmoqmna,romlis drosac ,,mezoliTur kulturebs Soris sxvaobaeTnikuri xasiaTisaa da am kulturebis warmoqmnaSi aireklebamonaTesave TemTa gansaxleba mimdebare raionebze, rac Sedegiiyo adreuli didi Temebis danawevrebisa”(345, 21). am azrisgaTvaliswinebiT dasaSvebia, rom kavkasiis mTiani reliefispirobebSi, praqtikulad yoveli xeoba gamoqvabulebiT, exebiT,samonadireo adgilebiT, wylis resursebiT gamxdariyo,,sacxovrebeli sivrce~ erTi an ori monaTesave Temisa,romelic SemdgomSi ufro did teritorias ikavebda. magali-Tad, rogorc a.kalandaZe varaudobs(71,16), Tuki jruWulasxeoba erT an ramdenime sanaTesao Tems ekuTvnoda, yvirilasauzis Sua weli SesaZloa msxvili TemTa gaerTianebis e.i. tomiskuTvnili miwa-wyali yofiliyo. aseTsave gaerTianebebsSesaZloa sWerodaT Zirula-Cxerimelasa da Zevrula-wyal-wiTelas xeobebi (71,21). ,,neoliTuri revoluciidan~ gamomdinare Cndebastacionaruli dasaxlebebi mudmivi cxovrebisTvis nagebisacxovrisebiT. sazogadod yoveli konkretuli dasaxlebistipi arsebuli bunebriv -klimaturi pirobebis, tradiciulobis,samSeneblo masalis xasiaTis da sxva mTeli rigi faqtorebisgaTvaliswinebiT iyo gapirobebuli. wina da Sua aziis yvelazeadreuli samiwaTmoqmedo dasaxlebebi mWidro ganaSenianebiTxasiaTdebian; dasaxlebis farTobi 0,1-2,5 heqtaris farglebSimeryeobs. samiwaTmoqmedo meurneobis progresTan erTadyalibdeba dasaxlebaTa ierarqiuloba, rac kargad SeimCnevaSua aziis eneoliTuri Zeglebidan momdinare masalebismixedviT(354,15). ukanasknel aTwleulebSi amierkavkasiaSimTeli rigi pirvelxarisxovani adresamiwaTmoqmedo periodisdasaxlebebi iqna Seswavlili, romelTaTvisac damaxasiaTebeliaTixatkepnili sacxovrisebis mWidro gansaxleba, Sidasacxovrebeli sivrcis erTiani saxiT mowyoba, sameurneo-yofiTi nagebobebis urTierTsiaxlove. yovelive es imissaSualebas iZleva, rom qristemde VI-IV aTaswleulebSi kavkasiaganxilul iqnas, rogorc Semadgeneli nawili farTokulturul - istoriuli oikumenisa. dasanani is aris mxolod,rom es namosaxlarebi nawilobrivadaa Seswavlili.


aRniSnuli periodis erTaderTi bolomde gaTxriliZegli aris cnobili Coxis namosaxlari(ix.205). igi samxreTkavkasiis baris mravalricxovani namosaxlarebisgan adreuliTariRiT (qristemde VII-VI aTaswleulebi) gamoirCeva.gamomdinare sakuTari mdebareobidan (mTiani zoli)gamorCeulia misi samSeneblo-arqiteqturuli xasiaTic. amnamosaxlarze ZiriTadad dadasturebulia mompoveblo-bidanmwarmoeblur meurneobaze gadasvlis dasasruli etepi. Coxiam dros warmoadgenda patara mTuri tipis dasaxlebas. igiSedgebida ori farTo, erToTaxiani, arqauli saxis mrgvalisacxovrisisagan. erTi maTgani, romelic mTlianadaaSeswavlili, warmoadgenda 60 kv.m-is farTobis nagebobas;savaraudoa, rom meore dazianebuli nagebobac am formisayofiliyo. am nagebobebis centrSi stacionaruli kerebi iyogamarTuli, rac aq mcxovrebTa erTiani sameurneo urTier-Tobebis mimaniSnebeli uda iyos. rogorc h.amirxanovi aRniS-navs, erTiani sacxovrisis binadarTa ekonomikurma erTobam,momavalSi asaxva hpova daRestnis mTielTa leqsikaSi, sadac_ ,,ojaxi~, ,,saxli~, ,,meurneoba~ Tavis mxriv da ,,kera~sinonimebs warmoadgenen (205, 117). Cvenis mxriv davamatebdiT,rom amgvari situacia gvaqvs zogadad iberiul-kavkasiur enaTaojaxSi Semaval danarCen da keZod qarTvelur jgufis enebSic. varaudoben, rom aseT Coxis tipis TiToeul saxlSicxovrobda daaxloebiT 20-25 adamiani, xolo saerTodsamosaxloze mcxovrebTa raodenoba 40-60 kacs aRwevda,romlebic, rogorc miCneulia, erTiani saojaxo Temiswarmomadgenelni iyvnen. amrigad, kavkasiaSi adresami-waTmoqmedo kulturis aRmoCenam, romlis sawyisebTan namdvi-lad Coxis namosaxlari dgas, sagrZnoblad daaZvela am mxa-reSi ojaxur-Temobrivi cxovrebis wesis, rogorc am regionSiyvelaze optimaluri da qronologiurad TiTqmis ucvlelisocialuri erTobis formirebis savaraudo TariRi. aRiarebulia, rom Coxis namosaxlari warmoadgens mTuritipis adreul samosaxlos, romlis Semdgomi ganviTarebacaakavkasiis mravalsaukunovani samSeneblo-arqiteqturulitradiciebi. amJamadac, kavkasiis mTianeTSi gavrcelebulsacxovrisTa tradiciul formebs Soris gvxvdeba didierTsaTavsoiani nagebobebi, romlebic eTnologTa mierSefasebulia rogorc binaTmSeneblobis evoluciaSi uZvelesi


movlenis gadmonaSTi (205,69; 281,123). amgvari didi zomissacxovrebeli nagebobebi Tavisi pirveladi daniSnulebiTukavSirdebodnen mravalojaxian, anu ojaxur-Temobriv yofas.arsebiTia isic, rom iberiul-kavkasiur ojaxSi Semaval enebSiSemorCenilia iseTi naTesaobis aRnmiSvneli termini, romlisSinaarsicaa _ ,,erTi saxlis kacebi~, ,,saxlikaci~. isiniaRniSnaven zogad sanaTesaoSi ufro viwro wres. Coxis tipis mTis samosaxlo _ erTi patara adresamiwaT-moqmedo erTobis sacxovrebeli kompleqsi, kavkasiaSijerjerobiT mxolod erTia aRmoCenili. warsulSi maTiarseboba udaoa, ramdenadac msoflios sxvadasxva regionebSida maT Soris kavkasiaSic mwarmoeblur ekonomikaze gadasvlisprocesi mimdinareobda mTis zolSi, iq, sadac arsebobda amisxelSemwyobi optimaluri ekologiuri pirobebi(ix. 314).kavkasiaSi Coxis namosaxlaris aRmoCena am Sexedulebis naTelidadasturebaa. am namosaxlarze dadasturebuli socialur suraTTanerTob did msgavsebas avlens, TiTqmis mTels axloaRmosavleTSi gavrcelebuli, egreTwodebuli jeiTunis tipisnamosaxlarebi (ix. 313), romlebzec mosaxle saojaxo TemebisSemadgenloba 60-100 kacs aRwevda. Coxis daunawevrebeli sivrcis sacxovrisis tipisgangansxvavebiT, samxreT kavkasiur sacxovrisTa sivrce SesamCnevaddiferencirebulia. aq SeiniSneba mTeli rigi siaxleebisacxovrebel-sameurneo kompleqsis gegmarebaSi; samSeneblosaqmeSic Tvisobrivad sxva masala _ Tixa gamoiyeneba. esnagebobebi warmoadgendnen erTian urTierTdamokidebulkompleqss, romelic ezoSi ganlagebuli binisgan, mTeli rigidamxmare nagebobebisgan, sameurneo ormoebisgan da gareTakerebisgan Sedgeboda (ix.354). yovel aseT namosaxlarzeZiriTad samSeneblo erTeuls warmoadgenda mrgvali saxligumbaTuri gadaxurviT, romlis farTobic 10-12 kv. metramdeaRwevda. savsebiT savaraudoa, rom masSi calkeuli ojaxicxovrobda. sazogadod, saxlebi erTi tipisani iyvnen dadauyofeli Sida sivrciT xasiaTdebodnen. rogorc k.kuSnariova daaskvnis, Coxis sivrcedaunawevrebel sacxovrisTayofiT pirobebTan SedarebiT, aq mcxovrebTa pirobebigaumjobesebulia, rasac 1000-1500 wlis ganmavlobaSi sawarmooZalTa ganviTarebas da saerTo materialuri keTildReobis


gaumjobesebas ukavSirebs (299,259). sruliad dasaSvebia, romes marTlac ase yofiliyo, magram Cven mainc vTvliT, romsxvaoba Coxis da samxreT kavkasiis baris sacxovrisTaarqiteqturul tipebs Soris, ZiriTadad gapirobebuli iyomaTi sxvadasxva bunebriv-klimatur pirobebSi arsebobis gamo.Coxis samosaxlos tipi sruliad Seesabameboda mTis regionisgaremos (samosaxlos es tipi amJamadac mdgradia TanamedrovepirobebSic), xolo samxreT kavkasiis Zeglebze dadastu-rebulsacxovrisTa tipebi mTlianad pasuxobda baruli cxovrebisstils. varaudoben, rom ,,Sulavris goraze~ mcxovrebTaraodeneoba 400-500 kacs aRwevda, ,,imiris goraze~ 300-s, oazisisor danarCen namosaxlarze _ ,,dangreul~ da ,,gadaWrilgoraze~ ki 200-250 kacs. maSasadame, garkveul periodSi mTeliam oazisis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba 1200 kacamdeaRwevda. dasaSvebia isic, rom yovel samosaxloze calkeulididi ojaxuri erToba cxovrobda, rac gvavaraudebinebs imasac,rom aseTi jgufuri namosaxlarebis mcxovrebni erTimeores-Tan naTesauri urTierTobebiT iyvnen dakavSirebulni. didi ojaxuri erToba, Camoyalibebuli mwarmoeblurimeurneobis adreul safexurze, iyo metnaklebad sicocxlis-unariani socialur-ekonomikuri ujredi, romlis saSualeb-iTac yvelaze ukeT xdeboda sameurneo funqciis realizebada iyo SedarebiT advilad samarTavi. amdenad, iseve rogorcwina da Sua aziis (um-dabaRiis, Tel-soTos, hasunis, jeiTunis,namazRis da sxva), aseve centraluri amierkavkasiis namosax-larebze, yvelgan, mosaxleoba saojaxo erTobis yofiTiformiT cxovrobda(ix.209). sazogadod Temi, erToba, erTdroulad sameurneo,saojaxo-yofiTi da ideologiuri koleqtivia(ix.209). erTobiswevrebi icnobierebdnen naTesaur kavSirebs; erToba sakuTarTavze iRebda wevrTa dacvis funqciebs; koleqtiuri miwaTmoq-medeba _ safuZveli Temobrivi yofisa, rogorc gadmonaSTuriforma kavkasiis mTiani mxareebisaTvis, rogorc Zvelad, dResacdamaxasiaTebelia (ix.207). unda aRiniSnos isic, rom rogorces sazogadod ojaxur Tems axasiaTebs, kavkasiis adresamiwaT-moqmedo namosaxlarebzec mosaxleobis socialuri mdgomare-oba Tanabari iyo rac TvalnaTliv SeimCneva momdinarearqeologiur masalaSic.


samiwaTmoqmedo Temi, rogorc rTuli sameurneoorganizmi1 iTxovda mmarTvelobiTi funqciebis ganxorci-elebas, romelic adreul sawarmoo etapebze socialuriTanasworobis pirobebSi uxucesTa sabWoebis da gvarisufrosebis xelSi iyo... eseni iyvnen ufrosebi, upiratesad Temispativdebuli wevrebi, koleqtivSi umaRlesi avtoritetismqoneni. maT arCevaSi did rols TamaSobda pirovnulimonacemebi, sqesobriv-asakobrivi niSnebi da sxva rigiganmapirobebeli faqtorebi (mag. iniciaciur-magiuri). ekonomi-kuri upiratesobani maT ar gaaCndaT. ojaxur-gvarovnulierTobis meTauraTa funqciebSi Sedioda sawarmoo amocanaTaganawileba, maT Sesrulebaze yurisgdeba, sezonur sameurneociklebis xelmZRvaneloba, sairigacio sistemebis mowyoba,Temis Sida da gare gacvla-gamocvlis regulireba, saSiSroebisSemTxvevaSi saWiro zomebis miReba, yofiTi konfliqtebisdaregulireba, kultmsaxurebis Catareba... sazogadod, amgvarrCeulTa movaleobas Seadgenda Temis keTildReobisuzrunvelyofa. eTnologiuri monacemebi adastureben, romstratifikaciis amgvari adreuli formebi, pirvel xanebSi aseTipirebis mxolod socialur (da ara materialur) mdgomareobasasaxavdnen. isini iyvnen rogorc pirvelni TanasworTa Soris(primius inter pares). amis umTavresi mizezi unda veZioT imaSi,rom amgvari ojaxuri erTobis wevrTa urTierTobebssisxliTnaTesaobiTi SegrZnebebiT mZlavrad gajerebulimoraluri kodeqsi aregulirebda, rac TavisTavad gamo-ricxavda qonebriv uTanasworobas mis wevrTa Soris. sagulisxmoa is, rom amgvari moralur-socialuri fonimyarad aris SenarCunebuli Tundac kavkasiis mosaxleobis(gansakuTrebiT mTis regionis) dRemde moRweul tradiciulsazogadoebebSic. magaliTad, fSav-xevsureTis cnobiliTavxevisberis2 biWur badriSvilis Sesaxeb moZiebuli masalebismixedviT vlindeba, rom xevisbris funqciebi srulad eTanxmeba

1 gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom misi sirTule, imdenadsamiwaTmoqmedo da sameurneo saqmianobis sirTuliT ki ara, masSiSemavali wevrebis ondividualobiT da sisxlismierivaldebulebebisadmi maTi moraluri damokidebulebebissxvadasxvaobebiT, ufros-umcrosobis dauwereli kanonebisa dawes-Cveulebebisadmi erTgulebiT iyo upirveles yovlisagapirobebuli.2 xevisbris instituti rom adreuli saojaxo Temis sakultolideris institutis ganviTarebaa, albaT naTelia.


jer kidev uZveles periodebSi dadasturebul ojaxuri TemismeTauris funqciebs. aqve sagulisxmoa fSav-xevsureTismasalebis sixlxorceulad gamTaviseblisa da am mxaris Svilis,klasikosis, vaJa-fSavelas damokiduleba xevisberisfunqciisadmi, rac mas Sedegnairad aqvs naTlad gadmocemuli_ ,,swors fiqrs aZlevdes Tem-sofels cduneba ara sZiravdes~.tradiciul sazogadoebaSi mTavari aqcenti adamianis moralursaxeze, Teozisze, RvTis xatis mimsgavsebulobazea gadatanili.albaT warsulis gadametebul apologiaSi ar CamogvarTmevsmkiTxveli, Tuki vityviT, rom mxolod sazogadoebis wevrTamaterialurad Tanabari cxovrebis fonze gamoCindeba xolmepirovneba moraluri saxiT TanasworTa Soris. xolo, rogorces socialurad da qonebrivad uTanasworo, polarizebulsazogadoebriv yofaSi xdeba xolme, pirovnebis avkargianobisganmsazRvrel kriteriumad pirovnebis materialurimdgomareoba gvevlineba. unda iTqvas isic, rom momavali,,axali cisa da axali dedamiwis~ Seqmna, rac wminda werilSianawinaswarmetyvelebi, iqneba materialuri Rirebulebebisgadafarva sulieri RirebulebebiT, anu materialurad,xorcielad dacemuli adamiani kvlav aRzevdeba, amaRldebaRmerTamde _ absolutur siyvarulsa da sikeTemde. arqeologiuri da eTnologiuri monacemebi naTladmigvaniSneben imaze, rom saojaxo Temis sameurneo da sulieryofa-cxovrebaSi qali da mamakaci Tanabrad monawileobdnen.qali eweoda samiwaTmoqmedo saqmianobasac, qsovda, arTavda;amzadebda WurWels, tanisamoss, saWmels, uZRveboda saxls,asrulebda saojaxo kultmsaxurebas. mamakaci ki ZiriTadSiufro mZime samuSaoebiT iyo dakavebuli _ sWrida axoebs,Txrida sarwyav arxebs, nadirobda, agebda saxlebs, eweodamesaqonleobas da TemTa Soris gacvla-gamocvlas... qali _ diasaxlisi gansakuTrebiT iyo pativdebuliadremiwaTmoqmedTa Soris, amis naTeli dasturia kavkasiis(da ara marto kavkasiis) adresamiwaTmoqmedo periodisnamosaxlarebze dadasturebuli upiratesad qalis qandakebebi(ix.tabula II

4; IV

2). Sua aziis anaus kulturis samarxebSic qalis

qandakebebia dadasturebuli; CaTal-huiuqis namosaxlarzecerT-erTi sacxovreblis iatakis qveS dakrZaluli iyo qalikverTxiT; samosaxlos samlocveloSi ki ikrZalebodnen qaliqurumebi obsidianis sarkeebiT, xolo kaci qurumebi balTianisartylebiT(ix.371). cnobilia, rom am periodSi Temisa da


gvaris gamoCinebulni atarebdnen ganmasxvavebel insigniebs,xelisuflebis simboloebs, romlebsac gardacvalebis SemdegmaT saflavSi ayolebdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom am dros simdidre_ qoneba, warCinebis Sedegi iyo da ara misi safuZveli(ix.246). gamoangariSebulia, rom gamomdinare samiwaTmoqmedosaqmianobis ciklurobidan, romelzec weliwadSi savaraudod3-4 Tve ixarjeboda, dasaqmebuli unda yofiliyo saerTomosaxleobis daaxloebiT 10% anu 120 kacamde, rac Sulavrisgoris mosaxleobas meurneobis mTavari dargis funqcionire-bis uzrunvelsayofad savsebiT xelewifeboda. VI - IV aTaswleulebis kavkasiuri sazogadoebis ujredswarmoadgenda ekonomikurad diferencirebuli ojaxurierToba anu didi ojaxi (igive ganuyofeli didi ojaxi, kargaddadasturebuli da Seswavlili eTnografiuli monacemebismixedviT) uxucesebiT an uxucesTa sabWoebis meTaurobiT ansxva msgavsi TviTmmarTvelobiTi organos xelmZRvanelobiT.savaraudoa, rom es erTobebi erTiandebodnen ufro farTosocialur SenaerTebad _ tomebad. Sesabamisad, aseTi tomebimoicavdnen erTobebs dasaxlebulebs oazisebad da xeobebad3.miwa da saqoneli koleqtiur sargeblobaSi iyo ojaxurigadanawilebiT. calkeuli ojaxebi eweodnen Sinamrewve-lobasac. periodis dasasrulisaTvis SeimCneva ojaxTa ama Tuim saxiT viwro daspecialeba. es procesi, romelmac momavalSiTemobrivi xelosnobis Camoyalibeba gamoiwvia, am periodisa-Tvis sawyis fazaSia Sesuli. eTnografiuli monacemebigvidastureben, rom ojaxur erTobebs da patronimiebssakuTari salocavebi gaaCniaT, ris tradiciac jer kidevswored am neliT-eneoliTis xanebidan unda momdinareobdes. IV aTaswleulis bolosa da III aTaswleulis pirvelinaxevris samosaxloebi wina periodTan SedarebiTgarkveulwilad saxes icvlian. maTi nawili Zvel adgilebzeviTardeba, nawili ki adre dausaxlebel midamoebSiaRmocendebian. amjerad, samosaxlo adgilis SerCevisasgansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba ara marto ekologiur,aramed TavdacviT faqtorsac. es pirvel yovlisa mocemulregionSi agresiuli fonis zrdaze unda migvaniSnebdes.dasaxlebebi mTiswina da mTis zolSi Zneladmisadgom

3 xeobebad, xevebad gansaxleba _ n. berZeniSvili; erTobili xevisruliad svaneTisa da sxva.


adgilebSi mkvidrdebian _ maRal terasebze, koncxebze, mTiskalTebze da Sverilebze, garSemortymulni Rrma xeobebiTda xelovnuri TavdacviTi nagebobebiTac ki. dablob regionebSi grZeldeba oazisuri gansaxleba, anusamosaxloTa ,,jaWvuri~ ganlageba, rac ojaxur-naTesaobiTiTemebis segmentaciis da maTTan axlos patronimiuli soflebisdamkvidrebis maniSnebelia; Cndeba saerTo samosaxloTaSorisosamarovnebi, rac am samosaxloebis mcxovrebTa naTesaobisdamadastureblad iTvleba. zogierTi samosaxlos zomebi mkveTrad izrdeba winaxanebTan SedarebiT; yalibdeba samosaxloTa garkveuliierarqia: mcire samosaxloebi(1-1,5 ha.), Sua zomis samosaxloebi(3-3,5 ha.) da msxvili(10 ha-mde) dasaxlebuli punqtebi. gamoTvlilia,rom magaliTad qvacxelas namosaxlarze erTdroulad 200-300 kacamde cxovrobda (ix.187) da savaraudoa, rom es iyo e.w.didi gauyofeli ojaxi(245,20). ariWis namosaxlars, romelickavkasiaSi mtkvar-araqsis periodis aqamde Seswavlil yvelazedid (misi farTobi12 ha-mde aRwevs) samosaxlodaa miCneuli,regionSi daaxloebiT imgvari roli ekava, rogorc magaliTadCaTal-huiuqisa da norSun Tefes anatoliaSi, romlebzecmosaxleoba 5-6 aTas kacs aRwevda(299,210). ekonomikuri aRmavloba, romelic mtkvar-araqsiskulturis bolo aswleulebSi SeimCneva, aisaxa namosaxlarTaarqiteqturaSic. oTaxebis (romlebic rogorc Cans mcireojaxebs ekavaT) centrSi Cndeba stacionaruli kera. amgvarisacxovrisebis Sida sivrce sagrZnoblad sWarbobda (25 kv.m)eneoliTuri periodis fiWisebr nagebobebis Sida farTobs.midrekileba garkveuli komfortisaken, axali samSeneblomasalis gamoCena (sar-lasti, Zeli, qva), Sida sayofacxovrebonivTebis simravle, saTavsoebis gaCena, ritualuri nivTebi dasxva, am periodSi stabiluri cxovrebis naTeli magaliTia.amasTanave, individualur sacxovrebelTa centrSi stacio-naruli kerebis gaCena Temobriv jgufTa Soris garkveulicvlilebebis mimaniSneblad unda CaiTvalos. eTnografiul yofaSi dResac mravlad arsebobs imismagaliTebi, rom patriarqalur ojaxTa SigniT, sawarmooZalTa ganviTarebis Sedegad mimdinare procesebis dros, sawyisetapze es erTobani inarCuneben pirvandel arss, SemdgomSi kimaT SigniT Cndeba wevrTa pirad sakuTrebaSi Semavali nivTebi,qoneba; TandaTan did ojaxSi mimdinareobs manamde ucnobi


erTeulis _ mcire ojaxis gamoyofa-diferencireba, romlissafuZvelic swored xsenebuli kerZo sakuTrebaSi SemavalinivTebi iqceva(ix.286). cnobilia, rom rogorc wesi, adamianebs sWirdebaTgarkveuli sacxovrebeli minimumi (kvebis racioni, Sida dagare bioenergetikuli balansi, Sinauri socialur-fizikurisivrce...), romlis gamomuSavebac maT damoukideblad arSeuZliaT da amitomac, adreuli xanebidanve isini,Tanamcxovrebni, mxarSi edgnen erTurTs. TandaTanobiT,sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTareba iZleoda saSualebas imisa, romam sacxovrebeli minimumis gamomuSaveba SedarebiT ufromcirericxovan adamianTa koleqtivs SesZleboda. amdenad,TandaTan mcirdeboda TanamcxovrebTa raodenobac da xdebodadidi ojaxebis segmentacia. miuxedavad amgvari danawevrebisa,arsi ojaxisa _ sisxlisnaTesaobiTi, RviZli urTierToba-movaleobani, mainc ucvleli rCeboda da miuxedavad sawarmooZalTa ganviTarebis Sedegad gapirobebuli socialur-ekonomikuri procesebisa, sazogadoebis safuZvels maincojaxur-gvarovnuli urTierTobani Seadgendnen; romlebicmomaval epoqebSi ganviTardnen da SidaerovnulurTierTobebad Camoyalibdnen. miCneulia, rom individualuri ojaxebis ekonomiuridamkvidrebis process safuZveli eyreba im mxareebSi, sadacerTdrouli, farTomasStabiani sasoflo-sameurneo samuSao-ebis gaSla SeuZlebeli iyo. savaraudod kavkasiaSi aseTimxareebi iyo is olqebi, sadac viTardeboda terasulimeurneobebi(ix.299; 207). pirveli terasebi mTian daRestenSiadafiqsirebuli da qristemde III aTaswleuliT TariRdeba.xelovnuri, terasuli mdeloebis mowyobis Tavisebur Sromisorganizacias mTis regionebis miwaTmoqmedni individualur,mcire jgufur SromiT gamocdilebamde unda mieyvana, racganapirobebda SedarebiT momcro terasuli moednebis kerZosakuTrebas da amasTanave es xdeboda kidec Semdgom mcireojaxebis ekonomikuri TviTmyofadobis safuZveli(299, 267).SesaZloa marTlac ase yofiliyo, magram sayuradReboa is faqti,rom kavkasiis reliefze mosaxleobis gaSla jer kidev ufroadreuli periodebidan baridan mTisken mimdinareobs da metadsavaraudoa, rom mTis moaxalSeneebi ukve baris oazisebis didiojaxebidan gamoyofilni, Tvisobrivad TviTmyofadi daekonomikurad damoukideblobis potenciis matarebeli


jgufebi arian. amdenad Cven migvaCnia, rom didi ojaxidanSedarebiT patara monaTesave ojaxebis segmentaciis procesijer baris _ ganviTarebuli miwaTmoqmedebis porobebSiSedarebiT ufro adre unda dawyebuliyo, rasac SemdgomSimTis mxareebis ufro intensiuri aTviseba mohyva. aRmoCenebi (amiranis goris metalurgiuli saxelosno,saxelosnoebi garnissa da baba-derviSze) cxadyofen adrebrinjaos epoqisaTvis axali tipis warmoebis, metalurgiisgafarToebas da Sesabamisad, gansxvavebul, mWedel-xelosanTasocialuri fenis Camoyalibebis dasawyiss. pirvel xanebSimetalurgiul saxelosnoebSi erTgvarovani nakeTobebi mzad-deboda, romlebic Temis yoveldRiuri yofa-cxovrebisTvisiyo gankuTvnili. es iyo tipiuri magaliTi Temuri xelos-nobisa, romelic jer ar iyo qceuli warmoebis dargad.mWedlis damkveTi da nakeTobaTa momxmarebeli upiratesadTemi iyo. Temive unazRaurebda mas Sromas moweuli produq-ciis saxiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom SedarebiT mogviano xanebSieTnografiulad dadasturebuli soflis mWedlis statusicerTob uaxlovdeba arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviTwarmosaxul adreuli epoqebis socialur suraTs. mWedelisoflis cxovrebaSi erT-erTi uTvalsaCinoesi figura iyo.igi garkveuli saburveliT mosili (rogorc ,,rkinis mkvne-teli~), erTgvar miTiur piradac iTvleboda; romlis sityvasacgadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda TanasoflelTaTvis. misisamWedlo, grdemli, kveri – erTgvari sakraluri obieqtebiiyo, romelTa amgvari xasiaTi kargad gamokrTis cnobilqarTul gamoTqmaSi - ,,kveris dakvra~. gamokvleulia, rom,,kveris dakvra~ xdeboda raime gadawyvetilebis miRebisas;xolo am gadawyvetilebis SemuSaveba samWedloSi, grdemlTanxdeboda. ,,kveris dakvriT~ sruldeboda am gadawyvetilebisgaformeba. didi ojaxebis sulierma erTobam gamovlena hpovaerToblivi kultmsaxurebis fenomenSic. qvacxelas namosax-larze samlocvelos warmoadgenda nageboba, romelicarafriT ar gansxvavdeboda danarCeni Senobebisagan. mxolodmisi Sida mowyoba iZleoda imis miniSnebas, rom es saojaxoTemis samlocvelo unda yofiliyo. amiranis goris samlocve-lo, ganlagebuli dasaxlebis zemoT, mTaze, samsxverplomoedanTa kompleqss warmoadgenda. cnobilia am periodissamlocveloebi moxra-blurze, beiCi sulTanis namosaxlarze.


k. kuSnariova varaudobs, rom amgvari samlocvelo nagebobebisgamarTva didi koleqtivebis SromiT organizebas moiTxovda,ris sanacvlodac, agebis Semdeg isini am koleqtivTa mokrebisadgilebi xdebodnen. aqve sagangebod aRniSvnis Rirsia isgaremoeba, rom samlocvelo mis agebaSi daxarjulikoleqtiuri Sromis Semdeg ki ar xdeba kultmsaxurebisobieqti4, aramed upirveles yovlisa dasaxlebis adgilobrivimcxovrebni Wvretdnen ama Tu im adgilze xatis, RvTaebissabrZaniss, mis sulier gamonaTebas da amis Semdeg agebdnen iqsakulto nagebobas. adgilis suliereba, misi erTobiliSegrZneba, ganmtkicebuli saerTo sisxlismieri warmomavlo-biT, iyo safuZveli ama Tu im dasaxlebis mcxovrebTa erTobisa.swored amis Semdgom, es erToba, miseuli sulierebis dvritagamoxatulebas poulobda koleqtiuri Sromis Sedegadgamovlinebul xilul, materialuri kulturis nimuSebSi,romelTa JamTasvlisagan namusrevsac dRes afiqsirebenarqeologebi. cnobilia, rom msxvil sakulto centrebTan gverdiTarsebobdnen ojaxuri samlocveloebi. individualuri ojaxissulieri erToba keraSi vlindeboda, amaze metyvelebs kerebisornamentacia da masTan axlos ritualur saganTa aRmoCenac. maSasadame, xasiaTiT, masStabiT da lokalizebiTgansxvavebuli sakulto adgilebis arseboba samosaxloebzesacxovrebel nagebobaTa gverdiT, am droisaTvis (qristemdeVI aTaswleulis bolosa da III aTaswleulis Sua xanebisaTvis)garkveulad afiqsirebs iseTi sazogadoebrivi erTeulebisTanaarsebobas, rogorsac didi da mcire ojaxebi warmoad-gendnen (299, 268). III aTaswleulis bolosa da II aTaswleulis I naxevriskavkasiis sazogadoebrivi struqturebis Seswavlis saqmesaTanado wyaroTa naklebobis gamo erTob gaZnelebulia. esiyo periodi ekonomikis sferoebSi Zireuli cvlilebebisa,periodi didi eTnikuri masebis gadaadgilebisa, CrdiloeTiTda samxreTiT kavkasiis kontaqtebis gaZlierebisa. Tavis mxriv,amgvar kardinalur cvlilebebs SeuZlebelia Zireulad arSeecvala mosaxleobis ekonomikuri, sazogadoebrivi dasulieri cxovreba.

4 rogorc amas materialisturi midgomis safuZvelze varaudobencalkeuli mkvlevarebi.


gamonakliss Seadgendnen dasavleT amierkavkasiisnamosaxlarebi, romlebic inarCunebdnen TavianT tradiciulsaxes; eseni warmoadgenen momcro (1200-2000 kv. m-is), alagobrivi(xutoruli) tipis dasaxlebebs - didi ojaxebisa da patronimi-ebis samosaxloebs. maSasadame, rogorc es kavkasiis regionSi da mis mimdebaremxareebSi mopovebuli arqeologiuri masalidan TvalanaTlivCans, sacxovrisis fenomenis erT-erT yvelaze ufro mTavardamaxasiaTebel Tvisebas warmoadgens misi uSualo kavSirisocialur organizaciasTan - ojaxTan. rogorc wesi, sacxov-risis interieris sivrcul gadawyvetaSi ojaxis mravalfero-vani struqtura aisaxeba xolme. yvelaze adreul arqeologiurZeglebSic ki ukve SeimCneva sacxovrisSi mamakacisa da qalissamyofis, ojaxis ufrosis adgilis da xandaxan mozardTasamyofis gamocalkevebis kvali. Sida sivrcis amgvari dayofaatarebs pirobiT xasiaTs da emTxveva sakraluri sivrcisorganizaciis principebs(230, 7). sacxovrisis uSualo kavSirisocialur organizaciasTan SesamCnevia yvela xalxSi. mimTvisebeli meurneobis xanis socialur erTeulswarmoadgenda damoukidebeli jgufi, romelic ramdenimeqalisa da mamakacisagan Sedgeboda. es jgufi awarmoebdasaerTo meurneobas da sacxovrisebi ganekuTvnebodnencalkeul individumebs. mogvianebiT sacxovrisebi gane-kuTvnebodaT wyvilad ojaxebs, romlebic Seadgendnengvarovnul Tems, romelmac, rogorc fiqroben, warmoebiTimeurneobis gavrcelebis periodSi Sescvala paleoliTisa damezoliTis sisxliTnaTesaobiTi Temi(314, 116). jeiTunis sakmaod kargad Seswavlil kulturaSi,SesaZlebeli gaxda saxlTmSeneblobaSi decentralizaciisadmiTvalis midevneba. TiToeul saxlSi arsebobda didi keraerTiani ojaxisTvis sakvebis mosamzadeblad. ramodenimewyviladi ojaxis erTianoba qmnida SedarebiT msxvilgaerTianebas. namosaxlarze saxlobda ramodenime amgvarierToba, razec albaT metyvelebs saziaro xaroebis aRmoCenac(314, 104-107). es faqti imaze unda migvaniSnebdes, rom ZvelaRmosavleTSi, adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebis matarebelxalxebSi, ojaxuri urTierTobani jer kidev sakmaod sustiiyo. gvarovnuli Temi egzogamiuri iyo, qorwineba matri dapatriarqaluri, xolo sisxliTnaTesaoba SeiniSnebodamxolod erTi xaziT. ukve gvian neoliTsa da eneoliTSi, roca


viTardeba gacvla da xelosnoba soflis meurneobisgamoyofiT, roca xdeba saxelmwifos warmomqmneli biZgebisformireba, varaudoben heterogenuli ojaxuri Temisformirebas, romelic Sedgeboda ramdenime ,,sisxlisagan~(246,141-145). mravaloTaxiani sacxovrisebi iseTi ojaxuri Temebissamyofels warmoadgendnen, romelTac gaaCndaT saerTobeRlebi da saerTo ojaxuri samlocvelo(314, 336-339). amrigad,ojaxuri Temebi xdebodnen ra damoukidebeli sameurneoerTeulebi, iyofodnen, calkevdebodnen socialuri Tuqonebrivi kuTxiTac. msgavsi situacia SeimCneva sxva regionebSi: protoindoev-ropuli t´hom -esaa sacxovrisi, gamaerTianebeli xalxisagansazRvruli socialuri da ojaxobrivi niSniT, saxlismeTauriTa da misi msaxurebiT. aRniSnuli sacxovrisis WerqveScxovrobs adamianTa jgufi, romlis wevrebic erTmaneTTandakavSirebuli iyvnen socialur-ojaxobrivi urTierTobebiT(253, 742). saxlebis gaerTianeba iZleoda ufro msxvilsocialur erTeuls _ dasaxlebis msgavss, ramdenime ojaxisganSemdgars, gaerTianebuls gansazRvruli niSniT. esaa saxlebigaerTianebuli Temobriv dasaxlebaSi(253, 73). rogorc cnobilia, qarTvelur tomebSi ojaxurma Temma,rogorc gansazRvrulma istoriulma kategoriam Camoyalibebaiwyo winareistoriul periodSi. patriarqalur-Temuriwyobilebis safexurze Seiqmna iseTi sameurneo-sazogadoebriviforma, romelic agebuli iyo agnatTa naTesaur urTierTobebze.mxolod patriarqalur Temur urTierTobebs SeeZloTwarmoeqmnaT safuZveli sazogadoebrivi organizaciis iseTiformisaTvis, romlebic mogvianebiT dafuZnebulni iyvnen ZmaTagauyoflobaze(348, 150). ojaxuri Temi, saxlis Temi anu didi patriarqaluri ojaxiiyo ZiriTadi birTvi, patriarqaluri-Temuri sazogadoebisa.igi Sedgeboda sami-oTxi, xandaxan Svidi Taobisagan erTi mamisZiriTadi da gauyofeli Stoebisagan; Seadgenda erT meurne-obas, damyarebuls miwisa da warmoebis ZiriTadi saSualebebiskoleqtiur sakuTrebaze; warmoebuli produqciis Tanabar,koleqtiur moxmarebaze. aseTi ojaxuri Temis SemadgenlobaZvelad ramdenime aseulsac ki aRwevda. am sakiTxs saintereso gamokvleva uZRvna g. mamuliam, sadacigi aRniSnava - ,,sxvadasxva warmomavlobis tomobriv erTobaTaSeswavlis Sedegad dadgenilia, rom tomis socialur struq-


turaSi Semavali naTesavebis wridan mkveTrad gamoiyofanaTesavTa SemozRuduli wre, romlis wevrebic urTierTismimarT mtkice ufleba-movaleobebiT iyvnen Sekrulni. aseTaxlo naTesavebad papis mamis (peperas) Camomavlebi iTvlebodnenpirdapiri da gverdiTi Stoebis mixedviT. am socialur jgufSiSemavali wevrebisaTvis urTierTis naTesaoba ara gadmoce-mebiT aRiqmeboda, aramed rogorc wesi, erTmaneTs piradadicnobdnen radgan TaobaTa mixedviT, aRniSnuli naTesaobissazRvrebi adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivobasTan iyoTanaSefardebuli. aRniSnul socialur jgufSi, SviliSvilisSvili yoveldRiur yofaSi, iqneboda es sameurneo Tu magiur-religiuri saqmianoba, Tavisi papis mamas uSualod uyurebdada rodesac Tavad moiyreboda Tavisi winapris xnisa, igisakuTar SviliSvilis Svils icnobda. yovelive amisa gamo, amsocialur jgufSi Semaval wevrTa uSualo nacnobobanaTesaobis meSvide Taobamde aRwevda, rac ganapirobebda imgaremoebas, rom eqvsi Svidi Taobis naTesavTa Soris naTesaurikavSirebi da naTesauri rigi uaRresad cocxlad aRiqmeboda~(97, 12). SvidTaobiani naTesauri struqturis uaRres arqaulobazemiuTiTebs isic, rom igi egzogamiuri jgufi iyo manam, sanamegzogamia SvidTaobiani naTesauri jgufidan mTlianad gvarzegavrceldeboda. ,,saxli~, rogorc uZvelesi socialur-ekonomiuri struqtura, sxvadasxva warmomavlobis xalxebSigenetikurad SvidTaobian naTesaur struqturasTan arisdakavSirebuli da naTesauri solidarizaciac Svidi TaobisnaTesavTa Soris uaRresad mWidrod vlindeba (kulti,memkvidreoba, mesisxleoba, da sxva). swored aseTi mWidronaTesauri solidarizaciiT Sekruli papis mamis (peperas)pirdapiri da gverdiTi Stoebis Camomavalia socialurijgufi, agnatTa socialuri gaerTianeba, romelsac agnaturjgufs uwodeben (iqve). agnaturi jgufis tipis socialuri gaerTianebani samperentelad iyofa. pirvel perentelSi Sedian ego-s mamisCamomavlebi mesame Taobamde _ a) Zma, ZmisSvili, ZmisSviliSvili.b) da, disSvili, disSviliSvili. meore perentelSi ego-s papisCamomavlebi mesame Taobamde _ a) biZa, biZaSvili,biZaSvilisSvili. b) mamida, mamidaSvili madidaSvilSvili. mesameperentelSi Sedian ego-s papis mamis Camomavlebi mesameTaobamde _ a) papis Zma, papis ZmisSvili, papis Zmis SviliSvili.


b) papis da, papis dis Svili, papis dis SviliSvili. Tu ego-smemkvidre ar hyavda, memkvidreebad rigrigobiT gamodiodnenagnatur jgufSi Semavali naTesavebi. Tu isinic ar arsebobdnenmaSin memkvidred gvari gamodioda(97, 18). Zveli qarTuli socialuri terminebidan, gansakuTrebiTsainteresod Cans _xl_ zmnuri Ziridan nawarmoebi saxelebi.erTerTi aseTi termini ,,saxli~ enobrivad _xl_ zmnur fuzeze_sa_ prefiqsisi darTviT iwarmoeba. xl _ Ziri semantikurad,,axlo yofnas~, ,,erTad yofnas~ aRniSnavda(97, 44). ,,saxli~mosaxleobis erTeulis aRmniSvneli sityva iyo. am terminisanalizs iv. javaxiSvili iZleva da aRniSnavs, rom ,,saxli~Zvelad marto ojaxis sacxovrebel adgils ki ar erqva, aramedmiwa-wylisa da administraciuli erTeulis aRmniSvneliterminic iyo(190, 132). ,,saxlis~, rogorc socialuri erTeulisarseboba gacilebiT ufro adrea sagulisxmebeli. gamoTqmulimosazrebis Tanaxmad, ukve qristemde II aTaswleulis II naxevarSidRevandeli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos miwa-wyalze mosaxletomTa ZiriTad socialur erTeuls _ ujreds eqvsi-SvidiTaobisagan Semdgari agnaturi jgufi warmoadgenda, romelicSemdeg socialur terminebs moicavda _ ,,naTesavi”; ,,Tvis~;,,Svili~; ,,mkvidri~; ,,maZiebeli sisxlisa~; ,,maxlobeli~;,,axloela~. amaT garda sxva yvela ,,ucxo~ iyo. Zvel qarTulwyaroebSi ,,Tvisisa~ da ,,mkvidris~ kontragentad ,,ucxo~gvevlineba(97, 40). yvela zemoT aRniSnul erTeuls _ yvela,,Sinaurs~ ,,saxli~ aerTianebda. sityva ,,saxlSi~, rogorcleqsikur erTeulSi, Zalze sainteresod gamoiyureba Ziri _xl. am Zirze agebuli sityvebi _sa-xl-i, sa-xl-e-ul-i, xl-eb-a,sis-xl-i, ma-xl-ob-el-i, xl-ar-Ti da sxva, garkveulwiladgamoxataven -xl- Ziris Sinaarss. Zveli qarTuli leqsikurimonacemebic sakmao masalas iZleva am TavalsazrisiT(ix. 3; 58...).magaliTad, saxleuli _ ,,saxli~, ,,TvisTagani~, ,,Zeni~, ojaxi,ojaxis wevrebi: ,,iyvnen mter kacisa saxleulni Tvisni~ (maTe.10,36). ,,saxleuliTurT TanayofiT iyvnes mona~ (Ses. IV,24).motanili magaliTebidan Cans, rom _xl_ Ziri dominirebsgarkveul, Sinaarsobrivad msgavs sityvebSi. es asoTa wyoba_xl_ rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, gansakuTrebiT sisxliTaxlobeli xalxis krebiTi Sinaarsis matarebeli unda iyos. Zveli qarTuli saxli miwa-wylisagan, gamwevi Zalisagan,nagebobebisgan da kidev mravali erTi sisxlismieri erTobissakuTrebaSi Semavali sxva komponentebisgan Sedgeboda. saxls


saTaveSi mamasaxlisad wodebuli gamgebeli gvaris uxucesihyavda(97, 44). saxlebi erTiandebodnen da erT erTeuls,,sofels~ Seadgendnen. Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebidan momdinaremonacemebis mixedviT, ,,sofeli~ qveyanas aRniSnavda(190, 130).,,evstaTi mcxeTelis marTvilobaSi~(qristesSemdgom VI saukune),sparseTis marzpani evstaTis amgvarad mimarTavs: ,,romlisasoflisa xar, anu romeli qalaqisa~. evstaTi pasuxobs: ,,mesoflisa sparseTisa viyav, (xevisa) arSakeTisa, qalaqisaganZakisa viyav~(190, 30). motanil dialogSi sayuradReboa TviT individis midgomasakuTari samkvidro adgilisadmi. TvalnaTliv Cans, romevstaTi Tavisi miwis warmomavali, iqauri _ sparseli ki araris, aramed miwis nawilia, am miwaze msxdomi TemiskuTvnilebaa. unda vivaraudoT, rom es Temi, miCneuliaorganul nawilad sakuTari geografiuli samyofisa _ miwisada masTan kavSirSi warmoadgens erTian realur Zalas.Tvalwin warmogvidgeba erTob saintereso suraTi _ konkre-tuli mxare da masze mosaxle erToba urTierTTanaa Serwymu-li, erT sisxlxorceul erTobadaa Camoyalibebuli. Tavismxriv, swored amgvari damokidebuleba udevs safuZvlad xatisada saymos urTierTobasac. saymos yoveli wevri Svilia,kuTvnilebaa, nawilia Tavisi xatisa da uSualo nawilia erTianisaymosi. motanil magaliTSi Cans midgoma - urTierTdamoki-debuleba ,,individ-nawilisa~ sakuTar miwasTan da maszemosaxle TemTan. qveyana maSinaa qveyana, rodesac igiaTvisebulia raime socialuri erTeulis mier, romelicflobs mas da eTviseba mas, sauflo miwas - aRniSnavs n. berZeni-Svili(25, 20-21). termini -,,sofeli~, qristes Semdgom VIII s-is damlevisaTvis,jer kidev sazogadod qveyanas aRniSnavs. IX-X saukunidanmoyolebuli ki ukve es termini winandeburad qveyanas dasanaxebs ki aRar aRniSnavs, aramed romelime calkeul dabas.ise ki am periodamde da mas Semdgomac, soflis mermindeli daTanamedrove mniSvnelobiT termini ,,dabaY~ ixmareboda,romlis prvandeli formac iyo _ ,,dabani~(190, 131). es sityvaTavidanve damuSavebul miwisa da naxnavs aRniSnavda; svanurSi,,dab~ axlac xnuls aRniSnavs(iqve). eneoliTis xanidan moyolebuli, uZvelesi namosaxlarebimiwaTmoqmedebis sakmaod ganviTarebul kulturasTan arian


dakavSirebulni. dasaxleba maSinaa samosaxlo, roca maszemosaxle ,,saxli~ mudmivad mkvidrobs, e.i. eweva mudmiv yofas_ miwaTmoqmedebas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi _ wamyvanimesaqonleobis SemTxvevaSi, igi samosaxlo ki ara sadgomi iqneba.nomaduri cxovrebis wess _ momTabareobas, mesaqonleobas,sadgomi sWirdeba da ara samosaxlo. uZvelesi periodidanmoyolebuli centraluri amierkavkasiis teritoriaze Cvenukve ZiriTadad namosaxlarebi gvaqvs da ara nasadgomarebi.es mdgomareoba, am mxareSi mosaxle socialuri erTeulebSimudmivi, damjdari cxovrebis wesis warmmarTvel rolzemigviTiTebs. aRniSnuli ,,saxli~, Tavis samkvidro, samosaxlo miwazearsebobda, miwasTan iyo SeTvisebuli, cxovrobda masze.,,saxlis~ arsebobas, yofas sazogadod, sityva - ,,cxovreba~aRniSnavs. misgan nawarmoebia _ ,,sacxovrisi~, ,,sacxovrebeli~,im adgilis saxeli, sadac cxovrobda, myofobda konkretulisocialuri erTeuli _ ,,saxli~. sityva ,,sacxovris~-Si -cx- Ziris bgeraTa SeTanxmebagamoiyofa. rogorc cnobilia, yovel enaSi arsebuli fonemebida maTi SeTanxmebani enis xasiaTs, masze molaparake eTnosisxasiaTs gadmoscemen(260, 370-371). amitomac, gasakviri ar undaiyos is, rom Cven ase xSirad vexebiT ama Tu im socialur dayofiT terminTa aRmniSvneli sityvebis bgeraTSeTanxmebebs.amjerad, magaliTisTvis cx- Zirze agebul Semdeg sityvebsmovixmobT: -cxad- cxad iyvnen saqmeni misni(i. 3,21); mamai Seni romelihxedavs, mogagos Sen cxadad(m. 6,4); varRara Hxel - iwifis manqalaqad cxad Sesvlad(mr. 1,45). -cxeba (wacxeba, wasma; e.i. raimes sibrtyeze ganfena, raimesraimeze mofena) _ amborsuyofda ferxTa misTa da scxebdanelsacxebelsa(l. 7,38). scxebdes zeTsa mravalTa sneulTa daganhkurnebdes(mr. 6,13). romlisaTQOisac mcxo me(l. 6,18). -cxebuli (gamorCeuli, rCeuli _ gamorCeulia is visaczeTi an mironi scxia) _ vidremde ixilos cxebuli uflisaY(l.2,26). -cxedari (sawoli - gaSliT dasadebeli, gasacxebeli) _aRdeg, aRiRe cxedari Seni da warved saxid Senda(mT. 9,6). masRamesa orni iyvnen erTsa cxedarsa(l. 17, 34). moarTues masganrRveuli cxedarsa zeda mdebare(mT. 9,2).


-cxovreba, cxoreba: sicoxcle, xsna, gadarCena: _ sityuaTaromelTa getyO Tquen, sul arian da cxoreba(i. 6,63). cxorebaYsaukunoY daimkvidros(mT. 19,16). Sekribos nayofi cxovrebisamas saukunosa(i. 2,36). -sacxovari: cxvari, saqoneli: _ igi Tavadi amisgan sumda,Zeni misni da sacxovari misi(i. 4,12). -sacxorebeli: qoneba, cxovrebis saSualeba: _ Sewirayoveli sacxorebeli Tvsi(mr. 12, 44). aman yoveli raica aqunda,Semowira sacxoreblad misa(58, 525). -cx-ov-el _ sicocxles, sulis miwaze ganfenas, sazogadodyofas niSnavs. mamaman aRagdinnes mkudarni da cxovel iqyvnen(i.5,12); raisa eZiebT cxovelsa mas mkudarTa Tana(l. 24,5)... rogorc vxedavT, -cx- bgeraTa SeTanxmeba, sulisyofierebis, arsebobis ganfenas, gaSlas, mofenas aRniSnavdaqarTul enaSi. sacxovrisTan (da saerTod yofasTan) dakavSirebulsocialur terminTagan erTob sayuradReboa _ ,,naTesavi~,,,TOsi~, ,,Svili~. es terminebi urTierTis sinonimebadaamiCneuli (97, 23). is, rom sityva ,,naTesavi~ Sinaarsobrivad ganayofierebiscnebas ukavSirdeba, sadao ar unda iyos. ,,naTesavi~ aris is,vinc Tesvis, ganayofierebis Sedegad Cndeba da saerTo mamidan,,,mSobeli~ Ziridan momdinareobs. TavisTavad saxli,sisxlismieri erToba, serTo warmomavlobiTi dvritiTgaerTianebuli Teslnayari erToba, momdinarea Tavisisamkvidrodan, miwidan, romelTan erTobliobaSic ganixilebaam saxlSi Semavali yoveli calkeuli individi. isini saerTonaTesauri erTobis principiT arian Sekrul-SeduRabebulnida erTiani sanaTesao RvTaebis samsaxuriT, iniciaciuradSesulni arian samkvidro garemosTan sisxlxorceul kavSirSi. sityva ,,mkvidri~, xalxur yofaSi, didi ojaxis wevrebs _biZaSvils da mamidaSvils aRniSnavda. rac Seexeba das, Zmas anSvils _ maT ,,RviZlad~ moixseniebdnen. RviZli xomsisxlwarmomqmneli upirvelesi organoa. ,,RviZlebi~ erTiojaxis wevrebi arian, xolo ,,mkvidrebi~ _ biZaSvil-mamidaSvilebi, romlebic erT samkvidrebelze saxloben da am, ,samosaxlo~ miwis garSemo ,,Svilobis~ princi piTerTiandebian. am erTianobis safuZveli ki kultia, ,,adgilisdedaa~ _ xatia, romelic ideurad hkravs, amTlianebs am


erTobas; uwodebs ra am saxate miwaze mkvidri yoveli wevriTavs - Svils am ,,xat-samkvidroisas~. ,,Svilisa~ da ,,mkvidris~ urTierTmimarTebas zustadganmartavs efrem mcire. igi aRniSnavs: ,,Seiswave, rameTu mkOdrisakuTari(e.i. Sesabamisi) saxeli ars Svilisa mis gana TuSvilebulisa, romelsa zrdian, raiTa man daimkOdros uflebaYsaxlisaY~(53, 29). maSasadame, sacxovrisi sazogadod, es iyo adgili sadacTavs iyrida, erTiandeboda da yalibdeboda rTuli Sinaganistruqturis mqone socialuri erToba - ,,saxli~, romliswevrTa urTierTobanic sisxliTnaTesaobiT principze iyodamyarebuli. isini ideurad erTiandebodnen erT WerqveS, erTi,,fuZis angelozis~, erTi RvTaebis Tayvaniscemis safuzvelze.maTi amgvari erToba ki upirvelesad dafuZnebuli iyo garkve-uli samkvidro teritoriis, miwis saerTo mflobelobaze. ,,saxlSi~ Semavali individebi, TiToeuli, sakuTarisisxliTnaTesaobiTi xarisxis mixedviT ,,naTesavad~, ,,TOsad~,,,Svilad~, ,,mkvidrad~ iwodeboda. yvela isini ,,Sinaurebi~iyvnen, radganac erT saxlSi, erT sacxovrisSi uxdebodaTTavSeyra. danarCenni, vinc maT saxlsgareT, maTi ojaxis gareTimyofebodnen _ ,,gareSed~ iwodebodnen. metad sainteresoa isic, Tu rogor iqcnen sivrculicnebebi _ ,,Sin~ da ,,gare~, socialur cnebebad _ ,,Sinauri~ da,,gareuli~. erT-erTi yvelaze gadamwyveti periodi kacobriobisistoriaSi, romelmac garkveulad gansazRvra misi SemdgomiganviTareba, iyo miTvisebiTi _ samonadireo da Semgroveblurimeurneobidan mwarmoeblur meurnrobaze gadasvlis periodi,am ukanasknelis Zireuli formebis Camoyalibebis, ganviTarebisada gavrcelebis periodi. TiTqmis yvela is ZiriTadimosazrebani, romlebic istoriuli mecnierebis ganviTarebisTanamedrove etapze eTnologTa da arqeologTa mier ariangamoTqmulni, emyarebian kacobriobis istoriaSi miTvisebiTimeurneobidan mwarmoeblurze gadasvlis ganmsazRvreli rolisaRiarebas. ekonomikuri bazisis Secvlam, Sesabamisad, gvarovnulisazogadoebis gadaxaliseba gamoiwvia. meurneobis axalformebze gadasvlam, sazogadoebis SigniT sxvagvari urTier-Tobebis damkvidrebas Seuwyo xeli. Seicvala damikidebulebatomebsa da gvarebs Soris, rac ufro msxvili tomobrivi


dajgufebebis CamoyalibebaSi gamoixata. am periodidan, ukveTvalnaTliv SeiniSneba mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli arqeolo-giuri kulturebis arseboba. iqmneba msxvili eTnikurigaerTianebebi. mkveTrad matulobs mosaxleobis raodenobac.kavkasia neoliTis xanaSi ukve sakmaod mWidrod dasaxlebuliCans. gazrdili mosaxleoba axali tipis meurneobisaTvisvargisi miwebis aTvisebas permanentulad intensiurs xdis.farTovdeba tomebis segmentaciis sakmaod intensiuri procesi.iqmneba monaTesave tomTagan Seqmnili eTnikuri jgufebi, risanarekladac metnaklebad erTgvarovani didi arqeologiurikulturebis arsebobaa miCneuli(199, 45). gansakuTrebiT energiulad mimdinareobda aRniSnulisegmentaciis procesi, jer kidev adreul etapze, maSin rocateritoriis msaxleoba arc Tu didad intensiuri iyo, rocaar arsebobda TemTa Soris mWidro ekonomikuri kavSirebi.maSin gamoyofili Temi, ori-sami Taobis Semdeg, SeiZlebodamTlianad moswyvetoda ZiriTad Tems. aseT pirobebSi, rogorcgamoTqmulia mosazreba, ramdenime aTeuli Taobis SemdegsavsebiT SesaZlebelia sruliad axali enac ki Camoyali-bebuliyo(340, 12). erTi kia, axal enasa da Sesabamisad axaleTnoss Camoyalibebisa da saboloo saxis formirebiTvisaRniSnuls garda mTeli rigi pirobebi esaWiroeba. yoveliSemTxvevisaTvis, segmentaciis procesi rom axali dialeqtebisCamoyalibebas uwyobda xels, vfiqrobT, eWvs ar unda iwvevdes. momdevno etapze, diferenciaciis _ segmentaciis procesiisev batonobda, oRond axla ukve gansxvavebuli iyo misiSedegebi. sawarmoo ZalTa gazrdam da ekonomikuri kavSir-urTierTobebis gacxovelebam Seqmna imgvari pirobebi, rocaaxali Temebi, rogorc wesi ukve aRar kargavdnen kavSirebsZvel, Zir TemebTan. sabolood warmoiqmnebodnen kulturisada dialeqtebis msgavsebiT gaerTianebuli monaTesave tomTajgufebi, romlebic erTmaneTTan sxva arsebiTi kavSirebisgarda ,,lingvisturi ganuyoflobiTac~ erTiandebodnen (340,12). mocemul etapze gaerTianebis da gansakuTrebiT asimilaciisprocesebi gadamwyvet rols asrulebdnen. amis mizezi iyoTundac is, rom tomTa erTi jgufis teritoriis gazrda sxvatomebis teritoriebis omebis gziT SemoerTebis xarjzexdeboda. zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSimimdinare aRniSnuli xasiaTis kataklizmebi naTlad


dasturdeba kavkasiis regionidan momdinare arqeologiurimasalebidanac. aq ukve eneoliTis xanaSi, adresamiwaTmoqmedokulturebis gavrcelebis xanaSi amgvari segmentaciuri daintegraciuli procesebi udao faqtia. qvemo qarTlSi, marneulis vakeze nasoflari borcvebijguf-jgufadaa ganlagebuli. TiToeuli aseTi jgufi 3-5borcvisagan Sedgeboda (ix.81). magaliTad, Sulavris jgufSioTxi amgvari borcvi Sedioda. ZiriTad borcvze, Sulavrisgoraze, cxovreba teritoriis aTvisebis pirvel xanebSive undaCasaxuliyo. SemdgomSi, mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdasTanerTad, es dasaxleba namats veRar itevs da mosaxleobis nawiliiZulebulia axal adgilze gadavides. Zveli soflis axlosCndeba axali dasaxlebebi. qvemo qarTlis regionSi amgvarisegmentacia aRniSnuli periodisaTvis ramdenjerme undamomxdariyo(199, 48). rogorc cnobilia, centralur daaRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebisCamoyalibebis xana qristemde VI aTaswleulis bolos iwyebada or lokalur raionSi vlindeba. varaudoben imasac, romisini adgilobriv saerTo fesvebs efuZnebodnen. erTi maTganiqvemo qarTlsa da mis mimdgom mxareebs moicavda (Sulaveri-Somu Tefes varianti), meore ki yarabaR-naxWevanis olqs,araratis vels da Crdilo kavkasiaSi, Tanamedroe daRestnisteritoriazec gadadioda. amierkavkasiis samxreT-aRmosavleTzolSi Camoyalibebuli es adreuli kultura, ramdenadmeufro gviani unda iyos Sulaveri-Somu Tefes kulturasTanSedarebiT. igi wina aziis adreuli kulturebis garkveulgavlenas ganicdis da Tavisebur elfers iRebs. amierkavkasiisCrdilo nawilSi ki, rogorc varaudoben ZvelaRmosavlurigavlena nakleb SesamCnevia(199, 54). rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mocemul periodSi, damjdaricxovrebis wesis CamoyalibebasTan erTad, rac TavisTavadmwarmoebluri meurneobis erT-erTi mTavari damaxasiaTebeliniSanicaa, unda momxdariyo ZiriTadi socialuri cnebebis _,,Sinaurisa~ da ,,gareulis~ Camoyalibebac. am periodisnamosaxlarebis mcxovrebTa Semadgenloba sisixliTnaTesaobiTprincipebze unda yofiliyo agebuli. albaT, gamoyofa mTavaridasaxlebebidan am principis dacviTve unda momxdariyo. e.i.dedo dasaxlebaSi mcxovreb Tems namatis saxiT esa Tu is ojaxi,jalabi gamoeyofoda, romelic mTavari dasaxlebidan arc TumoSorebiT mkvidrdeboda; mimdebare teritorias iTvisebda.


qvemo qarTlSi gavrcelebul adresamiwaTmoqmedokulturaSi, IV aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris bolosaTvis,mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi SeiniSneba. miwaTmoqmedebiserTgvarma aRmavlobam ganapiroba SedarebiT mozrdilidasaxlebebis arseboba. am kulturis ufro adreuli safexurisnamosaxlarebi (Sulavris gora, imiris gora da sxv.) gacilebiTufro patarebi iyvnen. qvemo qarTlis adresamiwaTmoqmedokulturis gviandel safexurze, IV aTaswleulis SuaxanebisaTvis, miwaTmoqmedeba garkveul dawinaurebas ganicdisda TandaTanobiT ufro ganviTarebuli samiwaTmoqmedokulturis safuZvlebi iqmneba(298, 57-58). am kulturas, romelicdRes mtkvar araqsis saxeliTaa cnobili, safuZvlad adgilob-rivi, winare samiwaTmoqmedo kultura daedo. es kulturaZiriTadad agrZelebs Zveli kulturis tradicias, sameurneoyofas, magram ganviTarebis bevrad ufro maRal safexurzeahyavs igi(199, 81). SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mtkvar-araqsis adreuli xanisdasaxleba, winare drois dasaxlebebis xasiaTisgan jer kidevmaincadamainc didad ar gansxvavdeboda. samosaxlosaTvisupiratesad iseTi adgilebi iyo SerCeuli, romlebicmiwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelpirobebs hqmnida. mtkvar-araqsis es adreuli xanis namosax-larebi, ZiriTadad, zomier klimatur zolSia dafiqsirebuli.am drois sofeli arc Tu ise didi zomis unda yofiliyo,sadac Senobis ZiriTadi tipi isev mrgvali formisa Cans. ammxriv sainteresoa xizanaanT goris namosaxlari, sadac ZirafenaSi wriuli nagebobebi iyo gamovlenili. SemdgomSi aqsacxovrisis tipi icvleba da igi sworkuTxa formas iRebs.rogorc varaudoben, dasaxlebis gegmas da saerTod dasaxlebistips winare xanasTan SedarebiT maimcadamainc didi gardatexaar unda ganecada(62, 46). meurneobis xasiaTsa da saerTodcxovrebis pirobebSi, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis dasawyis xanaSisagrZnobi cvlilebebi ar SeiniSneba, magram mere da mere,ekonomikuri da saerTod socialuri xasiaTis Zvrebi garkveulgardatexas iwvevs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. es sakmaodxangrZlivi procesi unda yofiliyo. cnobilia, rommiwaTmoqmed sazogadoebaSi, misi ufro konservatiuli bunebisagamo, cvlilebebs sakmaod didi dro miaqvT, magram momxdaricvlilebebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mosaxleobissazogadoebriv cxovrebaze. IV aTaswleulis bolo mtkvar-


araqsis kulturis matarebeli mosaxleobisTvis gardatexisxanadaa miCneuli. mesaqonleobis dawinaureba, sawarmoo saSualebaTaganviTareba, spilenZis metalurgiis aRmavloba, tomTaSorisiurTierTobebis gazrda da saerTod socialuri xasiaTiscvllebaTa mTeli gama, sazogadoebis arsebul mdgomareobasveRar egueboda. amas Tan mohyva mosaxleobis ricxvis sakmaomateba. sul ufro da ufro izrdeboda axali miwebis aTvisebismoTxovnileba da amieridan mtkvar-araqsis kultura kavkasiaSifarTo teritoriaze vrceldeba. am kulturis matarebelitomebi, TandaTanobiT iTviseben rogorc bars, aseve mTiswinada mTis zols. TandaTanobiT iSleba wina kulturis erTianixasiaTi, irRveva misi ,,eneoliTuri buneba~ da iwyebaganviTarebis axali etapi - adrebrinjaos xana. es xana TiTqmismTel aTaswleuls moicavs. igi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesietapia kavkasiis mosaxle xalxebis istoriaSi. es is xanaa,rodesac sabolood Camoyalibda kavkasiis mosaxleobisZiriTadi eTnikuri jgufebi da aqaa maTi uZvelesi istoriissawyisebi. am droidanaa saZiebeli am calkeuli eTnikurijgufebisadmi damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebis fesvebi(199, 93). am kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebelia patara sagvareulosamosaxloebi. aseTi dasaxlebisaTvis sazogadoebis ZiriTaderTeuls warmoadgenda 15-20 sulisagan Semdgari ojaxi, xolomeurneobis organizaciaSi SemorCa didi ojaxis sistema, saerTosameurneo nagebobebiT(187, 53). qarTul eTnografiul mecnierebaSi dasaxleba, sazogadod,formisa da tipis mixedviTaa klasificirebuli. dasaxlebisformaSi misi garegani saxe, tipografia igulisxmeba, xolotipSi ki socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done (331,2). eTnografiul sinamdvileSi, formis mixedviT, saqarTvelo-saTvis Semdegi saxis dasaxlebebi iyo damaxasiaTebeli:gafantul-budobrivi, terasuli, jgufuri an igive kvartalu-ri, gzis gaswvriv da serul-xazovani. dasaxlebis esa Tu isforma srul SesatyvisobaSi Tu ara, met-nakleb SesabamisobaSimainc iyo adgilobriv, lokalurad aRebul kulturul-same-urneo viTarebasa da reliefTan (331, 26). qarTuli eTnografiuli mecnierebisaTvis uSualodxelmisawvdomi periodis dasaxlebebaTa, romelTa asakicqronologiurad XIX s-is Suaxanebamde Cadis, analizisasaSkarad SeimCneva garkveuli kanonzomiereba – yvela formisa


da tipis qarTul sasoflo dasaxlebebSi mosaxleobis Sidasa-soflo gansaxleba – ganfenilobas sisxliT monaTesaveTamonogenurad Tavmoyra udevs safuZvlad (384,28). sxvadasxva eTnokulturul niadagze aRmocenebuli yovelixalxuri sacxovrebeli saxli garkveuli specifiurobiTxasiaTdeba. qarTuli xalxuri binaTmSenebloba Tavisi maRal-ganviTarebuli samSeneblo xelovnebisa gamo, romelSicsakmaod TvalnaTlivaa asaxuli Cveni eris eTnokulturuliTaviseburebani, arcTu ise advilad eqvemdebareboda ucxokulturis zegavlenas. konkretulad aRebuli romelime tipisqarTuli xalxuri sacxovreblis calkeuli modificirebulivariantebi mxolod aRniSnuli mikrolokaluri kulturissameurneo viTarebisTvis saWiro niSnebiTa da elementebiTxasiaTdebian. ...Zveleburma xalxurma sacxovrebelma nagebobebmasxvadasxva epoqebTan Seguebis saocari unari gamoiCina. sworedam Tvisebisa gamo TiTqmis Cvens dromde motanes Tavi iseTmasacxovreblebma, rogoricaa, magaliTad jargvali, facxa,mogvirgvinebulWeriani darbazi, cixe-saxli, kaloiani saxli,oda-saxli, qvatalaxa baniani saxli da a.S. yoveli maTganiTavianTi warmomavlobiT Soreuli epoqebidan momdinareoben.am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia qvatalaxa baniani saxli,jargvali da facxa, romelTa arsebobas T. Ciqovani arqaulisaxiT ukve qristemde IV aTaswleulidan varaudobs. saTanadoeTnografiuli masalis urTierTSejerebisas mecnieridaaskvnis, rom saqarTvelosaTvis damaxasiaTebel zogierTsacxovrebels tipologiuri saxecvlileba TiTqmis arganucdia. es pirvel rigSi qvatalaxa saxlsa da jargvalzeiTqmis (173, 43). saerTod, aRiarebulia, rom erT adgilze istoriuladxangrZlivad mobinadre mosaxleobis arsebobis pirobebSi,dasaxlebis formaTa nairsaxobisda miuxedavad, sofluridasaxlebis ZiriTad ujreds calkeul ojaxTa mier Seqmnilisxl-kari warmoadgenda (331, 1). TiToeuli aseTi sxl-kari ki,TavisTavad, naTlad asaxavda ama Tu mxaris mosaxleobissameurneo - kulturul yofas. gamomdinare aqedan, sruliadviziarebT im mosazrebas, rom sacxovrebeli da sameurneonagebobebis erTiani kompleqsi, anu saxlkari, warmoadgens amaTu im formisa da tipis dasaxlebis ZiriTad ujreds, romelicTavis mxriv, istoriulad Camoyalibebuli eTnikuri dameurneobrivi specifikis materializebuli gamoxatulebaa.


swored amisa gamoa, rom dasaxleba sazogadoebrivi dasameurneo cxovrebis Seswavlis saqmeSi erTerTi umniSvnelo-vanes pirvelwyaros warmoadgens. gamomdinare aqedan, SeiZleba aqsiomadac movoRoT isgaremoeba, rom adamianebi mcxovrebni erT namosaxlarze dagaerTianebulni erTiani materialuri kulturiT, dakavSire-bulni erTurTTan erTiani sakulto sivrciT, ganekuTvne-bodnen erTian erTnoss da yvelanairad savaraudoa, rom erTenazec saubrobdnen; iseve rogorc sxva danarCen msgavssamosaxloTa mkvidrni, romlebic maTgan ar ganirCeodnen arcsulieri da arc materialuri kulturiT(389, 152). amrigad, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT ojaxis eTnografiulimonacemebis safuZvelze Seswavlil struqturas, Cven SegviZliavivaraudoT, rom mtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis xanaSiukve saxezea didi ojaxi Tavisi sacxovrisiT, sameurneoteritoriiTa da dasaxlebis tipiT. is didi ojaxi, romelicmomdevno periodebSi, TiTqmis moaqamJamdis, dasturdebakavkasieli xalxebis yofaSi. Cven Sorsa varT imis mtkicebidan,rom mtkvar-araqsis kulturisdroindeli didi ojaxi uSualowinaparia eTnografiul yofaSi Seswavlili didi ojaxisa,magram vfiqrobT, rom is ZiriTadi socialuri da sisxlisnaTe-saobiTi struqtura, romelic SemdgomSi safuZvlad daedocentralur amierkavkasiaSi eTnografTagan Seswavlil amsocialur erTeuls, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebisxanaSi ukve SemuSavebuli da Camoyalibebuli Cans. am Cven mosazrebas eTanxmeba eTnoarqeologTa daskvnebic,romelTa Tanaxmadac, kavkasiis umtes mxareebSi, miuxedavad CveniepoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yovlismomcveli socialuri daekonomiuri cvlilebebisa, istoriulad Camoyalibebuli datradiciulad momdinare monogenuri dasaxleba imdenad myarida sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda, rom kvlavac ganagrZobsarsebobas (384, 28).


g)g)g)g)g) sacxovrisi - ,,ojaxuri taZari~sacxovrisi - ,,ojaxuri taZari~sacxovrisi - ,,ojaxuri taZari~sacxovrisi - ,,ojaxuri taZari~sacxovrisi - ,,ojaxuri taZari~

sacxovrisi, romelic Tavis mxriv, garkveuli socialuriorganizmis, kerZod ojaxis, yofis materializebuligamoxatulebacaa, mraval sxva funqciasTan erTad, am erTobisideologiuri mTlianobis, savanebelis, ojaxis religiuricentris Zalze aucilebel daniSnulebasac asrulebs. odiTgan,sacxovrisSi iyo Tavmoyrili ojaxisaTvis yvelaze wmindarelikviebi, sakraluri funqciis matarebeli sxvadasxva nivTebi;saxlSi, keraze enTo ,,wminda~ cecxli, idga ojaxis erTianobisgamomxatveli dedaboZi, inaxeboda sxvadasxva kerpebi. arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli masalebis gaTvalis-winebiT qarTveli eris yofiTi kulturisaTvis ori tipiskeraa damaxasiaTebeli: Ria da daxuruli. daxuruli keramxolod erTi saxeobiT – buxriTaa warmodgenili. rac SeexebaRia keras, igi sami modificirebuli saxesxvaobiT xasiaTdeba.pirveli da yvelaze martivia uSualod miwaze gamarTuli daqvis ori cacxlgamZle qvisgan Sedgenili kera, romelic albaTyvelaze arqaulic unda iyos. meorea mrgvali moyvanilobiskeramkiuli konstruqcia, romelsac tansSigniT, patara Sveril-sadgrebi aqvs miZerwili. amgvari kera eTnografiuladxalmisawvdomma periodma ar icis. igi mxolod ganaTxarmasalebSi dasturdeba (mtkvar-araqsis kulturis xana). racSeexeba mesame saxesxvaobas, saqarTvelos masStabiT mxolodTrialeTSi da javaxeTis zeganze iyo gavrcelebuli. essamxreTuli kerac mrgvali moyvanilobis uZiro keramikulnakeTobas warmoadgenda da Tavisi forma-moyvanilobiTminiaturul Tones mogvagonda. igi miwaSi TiTqmis pirTamdeiyo Cadgmuli da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis ,,qiursi~-s qarTulvariants warmoadgenda(384,48). sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom kerisa da ojaxis Sesaxebmravlismetyvel masalas gvawvdian ZvelaRmosavluriarqeologiuri monacemebi da werilobiTi wyaroebi.magaliTad, qalaq nuzis arqivSi aRmoCenili anderZis mixedviT,mama ufros vaJiSvils utovebs ojaxis kerps _ fuZis RvTaebisqandakebas da qonebis met nawils. mama anderZSi sagangebodaRniSnavs, rom mis danarCen Zeebs ufleba eZlevaT mTavarimemkvidris ojaxSi misvlisa, raTa iq sagangebod msxverpliSeswiron TavianTi Ziri ojaxis fuZis angelozs (RvTaebas).hamurabis cnobili kanonebis mixedviT, simamris ojaxis kerpis


mflobel siZes, vaJiSvilebis odeni samemkvidreo uflebebihqonda(85, 78). fustel de kulanJis mixedviT, berZenTa da romaelTayovel saxlSi gamarTuli iyo sakurTxeveli, romelzecmudmivad iyo wminda nacari. Cauqrobeli cecxlis Senaxva amsakurTxevelze ojaxis ufrosis movaleoba iyo (290, 16).ojaxuri religiisaTvis ar arsebobda mkacrad gansazRvrulierTgvarovani wesebi, ise rogorc ufro farTo masStabian,sazogado aRmsareblobiT formebs axasiaTebs. yoveli ojaxisargeblobda sruli damoukideblobiT. araviTar gareSeZalas ar SeeZlo zemoqmedeba moexdina mis rwmenasa da kultze.ojaxis mama iyo erTaderTi qurumi da ar cnobda sxvaierarqias. maSasadame, rogorc amas avtori daaskvnis, religiabatonobda ara taZrebSi, aramed ojaxebSi; yvelas sakuTariRmerTi hyavda, yoveli RmerTi mfarvelobda calkeul ojaxsda RmerTobda mxolod calkeul ojaxSi. yovelma ojaxmaSeiqmna sakuTari RmerTi da eTayvaneboda mas (290, 28). ojaxuri kultmsaxurebis kvali dRevandeli aRmosavleTsaqarTvelos teritoriaze, arqeologiurad Seswavlilsacxovrebel kompleqsebSi, jer kidev eneoliTis xanaSidasturdeba. am mxriv Zalze sainteresoa ,,xramis didi goris~namosaxlarze dadasturebuli ,,saritualo~ kerebi, romlebSicnacarTan erTad aRmoCnda msxverplad Sewiruli wvrilfexasaqonlis (cxvris) Zvlebi, mcire zomis iaraRebi, Tixis ovaluri, ,kverebi~ da, rac erTob sagulisxmoa, TixisaveanTropomorfulianTropomorfulianTropomorfulianTropomorfulianTropomorfuli qandakebebi (354, 137). am figurebs Cvenukve SevexeT zemoT, eneoliTis xanis samosaxloebzemsjelobisas; amjerad ki sagangebod SevCerdebiT maT sqesobrivkuTvnilebaze – es figurebi ZiriTadad mdedrobiTi sqesisRvTebebs gamosaxaven (ix. tab), rac im Soreul periodSi, CvenswinaparTa cnobierebaSi, sacxovrisis mfarvel angelozaddedobriv, qaluri xasiaTis RvTaebebis arsebobas gvava-raudebinebs. qarTvelur samyaroSi, rom ojaxis mfarveli RvTaebamdedrobiTi sqesisa iyo, naTlad metyvelebs miTologiurigadmocemebic. maT Tanaxmad ,,saxlis angelozi qalia. masTvaliT ver ixilav; igi sizmarSi SeiZleba geCvenos mezoblisgogos saxiT. fuZis angelozs Tavisi saxiT veravin ixilavs.fuZis angelozi ubiwo qaliSvilia. romelic axalgazrda, ubiwoqalis saxiT imyofeba ojaxSi. misi TvaliT danaxva ar SeiZleba.


magram mas SeuZlia miiRos karis mezoblis qaliSvilis saxeda ise geCvenos.~ (qarTuli miTologia. Sedgenili ap. canavasmier. Tb. merani. 1992 -143 gv.) radganac ojaxis angelozs ubiwo qali ganasaxierebda,SesaZloa saerTodac aqedan warmomdgariyo is tradicia,romlis Tanaxmadac ojaxis stumars, romelic RvTisganboZebul wyalobad (Sesabamisad RvTis saxedac, SesaZloa TviTRvTaebadac, qristianuli tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT)aRiqmeboda, ojaxi amsaxurebda misTvis yvelaze Zvirfass,sakuTar ,,siwmindes~, ojaxis angelozis ganmasaxierebel umankoqaliSvils; miagebebda mas msaxurad, momvlelad, romelicxSirad fexs daabaninebda, daanayrebda, sawols gauSlidastumars. saxlis qaliSvilTan siwmindis dacva-pativiscemiTstumris urTierTobas unda Seeyvana ojaxur sivrceSi mosuliRvTiseuli sikeTe, RvTis saxed aRqmuli stumari.iqneb sworedamgvari xedva ,,Sina~ sivrceSi Semosuli gareSe pirisa edosfuZvlad wawlobis institutsac, romelic mxolod aRm.saqarTvelos mTaSi ar unda yofiliyo gavrcelebuli dasaerTo qarTveluri (saerTokavkasiuri Tu ara) movlena undayofiliyo (ix.qevin TuiTi, wawlobis etimologiisa da uZvelesisazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobisaTvis, amirani I 1999, 13-19 gv.). ramdenadac ubiwo qali ojaxis saxe iyo, imdenad sasurvelida aucilebelic iyo ojaxSi axladmoyvanili rZlis ubiwoebac;radganac igi ojaxSi Semosuli, damxvdur ojaxur sivrceSi,ganasaxierebda sakuTari ojaxis saxes da nawili Tavisiojaxuri sivrcisa da Sesabamisad sakuTari saxlis angelozisa,xdeboda Semavsebeli damxvduri ojaxis angelozuri siwmindisa.amdenad, Selaxuli, Seryvnili qalis Semoyvana ojaxSi didsircxvilad da sakuTari ojaxis angelozis (Sesabamisadojaxuri siwmindis) Seuracxyofad iTvleboda. albaT amgvarixedva edo safuZvlad qarTvelur (da ara marto qarTvelur...)yofaSi gavrcelebul patarZlis ubiwobis tradiciasac.eTnografiuli yofidan cnobilia, rom qorwilis meore dResqalis mSoblebi estumreboden axal moyvrebs da Tu qorwilisRames yovelive wesrigSi iyo da patarZali ubiwodCabardeboda meuRlis ojaxs, moyvrebis Seyra (gansakuTrebiTmZaxlebisa) saamuri da mxiaruli iyo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,Tvlida ra qmris ojaxi Tavs Seuracxyofilad, SesaZloapatarZali saerTodac miebrunebinaT mSoblebisaTvis. rogorcwesi, am saqmes qalebi (ZiriTadad dedamTili da sidedri)


gaarigebdnen erTimeoreSi. cnobilia da aRiarebulia, rompatarZlis ubiwobas mamakaci ZiriTadad pirveli qorwinebisdros aqcevda yuradRebas. daqvrivebulTa daojaxebis SemTxve-vaSi saqme sxvagvarad warimarTeboda xolme. vfiqrobT, vaxuStibatoniSvili msjelobs ra qarTvelTa zne-Cveulebeze, frazaSi- ,,zneni aqundaT ...erTi colisa qmroba, rameTu moiyvanianTOs – TOsTa TanasworTa~, socialuri Tanasworobis garda,am garemoebasac unda gulisxmobdes (152, 15). jer kidev mtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis xanaSisacxovrisebis umniSvnelovanes adgils warmoadgenda centra-luri kera, dedaboZi da maTi mimdgomi garemo. gansakuTrebulidaniSnulebis Cans keris ukan, kedlis gaswvriv gamarTuliSemaRlebac (298, 137). am SemaRlebis ritualur da sakultodaniSnulebas adasturebs misi karnizis Semkoba-moxatvac(gudabertya, cixiagora, qvacxela) da yoveldRiuri yofisaTvisusargeblo, uCveulo formis e.w. ,,nacris naZerwobebi~;sxvadasxva WurWlis da gadasatani kerebis an maTi imitaciebissagangebod _ sazedaSeod dawyoba (130, 157). rogorc irkveva,TiToeuli aseTi sacxovrebeli saxli amave dros ,,Sinaur~samlocvelosac warmoadgenda. amasve adasturebs Sua kerasTandakavSirebuli anTropomorfuli qandakebebis msgavsi Tixiszesadgarebi, romlebic ama Tu im ojaxis kerpis mier kerisganayofierebis aqts ganasaxierebs (187, 53). radganac amsamosaxloebis teritoriaze dadasturebuli ar arissazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis nagebobani (ar Cans sakultonagebobac), gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, kultis msaxureba,saxeldobr, sacxovrebel nagebobebSi xdeboda (76, 44).dasaxlebas samlocvelo albaT mis gareT hqonda5 (76, 163),romelic mTeli samosaxlos ideologiuri erTianobissimbolo iyo; calkeul sacxovrisebSi ki ojaxebi atarebdnensakuTari ,,fuZis angelozebisadmi~ miZRvnil msaxurebas. am mxriv ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT dRevandel qarTulyofaSi dadasturebuli tradiciuli sufris erTerTi umniSvne-lovanesi wesi. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ,,fuZis angelozis~sadRegrZelo, romelic Cveulebriv, nadimis dasasruls, bolosadRegrZelod ismeba. sufris Tamada, qeifis bolos, svams imojaxis fuZis angelozis sadRegrZelos, sadac mimdinareobdasufra. igi sadRegrZeloSi SesTxovs fuZis angelozs, rom man

5 iseve rogorc es Tanamedrove eTnografiul yofaSia SeniSnuli.


Tavisi wyaloba ar moaklos ojaxs. maSasadame, sufris yoveliwevri sakuTar cnobierebaSi aRiqvams mocemuli ojaxismfarvel angelozs - ,,fuZis angelozs~. e.i. TanameinaxeTaTvisarsebobs imdeni fuZis angelozi, ramdenic ojaxia. sxva ojaxSiisini konkretuli ojaxis, saxlis fuZis angelozs dalocaven.sabednierod, Tanamedrove qarTvelis cnobierebaSi Zalumadaqvs gadgmuli fesvebi tradiciul xedvas, romlis Tanaxmadacyovel ojaxs, sacxovriss hyavs Tavisi fuZis angelozi, mfarveliRvTaeba. ,,fuZis angelozi~, ojaxis mfarveli RvTaeba, nayofierebis,dovlaTis, xvavis, baraqis momniWebeli RvTaebaa, romelsacSesTxoven wyalobas mis ,,frTebqveS~ Sexiznul, mis wyaloba-madls Semyure ojaxisaTvis. qarTul miTologiur gadmocemebSi ,,yoveli axali ojaxifuZis angelozis patroni xdeba. es angelozi im adgilas aris,sadac maTi fuZe – sacxovrisi mdebareobs. ojaxs swams fuZisangelozi, romelic axalgazrdis saxiTaa warmodgenili.ojaxis sadRegrZeloSi fuZis angelozicaa moxseniebuli:,,ojaxis keTil angelozs gaumarjos! icavdes ojaxs borotisagan,jvars swerdes kacsa, saqonsa, naqon-nayolsa~.(390, 73-74) im ojaxze, sadac areul-dareuloba da mudam Cxubia,ityvian:,,fuZis angelozi wavida da maT saxl-kars eSmakidaepatronao~. samosaxlos gamocvlis SemTxvevaSi (racukidures SemTxvevaSi xdeboda xolme) ojaxis angelozs axalsxlSi gadaabrZanebdnen _ ,,saxlis angelozi uflisaganaagaCenili da gamogzavnili. Tu boroti angelozia saxlSiCabudebuli, iq mudam Cxubi da ayal-mayalia~.(iqve) ,,Tu saxli sxvagan gadaitana kacma, angelozic undagadaitanos. sanTels aunTeben, Seexvewebian. angelozic wamovada axal saxlSi dabinavdeba. angelozebs ar sWirdebaT gzisswavleba, TviTon agneben axal saxls. gabrazebuli angelozisaSiSia ojaxisaTvis. Tu ojaxi gaiyofa, is Sewuxdeba. ganayofi-dan wasuls Tu ar gahyva Sewuxdeba~. mTxrobeli gadmogvcems_ ,,saxlis angelozi gamoviwvieT axal saxlSi. erT SabaT dRes,oTxi kaci wamoviyvane, gavamzadeT saWmel-sasmeli. Zveli saxliskeraze viloceT: kargad viyoT aqac da iqaco. ojaxis ufrosmaSaqris natexebis dayra daiwyo gzaze, raTa tkbilad wamogvyo-loda saxlis angelozi axal saxlSi. saxlis angeloziimyofeboda ganjinaSi~ (iqve). piradadac maxsovs, bebiaCemi(raWveli qali gaxldaT) gansakuTrebuli mowiwebiT uvlida


Cvens samzareuloSi ganjinas, sadac samzareulo iaraRi,pureuli da cxim-erbo inaxeboda, radganac misi gadmocemiTiq angelozi iyo dabrZanebuli. ase gvjeroda Cvenc, bavSvebs.gamomdinare aqedan gansakuTrebuli mowiwebiT da idumalebisgancdiT veqceodiT ganjinas, adgils sadac ojaxis diasaxlisebi– bebiaCemi da dedaCemi ojaxis sazrdos, ZiriTadad nacxobproduqcias (xaWapurs, purs, lobians, nigvzian purebs...) anxorbleul-burRuleuls inaxavdnen, da romelic qalTa sagan-mgeblo iyo. ,,ganjinas~ mamakacebi naklebad ekarebodnen, iseverogorc qalebi naklebad ekarebodnen ezoSi adgils, sadacsameurneo da samuSao iaraRebi iyo Senaxuli. ganjinas Tuqalebi alagebdnen da uvlidnen, saxelosno-sakuWnaos mamakacebiawesrigebdnen. Tumca aqve gansakuTrebiT aRsanaSnavia is faqtic,rom calkeul, gansakuTrebulad gamouval viTarebaSixdeboda SemTxvevebi, rodesac irRveoda saxlSida sivrcismkacrad dadgenili sazRvrebi. es xdeboda maSin, rodesac ojaxiqalis an kacis gareSe rCeboda. aseT SemTxvevebSi esa Tu ispirovneba, gamomdinare meuRlis, an sazogadad ojaxSizrdasruli sapirispiro sqesis dakargvidan, Tavs idebdagardacvli ojaxis wevrTa sameurneo da ritualuri funqci-ebis Sesrulebas. amgvari pirovnebebi gareSeTa TvalSigarkveuli idumali saburveliT imosebodnen da erTgvaripativiscemiTac sargeblobdanen6. amis magaliTad gamodgebaTundac vaJaseuli damokidebuleba sanaTas fenomenisadmi(,baxtrioni~), romelic gamouval mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili,xatSic ki (rom araferi vTqvaT Sida saojaxo sivrceze) Tavsidebs xevisbris, xucesis funqciebs –

,,es raRac cud saqmes hniSnavs,momaswavebels avisa.sajares diacs ra unda?ar Tu eSinis davisa?martos aunTavs sanTlebi,da xatic udidebia;martos dauklavs saklavi,TviTonve utyavebia;

6 albaT amgvari damokidebuleba edo safuZvlad qarTveli erisyofaSi qvriv-obol-oxerTa daxmarebis gavrcelebul Cveulebasac(,,sawyli dedabrisasa Tagvni yanasa mkiano...~), rac saerTo-saxalxomoralur kodeqsSi saRvTo saqmedac ganixileboda.


martod-martokas diacsa,xat-RmerTi uxsenebia!~ (391, 72)

vsaubrobT ra ojaxis angelozze, isev ap.canavasdavesesxebiT _ ,,oseTidan gamoTxovili qali dawolis winTundac sufTa saxls mainc dagvida, Semdeg oTaxis SuaSi orpatara skams dadgamda: - RamiT angelozebi rom Semovlen,unda dasxdnen da saxlic sufTa unda iyoso. maTac xom undaTWama da dasveneba~. amgvari ram, ojaxis angelozTa pativdebapiradad mec maxsovs Cems bavSvobaSi - saaxalwlod, erTikvirac da Semdgomac, ZveliT axalwlis gasulamde, CvenTanzemoT (orsarTuliani saxli gvqonda), ,,zalaSi~ tkbileulissufra ar aiSleboda, deda ambobda – ,,RamiT angelozebimofrindebian da sufra gaSlili unda iyos, daisveneben,dailocebiano~. msjeloben ra ojaxuri RvTismsaxurebis Sesaxeb, xSiradaRniSnaven, rom, rogorc wesi, am dros, wina planze gamodisnayofierebis RvTaebisadmi miZRvnili sakralurobiTsaburvelmoculi kultmsaxurebis rituali. qarTveli erisyofidan mravali aseTi magaliTis motana SegviZlia ammovlenis asaxsnelad da gasacnobiereblad. magaliTadgamodgeba, Tundac TiTqmis mTels dasavleT saqarTveloSidadasturebuli, boslobis ritualic. marTalia, mis Sesaxebbevr qarTvel eTnografs umsjelia, magram mainc, kidev erTxel,aRvwerT mas Cvens mier, jer kidev studentobis dros, 1980wels, raWis soflebSi (sxvavasa da futieTSi) moZiebulimasalebis mixedviT. raWuli bosloba saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi gavrcele-bul msgavs dReobaTa analogiuria, magram rigi TaviseburebebiaxasiaTebs; igi ZiriTadad gankuTvnilia msxvilfexa saqonlisgamravlebisaTvis, baraqianobisa da simrTelisaTvis. es dReobaraWis soflebSi xorcielis kviraSi imarTeboda, romelsacmosaxleoba boslobis kviras uZaxda. am SviddReulSi yvelaojaxi uqmobda, gansakuTrebiT ki fuZexnierni _ mTeli kvirismanZilze; axlad dafuZnebulni ki ori an sami dRe. ,,boslobis kviraSi~ mosaxleoba ramdenime ritualsasrulebda, romlebic agreTve Sinaur cxovelTa da frinvel-TaTvis iyo gankuTvnili: ,,meliakveri~, ,,goWi xuTSabaTi~,,,Rorebis bosloba~; dabolos, SabaT dRes saqonlis bosloba,romelic am kviris dReobaTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovaniiyo.


dReobisTvis mzadebas jer kidev windRiT iwyebdnen. ojaxSicxveboda ganatexebi da Sekecilebi (lobianebi) mamakacTasuladobis mixedviT. gaTendeboda Tu ara SabaTi, mTeli ojaxiezoSi moiyrida Tavs. yvela mxiarulobda, idga bavSvebisJriamuli, romlebic SeZaxilebiT: ,,bosel, bosel bu; bosel,bosel bu~ _ iqaurobas iklebdnen. Signidan Caketil saxlSirCeboda marto diasaxlisi. ojaxis ufrosi aiRebda windRiT gamomcxvar ganatexebs,Wiqa Rvinos, sanTels, kiserze Semoisvamda umcros vaJs (Tupatara vaJi ar hyavda kiserze jorkos, momcro zomis skamsSemoidebda), danarCen Svilebs win gaiZRolebda da SeZa-xilebiT Sevidodnen boselSi. iq dReobas miulocavdnensaqonels da Tan ,,saqonlis angelozs~ SesTxovdnen pirutyvisgamravlebas, simrTeles, baraqas. saqonlis saerTo dalocvisSemdeg patroni saTiTaod Camouvlida yovel maTgans dagverdebze kvercxs mousvamda, Tanac locavda: ,,izrdebode,keTdebode, nadirs eridebode~. roca jeri mTavar gamwevZalaze _ xarze midgeboda, sanTliT gverdze balansSeatrusavda, zed Rvinos miasxamda da Semdeg kvercxs wausvamda;Tanac gansakuTrebiT dalocavda. am drosac, patroni,,saqonlis angelozs~ xarebis gamravlebasa da Zlierebasevedreboda. pirutyvis dalocvis Semdeg mlocveli kvercxs bagaSidamalavda, romelic meore diliT bavSvebs unda epovnaT. amukanasknelT ki bagaSi es Zebna-burgnavi, erTob arTobdaT daaxalisebdaT. aqve ramodenime sityviT gvinda SevCerdeT ritualis imelementze, rodesac ojaxis ufrosi zurgze Semoisvams patarabavSvs an Semoidebs patara skams. aq sayuradReboa TavadgamomsaxvelobiTi poza saqonelTRvTaebisadmi mavedrebeliojaxis ufrosisa. masSi, albaT, transformirebulad undasaxierdebodes gamanayofierebel-sqesobrivi aqti. aqti,romelic boslobis erT-erTi variantis, leCxumuris (raWismezobeli kuTxe) mixedviT, SedarebiT ufro naturaluradaaSemonaxuli. aq bosloba dRes, vaxSmobis win saxlSi gamefebulsiCumeSi (am dros akvanSi bavSvsac ar unda etira) ojaxisufrosi da diasaxlisi midiodnen kerasTan da Camuxlulebiikavebdnen TavTavianT adgilebs. daoTxili diasaxlisidaiZaxebda: ,,kot-mozvera, kot-mozvera~, razec mamakacigamoepasuxeboda - ,,me var Seni kot-mozverao~. Semdeg aseve


daoTxili miuaxlovdeboda uknidan diasaxliss, amoiRebdafaloss da gaaqanebda. Semdeg wyvili pozaSeucvlelad,forTxviT samjer Semouvlida keras da yovel wrezegaimeorebda am qmedeba-dialogs. dasasrul wamodgebodnen,mamakaci xelSi Wiqa RviniT, xolo dedakaci _ lobianiT,dailocebodnen: ,,RmerTo saqoneli gagvimravleo~ (17, 176).boslobis raWul variantSic, vfiqrobT, bavSvis (calkeulSemTxvaSi jorko-skamis) kiserze – zurgze Semosma-SemodebiT7,garkveul wilad, xazi esmeboda saqonelTpatronisadmimiZRvnili dReobis gamanayofierebel xasiaTs. vubrundebiT isev Cvens mier aRweril raWul variants.boslidan gamosuli ojaxis ufrosi saxliskengaemarTeboda; magram Sin ver Sedioda, radganac kariSignidan diasaxlis hqonda Carazuli. ojaxis ufrossa dadiasaxliss Soris karis zRurblze Semdegi dialogiimarTeboda: kaci: _ ,,kari kinisa~ 3-jer qali: _ ,,ara meufisa~ 3-jer qali: _ ,,saqonelma ra SemoTvalao?~ kaci: _ ,,boslebi daamzadeTao.~ qali: _ ,,biWebma ra SemosTvalesao?~ kaci: _ ,,qalebi dagvimzadeT, Cven mzada varTao.~ qali: _ ,,qalebma ra SemosTvalesao?~ kaci: _ ,,akvnebi dagvimzadeT, Cven mzada varTao~. am dialogis Semdeg qali kars gaaRebda da Sin Semosulojaxis wevrebs saxeSi wyalnarev qatos miaTxepebda. xalxssjeroda, rom visac es qato moecxeboda, yvavili ar Seeyreboda;da Tu es saxadi Sexvdeboda, saxeze nakenki ar daemCneoda. yovelive amis Semdeg ojaxis wevrebi mowesrigdebodnenda kerasTan gaSlil sufras Semousxdebodnen. aq ojaxisufrosi kidev erTxel dalocavda Tavis saqonels da,,saqonlis angelozs~ sayolis baraqianobas Seavedrebda. sanam aRniSnuli dResaswaulis, amjerad CvenTvis mTavarsakiTxze, ritualis Catarebis adgilze _ keraze SevCerdebo-deT, ramdenime sityviT jer Tavad Sinauri saqonlis mfarvelRvTaebas, ritualSi dadasturebul ,,saqonlis angelozs~SevexebiT.

7 ,,zukuturi~-gur. ,,kuta~ - patar bavSvi, ,,mokutalieba~, ,,zukuturi~- zurgze visime mosma(23,37)


jer kidev v. bardaveliZes, naSromSi ,,qarTuli (svanuri)saweso grafikuli xelovnebis nimuSebi~, ganxiluli aqvsaRniSnuli RvTaebis Sinaarsi da xasiaTi. amitom mxolodRvTaebis saxelze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas. aRniSnulnaSromSi avtori arkvevs RvTaebis saxels ,,boslas~ da dasZens,rom es saxeli Tavdapirvelad mesaqonleobis mfarvelRvTaebas erqva da Semdgom ewoda Sinaur cxovelTa sadgoms_ bosels (17, 103). cnobilia, rom ama Tu im dReobisaTvis mzadebis procesSi,metnaklebad gamokrTeba xolme im RvTaebis saxe da xasiaTi,romlis pativsacemadac sruldeba es dReoba. vfiqrobT, aseTfaqts vxvdebiT raWul ,,boslobaSic~. rodesac ojaxisdiasaxlisi amzadebda sadReobo ganatexebsa da lobianebs,kerZod, maTi moxvevis Semdeg, ornamentiT morTvis _,,daWikWikebis~ dros warmosTqvamda magiur sityvebs _ ,,jiajia, bua bua~.... savsebiT dasaSvebad migvaCnia, rom aRniSnuli sityvebimimarTva iyos ,,saqonlis angelozisadmi~, sadac SesaZlebelia_ ,,bua~ am RvTaebis saxels aRniSnavdes. es ,,bua~ fonolo-giurad saocrad emTxveva qarTul yofaSi dRemde gavrcele-bul bavSvebis SesaSinebel miTiur arsebas, romlis SesaxebacxalxSi gavrcelebuli Sexedulebebi diaxac emTxveva im saxes,ragvaradac specialur samecniero literaturaSi ,,boslobaSi~asaxuli RvTaebaa warmodgenili. kerZod, es RvTaebaTavdapirvelad naxevradcxoveluri saxis banjgvliani arsebaunda yofiliyo (17,109). unda aRiniSnos isic, rom qarTuli(guruli) dialeqtologiuri monacemebis mixedviT sityva -bua, bewvisa da qurqis mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba. amrigad,sruliad dasaSvebad migvaCnia is, rom boslobis ritualSidadasturebul ,,saqonlis angelozs~ garkveuli saxiTtransformireba ganecada da meorenairad qarTul yofaSibavSvebis SesaSinebeli arsebis _ ,,bua~-s saxiTac gamovleni-liyo. aqve ar SeiZleba ar SevexoT svanur yofaSi dadasturebulgare myof, gareul, keTil arsebas _ ,,qAmerde~-s. svanebiswarmodgeniT es aris tyiuri, gareuli arseba romelic gareganbinadrobs da garkveuli saxiT patronobs kidec gareulsivrces: tyes, dasaxlebis gareTa Semogarens. igi, rogorc amasTviTmxilvelebic (da rogorc amas Tavad amboben, aseTnimravlad arian) adastureben, banjgvliani, tyiskacia, romelic


srulebiT ar aris agresiuli da adamians, mis mimarTgamoCenil qcevaze Sesabamisad pasuxobs _ keTilze keTiladda borotze borotad. igi exmareba kidec tye-RreSi, an sxvaucnob garemoSi gansacdelSi Cavardnil, gzaabneul mgzavrebs;Tu vinmesadmi keTilad ganewyo, uzidavs mas tyis xils,apovninebs an saxlSi miuyvans dakargul saqonels, nadirsmoaridebs Tavisi rCeulis saqonels da a.S. Tumca mravladhyvebian mTxrobelebi ,,qAmerdes~ fizikur siZliereze,mouxelTeblobaze da daumorCileblobazec. es arsebagansakuTrebiT agresiulia im pirTa mimarT, romlebic misdaWeras moidomeben. mag. svaneTSi, mTxrobelebi uCveneben kidecadgilebs (lenjerTan, dafderSi, mulaxTan...), sadac qAmerdemsastikad galaxa mis dasaWerad misuli monadireebi Tu sxvamisdami agresiulad ganwyobili pirebi. qAmerdes msgavsi arsebebis Sesaxeb hyvebian raWvelebic,romlebsac isini ,,tyis kacebad~ moixsenieben; uTiTeben maTsabinadro calkeul adgilebzedac. maTi warmodgenebimTlianad emTxveva svanTa warmodgenebs xsenebul arsebazec.gamomdinare aqedan, SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom boslobisrituali, ZiriTadSi adamianuri sacxovrebeli sivrcis gareTasivrceSi binadari ,,arsebebis~ momadlierebisaTvis, maTi garesivrcidan Sida domestificirebul sivrceSi SemoyvanisaTvistardeboda, ris saSualebiTac, atarebda ra adamiani ritualsSinaur cxovelebze, cdilobda maTi (cxovelTa – oRond axlaukve Sinaur cxovelTa) SuamdgomlobiT, sakuTari magiurizemoqmedebis arealSi gareTa, gareuli sivrce Semoeyvana.gaeSinaurebina igi da amiT gaezarda Tavisi magiuri qmedebisareali. maSasadme, am mdgomareobaSi cxoveli da axla ukve Sinauripirutyvi, xdeboda gza gareTa ,,arsebebis~ Sida sivrceSiSemoyvanisa. amitomac iwyeboda dResaswauli pirutyvTasadgomSi (gare sivrcesTan makavSirebel arsebaTa domestifici-rebuli sadgomi) da amitom bolovdeboda misi finaluricikli kerasTas _ ojaxis, anu Sida sivrcis, sawyisi dvritisganmasaxierebel adgilTan. rac Seeexeba Tavad sityva – bosels. migvaCnia, rom igiunda momdinareobdes ,,bo~ Ziridan, romelic TavisTavadsaqonlis fonemiuri aRmniSvneli unda yofiliyo. swored ,,bo~-s-elia, ,,bo~-s sadgomia es sivrce, romlis batonic, igiveboselas – boslas batonic (zogierT teqstSi _ ,,bosla


batoni~) ierarqiulad saerTo ojaxuri RvTaebis, keraSidavanebuli fuZis angelozis erTgvar ,,Svilad~ gamodioda.Sida sivrcis amgvar ierarqiulobaSi garkveulwiladairekleboda gare sivrcis ierarqiulobac, romelic TavisTa-vad dadasturebulia qarTul winareqristianul panTeonSic. maSasademe, mocemuli magaliTis mixedviT, savsebiTdasaSvebad migvaCnia vivaraudoT, is rom samyaroseulimsoflaRqmis gariJraJze, adamianis SemecnebaSi, Sida(domestificirebuli) da gare sivrceebis ierarqiuli mowyoba,savsebiT Seesabameboda erTimeores da amiT orive sivrcisgansxvavebulobaTa erTianobis safuZvelze xdeboda saerTosulieri fonis SegrZneba. swored am sulieri fonis, am sawyisiRmrTivsulieri nakadebis aRqma (konkretul SemTxvevaSi,,boslobis~ magaliTze) unda gamxdariyo SemdgomSi religiurimsoflmxedvelobis da saerTod RvTisSemecnebis safuZveli,rac TvisTavad ganmaprobebeli iyo kidec adamianurobisistoriis dasawyisisa. rogorc Cvens mier ukve zemoTaRwerili da amasTanave,qarTul eTnikur yofaSi dadasturebuli mravali magaliTi-dan sruliad naTlad ikveTeba, sacxovrisis umTavresikomponents, mis dvritas kera warmoadgenda. rogorc vxedavT,igia is adgili sadac davanebulia, sadac ,,gamoCinebulia~ojaxis mfarveli RvTaeba _ ,,fuZis angelozi~. keraadamakavSirebeli ojaxis wevrebisa da mfarveli angelozisa,igia SemaerTavi xidi, maT Soris urTierTkavSiris gabmissaSualeba. swored keraSi xdeba jvarCena, RvTisSvilTagamoCenac, romelnic SemdgomSi kvrivad gaixdian xolme mas(79, 40-41). swored keraa ojaxis simbolo. keraze danTebulicecxli ojaxis ukvdavebaa. saxlidan gzad mimavali ojaxisufrosi meuRles an saxlSi damrCen memkvidres ubarebda _,,keria ar gamicio, keriaze cecexli ar Camiqroo~. Semosulimteric xom upirvelesad keras daaqcevda, daarbevda daSeaginebda. maSasadame, kera warmoadgens ojaxis centrs, Suaguls,romelic aerTianebs, kravs, aduRabebs sisxlisnaTesaobiT dasaerTo qonebiT erTsul ojaxs _ socialur erTeuls. esojaxi, qonebriv-sakuTrebiTi da naTesaobriv-sisxlismieriurTierTobebiT isedac erTi mTlianobaa, magram kera amerTobis xiluli, xelSesaxebi gamoxatulebaa; erTiani,ganuyofeli ojaxis simboloa.(ix. tabulaXII-XIII).


Tu erTiani ojaxi gaiyofoda, moxdeboda misi segmentireba,Ziri ojaxidan gasuli nagrami sakuTar keras gaiCenda, romelicZiri keris ,,umcros moZmed~ iTvleboda. ,,kera~, ,,saxli~, ,,ojaxi~qarTul enaSi sinonimebia (113, 93). kera ojaxuri kerpTmsa-xurebis mTavari adgilia. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gaCndara kera, gaCnda saojaxo RvTismsaxurebac; kera da ojaxurireligia _ genoTeizmi Tanatolni, Tanaarsni da Tanaziarniarian. amrigad, savsebiT dasaSvebad migvaCnia imis aRniSvna, romCndeba ra kera, rac TavisTavad sacxovrisisa da ojaxisformirebasac gulisxmobs, Cndeba ojaxuri religia _ genoTe-izmi; rogorc socialuri organizmis (ojaxis) Camomyalibebelifenomenic. maSasadame, ukve neoliTis xanidan, roca Cndebapirveli sistemuri dasaxlebebi, kavkasiaSi _ da gansakuTrebiTmis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi, unda vivaraudoT ojaxurireligiis _ genoTeizmis formiremac. es movlena sabolooddasrulebul saxes iZens eneoliTis epoqaSi, rac vfiqrobTnaTlad aisaxa aRmosavleT amierkasiaSi Seswavlilinamosaxlarebidan (,,Sulaveri-Somu Tefes kultura~)momdinare masalebSi. savaraudebelia isic, rom saojaxoRvTaeba amavdroulad erTiani samosaxlos Tayvancemisobieqtic unda yofiliyo, ramdenadac am periodSi dasaxlebebimonogenuri Semadgenlobisa iyo (354,136). ufro mogvianoperiodSi ki, yoveli aseTi socialuri koleqtivi, nayofi-erebis RvTaebis gareSemo iyo Sekrebili. amis dasturia isfaqtic, rom mag. Sida qarTlis qristemde II aTaswleulis IInaxevris saweso kompleqsebi ikonografiulad sicocxlis xissaxiT, nayofierebis RvTaebis xatebas warmoadgendnen (77, 194-202).


d) ,,saxli~ d) ,,saxli~ d) ,,saxli~ d) ,,saxli~ d) ,,saxli~ – ,,xati~ saqarTveloSi Zvelad ,,xati~ saqarTveloSi Zvelad ,,xati~ saqarTveloSi Zvelad ,,xati~ saqarTveloSi Zvelad ,,xati~ saqarTveloSi Zvelad

metad sainteresoa urTierTmimarTeba ojaxur kultmsa-xurebasa da saTemo kultmsaxurebas Soris. qarTuli eTnogra-fiuli yofidan momdinare masala vfiqrobT, rom am mxrivacmdidari da mravlismetyvelia. magram aqve unda aRiniSnosisic, rom am kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT kargad SeswavliliaZvelaRmosavluri samyaro, rac saSualebas iZleva am masalebisCvenaul masalebTan Sedarebisa. saerTokavkasiur da Sesabamisad qarTvelur kulturulgaremosTan teritoriulad axlomdgom uZveles civilizaci-aTa SedarebiT kargad Seswavlil religiur sistemaTaganerTob sayuradRebod gveCveneba xeTebis religiis socialuristruqtura. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos xaTuri masala, radganaccnobilia, rom xaTur enasa da Sesabamisad xaTur eTnossukavSireben Crdilodasavlurkavkasiur enaTa jgufebs dazogadad kavkasiuri warmoSobis tomebs(44,20). xaTuri eTnosicentralur anatoliaSi qristemde III aTaswleulis bolomdean II aTaswleulis dasawyisamde unda arsebuliyo. kavkasiur samyarosTan uSualod gamezoblebul xeTebSimosaxleobis ZiriTad mwarmoebel ujreds, iseve rogorcZveli aRmosavleTis sxva mraval xalxTan, warmoadgendaindividualuri ,,saxli~ - xeTurad f i r, f a r n; (qarTuli saxelebifirana, farna, gvari firaniSvili da sxv.?), am sityviT xeTebiaRniSnaven ara marto sakuTriv sacxovrebel saxls (Senobas),romelSic cxovrobda ojaxi, aramed am individualuri ojaxismTel sameurneo kompleqss, mis yvela wevrisa (Sead. romauli,,familia~) da saojaxo meurneobis CaTvliT. saxelmwifomeurneobis sistemaSi myofi didi ,,saxlebi~ iqmnebodnen sworedaseTi calkeuli, wvrili ,,saxlebisagan~ (meurneobebisagan)sakuTari muSaxeliT. individualuri ,,saxli~ - meurneobaSedgeboda ramdenime aucilebeli komponentisagan – 4 Semadge-neli nawilisagan, romlebic qmnidnen erTian sameurneokompleqss. esenia: 1. sakuTriv saxli rogorc nageboba, romel-Sic cxovrobda ojaxis yvela sruluflebiani wevri, e.i. ojaxisTavi, misi meuRle da Svilebi (ufrosebis CaTvliT); 2. sxvadas-xva zomis miwis nakveTi. igi SeiZleba yofiliyo saxnav-saTesi,baR-bostani an venaxi damxmare sameurneo nagebobebTan erTad;3. saqonli – gamwevi saqoneli, fara, jogi, kolti, rema da


sxva; 4. muSa-personali – monebi, romlebic muSaobdnenmeorneobaSi da mkveTrad ganirCeodnen saxlis patronisojaxis wevrTagan. aRiarebulia, rom xeTuri religia, TavisTavad sakmaodoriginaluri da TviTmyobadi movlena, warmoadgenda imxalxTa da tomTa religiaTa erTobas, romlebTanac uxde-bodaT urTierToba xeTebs maTi arsebobis mTels manZilze.aman ganapiroba xeTur panTeonSi ara marto centralur mcireaziaSi gvian gadmosaxlebuli indoevropeli xeTebis (nesitebis,luvielebis, falaelebis) kuTvnil RvTaebaTa, aramed anato-liis centraluri raionebis aborigenuli mosaxleobis _xaTebis, igive protoxeTebis, RvTaebaTa arseboba (rogorcdReisaTvis varaudoben, swored protoxeTuri da indoevro-puli tomebis Sereva-Serwymis Sedegad centralur mcire aziaSiqristemde II aTaswleulis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda xeTurieTnosi) (44,147). xeTebs, rogorc amas xSirad aRniSnaven _ ,,aTasi RvTaebahyavdaT~. xeTur wyaroebSi damowmebul RvTaebaTa raodenobaki SesaZloa ufro metic iyo. es gasagebicaa: xeTebis yoveldasaxlebas (aseTi ki maT samefoSi aTasic iyo da metic) TavisisakuTari RvTaeba hyavda, misive sakulto adgili hqonda,gaaCnda Tavisi ritualuri, miTiuri da sadResaswaulosistemebi. xeTebis qveynis masStabiT ki es qmnida marTlacmravalricxovan, mravalferovan da rTul panTeons (44,179). xeTuri religia poliTeisturi iyo, romelsac monoTe-izmis aranairi niSanwyali ar gaaCnda. igi imgvarad iyoagebuli, rom upirveles yovlisa daxmareboda adamians ardaekarga kavSiri bunebasTan, Caesaxa masSi rwmena da ridizebunebrivi Zalebisadmi. calkeul Tems, mcire dasaxlebasacki sakuTari RvTaeba hyavda. ufro mozrdili dasaxlebebisada mxareTa centrebis taZrebSi ramdenime (xandisxanaTeulobiT) RvTaebis _ kerpis gamosaxuleba idga, rac naTelidasturia am RmerTTa ,,Tanaarsebobisa~. es kerpebi ZiriTadadtaZrebSi ,,cxovrobdnen~, anda Ria cis qveS sagangebod Cenilsakulto adgilebSi iyvnen davanebulni. taZrebSi sruldebodareligiur dResaswaulTa mTeli wyeba: yovelTviuri Tuwliuri, saaxalwlo, saSemodgomo Tu sxva saxis ritualebi. amsakulto ceremonialebSi monawileobdnen mefe da dedofali,didmoxeleni da taZris msaxurni. adgilobriv RvTaebaTa gardaxeTebs hyavdaT ,,saxelmwifo RvTaebanic~ (44, 38).


RvTaebaTa msgavsi ierarqiuli struqtura (saubno,sasoflo, saTemo, erTobil saxevo ...) qarTvel mTielTa (dasaerTod, zogadkavkasiur) winareqristianul religiursistemaSic gamokrTis. is, rom yovel dasaxlebas, Tems Tavisimfarveli RvTaeba hyavda, calke samlocvelo hqonda, vfiqrobT,qarTuli eTnografiuli da arqeologiuri monacemebiTacdasturdeba. qristemde XV _ VII ss-is sazogadoebis sulierikulturis Sesaswavlad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi metadmniSvnelovani Zeglebia gamovlenili. aseTebia nacargoris,yaTlanixevis da xovlegoris namosaxlarebze aRmoCenilisamlocveloebi da melaansa da ,,meli-ReleSi~ gamovlenili_ samosaxloTagan gancalkevebiT mdebare samlocvelobi (ix.143, 112-117). aRniSnuli samlocveloebis aRweraze Cven arSevCerdebiT, radgan es sakmaod detalurad arqvs mocemuliakad. konstantine ficxelaurs Tavis monografiebSi (ix.143; )am gamokvlevebSi avtori sruliad samarTlianad SeniSnavs,rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi dResac xSiradgvxvdeba aRniSnul sakulto nagebobaTa msgavsi dagegmarebissamlocveloebi, SemaRlebuli moedniT, romlis centralurnawilSi salocavi niSia ganlagebuli. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas,rom miuxedavad samaTaswlovani sxvaobisa, xsenebuli masala,aRQniSnul mxareSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis sulier-kulturulmemkvidreobiTobas namdvilad gvavaraudebinebs. vfiqrobT, amisSesaxeb metyvelebs mdidari eTnografiuli masalac (ix. 92; 93;94; 95; 96; 121; 163 da sxva). msgavsi struqtura SeimCneva dasavleT kavkasiis mTianeTSic.magalTad, svanuri eTnografiuli masalis Tanaxmad, yovelisvanuri sakulto nageboba, romelsac mogviano periodSi ammxareSi qristes rwmenis gavrcelebis Semdeg ama Tu im wmindanissaxeli Seerqva, erTi an ramodenime gvarisagan Semdgarisvanuri Temis uzenaesi mfarveli iyo; am TemSi SemavalimeTemeni ki, Tavis mxriv, ama Tu im saTemo RvTaebis ,,kacebad~,svanurad _ ,,maral~ iwodebodnen (196, 39-40). am mxriv, vfiqrobT, saintereso dReoba iqna Cvens mieraRwerili balszeda svaneTis sofel hadiSSi 1980-84 w.w. svaneTiskompleqsur eqspediciaSi (xel. b-ni mixeil CarTolani)monawileobis dros, romelsac gamomdinare misi erToboriginaluri xasiaTidan, SedarebiT vrclad SevexebiT. sofeli hadiSi, sadac aRniSnuli dReoba imarTeba,mdebareobs md. hadiSWalis marjvena napirze, zRvis donidan


2100 metris simaRleze da Sedis istoriuli TavisufalisvaneTis SemadgenlobaSi. sofeli mdidaria rogorcmaterialuri, aseve sulieri kulturis (am sofelSi iyo daculi,897 wels Satberdis lavraSi gadawerili oTxTavi, romelicamJamad hadiSis saxarebis saxeliTaa cnobili.) pirvelxaris-xovani ZeglebiT; originaluri xasiaTis kedlis mxatvrobiTSemkuli oTxi eklesia, sacxovrebeli saxlebi, koSkebi, Wedurida ferweruli xatebi ZiriTadad ganviTarebuli Sua saukune-ebis xanas ganekuTvnebian. soflis mosaxleoba 18 komls (1984w.) Seadgens da ori gvaris _ avalianebis da qaldanebis ubnebadaris gayofili.

qudosani wminda giorgis (jgarAg liCAniS lifayU)eklesia sadac aRniSnuli dReoba imarTeba, soflidan 4kilometris daSorebiT mdebareobs. eklesia XI saukuneSiaagebuli da Cvenamde mciredi dazianebebiTaa moRweuli.moxatulia odnav mogvianebiT. SedarebiT ukeTaa SemorCeniliinterierSi samxreT da CrdiloeT kedlebze Sesrulebuliscenebi wminda giorgis cxovrebidan. kedlebze mravladaagrafituli warwerebic. eklesiisTvis, mogviano periodSi, garedan samzadi(nadbaSi) da koSki miuSenebiaT, romelTagan axla nangrevebiRaaSemorCenili. eklesiis midamo, daaxloebiT 200 metris radiusze,amJamad mozrdili lodebiTaa dafaruli, rac adre aqdasaxlebis arsebobaze migvaniSnebs. am varauds ufro amyarebslegenda soflis mitovebis Sesaxeb, romelic hadiSis mkvidrma,imJamad eklesiis mcvelma, germane qaldanma gviambo: - adre,jgrag liCeniSidan daaxloebiT 1 kilometris daSorebiT,zeviT, sofeli arsebula, romelic TeTnuldidan daweulmyinvars dautania. gadarCenila mxolod soflis ganapiramcxovrebi kaci ojaxiT, romelic eklesiasTan dasaxlebulada iq saxli (qor) da koSki (muryvam) augia. aq ucxovria erTiperiodi. Semdeg aqedanac ayrila da saerTod hadiSidan dablaCasaxlebula, sadac sofel wvirmisTvis miucia dasabami.mTxrobelis mixedviT eklesiasTan amJamad arsebuli koSkisnangrevi da lodovani am kacis nasaxlaria. liCeniSi sofel hadiSSi gamarTul saweso dReobaTaganupirvelesia da amitom adgilobrivi svanebi mas, xSirad,hadiSobasac uwodeben. dResaswauli miZRvnilia wlidanwlamde am sofelSi dabadebuli vaJebisadmi, maTi bednierebisada janmrTelobisadmi, rac Tavis mxriv qudosani wminda


giorgis Tayvancemasa da mis mflobelobaSi moymeTa gayvanaSigamoixateba. dResaswaulze modian agreTve uZeo ojaxebic,romlebic salocavs vaJianobas SesTxoven. liCeniSi moZravi dResaswaulia da kvirikobis (28 ivlisi)Semdeg xuTSabaTs imarTeba. calkeul SemTxvevebSi xdebadReobis gadavadeba erTi kviriTac (mag. Tu sofelSi micvale-buli hyavT). dResaswaulze ZiriTadad hadiSelebi (rogorc zemoTaRvniSneT sofelSi mxolod ori gvari saxlobs _ avalianebida qaldanebi) iyrian Tavs. modian agreTve Temidan gaTxoviliqalebic TavTavianTi ojaxebiT. dResaswaulis mTavari momentia Sesawiris mitana wmindagiorgis xatisadmi. Sesawirs Seadgens: 3-6 metris simaRlis

naZvis an fiWvis sari (Rvati) masze Sesabmeli naWriT (durSaY);saklavi _ xbo, mozveri an cikani; 60-mde lemziri (kanfisdanayilTesliani saritualo kverebi), 1 l. zedaSe da TaflissanTeli. amas garda molCeniSs (mlocvels) moaqvs 20-30 calixaWapuri, erTi samamakaco puri 10 litramde raxi (saerTonadimisTvis). Sesawiridan yvelaze mniSvnelovania Rvati da

durSaY, romelTa warmoCinebiTac gansakuTrebiT amayobsmolCeniSi. maTi motana aucilebelia mkvidri hadiSelisTvisyovel vaJze, xolo soflidan gaTxovili qalis (hasviSi)ojaxisTvis pirvelsa da meore vaJze. liCeniSTan dakavSirebiT arsebobda rigi akrZalvebisaTemis yvela srulasakovani wevrisaTvis. mag. dResaswaulamdeerTi kviriT adare col-qmrul urTierTobebs wyvetdnenTemis yovel ojaxSi; dResaswaulSi ar monawileobdnenaxaldaqorwinebulni sam Tvemde da axalmgloviare ojaxebi. dResaswaulis gaZRolis mizniT sofeli 4 nawiladaagayofili, da isini morigeobiT asruleben am movaleobas. impirebs, romlebic dReobas uZRvebian ,,memzirebs~ uwodeben. maTevalebaT molCeniSTa motanili Sesawiris uSualod Sewirvaxatisadmi da locva-vedrebis aRvlena mlocvelTa saxeliT.maT unda gaewiaT agreTve dResaswauliswina samzadisic(teritoriis gawmenda, SeSis momarageba, qvabebisa da WurWlismomzadeba ...). mlocvelebi jer kidev mzis amowvervamde Tavs iyrianeklesiasTan. iqve galavanTan gadmomdinare wyarozeganibanebian, ris Semdegac, ganwmendilT ufleba eZlevaT


samlocvelos teritoriaze Sesvlisa. liCeniSze sakmaod bevrimlocveli iyris Tavs sruliad svaneTisa da saqarTvelossxvadasxva kuTxeebidan. 1980 wels 36 ojaxi iyo amosulidReobaze, 1981 wels 28, xolo 1982 wels qudosani wminda giorgissadideblad 45 ojaxma moiyara Tavi. msxverplTSewirva mzis amosvlisTanave iwyeba da iqveeklesiis gverdiT sruldeba. molCeniSi Tavis zvaraks miuyvansmemzirs, romelsac am ritualis Sesruleba evaleba. esukanaskneli erT xelSi sanTliT da meoreSi lemzir-zedaSiT,Seavedrebs wminda giorgis molCeniSis vaJs da ojaxs. Semdeg,amave sanTliT saklavs Sublze balans Setrusavs da am adgilzezedaSes miapkurebs. amis Semdeg mlocvels ufleba eZleva, iqveeklesiis gverdiT, Tavadve Seswiros saklavi salocavs.patrons zvarakis marjvena beWi da gul-RviZli ubrundeba,danarCeni xorci ki iqve ixarSeba da purobis dros saerTosufraze nawildeba. calke iwveba zvarakis gul-RviZli,romelic gansakuTrebul kerZad iTvleba da misi SeWma yovelimlocvelisTvis sasurvelia. ikvleba agreTve soflis miernayidi xaric. xars dakvlis win Seiyvanen nadbaSSi (samzadSi),sadac ,,molozani~ zemoT aRwerili wesisamebr Seswiravs massalocavs. igi Tavis locvaSi qudosan wmida giorgis sofelSiqudis damxuravTa (mamakacTa) gamravlebas SesTxovs. msxverplTSewirvis Semdeg mlocveli Sedis eklesiaSi daiq myof memzirs gadascems zedaSes, lemzirebs, sanTelsa da fuls.es ukanaskneli ki Sesawirs gadascems molozans, romelicsakurTxevelTan asrulebs msaxurebas. igi wminda giorgismlocvelis gvarSi mamakacTa gamravlebas SesTxovs. dalocavsmolCeniSis vaJs, janmTelobas, bednierebas, gamarjvebas usurvebsmas. dalocvis Semdeg igi ramdenime wveT zedaSessakurTxevelze daaqcevs, danarCens ki iqve mdgom WurWelSiCaRvris sadac mlocvelTa mir motanili zedaSe grovdeba.molCeniSs zedaSis mxolod mcire nawili ubrundeba, romelicman purobisTvis motanil danarCen raxSi unda gaazavos. Sewirvis rituali, daaxloebiT Sua dRisTvis sruldeba,ris Semdegac molCeniSebi (vaJebis mamebi) TavianT motanilRvatebs Seabamen naWrebs da aRmarTuli RvatebiT dgebianeklesiis maxloblad SemaRlebul adgilze. eklesiidanprocesia gamoasvenebs xats da molCeniSebisken gaemarTeba.msvlelobis dros sruldeba wminda giorgis sadidebeli dakviria sam-samjer. RvatebaRmarTuli molCeniSebis mwkrivTan


procesiis misvlis Semdeg, axla ukve sabolood, sjarodSeZaxilebiT dalocaven im wels dabadebul vaJebs. dasasrul, unda aRiniSnos mamakacis gansakuTrebuli rolidReobis msvlelobaSi. Sesawiris mitanas, saklavis dakvlas,Rvatebis aRmarTvas, fulis Sewirvas mxolod mamakacebiasruleben. qalebi moSorebiT dganan da iqidan Sehyurebenritualis msvlelobas. sagulisxmoa isic, rom mlocvelni(molCeniSebi) salocavSi uqudod ar midian. yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Semdeg imarTeba qeifi, cekva-TamaSi da simRera, sadac mamakacebic da qalebic Tanabradmonawileoben. adre mxiarulebis gamarTva eklesiis ezoSidauSvebeli iyo, amJamad ki es tradicia daviwyebulia. liCeniSis momdevno samSabaTs iwyeben Tibvas, ris aRsaniS-navadac xari axla ukve uSualod sofelSi, mTavarange-lozis(Taringzeli) eklesiis ezoSi ikvlis. unda aRiniSnos, rom axaldabadebuli vaJis saxelobazeSesawiri miaqvT, vaJianobas da sazogadod SvilierebasSesTxoven zemo svaneTis sxva salocavebsac. magaliTad, lenjeris Temis mHeris eklesiaSi mosalocadZiriTdad uZeoni modian. mlocvelT moaqvT zedaSe, lemzirebi,sanTeli da mohyavT saklavi. eklesiis msaxuri -,,molozani~,uZeo qals kiserze Camoacvams wirxs - aryis xis dagrexilwnelebs da meuRlesTan erTad Seiyvans salocavSi. Tan SeitanenSewiruli saklavis Semwvar gul-RviZls, sanTels, Sesawir fulsda salocavs vaJis SeZenas Seevedrebian. am ritualis SesrulebaSesaZlebelia wlis nebismier dros, axalmTvarobis orSabaTs. vaJis SeZenas SesTxoven uZeoni amave soflis meoresalocavs, qaSueTis wminda giorgisac. qaSueToba imarTebaaprilis meore naxevarSi axalmTvarobaze. dResaswaulSisoflis mTeli axalgazrdoba monawileobs. acxoben lemzirebsda salocavs SesTxoven gvaris gamgrZelebelTa _ vaJebisgamravlebas. am dRes imarTeba Sejibri srolaSi da mamakacTadidi puroba, ikvlis ori xari (dila-saRamos). qaSueTis wmindagiorgis vaJebis SeZenas evedrebian sxva soflebidan mosulimlocvelebic. Sewirulobani axldabadebuli vaJebis saxelze miaqvTTanRilis Raringzelis eklesiaSic. es salocavi, romelic sof.laxuSTis (latalis Temi) maxloblad mTazea agebuli, vaJebisdambadebelad da mfarvelad iTvleba. aq mosalocad modianda Sesawiri moaqvT uZeo ojaxebs zemo svaneTis sxvadasxvasoflebidanac.


vaJebis gaCenisTvis madls swiraven qvemo svaneTissalocavebsac. mag. skaldis mTavarangelozis eklesiaSi(lentexis r-ni), mravladaa madlier mSobelTa SewirulinivTebi; erT-erT Sewirul yanwze aris warwera: ,,4 gogoabeso oTaris Ze liparteliani sof. rcxmeluri axla biWiSemeZina~. amave eklesiaSi mravladaa Sewiruli mravalferadinaWrebic. vaJebis dabadebasa da SvilierebasTan dakavSirebiT bevrisaintereso ritualia damowmebuli saqarTvelos sxvadasxvakuTxeebSic. mag. s. makalaTia Tavis wignSi ,,mTiuleTi~ (ix.92),gadmogvcems: _ sof. qavTaraanidan (fasanaurs zemoT-p.b.) 4-5kilometris manZilze, soflebis, JiJiansa da wifors SorismoTavsebulia wiforis wminda giorgis xati, romlis saxelo-baze agebuli eklesia da niSi xatis tyiT dafarul erTgorakzea moTavsebuli. niSi savsea xatis uRlebiT, zanzala-kebiT da sxva SarnebiT. ,,eklesiis garSemo Camwkrivebulia grZeli Wlokebi,romlebzec frialeben TeTr-wiTeli Qqsovilis naWrebi. xatsam droSebs ucolo vaJebi swiraven. am mizniT isini tyeSi sWrianwiflis an naZvis maRal da swor joxebs, rac SeiZleba grZels,romlebsac wverze ferad naWrebs Seabamen. aRdgoma dilas,vaJebi am droSebiT wiforis wminda giorgis eklesias samjerSemouvlian da Semdeg am joxebs galavanSi Caasoben. droSasxels aravin ar axlebs sanam Tavad ar waiqceva da ar daiSleba.xalxis rwmeniT am droSis Semwirvels xati col-SvilisRirsad gaxdis. wiforis wminda giorgis gansakuTrebiTvaJianobas SesTxoven. am mizniT mas vercxlis Tasebsa da droSas(bavriys) swiraven. Tu aman ar gasWra, maSin uZeoni xuTwliankurats mihgvrian, dekanozs daamwyalobebineben da iqvedahklaven. amis Semdeg Tu vaJi SeeZinebaT, mas wiforis wmindagiorgis ymad zrdian, TeTrebs acmeven da ramdenime weliwadixatobaze atareben. samsaxuris gasvlis Semdeg vaJs am TeTrebsgaxdian da iqve xatSi dastoveben~(92, 23). es dReoba Cvens mieraciqna damowmebuli. marTalia es rituali amgvari saxiT yofaSiukve aRar sruldeba, magram miuxedavad amisa im gvariswarmomadgenlebi, romlebic wiforis wminda giorgis saymodiTvlebian (qavTaraZeebi, bibilaSvilebi, JiJiaSvilebi) axlacswiraven xats samadlobelo zvaraks vaJis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi. axaldabadebuli vaJis saxelobaze saklavi mihyavT lomisiswminda giorgis mleTis salocavSi da alevis oqroskarianisamebis (qsnis xeoba) eklesiaSic.


vaJebis mfarvelad iTvleboda mTeli rigi raWulisalocavebisa. sofel zemo sxvavaSi(ambrolauris r-ni) arsebulmTavarangelozis eklesiaSi, romlis nangrevebic xatis tyiTdafarul gorakzea SemorCenili, dedebs moaqvT Sesawiri(sanTeli, fuli) da TavianTi vaJebis janmrTelobisa dabednierebisTvis loculoben. sofel sorSi aRdgomidanmeoTxe xuTSabaTs wminda giorgis eklesiaSi gamarTulinacixurobac vaJianobisadmi iyo miZRvnili, romelsacmravalZlisa da nikorwmindis salocavebic ,,ubamdnen mxars,radgan maT angelozebs erTmaneTTan mimosvla da urTierTobahqondaT~.(mTxr. ambrosi mindeli). liCeniSis TiTqmis analogiuri dResaswaulia dadastu-rebli fSav-xevsureTSic, romelic xatSi gayvana-mibarebissaxeliTaa cnobili. xevsureTSi, roca vaJi daibadeboda,mSoblebi mas ,,miabarebdnen” romelime xats, rac imaSimdgomareobda, rom mas samgzis miagorebdnen xatiskars androSasTan (18, 29). samecniero literaturaSi es Cveulebagaanalizebulia, rogorc RvTaebis mier Tavis saymos Sviladayvanis misteria, ris Semdegac bavSvi xatis mfarvelobaSi eqceva(iqve). vaJebis dambadeblad iTvleboda xaxmatis wminda giorgisxatic. amis Sesaxeb moTxrobili aqvs g. TedoraZesac _ ,,xaxmatisjvris~ daniSnuleba iyo uSviloTaTvis Svilis gaCena; metadremas evedreboda is, visac Svili ar hyavda. am daniSnulebisaTvisxaxmatis xatSi gansakuTrebuli niSi dgas _ mwevris saflavi.aq orsul dedakacs (sagulisxmoa rom es salocavi iSviaTigamonaklisia, sadac qals SeuZlia misvla da saklavis miyvana-p.b.) an uSvilos sfexs daadgmevinebdnen, rom Svili SesZenoda,metadre vaJi. aq salocavad modiodnen ara marto xevsurebi,aramed fSavlebic, TuSebic da qistebic.” (62, 29). xaxmatis xatis Sesaxeb Cven kidev gveqneba msjeloba, amJamadki isev liCeniSs davubrundebiT. rogorc zemoT dReobis aRweridan davinaxeT, esdResaswauli wminda giorgisadmia miZRvnili, da am salocavsacmosaxleoba ,, jgarAg liCAniS lifayU~-s anu giorgi liCeniSqudosans uwodebs. am dasaxelebidan erTob sainteresoa sityva,,liCeniS~-is (Ziri -Cen-) mniSvneloba. s. makalaTia Tavis cnobil gamokvlevaSi _,,falosis kultisaqarTveloSi~ wers: _ ,,sofel hadiSSi dResac arsebobssamlocvelo ,,jgrag CaniSiS~-ad wodebuli (wm. giorgi Wane-


Tisa), sadac yovelwliurad ,,liCaniSobas~ anu ,,WaneTobas~asruleben (97,131)~. rogorc vxedavT, s.makalaTias sityva,,liCeniSi~ geografiul terminad miuCnevia, raze dayrdnobiTacaRniSnul xats WaneTis (an WaneTidan motanil) salocavadTvlis. Tavis meore wignSi ,,jege miseronis kulti saqarTve-loSi~, s. makalaTia am salocavs axla ukve ,,CainSis~ wm.giorgis saxeliT moixseniebs. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom CvenoTxgzis veswrebodiT liCeniSobas da im formiT, ragvaradacs.makalaTia gvawvdis salocavis dasaxelebas, TanamedroveyofaSi ar dasturdeba da gvxvdeba mxolod formiT _,,liCa-niS~. am saxeliT aqvs dResaswauli dadasturebuli q-n mziamakalaTiasac. Cvenis azriT, sityva ,,liCeniSi~ - gamCenels, dambadebelsunda niSnavdes da saerToqarTuli Ziridan _Cen_ Ziridanunda momdinareobdes, rac srulad Seesabameba Tavad dResas-waulis xasiaTs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, liCeniSobaze mTavar SesawirsRvati da durSY-droSa warmoadgens. Rvati 3 - 6 metris simaRlis saria, romelsac vaJis mamebiswiraven salocavs. dReobamde 3 - 4 dRiT adre molCeniSimidis tyeSi, sadac winaswar ukve Segulebuli aqvs saWirosimaRlis naZvis an fiWvis xe da sTlis Sesawir Rvats. durSaY _ Rvatze Sesabmeli qsovilis naWeria, romelsacsalocavs vaJis madlieri dedebi swiraven. saerTod svaneTSi,iseve rogorc saqarTveloSi da zogadad mTels kavkasiaSi,sakmaod gavrcelebulia saTemo xatebSi naWrebis (sakadrisebis,xatis perangis, leCaqis...) mitana. sakadrisebs uwodebs liCeniSzeSewirul naWrebs, Tavis naSromSi ,,svani qalis samosi~,c.bezaraSvilic(ix.21). qarTul folklorSi, iseve rogorc toponimebsa Tuucxoenovan werilobiT ZeglebSi, sakmaodaa daculi xe-mcenareTa Tayvaniscemis amsaxveli masalebi. prokofi kesari-elis cnobiT, afxaz-afSilebi Tayvans scemednen tyeebsa da xeebs,romlebic maT RvTaebebad miaCndaT. wminda ninos cxovrebagvauwyebs, rom ,,sanaxebsa qarTlisasa, qalaqsa mas, romelsaewodebis urbnisi, sada igi ixila eri ucxo da ucxo RmerTTamsaxuri, rameTu Tayvans scemdes igini RmerTad maTda cecxlsa,quasa da ZelTa~(152, 274). saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi, gansakuTrebiT mismTian mxareebSi, xisa da tyis kulti gvianobamde SemorCa.


magaliTad svaneTSi, kalis TemSi, daculi iyo cadawvdilixeebiT dafaruli adgilebi, rogorc wminda da saTayvanebeli.am adgilebidan, svanebis rwmeniT, nafotis gatanac ki RvTisrisxvas gamoiwvevda. aseve xatis tyeebi mravlad aris fSav-xevsureTSi. kaxeTSi,awyuris wminda giorgisa da alaverdis eklesiebis adgilzeZvelad wminda tyeebi yofila gaSenebuli. afxazeTSi, avazaki,romelic Tavs wminda tyes Seafarebda, adaTis mixedviTxelSeuxebeli iyo. savaraudoa, rom liCeniSSi dadasturebuli Rvatebisdamzadeba naZvisgan, ganviTarebis adreul etapebze qarTvelurtomebSi xis kultis arsebobis gamoZaxili unda iyos. naZvi,wminda xed jer kidev Sumerebs miaCndaT. samefo nergi kosmiurixis funqcias asrulebda: _,,rCeulo kedaro, mSvenebav equrisezoisav, ur-ninurTa, Sens Crdils Sumeris qveyana mowiwebiTSeuvrdes~(80, 125). svanuri da sazogadod kavkasiis mTianeTSi mosaxlexalxebis saweso-grafikul xelovnebaSi naZvis, rogorcmagiuri Tvisebebis mqone xis gamosaxvis mravali magaliTiadadasturebuli. magaliTad, amgvari gamosaxulebebi davadas-tureT sof. hadiSSic. aq naZvis xeebTan erTad jixvTa arvecaagamosaxuli. naZvis xe, rogorc nayofierebis simbolo, figurirebs,,saqmisaiY~-s ritualSic. aq yvelieris xuTSabaTs agebuliTovlis muryvamis (koSkis) Tavze naZvis xea aRmarTuli,romelzec Zvel kalaTs, sacris Zirs, or xis xmals da xisganvegamoTlil faloss kidebdnen. zedve Calisgan damzadebuladamianis qandakebasac Camoacvamdnen xolme (96, 134). mTlianobaSi, rogorc hadiSobis dResaswaulis aRweridanda misi saxelwodebis analizidan irkveva, liCeniSi nayofie-rebis _,,gamCeneli~ RvTaebisadi miZRvnili dReobaa. amdenad,viTvaliswinebT ra nayofierebis RvTaebis mimarTebas falosiskultTan (s.makalaTia), savsebiT dasaSvebad migvaCnia, romliCeniSobaze motanili wminda xisgan, naZvisgan, damzadebuliRvatebi, aracnobieradaracnobieradaracnobieradaracnobieradaracnobierad, garkveulwilad falosisalegoriuli gamoxatvac SesaZloa iyos. rogorc cnobilia,Zvel kulturebSi, nayofierebis RvTaebaTa taZrebSiuzarmazari faliuri Zeglebis aRmarTva Cveulebrivi movlenaiyo, rac Tavis mxriv, mlocvelTa mxridan nayofierebisa daSemoqmedebiTi energiis gaZlierebis survilis gamoxatvasganasaxierebda.


Rvati, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mTavari Sesawiria,romlis warmoCinebiTac gansakuTrebiT amayobs molCeniSi.yuradReba eqceva Rvatis fizikur niSnebsac _ simaRles dasiswores. aqve davamatebT, rom misi motana salocavSi mamisprerogativaa. mas qalis xeli ver Seexeba. marTalia, aq Rvatspirdapir falosis aRmniSvnelad aravin miiCnevs, magramrodesac molCeniSi mas wamomarTavs, mxolod da mxolodsakuTari ZaliT, sxvis duxmareblad (Rvati sakmaod didi damZimea), dReobis monawileni mas sicil-siciliT aracnobieradaigiveben kidec falosTan. aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom savaraudebelia Rvat-duraSYsxatis droSad aRqmac. ramdenadac TemSi dabadebuli yovelivaJi xatis moymed, mis mxedrad, mis meomrad iTvleboda, xatissaxelze madlieri mamebi gamCenel wminda giorgis droSebsswiravdnen. droSas, romelSic saxierdeboda kidec Tavadsalocavi. aqve ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT is faqti, rom aRm.saqarTvelos mTianeTSi droSa xatis saxea sazogadod. maSasadame, kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom motanilimasalebis Tanaxmad, dReoba ,,liCeniSi~ nayofierebisRvTaebisadmi miZRvnili dResaswaulia da am SemTxvevaSic,rogorc es sakmaod xSiria saerTokavkasiur sinamdvileSi,qristianul wmindans winare, warmarTuli xanis RvTaebisfunqciebi SeuTvisebia. qristianuli wmindanis, amjeradac wminda giorgis miernayofierebis RvTaebis funqciebis miniWebis faqts aRmosavleTsaqarTvelos mTianeTSic, kerZod xaxmatis jvris fenomenSicvawydebiT(103, 57-79). xaxmatis jvarSi, romelic rjulianT-urjulodsalocavad (am fenomens mogvianebiT Cven kidev davubrundebiT)iTvleba, or RvTisSvils eTayvanebian _ giorgi naRvarmSve-niers da samZimar (samZivar) xeli-yelRilians. aq ZiriTadRvTisSvilad giorgi iTvleba, xolo samZimari gaRvTisSvile-buli qajis qalia, giorgis ,,mode~. dadasturebulia, rom xaxma-tis jvari uSviloTa da dauojaxebelTa bedis gamxsnelicaa(bedis gamxsnelad iTvleba mTeli rigi fSavis salocavebic;mag. Hmodis goris (goglaurTis) TeTri giorgis ,,dabrZane-buli~ niSic). am funqcias giorgic da samZimaric Tanabradiziareben. xaxmatis jvars aseve sagangebod mimarTavdnen dasaklavs swiravdnen axaldaqorwinebulTa simrTelisa,gamravlebisa da dovlaTianobisTvisac. rogorc miCneulia,


aqac ori RvTaebis SerwymasTan unda gvqondes saqme_,,samZimari~ ufro Zveli da farTo mniSvnelobis mqoneRvTaebaa. igi aramc Tu dakargula da miCrdilula, aramednayofierebisa da baraqianobis funqciaTa SesrulebaSigiorgize Zlieri Cans. giorgi saTemo xatia, molaSqreRvTisSvili, vaJi RvTaebaa romelic patriarqalur-gvarov-nuli wyobidan moyolebuli didi uflebebiT sargeblobs. igiTandaTan Crdilavs ufro Zvel nayofierebis RvTaebas _samZimars, erwymis da misi funqciebis gamziarebeli xdeba.giorgis sxivqveS samZimaris saxelis miCqmalva, misi dobilad,qajis qalad gamocxadeba giorgis kultis gansamtkicebladunda momxdariyo mogvianebiT” (103,42). samZimris nayofierebis qalRvTaebad gaazreba jvaris,,xelkacebTan~ misi seqsualuri urTierTobebis faqtsac xsnis.sazogadod, religiaTmcodneobaSi cnobilia, rom RvTisrCeulobis (adeptobis) ganviTarebis sxvadasxa safexurzexalxis rwmeniT, admiansa da RvTaebas Soris garkveuliintimuri urTierToba sufevda. magaliTad, SuamdinareTSi,qurumobis adreul safexurze RvTaeba kavSirs amyarebda anqurum mamakacTan, an qurum qalTan. Zvel egvipteSi, amonistaZarSi Ramis ganmavlobaSi rCeboda egviptis dedofali,rogorc am RvTaebis meuRle (ix. 346). unda aRiniSnos rom RvTaebrivi mijnurobis Tema arcqarTveluri da Sesabamisad, arc saerTokavkasiuri samyaro-sTvis iyo ucnobi. es Tema Zalumad figurirebs amiranis miTsada narTebis eposSi; erTob xSiria afxazur, adiReur, vainaxur,daRestnis da qarTveluri modgmis xalxebis miTebsa dagadmocemebSi. aRiarebulia, rom mxatvruli azrovneba kacobriobisganviTarebis uadres etapebze miTosis formiT vlindeba, rasacuwinares yovlisa religiuri cnobiereba ganapirobebda.miTosuri warmodgenebis uRrmes Sinaarss xedaven religiurideebSi sadac gasuliereba, gapirovneba, anu personifikaciada ,,xatovani~ warmodgena (metafora) ganixilebian, rogorcmiTosuri azrovnebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi. gamomdinareaqedan, RvTis arsis Sesaxeb seriozuli da inteligibelurisaubari mxolod simbolur da metaforul formebSiaSesaZlebeli, rameTu religia mudam simbolur enazemetyvelebda...am maxasiaTebelTa interpretacia ki mxolod maTiSedarebiT-istoriuli meTodiT Seswavlis SemTxvevaSiaxelmisawvdomi(29, 23-24).


ramdenadac miTosi aRmocenda da Camoyalibda adamianurigonebis emansipaciamde, miTosuri cnobiereba win uswrebsinteleqtualur, logikur cnobierebas. miTosi pirveladiSemecnebaa adamianis mier garesamyarosi. miTologia ganixileba,rogorc pirveladi metafizika, xolo metafizika, rogorcmeoradi miTologia, romelSic anTropologia (aq es terminiixmareba msoflio samecniero samyaroSi miRebulimniSvnelobiT) da kosmologia Tanxvdebian da hqmniantranscendentur princips, adamianuri yofis ganmsazRvrels.miTosuri epoqis dasasrulidan iwyeba istoria, iwyebaemansipacia da meufeba adamianisa. pirovnebis aRmoCena auqmebsmiTosur cnobierebas da amkvidrebs gonebas (iqve). msgavsi masalebis safuZvelze mkvlevarebi askvnian, romsarwmunoebrivad qurumebi erTgvarad, iniciaciuradseqsualur kavSirSi imyofebian RvTaebebTan, isini RvTaebaTamiwier meuRleebs warmoadgenen. sagulisxmoa, rom amgvarimiwieri sartfoebis yola gansakuTrebiT qalRvTaebebsmiewerebodaT, romelTa meSveobiTac isini nayofierebasa dasasicocxlo energias ganfendnen TavianT saufloze. magaliTadqalRmerTi iSTari ase mimarTavs gilgameSs _ ,,iyavi Cemisatrfo, me viqnebi Seni coli... Sens winaSe qeds moixrian mefeebi,mogarTmeven ZRvens~ (80, 265). aseve xeTebis RvTaeba atisis, inanasSvilis Sesaxeb darCenilia gadmocemebi, sadac igi gamoyvaniliaaxalgazrda, lamaz mwyemsad, romelsac etrfoda RmerTebis deda,nayofierebis didi qalRmerTi. amave xasiaTisaa gadmocemebiizidasa da osirisis Sesaxeb. berZnul miTologiaSi ki esmovlena afrodites mier mSvenieri adonisisadmi trfialebissiuJetSi aisaxa. xaxmatis jvarSi warmodgenili RvTisSvilebis, giorginaRvar-mSvenierisa da samZimar xeli-yelRilianis, analizisSemdeg TinaTin oCiauri daaskvnis, rom xaxmatis jvris cnebaSiwarmodgenili ori RvTisSvilidan nayofierebas samZimariunda asaxierebdes; igi ufro Zveli Cans; giorgis ver dauZleviasamZimris Zlieri kulti, Serwymia mas da misi funqciebigauziarebia (120, 47). vfiqrobT, analogiuri suraTi gvaqvs svanuri ,,liCeniSis~dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiTac, sadac wminda giorgisnayofierebis RvTaebis funqciebi aqvs mikuTvnebuli. aq RvTaebissinkretuloba SedarebiT ufro sustadaa warmodgenili aRm.saqarTvelos salocavebTan (Tundac xaxmatis jvarTan)


SedarebiT, rac ZiriTadSi ganapiroba ,,svaneTSi qristianulireligiis metad ,,danergvam~, vidre amas adgili hqondaaRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi~( m. makalaTia). rogorc svaneTSi Cvens mier Sekrebili savele masalismixedviT irkveva, aq wminda giorgis erT-erT ZiriTad funqciasmonadireTa mfarvelobac Seadgenda. es funqcia miewerebodauSgulis(CaJaSis), mestiis(molj jgrAg), ifxis, ifaris da zemoTaRwerili hadiSis wminda giorgis salocavebs. hadiSis jgrAg liCeniSi xeobis saTaveebSi mdebaresajixveebis (lakvcra) baton-patronadac iTvleba. masakuTvnebdnen jixvebsa da mglebs (es ukanasknelni wmindagiorgis ZaRlebad iTvlebian. Tuki monadire Sexvdeboda raimeniSniT gamorCeul jixvs, mag. welze TeTri zoliT, romelicarves winamZRolobda, mas igi ar unda moekla, radganac aseTijixvi wminda giorgis rCeulad iTvleboda da RvTaebis mier,,miCneuli~ nadiris mokvlisaTvis monadires gardauvalixifaTi eloda. rogorc miCneulia, am SemTxvevaSi SedarebiTmogviano xanis warmodgenasTan unda gvqondes saqme, rodesacraime niSniT gamorCeuli nadiris saxiT uSualodnadirTRvTaebis gamocxadeba xdeba (61, 127). sanadirod mimavali hadiSelni gzad liCeniSis wmindagiorgis eklesiaSi Seivlidnen, aanTebdnen sanTlebs dasalocavs nadirobaSi Sewevnas SesTxovdnen. eklesiidangamosulni TeTnuldis kalTebze kidev or viTinTanSeCerdebodnen sadac aseve wminda giorgis SeavedrebdnensakuTar warmatebul nadirobas. nadirobidan axla ukveuciloblad sxva gziT mobrunebulni isev liCeniSis salocavSiSeisvenebdnen, nadbaSSi (eklesiis sameurneo minaSeni)nanadirevis gul-RviZls (yviJs) Seswiravdnen da SemdeguSualod eklesiaSi, sakurTxevelTan sanTels aanTebdnen. aqvetovebdnen jixvis rqebsac. liCeniSis wminda giorgi Sinauri pirutyvis, kerZod cxenTada jorTa mfarveladac iTvleboda. rogorc sergi makalaTiagadmogvcems, am salocavisadmi Sewirul erT-erT jvarzeSemdegi warwera yofila amotvifruli _,,wmindao giorgiCainSisa, meox eqmen cxensa da jorsa Cemsa~ (s. makalaTia). ammxriv hadiSis wminda giorgi paralels poulobs xevsureTSisaCales wminda giorgis salocavTan. am xatSi ZiriTadadbuCukurTas mcxovrebni modiodnen, romlebic salocavs sxvamraval saTxovarTan erTad Sinauri pirutyvis, gansakuTrebiT


ki cxenebis gamravlebas sTxovdnen. sayuradReboa, rommlocvelni xats zvarakad kvicebs swiravdnen, rac Tavis mxrivuprecendento SemTxvevas warmoadgens qarTul tradiciulyofaSi8. liCeniSis wminda giorgis salocavSi vxvdebiT nalismasiuri Sewirvis SemTxvevebsac. salocavis kari SewirulinalebiTaa moWedili. maT Soris bevri mxolod saritualodaniSnulebisaa. cnobilia, rom nals rogorc rkinis nivTs,magiuri daniSnuleba miewereba. mas avi Tvalisagan dacvismizniT aWedebdnen saxlis karze; damTvarianebuli bavSvissaxelze gamoWridnen naxevarmTvarisebur nals,TavsSemoavlebdnen mas avadmyofs da Semdeg eklesiaSiSeswiravdnen. liCeniSis salocavSi mravladaa Sewiruli tyviebi daisris pirebi. es ukanasknelni sakmaod Zvelia da daaxloebiTganviTarebuli feodalizmis xanas ganekuTvnebian. isrebsa datyviebs swiraven svaneTis sxva wminda giorgis salocavebsac.mag. sofel Tavraris jgragis eklesiaSi Sewiruli 313 caliisris piri da 23 ,,vintovkis~ tyvia davafiqsireT. udaoa, rommlocveli salocavs, dro da Jamis Sesaferad, satyorcn-sasrol iaraRs, rogorc mtrisa da orgulis gamgmirav nivTsise swiravda. rameTu wminda giorgi borotebis, avgulobisda qvena Zalebis damTrgunavi wmindania, romelic xSiradsaeTroqarTvelur da svanur ikonografiaSi umeteswiladboroti adamianis (diokletianes) damlaxvrav gmiradaagamoxatuli9. sabolood, vfiqrobT, SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT, romhadiSis liCeniSis salocavis fenomeni saerTo kavkasiuriyofisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sinkretizmis erT-erTi naTelimagaliTia. svaneTis istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT, qristianuliwmindanis saxelobis yoveli aqauri sakulto nagebobisgarSemo ,,saydriSvilebi~ erTiandebodnen, radganac miwisuzenaesi mesakuTre ,,saydari~ igive ,,xati~ iyo. aqedan

8 aqve ar SeiZleba ar gagvaxsendes I-III ss.Tasebi cxenTagamosaxulebiT _ cnobili boris Tasi da sxva.9 migvaCnia, rom X-XIIss-s qarTul ikonografiaSi am sakmaodgavrcelebul siuJets qvecnobierad safuZvlad politikurisarCulic udevs _ diokletiane saqarTvelos moqiSpe bizantiasganasaxierebs.


gamomdinare, am salocavTa garSemo msxdar ,,lamxubebebSi~(,,saZmoebSi~) Semaval socialur jgufebs saydris miwa,,Svilobis~ pirobiT eWiraT. ramdenadac calkeul xevTasaydrionTa mfarvelad setis mTavarmowame gamodioda,,,sruliad svaneTis xevis~ mosaxleni _ ,,sruliad suanni~ _setis mTavarmowamis Svilebad iTvlebodnen. am xevTagaerTianeba saydriSvilTa urTierTSoris dadebuli ficiTmtkicdeboda. ficis safuZvelze piroba - valdebulebebiTSekruli xevebi wyaroebSi termin _ ,,erTobili~-T aRiniSne-bodnen. amdenad, erTobili xevis _ ,,sruliad svaneTis xevis~gaerTianebis simbolos setis mTavarmowame warmoadgenda (25,111-123). struqturulad svanuri sataZro Temis analogiuri iyoxevsuruli, jvarisymobis saxeliT cnobili sataZro Temic (18,495-502). eTnografiulad dadasturebuli masalebis Tanaxmad,yoveli xevsuri mamakaci ,,sawuleobis” wess gadioda, rac,,xatis” mier ,,axalwulis” (vaJi erT wlamde) ,,SvilobaSi”gamoixateboda. TviT Svilobis aqti ki, rogorc erTxel ukveaRvniSneT, xatis(jvaris) droSis qveS SiSveli bavSvis samjermigorebiT gamoixateboda. mxolod ,,sawuleobis” wesgadax-dili xdeboda uflebamosili, srulwlovanebis miRwevisSemdeg jvarisymobis (xatisSvilobis) pirobiT, daeWira ,,xatis”mfarvelobaSi myof saTemo miwaze samosaxlo adgili(56, 176-182). viciT, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi yovelxats, RvTisSvils Tavisi saymo hyavda. ,,saymoSi~ igulisxmebodaganuwyvetel tradiciaze dafuZnebuli sazogadoeba, sakraluriSuaguliT, romelsac misi mfarveli jvari anu ymaTa(moymeTa)saerTo salocavi ganasaxierebs. saymos aqvs saerTo rjulida saerTo andrezi; aqedan gamomdinare saerTo warsulisSegneba, cxovrebis erTnairi wesiT da yofaqcevis stereotipiT(79, 9). es xalxi, romelic qmnis Tavis Tavgadasavals, Tavisistorias, Tavis andrezebs, saymoSia gaerTianebuli, Seadgenssaymos... termini saymoc imgvaradvea agebuli morfologiurad,rogorc sa-Zm-o; maT Soris sruli morfologiuri dasemantikuri paralelizmia(79, 169). maSasadame, saZmos, miTiurida religiuri SexedulebebiT ganmtkicebuli socialurierTeulis, erTianobis simbolos, erTianobis safuZvels jvari_ xati warmoadgens.


jvari da xati, romlebic aRmosavleT saqarTvelosmTianeTSi identuri cnebebia, aRniSnaven rogorc ama Tu imtomis an Temis mfarvel da baton-patron RvTisSvilebs, ise amRvTisSvilTa miwier sabrZanisebs. gamomdinare aqedan, isiniwarmoadgendnen adgilobrivi Teokratiuli mmarTvelobiscentrebs da maTi mimdebare vrceli teritoriebi (am xatebsmamulebi hqondaT barSic) warmoadgendnen ganviTarebulsataZro meurneobas(13, 11). magalTad, aragvis xeobaSi mdebare 12 Temisgan SemdgarZiriTad fSavis TemTagan10 TiToeuls gaaCnda Tavisi saTemoxati nagebobaT kompleqsiT da saTanado meurneobiT, romlebicTemis adgilobriv sazogadoebriv-sakulto centrebs warmoad-gendnen. garda saTemo xatebisa, TemSi Semaval TiToeulsofelSi warmodgenili iyo adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis erTian meti xati, romelTa Sorisac uciloblad iyo ,,adgilisdedaRvTismSobeli~(13, 12). saTemo xatebTan erTad arsebobda saerTo safSavlo xatebi_ laSaris xati xmelgorze, sakvirao kawalxevze, Tamaris xatiReleze da damastes xati maTurxevze. moxmobili magaliTebidan naTlad Cans fSavis salocavTaierarqiuli kibis mTeli arqiteqtonika. aq, ierarqiulad dabalsafexurze iyvnen ganlagebuli soflis Sida adgilobrivixatebi, romlebic TavisTavad am sofelTa erTianobasasaxierebdnen. maT Semdeg, SedarebiT maRal safexurze saTemoxatebi idgnen, romelTa Semdegac ierarqiulad umaRlessafexurze mdgomi ,,bude fSavis~ salocavebi agvirgvinebdnenam sarwmunoebriv ,,piramidas~. migvaCnia, rom garkveulad, SesaZlebelia erTgvaristruqturuli msgavsebebis dafiqsireba svaneTisa da fSavissalocavTa ierarqiul arqiteqtonikaSi. albaT, SesaZlebeliaparalelebi gavavloT da visaubroT am ori kuTxis Teokra-tiuli mmarTvelobis struqturuli msgavsebebis Sesaxebac11.safiqrebelia isic, rom amgvari urTierTobebis CamoyalibebassafuZvlad isev da isev ojaxuri religia, genoTeizmi edosafuZvlad, rac yovel ojaxSi ,,adgilis dedisadmi~ an ,,fuZisangelozisadmi~ TayvancemaSi saxierdeboda. rac Seexeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis sxvamxareebs, magaliTad mTiuleTs, gamokvleulia, rom aq

10 Tumca dRes fSavs 15 Temadac hyofen.


dasaxlebis erTeuli _ sofeli, upiratesad erTi gvarisojaxebiT iyo dasaxlebuli. isini ganviTarebis garkveulsafexurze Zveli gvaris komobas hqmnidnen. es iyo tipiuripatronimiuli (da ara gvarovnuli) dasaxleba, romelickargad cnobili saojaxo Temis gadmonaSTuri formissegmentaciis Sedegad yalibdeboda. bevr aseT patronimiulwarmonaqmns dRemde SemorCaT saerTo koSki, sadac inaxebodasaojaxo kultTan dakavSirebuli inventari da imarTebodasaeTro saojaxo dReobebi. am rigis dasaxleba uzrunvel-yofili iyo agreTve Tavdacvis saerTo saSualebebiTac. racmTavaria mas aerTianebda saerTo sameurneo interesebi, racgamoxatulebas poulobda sxvadasxva daniSnulebis miwisnakveTebis saerTo mflobelobaSi. mTiuleTi da misi mimdgomixevebi, dasaxlebis struqturis TvalsazrisiT, gansaxlebis imsaerTo suraTs asaxavdnen, romelic zogadad axasiaTebdasaqarTvelos danarCen mxareebs(179, 9-10). rogorc cnobilia, patronimia Sedegi iyo ojaxisbunebrivi zrdisa da daSlisa. sawarmoo ganviTarebis doneda Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi pirobebi iwvevda ojaxuri Temismeurneobis ise daSlas, rom misgan gamoyofili jgufebierTimeores Soris inarCunebdnen sazogadoebriv daideologiur erTianobas da qmnidnen gansakuTrebul naTesaurjgufs - patronimias, romelic Sedgeboda bevri an ramdenimecalkeuli, magram erTmaneTTan monaTesave ojaxebisgan,romlebic erTi saerTo winaprisgan momdinareobdnen dahqondaT saerTo saxli(345, 4). Tavis mxriv, didi patri-arqaluri ojaxi, gvarovnuli ojaxi, ojaxuri Temi warmoad-gens jgufs, romelic Sedgeba sami-oTxi-xuTi an xandaxan metimonaTesave Stoebisgan Semdgari Taobebisgan. misi sameurneoarsi mdgomareobs miwis erTobliv mflobelobaSi; sawarmoosaSualebebis, ojaxuri Sinauri pirutyvis da sxva sameurneosaqonlis erTobliv sakuTrebaSi, saerTo mwarmoeblobasada saerTo moxmarebaSi.

11 aqve aucilebelia aRiniSnos isic, rom mTian zolSi pirdapirikavSirebis darRveva aRm. da das. saqarTvelos mTianeTismosaxleobas Soris, mogviano periodSi osTa SemoWrasac undagamoewvia. amis magaliTia Reburi kolo-kavi sadac aSkaradSeiniSneba mTiulur kolo-kavTan morfologiuri kavSirebi. eserTianoba kargad SeiniSneba qristemde XII – VI ss-s aqreologiurmasalebSic. am sakiTxebis ganxilvas Cven calke statiaSi vapirebT.


patriarqalur-gvarovnuli wyobis sawarmoo ZalTaganviTarebis done ganapirobebs ojaxuri Temis sidides.bunebrivad gamravlebuli Temi TandaTanobiT segmentaciasganicdis, ganiyofa rig mcire ojaxur Temebad, romlebic droda dro izrdebian da Tavis mxriv isev iSlebian. didi ojaxiistoriulad universaluri movlenaa. igi axasiaTebda TiTqmisyvela modgmis xalxs ara mxolod ganviTarebis dabalsafexurze, aramed Semdgomac. swored amdagvar socialurerTeulSi, did ojaxSi, ganviTarebis uadresi stadiidanxdeboda ojaxuri religiis _ genoTeizmis formireba; ufrozustad, maTi formireba erTad, erTimeoris gverdigverdxdeboda _ didi ojaxisa, rogorc socialuri organizmisa daojaxuri religiisa (genoTeizmisa), rogorc ojaxuri erTobisideuri safuZvelisa. sagangebod aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc es arqeologiurida eTnografiuli masalis analiziT irkveva, mocemulistruqtura vrceldeba afxazeT-svaneT-raWa-fSav-xevsureTis-CeCneTi-daRestnis mTel zolze da am zols saerTo sarwmuno-ebriv-sazogadoebrivi agebuleba axasiaTebs. igi saTaves iRebsojaxuri salocavidan genoTeizmidan, rac saerTokavkasiursivrceSi gamokveTilad ukve eneoliT-adre brinjaos xanebidandasturdeba. am azris dasadastureblad gvinda gansakuTrebiTSevCerdeT erT faqtze. kerZod, berlinis (germania) winareda Zveli istoriis muzeumSi daculia kavkasiis siZveleTacnobili koleqciebi. erTerTi aseTi koleqciis SemadgenelinivTebi mopovebulia jer kidev XIX saukunis miwurulsa daXX saukunis dasawyisSi (1882-1902 wlebSi) cnobili mkvlevaris,rudolf fon virxovis mier. igi kavkasiaSi aRmoCnda 1881 welsruseTis V arqeologiur kongresze da dainteresda CvenimxariT; sadac igi iwyebs kidec arqeologiur sakvlevaZiebosamuSaoebs. man Caatara arqeologiuri gaTxrebi yobanSi,yazbegTan, yalaqentTan, yarabaxSi... 1903 wels berlinis muzeumis koleqcia kidev 2000-mdebrinjaosagan damzadebuli eqsponatiT Seivso. am nivTebis didinawili moZiebulia oseTSi, kerZod ki sof. qembulTasTan (zemoruTxa) da sof. galiaTTan (faskau) aRmoCenili samarxebisgawmendis Sedegad. rudolf fon virxovma es nivTebi SeiZinavaWar kossnierskas qvrivisagan, adelaida kossnierskasagan.gamomdinare aqedan am koleqciam ,,kossnierskas koleqciis~


saxeli miiRo, romlis daunjebamac aqaur sacavebSi, TamamadSeiZleba iTqvas, rom berlinis winare da Zveli istoriismuzeumi im periodSi kavkasiuri koleqciebiT ganTqmul parizisada venis muzeumebs Rirseulad amouyena gverdSi. qronologiurad ,,kossnierskas koleqcia~ moicavs nivTebseneoloTidan skviTur-sarmatul xanamde. mogvianebiT zemo ruTxasa da faskaus samarovnebze warmo-ebulma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma aCvenes, rom aq mopovebulmasalas, SeiZleba iTqvas, sakvanZo mniSvnelobac ki eniWeba e.w.protoyobanuri periodis qronologiuri CarCoebisa dagavrcelebis arealis dasadgenad; magram, ramdenadac XIXsaukunis bolosaTvis arqeologiuri gaTxrebi diletanturdoneze, saTanado meTodologiuri principebis dacvisa dadokumentaciis gareSe tardeboda, imdenad ,,kossnierskas~koleqciaSi Tavmoyrili nivTebis dalageba samarxeulkompleqsebad sruliad SeuZlebelia. aq mxolod mosaxer-xebelia imis garkveva Tu romel samarovanzea esa Tu is nivTimoZiebuli. am koleqciis 1000-mde eqsponati dalagebulia Semdegjgufebad: culebi, kverTxebi, satevrebi da maxvilebi,Subispirebi, balTebi, mSvildsakinZebi, sakidebi, beWdebi,samajurebi, anTropomorfuli da zoomorfuli figurebi dasxva. am masalis analizis safuZvelze, dr. ingo motcenbekeriSemdeg daskvnebs akeTebs _ ,,aRniSnuli mxare, qembulTa dagaliaTi (dRevandeli digori), adre brinjaos xanisdasarulisaTvis da Sua brinjaos xanis dasawyisisaTvisaTvisebuli da dasaxlebuli iqna samxreT kavkasiidan amosulitomebis mier, pirvel rigSi, am mxareSi arsebuli spilenZismadnis sabadoebisa da xelsayreli sauReltexilo gadasas-vlelebisa gamo. amaze naTlad metyveleben aq mravladwarmodgenili nivTebi, romlebic Tavisi formebiTa dadamzadebis teqnologiiT pirdapir analogiuria mtkvar-araqsis finaluri etapis Zeglebze (kerZod ki saCxereSi)Sewavlili brinjaos nivTebisa. amasTanave, Sua brinjaos xanaSi(qristemde 2000 – 1400/1300 w.w.) im adgilebis maxloblad,saidanac momdinareobs ,,kossnierskas~ koleqciaSi SemavalinivTebi, unda arsebuliyo adgilobrivi saxelosno centri,sadac mzaddeboda kidec es nakeTobebi, romelTa TviTmyofadiformebi mxolod am mxarisTvisaa damaxasiaTebli; Tanac essaxelosno maragdeboda adgilobrivi (rogorc es analizmaaCvena) raWa-digoris spilenZis sabadodan.


is garemoeba, rom zemo ruTxis samarxeul masalebSi didiraodenobiTaa warmodgenili miniaturul-plastikurinimuSebi, metyveleben imaze, rom iqve, samarovanis axlo-maxlo,unda yofiliyo gviani brinjaos xanis samlocveloc. (392, 257) aRniSnul koleqciaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobsramdenime nivTi, romlebic moxseniebulia samagrebissaxelwodebiT. kerZod ki gamoyofilia sami saxis samagrebi –firfitsamagri (Plattennadel) , spiralfirfitsamagri(Spiralplattennadel) da farSevengisbolosebri samagri(Pfaupfedernadel). metad sayuradReboa, am samagrebis zomebi. esnakeTobani sakmaod mozrdili (zomebi meryeobs 45 – 65 smfarglebSi) nivTebia da amdenad, maT miCneva samkaul-aqsesu-arebad, vfiqrob, gaWirdeba; samkaulad da samSvenisad maTigamoyeneba ubralod mouxelTebelia sididisa gamo. is romes nivTebi sakulto daniSnulebisaa, amaze Tavad naSromisavtori amaxvilebs yuradRebas. Cvenc swored am nivTebs (ix.tab) gvinda mivapyroTmkiTxvelis yuradReba. rodesac, berlinSi yofnis dros,xsenebuli sagnebi davaTvelieraT, meyseulad gagviCnda varaudi– xom ar aris es e.w. samagrebi iseTive ,,droSebi~ da xevisbrisinsigniebi, romlebic mravladaa dafiqsirebuli aRm. saqarTve-loSi moZiebul eTnografiul masalebSi? miTumetes, romaRniSnuli koleqciis safuZvelze navaraudevia samlocvelosarseboba nivTebis moZiebis regionSi. sagangebod aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom garkveulimgavseba xevisbris insigniebsa da xsenebul nivTebTan SeniSnuliaqvs akad. g.Citaiasac p.uvarovas varaudebis safuZvelze. airas wers g.Citaia: ,,saqarTvelos mTianeTis sakulto nagebobebSi xSiradgvinaxavs yavarjnebi, romlebsac xevisberebi iyeneben sakultodResaswaulebis dros da Tan atareben saRvTismsaxuro ceremo-niebis Sesrulebisas. yavarjnebi ZiriTadad gankuTvniliaumTavresad Tavxevis berisaTvis da misi Zalauflebis niSania,misi saxelo emblemaa... (393, 364). amgvar yavarjnebs aRwers p.uvarovac, oRond sxvadasxva formis saxeluriT. igi wers,rom - ,,[ezl ili avard[eni (kavard[e-ni?) sostoit izvjsokogo serebr%nnoy ruko%tkoy ili verxuw-koy~. p. uvarovaimasac amowmebs, rom am yavarjnebs xavisberebi iyenebensaeklesio dReebSi da gamoaqvT aseT SemTxvevebSi droSebTanerTad. amas garda p.uvarova wers, rom es yavarjnebi, erTis


mxriv, mogvagonebs episkoposebis kverTxs. xolo, meores mxriv– ufro Zvel brinjaos kverTxebs, romlebic aRmoCeniliayobansa da mraval skviTur yorRanul samarxSi – ,,povidimomu vero%tno bjli niqto inoe kak takie [e znakidostoynstva~ (Pr. Uvarova, Arxeologiqeskie issledovani%na Kavkaze, Materialj po arxeologii Kavkaza, t.X, str.131)~aqve, gvinda movitinaT germaneli mogzauris guldenStedtiscnoba aRmosavleT kavkasiis mTielebSi, kerZod ki qistebisyofaSi dadasturebuli erTgvari xevisbris institutisarsebobis Sesaxeb, rac ucxoeli mogzauris mier amsaerTokavkasiuri fenomenis xazgasmad migvaCnia _ ,,qristianobiskvali maT yvelaze metad SemorCaT kavkasielTa Soris. maTswamT erTi RmerTi, romelsac daklas uwodeben da ar icianarc kerpebi, arc sxva RmerTebi da wmindanebi. rogorc afxazebi,isinic kviras uqmoben yovelgvari samuSaos mitovebiT.zafxulSi isini ufro mcire xans, zamTarSi ki ufroxangrZlivad ar sWamen xorcs. mTeli xalxi pativs scems moxucRvTismosav gandegils, romelic Tavis Tavs uwodebs cani stag-s (wminda adamians), cxovrobs maRal mTebSi Zvel eklesiasTanda didmarxvis Semdeg dasaklav cxvrebs akurTxebs xolmesaxsnilod. am dros da agreTve dabadebis, qorwilis dadasaflavebis dReebSi erTgvar ceremoniebs aqvs adgili. isinimahmadianebis msgavsad, ramdenime cols irTaven, magram Rorisxorcs ki Wamen, winaaRmdeg mahmadianTa wesisa12.(394,72). rogorc aRvniSneT, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTistradiciul sakulto dResaswaulebis dros dafiqsirebuliada Seswavlilia nivTebi, kerZod ki ,,droSebi~ romlebicmaterialuriad ganasaxiereben kidec Tavad am ,,xatebs~ -salocavebs. aRniSnuli nivTebi davafiqsireT da Sesabamisadfoto da video masalaze aRvbeWdeT Cvenc, 1997 – 2001 w.w. fSav-xevsureSi savele eTnografiuli masalis Sesakrebadmowyobili eqspediciebis dros. gadaviReT xatis droSebisabmis procesi xevisbris mier, droSebis Sexvedra cixegors,droSis msvleloba xatis sabrZanis teritoriaze...

12 uneburad gvaxsendeba atabes xevisbris mier mowodebuliinformacia xevsurebSi or da samcolianobis arsebobis Sesaxeb;aseve man gviTxra, rom siamovnebiT miirTmevs Roris, oRondnanadirevis, gareuli taxis (Rori da qaTami(aseve kvercxi) aRm.saqarTvelos mTianeTSi uwminduri cxovel-frinvelia daxevisbrebi mas ara Tu Wamen, saerTod ar ekarebian) xorcsac.


aqve gvinda xazi gavusvaT erT garemoebasac, romelic CvenisazriT SeiniSneba fSavisa da xevsureTis xatebis (igive jvaris,igive batonis da a.S.) fizikurad ganmasaxierebel niSnebs Soris.Cvenis dakvirvebiT, fSavSi xats upirateswilad droSaganasaxierebs, xevsureTSi ki droSasTan erTad ganZic.magaliTad, xevsureTSi atabes kviraes xatSi dikarga ganZi daamisa gamo, atabionebi gudanis jvarSi (xevsureTis saTao xatSi)srulfasovnad veRar monawileoben (mTxrobeli, atabes kviraesxatis xevisberi petre gogoWuri). amgvari, gansakuTrebuladganmsazRvreli damokidebuleba xatis ganZisadmi ver SevniSneTfSavSi. erTic kia, SesaZloa ganZisa da droSis amgvari erTobaxevsureTSi ufro SemogvrCa Cvenamde, vidre fSavSi. aqve gvinda ramdenime sityviT SevexoT TviT ganZis,konkretul SemTxvevaSi ki xatis ganZis mniSvnelobas. igi xomaswleulTa manZilze saerTo saTemo Tayvancemis drosgacemuli, erTgvarad akumulirebuli, saxsaria xatis saymosyoveli wevrisa, ojaxisa da saerTod Tems-soflisa. SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom igi erTgvarad ganasaxierebs kidec xatisaRmsarebelTa muSakobisa da Tanacxovrebis erTobasgamoxatuls amave xatis sabrZanebel teritoriaze droTamdinarebaSi. igi erTgvari dvritaa gamnasaxierebeli saymoserTobisa. saerTo saTemo xatis doneze am dvritis damvanebeli,ptroni, moyurade da warmomCinebeli meganZuri xevisberia.amdenad, sruliad gasagebia is faqti, rom am dvritis,akumulirebuli energiis, vergamfrTxilebeli Temis saxelisaerTo, Zir salocavSi (romelic Tavis mxriv saxea erTobilixevsureTisa) damcrobili da Selaxulia. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom analogiuri damokidebu-leba salocavis ganZisadmi SeimCneva kavkasiis mTianeTSi (daara marto kavkasiisaSi, zogadad saerTod) arsebul tradi-ciul sakulto ZeglebSi. vsubrobT ra ganZis mepatronze, pasuxismgebelze saerTosaTemo doneze, romelsac TavisTavad, konkretulad fSav-xevsureTSi, meganZuri xevisberi - mamakaci warmoadgens,gvaxsendeba is garemoeba, rom saerTokavkasiur tradiciulsivrceSi, ojaxur doneze ganZis, Sina saunjis gamge-ganmkargavididwilad dedakacia. gavixsenoT qarTul (da ara martoqarTul) tradiciul yofaSi dafiqsirebul-Seswavlili qalisSidaojaxuri socialuri funqcia da mdgomareba. igi xomganmasaxierebelia erTgvarad Sidaojaxuri fuZis angelozisa.qarTul tradiciul sufrasTan xom sufris dasaruls TiTqmis


erTdroulad (da xandisxan aigiveben kidec erTmaneTTan) ismebasadRegrZelo fuZis angelozisa da yovladwminda RvTismSob-lisa (romelTanac qveSecneulad asocirdeba kidec xSiradojaxis diasaxlisis saxe). ojaxur doneze qalis gansakuTrebulmdgomareobas usvams xazs sadResawaulod qalebis (mxedvelo-baSi gvaqvs gaTxovili, ojaxis patroni qalebis) morTva-mokazmva, radganac qalia erTgvari ganmasaxierebeliSidaojaxuri sivrcisa; patarZlisTvis niSnis mirTmeva ufrosidiasaxlisis mier; Sidaojaxuri saqmeebis ganawileba daSemdgom gadabareba ufrosi diasaxlisis mier rZlisadmi;axali rZlis gayvana wyaroze dedamTilis mier da sxva... davubrundeT isev gansaxilvel sakiTxs, kerZod nivTebs,,kossnierskas~ koleeqciidan, romlebic, Cvenis azriT, albaT,aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis (fSav-xevsureTi)eTnikur yofaSi dRemde SemorCenili xatis droSebisa daxevisbris insigniebis msgavsi funqciebis matarebeli unda iyos. ismis kiTxva: ramdenad SesaZlebelia qarTul eTnikuryofSi dadasturebuli elementebis dakavSireba masTangeografiulad da qronologiurad ase daSorebul arqeolo-giur kulturaSi dadasturebul nivTebTan? xom ar gamoricxavsamgvar varauds anTropologiuri, arqeologiuri, lingvis-turi, saistorio monacemebi? Cvenis azriT amgvari paralelebis gavleba savsebiTSesaZlebelia da ai ratom: 1. konkretul SemTxvevaSi, rom geografiuli faqtoriaq xelisSemSleli ver iqneba, vfiqrobT sakamaTo ar aris;radganac uZvelesi xanebidanve (mezoliTidan gansakuTrebiT)kavkasiis mTianeTis mTavari qedi da misi gadasasvlelebiadgilobriv mkvidr mosaxleobas ki ar TiSavda da aSoriSo-rebida, aramed ufro aaxlovebda da akavSirebda erTimeo-resTan. amis naTeli magaliTebia Tundac kavkasiis mTianeTismosaxleobis yofaSi (samwuxarod amJamad ucxoTa Tavdauzogavimecadineobis Sedegad miviwyebuli) mZlavrad fesvgadgmulimamamZuZeobisa da daZmobilebis institutebi qarTvelebs, osebs,yabardoelebs, afxazebs, Cerqezebs Soris; erTi SexedviTerTimeoresgan xevebiT, qedebiTa da mdinareebiT gamocal-kevebuli kavkasiis mTianeTis mosaxleobis aqtiuri Tanacxov-rebis naTli magaliTebia mTaTa wverebze da gadasasvlelebzegamarTul jvarTsabrZanisTa da salocavTa mTeli sistema,romelic faqtiurad mTianeTis mosaxleobis Sexvedrisa da


daaxloebis umTavresi ganmapirobebeli faqtoric iyo. mag.lomisas salocavi, anatorisa da xaxmatis jvari (rjulianT-urjuloT salocavi – qristian da musulman mTielTa saerTosalocavi), alevis oqroskariani sameba, gergeTis sameba damravali sxva; mTisa da baris sulier da fizikur erTobazenaTlad metyvelebs Tundac CvenSi gavrcelebuli andazebi dafrTiani gamoTqmebi _ ,,bari mTiTaa Zlieri da mTa bariTao~,,,barSi rom Wkua daileva, mTaSi moikiTxaveno~... rac SeexebamTis sakomunikacio arteriebs (gzebsa da gadasasvlelebs)centraluri kavkasiis mTavari qedis gayolebiT, maTintensivobaze naTlad metyveleben Tundac kaxTa mefealeqsandres mier Sewiruli saeklesio nivTebi da zarebi zemosvaneTis (adiSi, kala, uSguli...) salocavebisadmi, sadackaxTxelwifes swored am gzebis gavliT umogzauria. 2. axla rac Seexeba anTropologiur monacemebs. ai raswers cnobili mecnieri, rusuli anTropologiis TvalsaCinowarmomadgeneli v.p. aleqseevi im regionis (digoris)mosaxleobis anTropologiuri suraTis Sesaxeb, saidanacmomdinareobs ,,kossnierskas~ koleqciaSi Semavaliarqeologiuri nivTebi: ,,danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, romnaTlad gamokveTilia oseTis Zveli da Tanamedrovemosaxleobisa da maTi mimdebare mxareebis mcxovrebTaanTropologiuri suraTi. osebi warmoadgenen centraluri kavkasiaSi uZvelesidroidan mcxovreb adgilobriv eTnikur jgufTa memkvidreebs.is mdgomareoba, rom es anTropologiuri tipi ZiriTadadwarmodgenilia qarTveluri, naxuri da avrul-andiur-didouri enobrivi ojaxiT (iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTa ojaxi),adasturebs imas, rom amJamindeli oseTis teritoariazemcxovrebi adgilobrivi enobrivi jgufebi adre metyvelebdnenerTerT adgilobrov, am iberiul-kavkasiuram iberiul-kavkasiuram iberiul-kavkasiuram iberiul-kavkasiuram iberiul-kavkasiur, enaTa ojaxSiSemaval enaze. Tanamedrove oseTis teritoriaze mosaxleadgilobrivi mosaxleobis morfologiuri sxvaobaalanebisgan, specifiuri sxvadasxvaoba sarmatebTanac, ar iZlevaimis mtkicebis safuZvels, rom osTa winaprebi iranulenovanixalxebi iyvnen. erTaderTi damajerebeli axsna Tanamedroveosuris iranulenovnebisa aris is, rom albaT istoriiserTerT monakveTze adgilobrivi kavkasiur mosaxle tomsSeucvlia mSobliuri ena da miuRia mosul alanTa iranule-naovani metyveleba. rodis moxda es enobrivi cvlilebebi,


amis garkveva enaTmecnierTa saqmea. varaudis saxiT ki undaiTqvas, rom es cvlileba adre Sua saukuneebSi, kavkasiaSialanuri mosaxleobis gamoCenisa da maTi gaZlierebis Semdegunda momxdariyo13. osebis winaprebis – adgilobriv kavkasiurenaze molaparake tomebis gadasvla sxva, mosuli mosaxleobisenaze ara aris erTaderTi SemTxveva Crdilo kavkasiaSi.analogiur SemTxvevasTan gavaqvs saqme yaraCaelebTan dabalyarelebTanac, romlebic amJamad Turqmanul enazesaubroben; anTropologiurad ki isini tipiuri kavkasionuritipis warmomadgenlebi arian. amrigad, maTTanac unda vivarau-doT is, rac vivaraudeT Tanamedrove osebTan mimarTebaSi– albaT, Tanamedrove balyarelTa da yaraCaelTa winaprebicadre saubrobdnen kavkasur enebze da SemdgomSi, Sua saukuneebSiTurqTa moZalebis Sedegad Seicvales mSobliuri ena daametyveldnen Turqmanul enaze.~ (216,273) uZveles periodSi kavkasiaSi mimdinare eTnogeneturprocesebSi gasarkvedad umdidres masalas Seicavs cnobililingvistis n. marris mecnieruli memkvidreobac. misigamokvlevebis mixedviT qarTul enas, Tumca naTesaoba aqvssemiur enebTan, magram is Tavis maxlobeli monaTesave enebiTda kilokavebiT gancalkevebul enaTa jgufs ekuTvnis. am enaTajgufs n. marrma uwoda iafetur enaTa jgufi. Semdeg sxvakavkasiuri enebis Seswavlam marri miiyvana im daskvnamde, romyvela kavkasiuri ena mcire gamoklebiT (osuri da Turquli),iafeturi enebis jgufs ekuTvnis. somxuri ena ki, romelsacindoevropul anu ariul jgufs akuTvnebdnen, marrisgamokvleviT Sereuli ena aRmoCnda, sanaxevrod iafeturi,sanaxevrod ariuli. rodesac somxebi, armenebi, movidnenkavkasiaSi, maT aq daxvdaT ifetelebi, maT Seerivnen arielisomxebi, da gamomuSavda Sereuli ena. amiT aixsneba n. marrisazriT is, rom Zveli mwerlobiTi somxuri ena, grabari, ufronaklebad hgavs axals, xalxur somxurs, vidre polonuri enarusuls. Semdeg iafetur enaTa jgufs miakuTvna uZvelesi winaaziis mkvdari enebi _ sumeruli, miTanuri, xeTuri, qalduri,skviTuri, axal-elamuri da asuruli. Semdeg amave iafeturijgufis enad scno uZvelesi xmelTaSua zRvis napirebis xalxTa

13 aRsaniSnavia, rom am mosazrebas savsebiT adasturebs cnobiliosi enaTmecnieris, leqsikografis, eTnografis, fokloristis v.abaevis gamokvlelvebic.


enebi: etruskTa ena, iberTa ena, baskuri, da Semdeg balkaneTisalbanTa enac. pirvelad marri im azrisa iyo, rom iafetelTasamkvidro kavkasia iyo da aqedan gadasaxldnen da moedvnensxva adgilebs. xolo Semdeg Seicvala azri - ara kavkasia martod,aramed mTeli xmelTaSua zRvis napirebi uZvelesi droidaniafetelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli da eseni Seadgendnen mesameelements xmelTaSua zRvis civilizaciis SeqmnaSi. iafetelebiaRmoCnden Sua aziaSic, pamirze mosaxle verSitelebis enaiafeturi aris marris gamokvleviT (buruSebi- p.b.) (395,122-123) qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli bunebisa danaTesaobis garkvevas miuZRvna fundamenturi gamokvleva iv.javaxiSvilmac, romelic mivida im daskvnebamde, romTavdapirvelad qarTveluri da e.w. kavkasiuri enebi erTida-imave bunebisa da umWidroesad monaTesave enebi yofila darom SemdegSi, sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, droTa ganmavlobaSi,dahSordnen erTmaneTs da sam-xuT did mTavar enaTa jgufadqceulan. aqve didi mecnieri daaskvnis, rom ,,e.w. kavkasiurienebi Cveni winaprebis moZme tomTa enebi yofila da yoveliganaTlebuli qarTveli valdebulia am enebisa da tomebisistoria iseve icodes, rogorc Tavisi erisa da qveynisa.~(396,XIII) centraluri kavkasiis mTianeTis mosaxleobis eTnogene-turi suraTis gasrkvevad metad sayuradReboa dialeqtolo-giuri masalac, romelSic naTlad gamosWvivis am mxarismosaxleobaSi (gansakuTrebiT ki mTis raWaSi) akrefili daSeswavlili dialeqtologiuri monacemebic. miCneulia, romdasavleT saqarTvelos zemo zonis dialeqti – raWuli(gansakuTrebiT ki misi rivnisTauri da gloluri kilokavebi)xasiaTdeba zogi im rangis movleniT, romlebic aRmosavleTsaqarTvelos mTis dialeqtebTan (moxevurTan, mTiulurTan)pouloben analogias. raWulisaTvis, saerTod, niSandobliviaarqauli gramatikuli sistemebis povniereba, naklebiintensivobiTaa aq warmodgenili dasavleT saqarTvelos sxvaqarTuli dialeqtebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fonetikuricvlilebebic (397,397). glola, Rebi da Wiora adrindel sabuTebSi (XV s.),,mTiuleTad~ iwodeba. am kuTxis raWvelebi axlac TavianTTavs ,,mTiulebs~ uZaxian. Rebi da Wiora mWidrod ukavSirdebasvaneTs. rac Seexeba glolas, istoriulad xevTan da mTiuleT-


Tan Cans dakavSirebuli: arsebobs varaudi (damyarebulixalxur gadmocemebze), rom glolelTa winaprebi moxeveebiTu mTiulebi iyvenen. glovelebs (glolelebs) axlourTierToba hqondaT osebTanac, rac aisaxa kidec aqaurgadmocemebSi. mter-moyvroba odiTgan iCens Tavs maT SorisTavs, xSiri iyo Sereuli ojaxebic (osebsa da glovelebsSoris). osebs raWvelebi digorlebs eZaxian, oseTs digors;poeziaSi gvxvdeba rogorc digori, aseve ovseTi da dvaleTi.glovurs emCneva aRmosavl qarTul dialeqtebTan urTi-erTobis kvali, agreTve osurTan kontaqtic (rac ZiriTadadleqsikuri nasasxobebiT vlindeba). arqauli viTarebac yvelazemetad glolurs aqvs daculi. rivnisTaur da glolur poeziaSi Cndeba im rigis nimuSebi,romlebic uSualo analogiebs pouloben aRm. saqarTvelosmTis poeziasTan rogorc leqsis stuqturis, aseve mxatvrulisaxeebisa Tu leqsikis TvalsazrisiT. (397,400). 3. saubrobs ra arqeologiuri monacemebis gaTvalis-winebiT qristemde II-I aTaswleulis mijnaze centralurkavkasiaSi mosaxle tomTa kulturisa da yofis Sesaxeb, e.ikrupnovi aRniSnavs - ,,am periodisaTvis Crdilo kavkasiaSiarsebobda sami TavisTavadi arqeologiuri kultura: miscentralur nawilSi _ yobanuri, aRmosavleT CeCneTsa dadaRestanSi _ yaiaqenT-xaraCouli da yubanze _ yubanispirulikulturebi. dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze ki amperiodSi hyvaoda mZlavri kolxuri kultura. yvela esyvela esyvela esyvela esyvela eskulturebi asaxavdnen mxolod adgilobrivkulturebi asaxavdnen mxolod adgilobrivkulturebi asaxavdnen mxolod adgilobrivkulturebi asaxavdnen mxolod adgilobrivkulturebi asaxavdnen mxolod adgilobrivTaviseburebebs erTiani saerTokavkasiuri eTnikuriTaviseburebebs erTiani saerTokavkasiuri eTnikuriTaviseburebebs erTiani saerTokavkasiuri eTnikuriTaviseburebebs erTiani saerTokavkasiuri eTnikuriTaviseburebebs erTiani saerTokavkasiuri eTnikurimasivisas, romelic warmoadgenda safuZvels erTianimasivisas, romelic warmoadgenda safuZvels erTianimasivisas, romelic warmoadgenda safuZvels erTianimasivisas, romelic warmoadgenda safuZvels erTianimasivisas, romelic warmoadgenda safuZvels erTianikavkasiuri, anu iberiul-kavkasiuri enaobrivi ojaxisa.kavkasiuri, anu iberiul-kavkasiuri enaobrivi ojaxisa.kavkasiuri, anu iberiul-kavkasiuri enaobrivi ojaxisa.kavkasiuri, anu iberiul-kavkasiuri enaobrivi ojaxisa.kavkasiuri, anu iberiul-kavkasiuri enaobrivi ojaxisa.(287, 237). (287, 237). (287, 237). (287, 237). (287, 237). aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT is garemoebac, rom yobanurkulturasa da kolxur kulturas Soris bevri mkvlevaris (b.kuftini, a. ieseni, i. meSCaninovi, m. ivaSCenko, e. gogaZe...), mierSeiniSneba mTeli rigi genetikuri xasiaTis msgavsebani, rac amavtorebs kolxuri da yobanuri kulturis igiveobasac kiafiqrebinebs. miuxevad imisa, rom am Sexedulebas ar iziarebsarqeologTa meore nawili (e. krupnovi, o. jafariZe, b.texovi...),isini mainc veranairad gverds ver uvlian gvianbrinjao –adrerkinis xanaSi (gansakuTrebiT qristemde II-IaTaswleulebis mijna) cenrtalur da samxreT kavkasiuriarqeologiuri kulturebis Soris eTnogenetikurad saeTo-


warmomavlobiTi mZlavri fonis arsebobas, ris dasturadace.i. krupnovis saTao naSromidan zemoTmoyvanili citatac kmara. 4. digori – dvaleTisa da misi mosaxleobis Sesaxebmravlad vawydebiT cnobebs istoriul wyaroebSic. ai, rogoragviwers centraluri kavkasiis am mxares da iqaurmacxovreblebs cnobili qarTveli geografi da istorikosivaxuSti batoniSvili: _ ,,kacni hgone, viTarca aragOsani, aramedisisni umjobesni~; ,,xolo raoden osni davswereT am adgilTaSina, pirvelad saxlebulan qarTvelni glexni. SemdgomadmepatroneTa maTTagan gadmosaxlebulan osni, da qarTvelnibarTa Sina Camosulan, vinaYTgan mterTagan bars Sina kacniSemcirebulan” (152,363-364) iqve aRniSnavs: - ,,xolo Semdgomadfarnaozis gamefebisa, darCa farnaozs ZurZuki da dvaleTi, dasxuani Hevni igini daSTnen mefeTa osTasa, da iwodnen Hevniigini ovseTad, SemosaxlebiTa da damonebiTa maTiTa maTganve.xolo Semdgomad kualad ganiyo ZurZukeTi ZurZukad, qistadda RliRuad, da isaxela esreT anu ZurZukos ZeTagan anuSemosulTa ovsTaganve. aramed dvaleTica ganiyofis Hev-Hevad da iwodebis HevniesreT: kasris Hevad, zramagad, JReled, narad, zrogod dazaxad. xolo romelni daSTnen mefeTa osTa, saxelni maTniarian eseni: Cimi, Tagauri, qurTauli, valagiri, faiqomi,digori da basiani, da saxelni ese ewodnen anu dabebTagan,garna umetes SemosulTa osTagan, romelni Semdgoman CingizyeenTa mosvlisa, baTo yeenma mosrna ovseTi da moaoHrna,xolo ovsni Semoiltvodnen kavkasiaTa Sina, da iwodnensaxeliTa maTiTa Heobani eseni esreT, viTarca aCens guarnimaTTni...xolo Semdgomad mooHrebisa ovseTisa da SemosvlisamaTisa kavkasiasa Sina, iwodnen: ovseTi Cerqezad anu yabardod,da kavkasiasa Sina myofni maT SemosulTagan ovseTad, rameTuawca guarianTa maTTa iwodeben osad, xolo sxuaTa uguaroTa– kualad dualadve. aramed Hevi, romeli aRvwereT qarTlsazeda, ars dualeTisave, garna vinaYTgan mtkiced daipyresmefeTa qarTlisaTa, igi uwodes SecvlilTa saxeliTa Hevad,vinaYTgan ars Hevi Suenieri. aramed Truso kualad arsdualeTisave, da egreT sacnobi eseca~.(152, 634) ai rogor axasiaTebs aqaur mosaxleobas cnobiligermaneli mogzauri guldenStedti: _ ,,osebi unda iyvnen ZveliyivCaRebisa an uJebis naSTebi...rasac istoria ar ewinaaRmdegeba.enobrivi masala gviCvenebs aseve imas, rom osuri ena ...


sparsulis imdenad monaTesave unda iyos, rom isini erTi deda-enidan momdinareoben; rodesac yivCaRebi rusebma daamarcxesdonze, Cans maTma naSTma, axlandelma osebma, kavkasiis mTebSigadairCines Tavi. saerTod isini religiaSi da kanonebSiucodinarni arian, xolo CvevebSi uxeSni, ufro metad yaCaRebiarian, vidre qurdebi, yalbni da flidni, da erTmaneTis dasxvis mimarT veragni”(394,59) maSasadame, yovelive zemoTqmulis (da kidev sxva mravladarsebuli masalis) safuZvelze vfiqrobT, rom uZvelesixanebidan im regionSi, saidanac momdinareobs berlinis muzeumSidaculi ,,kossnierskas~ koleqciaSi Semavali nivTebi, sruliadnaTladaa gamokveTili TviTmyofadi, saerTokavkasiurieTnikur-kulturuli foni. Tavis mxriv ki, es garemoeba, CvenisazriT, namdvilad iZleva imis safuZvels, rom Tamamad gavavloTparalelebi dRevandel fSav-xevsureTis eTnografiulsinamdvileSi dadasturebul da xsenebul koleqciaSi daculartefaqtebs Soris. gamomdinare aqedan, ,,kossnierskas~koleqciaSi samagrebad miCneuli nivTebi uZveles ,,xat-salocavTa~ droSis da ,,xevisberTa~ insigniebis Tavsamagrebadunda miviCnioT.


daskvnebi

arqeologia, (qarTulad sityva-sityviT -siZveleTmcodneobasiZveleTmcodneobasiZveleTmcodneobasiZveleTmcodneobasiZveleTmcodneoba), rogorc wesi, wyaroebis moZiebis erT-erT xerxad moiazreba; wyaro, amjerad gaTxriTi meTodebiTmopovebuli, mecnieris, mkvlevaris mier Cayenebulia kvlevisZireuli obieqtis _ xalxis, eriseriseriseriseris istoriis Seswavlis saqmeSi.konceptualurad swored amgvari midgoma axasiaTebs didiivane javaxiSvilis kvlevebsac, sadac Seswavlis Zireul obieqts,romelime calke aRebuli socialuri erToba an politikur-kartografiuli erTeuli (Tundac saqarTvelo - am sityvispirdapiri gagebiT) ki ar warmoadgens, aramed mecnierisyuradRebis mTavari sagani, WvretiTi Semecnebis sanukvariobieqtia _ eri, jiSieri, jiSieri, jiSieri, jiSieri, jiSi; romlis amqveyniuri arsebobissivrciseul nakvalevsac mis wiaRSive arsebuli socialurifenebi, saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri sazRvrebi an kidev sxvayofiTi mxareebi naTelhyofen. swored amisa gamo uwoda manTavis saTao naSroms _ ,,qarTveli eris istoria~ da amitomaccdilobda igi am formiT daemkvidrebina es saxelwodebasaistorio sakvalifikacio terminad. didi mecnieri pirdapirgveubneba, rom ,,istorikosis amocanaa gaarkvios im hipoTezaTasiswore Tu mcdaroba, rac miRebuli aqvs istoriisfilosofias; Seitanos axali monacemebis ankara nakadi, raTaufro marTebulad iyos Camoyalibebuli am disciplinis esaTu is ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa dadgena da gansazRvraerovnebisa, rasobrivi da nacionaluri ganmasxvavebeliniSnebisa, saxelmwifosi da sxva misTana~(189, 392). diaxac, maskacobriobis istoria erebis, xalxebis da sazogadod jiSebisistoriad miaCnda da ara sazRvrebcvladi politikurierTeulebis (rac oden eris, jiSis garemosTan adaptaciisSedegs warmoadgens) istoriad. didi mecnieri sazogadoebisistorias warmomavlobiTi sisxlismieri erTobebis, modgmaTasivrculi arsobis rakusSi sWvretda. cnobili frangi struqturalistis, klod levi strosismixedviT, kacobriobis istoriaSi wvdomisaTvis ar arissakmarisi faqtebis, movlenebisa Tu calkeul yofiT nivTTaTvisobriobis dafiqsireba. aucilebelia Zireulad CavswvdeTmaT arss da mizez-Sedegobrivad gavisigrZeganoT maTi adgilisazogadoebriv yofaSi. amis miRweva ki eTnologiis gareSesruliad warmoudgenelia. Tu sociologia Semoifargleba


mxolod awmyos gagebiT, maSin igi ver miaRwevs mizans, radganacawmyo warsulis gareSe sruliad warmoudgenelia. yovelive,rac awmyoSi xdeba, ukve istoriis kuTvnilebaa. mxolodistoria iZleva uzogades kanonTa da RirebulebaTa SkalisSesabamisad awmyos elementTa dayofis SesaZleblobas. amdenad,warmoudgenelia istoriisa da eTnologiis urTierTgaTiSva.SeuZlebelia istoriis arseboba eTnologiis gareSe;ramdenadac, yvela aRweriTi da dakvirvebiTi xasiaTis kvlevaeTnologiuri profilisaa, imdenad yoveli istorikosisaTvis,maSinac ki rodesac igi sazogadoebis istoriis Soreul etapebsexeba, eTnologiuri masala (Tundac gaTxriTi meTodebiTmoZiebuli-p.b.) amosavali xdeba. rac Seexeba eTnologiisa daistoriis mimarTebas, mecnieri Tvlis, rom maT Soris arsebiTisxvaoba arc kvlevis obieqtSi, arc kvlevis mizanSi da arckvlevis meTodSi ar SeiniSneba. maT aqvT erTi da igive kvlevisobieqti _ socialuri cxovreba; erTi da igive mizani _adamianis ukeT Secnoba da erTi meTodi. gansxvaveba mxoloderTSia: istoria yuradRebas socialuri cxovrebis cnobierimovlenebis mimarT warmarTavs, xolo eTnologia ufro amukanasknelis aracnobier RirebulebaTa kuTxiT amaxvilebsTavis yuradRebas[339, 9; 84, 260-260] yovelive zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, Cveni naSromisZiriTadi mizani amgvarad warmogvedgina _ eTnografiulida arqeologiuri masalis safuZvelze Tvali gagvedevnebinasacxovrisis fenomenisadmi stadialurad, calkeulsazogadoebriv erTeulebSi, am ukanasknelTa ganviTarebis-da mixedviT; dagvesva sakiTxi sacxovrisis, rogorc sivrculiaRqmis gamomxatveli obieqturi realobis Seswavlisa dagveCvenebina amgvari kvlevis perspeqtiuloba;SeZlebisdagvarad warmogveCina sacxovrisis roli eTnikuryofaSi im geografiuli da social-ekonomikuriTaviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic kavkasias dakerZod mis centralur nawils axasiaTebs. faqtiurad, Cveni amgvari midgoma konkretuli yofiTifenomenisadmi (am SemTxvevaSi sacxovrisisadmi), qarTulsaistorio mecnierebaSi jer kidev akad. g. Citaias mierSemuSavebuli da aw ukve kargad aprobirebuli kompleqsur-intensiuri meTodis sivrcul perspeqtivaSi erTgvar gavrcobaswarmoadgens; rac upirveles yovlisa CvenSi saistorio


mecnierebis ganviTarebis da amis safuZvelze didZalifaqtobrivi masalis dagrovebis Sedegad gaxda SesaZlebeli. rac Seexeba Cveni naSromis sakvlevaZiebo-TematurmimarTulebas, migvaCnia, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi, albaT,marTebuli iqneboda gvexmara gamoTqma _paleoeTnologiuri kvlevis cdapaleoeTnologiuri kvlevis cdapaleoeTnologiuri kvlevis cdapaleoeTnologiuri kvlevis cdapaleoeTnologiuri kvlevis cda. paleoeTnologiaromelic sityva-sityviT Zvel xalxTmcodneobas niSnavs daromelic, albaT, metnaklebad srulad Seesabameba Cveneulkvlevis mimarTulebas, garkveulwilad SeiZleba mogveCvenos,rom ufro istoriis asparezidan gamqral eTnikur erTobaTaSesaswavlad warmoebul kvlevas ufro miesadageba; magram,qarTveluri _ iberiuli modgma, romelic kavkasiisqarTveluri _ iberiuli modgma, romelic kavkasiisqarTveluri _ iberiuli modgma, romelic kavkasiisqarTveluri _ iberiuli modgma, romelic kavkasiisqarTveluri _ iberiuli modgma, romelic kavkasiisaborigen mosaxleobas warmoadgens, aTaswleulTaaborigen mosaxleobas warmoadgens, aTaswleulTaaborigen mosaxleobas warmoadgens, aTaswleulTaaborigen mosaxleobas warmoadgens, aTaswleulTaaborigen mosaxleobas warmoadgens, aTaswleulTamiRma gaxedvas ar gaurbis da Tamamad usworebs TvalsmiRma gaxedvas ar gaurbis da Tamamad usworebs TvalsmiRma gaxedvas ar gaurbis da Tamamad usworebs TvalsmiRma gaxedvas ar gaurbis da Tamamad usworebs TvalsmiRma gaxedvas ar gaurbis da Tamamad usworebs TvalsSoreul winaparTagan Cvensken momarTul mzeras.Soreul winaparTagan Cvensken momarTul mzeras.Soreul winaparTagan Cvensken momarTul mzeras.Soreul winaparTagan Cvensken momarTul mzeras.Soreul winaparTagan Cvensken momarTul mzeras. aRniSnuli kuTxiT, centraluri amierkavkasiis (Ziri-Tadad dRevandel aRm. saqarTvelo) teritoriaze moZiebuliarqeologiuri da eTnologiuri masalis analizma SesaZleb-loba mogvca Semdegi daskvnebis gakeTebisa: 1.1.1.1.1. savsebiT dasaSvebad migvaCnia vivaraudoT is, romsamyaroseuli msoflaRqmis gariJraJze, adamianis SemecnebaSi,Sida (domestificirebuli) da gare sivrceebis ierarqiulimowyoba, savsebiT Seesabameboda erTimeores da amiT, orivesivrcis gansxvavebulobaTa erTianobis safuZvelze xdebodasaerTo sulieri fonis SegrZneba. swored am sulieri fonis,am RmrTivsulieri nakadebis aRqma unda gamxdariyo SemdgomSireligiuri msoflmxedvelobis da saerTod RvTisSemecnebissafuZveli, rac TvisTavad ganmapirobebeli iyo kidec adamia-nurobis istoriis dasawyisisa. vexebiT ra sacxovrisis fenomens da samyaros sivrculaRqmas, gvinda kidev erTxel aRvniSnoT, rom sivrcis ,,Sina~da ,,gare~ samyaroebad dayofa uZveles droSi, kerZod ki imperiodSi unda momxdariyo, rodesac socialurma jgufmaTavisi sameurneo da sacxovrebeli teritoria daimkvidra(138,141). centraluri amierkavkasiis teritoriaze es etapiadresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebis Casaxva-ganviTarebis periodsunda emTxveodes. rogorc miCneulia am periodSi sawarmooZalTa miRweuli done xels uwyobda erT adgilze mudmivbinadrobasa da mosaxleobis gamravlebas(265, 67).


gamomdinare aqedan unda vifiqroT, rom centraluricentraluricentraluricentraluricentraluriamierkavkasiis teritoriaze mosaxle tomebisamierkavkasiis teritoriaze mosaxle tomebisamierkavkasiis teritoriaze mosaxle tomebisamierkavkasiis teritoriaze mosaxle tomebisamierkavkasiis teritoriaze mosaxle tomebiscnobierebaSi, or ZiriTad nawilad samyaroscnobierebaSi, or ZiriTad nawilad samyaroscnobierebaSi, or ZiriTad nawilad samyaroscnobierebaSi, or ZiriTad nawilad samyaroscnobierebaSi, or ZiriTad nawilad samyarossivrciseuli dayofis sabolood gaformeba _ ,,Sinsivrciseuli dayofis sabolood gaformeba _ ,,Sinsivrciseuli dayofis sabolood gaformeba _ ,,Sinsivrciseuli dayofis sabolood gaformeba _ ,,Sinsivrciseuli dayofis sabolood gaformeba _ ,,Sin~ dadadadada, ,gare, ,gare, ,gare, ,gare, ,gare~ cnebebad, qronologiurad, qristemde VI cnebebad, qronologiurad, qristemde VI cnebebad, qronologiurad, qristemde VI cnebebad, qronologiurad, qristemde VI cnebebad, qronologiurad, qristemde VIaTaswleulis bolosa da V aTaswleulis dasawyissaTaswleulis bolosa da V aTaswleulis dasawyissaTaswleulis bolosa da V aTaswleulis dasawyissaTaswleulis bolosa da V aTaswleulis dasawyissaTaswleulis bolosa da V aTaswleulis dasawyissemTxveva.emTxveva.emTxveva.emTxveva.emTxveva. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. centralur amierkavkasiaSi (Tanamedrove aRmosavleTsaqarTvelo), sacxovrisis samSeneblo tradiciisganviTarebaSi, moyolebuli eneoliTis xanidan ganviTarebulifeodalizmis CaTvliT, dafiqsirebuli arqeologiurimonacemebis mixedviT, vfiqrobT, Semdegi ZiriTadi etapebigamoiyofa: a) alizis wriul-gumbaTovani samSeneblo tradiciaa) alizis wriul-gumbaTovani samSeneblo tradiciaa) alizis wriul-gumbaTovani samSeneblo tradiciaa) alizis wriul-gumbaTovani samSeneblo tradiciaa) alizis wriul-gumbaTovani samSeneblo tradicia(,,Sulaveri-Somu Tefes~ kultura. qristemde VI-IV aTaswle-ulebi), romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia e.w. ,,planokonveqsebi~,nagebobaTa wriuloba, gumbaTovani gadaxurva. samSeneblomasalad mxolod Tixa-alizis gamoyeneba. b) xis karkasovani, Tixalesili nagebobebisxis karkasovani, Tixalesili nagebobebisxis karkasovani, Tixalesili nagebobebisxis karkasovani, Tixalesili nagebobebisxis karkasovani, Tixalesili nagebobebissamSeneblo tradiciasamSeneblo tradiciasamSeneblo tradiciasamSeneblo tradiciasamSeneblo tradicia (,,mtkvar-araqsis~ kultura. qristemdeIV aTaswleulis II naxevari - III aTaswleulis I naxevari).damaxasiaTebelia sworkuTxa, kuTxeeb-momrgvalebuli,metnaklebad Tanabari sididis TixiT Selesil xis karkaszenaSeni nagebobani. gadaxurva banuria, Tixatkepnili, dedaboZzedafuZnebuli. Senobis centrSi gamarTulia stacionarulimrgvali kera. nagebobas wina mxridan derefani aqvs miSenebuli. g) Zeluri Senobebis samSeneblo tradiciaZeluri Senobebis samSeneblo tradiciaZeluri Senobebis samSeneblo tradiciaZeluri Senobebis samSeneblo tradiciaZeluri Senobebis samSeneblo tradicia (e.w.,,adreuli yorRanebis epoqa~ _ qristemde III aTaswleulis IInaxevari), romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia samSeneblo masaladmasiuri Zelebisa da riyis ,,xurda~ qvis gamoyeneba, nagebobebisZelurive gadaxurva rogorc banuri aseve orferda teqno-logiiT; Tavxeebis, koWebis, kexis, sayrdebi boZebis gamoyenebiT. d) qvis mSrali wyobis samSeneblo tradiciaqvis mSrali wyobis samSeneblo tradiciaqvis mSrali wyobis samSeneblo tradiciaqvis mSrali wyobis samSeneblo tradiciaqvis mSrali wyobis samSeneblo tradicia(,,TrialeTis brwyinvale yorRanebis kultura~ _ qristemdeIII aTaswleulis ukanaskneli meoTxedi - II aTaswleulis Inaxevari), romlisTvisac upiratesad damaxasiaTebelia qvismSrali wyobiT nagebi sworkuTxa nagebobebi, sakmaod sqelikedlebiT, brtyeli, boZebze dayrdnobili gadaxurviT. e) fleTili qviTa da Tixis xsnariT nagebifleTili qviTa da Tixis xsnariT nagebifleTili qviTa da Tixis xsnariT nagebifleTili qviTa da Tixis xsnariT nagebifleTili qviTa da Tixis xsnariT nagebinaxevradmiwuri nagebobebis samSeneblo tradicianaxevradmiwuri nagebobebis samSeneblo tradicianaxevradmiwuri nagebobebis samSeneblo tradicianaxevradmiwuri nagebobebis samSeneblo tradicianaxevradmiwuri nagebobebis samSeneblo tradicia (gviani


brinjao - adre rkinis xanis Zeglebis mixedviT), romlisTvisacSenebis procesSi damaxasiaTebelia aRniSnuli masalisgamoyeneba, Tixatkepnili iataki, centrSi gamarTuli kera (,,Suacecxli~) da dedaboZze dayrdnobili banuri gadaxurva. momdevno periodebis (antikuri xana, adrefeodaluri,ganviTarebuli da gviani feodaluri periodebi) sacxovri-sebiT warmodgenili samSeneblo tradiciaSi, Cven ukvearsebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebs ver vxedavT: ucvlelia saSenimasala(fleTili da riyis qva), gadaxurvis forma(banuri),nagebobis ganTavseba(naxevradmiwuri). am mogviano periodebSiufro TvalnaTliv ikveTeba sacxovrisis ZiriTadi tipebiregionaluri ganmasxvavebeli niSnebiT. ganviTarebulifeodaluri xanis arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT,magaliTad, albaT ukve SesaZlebelia garCeva ,,darbazis~mesxuri variantisa. ganirCeva mTis mxaris sacxovrisebic Tavisispecifiuri niSnebiT. migvaCnia, rom mocemul regionSi, CamoTvlilimigvaCnia, rom mocemul regionSi, CamoTvlilimigvaCnia, rom mocemul regionSi, CamoTvlilimigvaCnia, rom mocemul regionSi, CamoTvlilimigvaCnia, rom mocemul regionSi, CamoTvlilietapebidan, a da b etapebs Soris memkvidreobiTobisetapebidan, a da b etapebs Soris memkvidreobiTobisetapebidan, a da b etapebs Soris memkvidreobiTobisetapebidan, a da b etapebs Soris memkvidreobiTobisetapebidan, a da b etapebs Soris memkvidreobiTobissakiTxi savsebiT garkveuli (ix.265) da naTelia. racsakiTxi savsebiT garkveuli (ix.265) da naTelia. racsakiTxi savsebiT garkveuli (ix.265) da naTelia. racsakiTxi savsebiT garkveuli (ix.265) da naTelia. racsakiTxi savsebiT garkveuli (ix.265) da naTelia. racSeexeba g da d etapebs, am periodebis samSenebloSeexeba g da d etapebs, am periodebis samSenebloSeexeba g da d etapebs, am periodebis samSenebloSeexeba g da d etapebs, am periodebis samSenebloSeexeba g da d etapebs, am periodebis samSeneblotradicia Tavisi Sinagani logikiT da mkveTri cvaleba-tradicia Tavisi Sinagani logikiT da mkveTri cvaleba-tradicia Tavisi Sinagani logikiT da mkveTri cvaleba-tradicia Tavisi Sinagani logikiT da mkveTri cvaleba-tradicia Tavisi Sinagani logikiT da mkveTri cvaleba-dobiT (aseve Sinaarsobrivi xasiaTiT) erTgvaraddobiT (aseve Sinaarsobrivi xasiaTiT) erTgvaraddobiT (aseve Sinaarsobrivi xasiaTiT) erTgvaraddobiT (aseve Sinaarsobrivi xasiaTiT) erTgvaraddobiT (aseve Sinaarsobrivi xasiaTiT) erTgvaradamovardnili Cans saerTo logikuri da memkvidreobiTiamovardnili Cans saerTo logikuri da memkvidreobiTiamovardnili Cans saerTo logikuri da memkvidreobiTiamovardnili Cans saerTo logikuri da memkvidreobiTiamovardnili Cans saerTo logikuri da memkvidreobiTiganviTarebis jaWvidan da Sesabamisad, infiltrirebuliganviTarebis jaWvidan da Sesabamisad, infiltrirebuliganviTarebis jaWvidan da Sesabamisad, infiltrirebuliganviTarebis jaWvidan da Sesabamisad, infiltrirebuliganviTarebis jaWvidan da Sesabamisad, infiltrirebulikulturuli elementis STabeWdilebas tovebs.kulturuli elementis STabeWdilebas tovebs.kulturuli elementis STabeWdilebas tovebs.kulturuli elementis STabeWdilebas tovebs.kulturuli elementis STabeWdilebas tovebs. 3.3.3.3.3. sacxovrisSi kera warmoadgens ojaxis centrs,sacxovrisSi kera warmoadgens ojaxis centrs,sacxovrisSi kera warmoadgens ojaxis centrs,sacxovrisSi kera warmoadgens ojaxis centrs,sacxovrisSi kera warmoadgens ojaxis centrs,Suaguls, romelic aerTianebs, kravs, aduRabebsSuaguls, romelic aerTianebs, kravs, aduRabebsSuaguls, romelic aerTianebs, kravs, aduRabebsSuaguls, romelic aerTianebs, kravs, aduRabebsSuaguls, romelic aerTianebs, kravs, aduRabebssisxlisnaTesaobiT da saerTo qonebiT erTsul ojaxssisxlisnaTesaobiT da saerTo qonebiT erTsul ojaxssisxlisnaTesaobiT da saerTo qonebiT erTsul ojaxssisxlisnaTesaobiT da saerTo qonebiT erTsul ojaxssisxlisnaTesaobiT da saerTo qonebiT erTsul ojaxs_ socialur erTeuls._ socialur erTeuls._ socialur erTeuls._ socialur erTeuls._ socialur erTeuls. es ojaxi, qonebriv-sakuTrebiTi danaTesaobriv-sisxlismieri urTierTobebiT isedac erTimTlianobaa, magram kera am erTobis xiluli, xelSesaxebigamoxatulebaa; erTiani, ganuyofeli ojaxis simboloa. savsebiT dasaSvebad migvaCnia imis aRniSvna, rom CndebaCndebaCndebaCndebaCndebara kera, rac TavisTavad sacxovrisisa da ojaxisra kera, rac TavisTavad sacxovrisisa da ojaxisra kera, rac TavisTavad sacxovrisisa da ojaxisra kera, rac TavisTavad sacxovrisisa da ojaxisra kera, rac TavisTavad sacxovrisisa da ojaxisformirebasac gulisxmobs, Cndeba ojaxuri religia _formirebasac gulisxmobs, Cndeba ojaxuri religia _formirebasac gulisxmobs, Cndeba ojaxuri religia _formirebasac gulisxmobs, Cndeba ojaxuri religia _formirebasac gulisxmobs, Cndeba ojaxuri religia _genoTeizmi;genoTeizmi;genoTeizmi;genoTeizmi;genoTeizmi; rogorc socialuri organizmis (ojaxis)rogorc socialuri organizmis (ojaxis)rogorc socialuri organizmis (ojaxis)rogorc socialuri organizmis (ojaxis)rogorc socialuri organizmis (ojaxis)Camomyalibebeli fenomenic.Camomyalibebeli fenomenic.Camomyalibebeli fenomenic.Camomyalibebeli fenomenic.Camomyalibebeli fenomenic. ukve neoliTis xanidan, rocaCndeba pirveli sistemuri dasaxlebebi, kavkasiaSi undavivaraudoT ojaxuri religiis _ genoTeizmis formirebac.es movlena sabolood dasrulebul saxes iZens eneoliTis


epoqaSi, rac vfiqrobT naTlad aisaxa aRmosavleT amierkasiaSiSeswavlil namosaxlarebidan (,,Sulaveri-Somu Tefes~kultura”) momdinare masalebSi. savaraudebelia isic, romsaojaxo RvTaeba amavdroulad erTiani samosaxlosTayvancemis obieqtic yofiliyo, ramdenadac am periodSidasaxlebebi monogenuri Semadgenlobis iyo (354,136). ufromogviano periodSi ki yoveli aseTi socialuri koleqtivinayofierebis RvTaebis gareSemo iyo Sekrebili, risdasturicaa is faqtic, rom mag. Sida qarTlis qristemde IIaTaswleulis II naxevris saweso kompleqsebi ikonografiuladsicocxlis xis saxiT nayofierebis RvTaebis xatebaswarmoadgenda (77, 194-202). patriarqalur-gvarovnuli wyobis sawarmoo ZalTaganviTarebis done ganapirobebs ojaxuri Temis sidides.bunebrivad gamravlebuli Temi TandaTanobiT segmentaciasganicdis, ganiyofa rig mcire ojaxur Temebad, romlebic droda dro izrdebian da Tavis mxriv isev iSlebian. didi ojaxiistoriulad universaluri movlenaa. igi axasiaTebda TiTqmisyvela modgmis xalxs ara mxolod ganviTarebis dabalsafexurze, aramed Semdgomac. swored amdagvar socialurerTeulSi, did ojaxSi, ganviTarebis uadresi stadiidanxdeboda ojaxuri religiis _ genoTeizmis formireba; ufrozustad, maTi formireba erTad, erTimeoris gverdigverdxdeboda _ didi ojaxisa, rogorc socialuri organizmisa daojaxuri religiisa (genoTeizmisa), rogorc ojaxuri erTobisideuri safuZvelisa. sagangebod aRsaniSnavia isic, rom rogorc esarqeologiuri da eTnografiuli masalis analiziTarqeologiuri da eTnografiuli masalis analiziTarqeologiuri da eTnografiuli masalis analiziTarqeologiuri da eTnografiuli masalis analiziTarqeologiuri da eTnografiuli masalis analiziTirkveva, mocemuli struqtura vrceldeba afxazeT-irkveva, mocemuli struqtura vrceldeba afxazeT-irkveva, mocemuli struqtura vrceldeba afxazeT-irkveva, mocemuli struqtura vrceldeba afxazeT-irkveva, mocemuli struqtura vrceldeba afxazeT-svaneT-raWa-fSav-xevsureTis-CeCneTi-daRestnis mTelsvaneT-raWa-fSav-xevsureTis-CeCneTi-daRestnis mTelsvaneT-raWa-fSav-xevsureTis-CeCneTi-daRestnis mTelsvaneT-raWa-fSav-xevsureTis-CeCneTi-daRestnis mTelsvaneT-raWa-fSav-xevsureTis-CeCneTi-daRestnis mTelzolze da am zols saerTo sarwmunoebriv-sazogadoeb-zolze da am zols saerTo sarwmunoebriv-sazogadoeb-zolze da am zols saerTo sarwmunoebriv-sazogadoeb-zolze da am zols saerTo sarwmunoebriv-sazogadoeb-zolze da am zols saerTo sarwmunoebriv-sazogadoeb-rivi agebuleba axasiaTebs. igi saTaves iRebs ojaxuririvi agebuleba axasiaTebs. igi saTaves iRebs ojaxuririvi agebuleba axasiaTebs. igi saTaves iRebs ojaxuririvi agebuleba axasiaTebs. igi saTaves iRebs ojaxuririvi agebuleba axasiaTebs. igi saTaves iRebs ojaxurikultmsaxurebidan - genoTeizmidan, rac saerTokav-kultmsaxurebidan - genoTeizmidan, rac saerTokav-kultmsaxurebidan - genoTeizmidan, rac saerTokav-kultmsaxurebidan - genoTeizmidan, rac saerTokav-kultmsaxurebidan - genoTeizmidan, rac saerTokav-kasiur sivrceSi gamokveTilad ukve eneoliT-adrekasiur sivrceSi gamokveTilad ukve eneoliT-adrekasiur sivrceSi gamokveTilad ukve eneoliT-adrekasiur sivrceSi gamokveTilad ukve eneoliT-adrekasiur sivrceSi gamokveTilad ukve eneoliT-adrebrinjaos xanebidan dasturdeba.brinjaos xanebidan dasturdeba.brinjaos xanebidan dasturdeba.brinjaos xanebidan dasturdeba.brinjaos xanebidan dasturdeba. 4. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT ojaxis eTnografiulimonacemebis safuZvelze Seswavlil struqturas, Cven SegviZliavivaraudoT, rom mtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis mtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis mtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis mtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis mtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebisxanaSi ukve saxezea didi ojaxi Tavisi sacxovrisiT,xanaSi ukve saxezea didi ojaxi Tavisi sacxovrisiT,xanaSi ukve saxezea didi ojaxi Tavisi sacxovrisiT,xanaSi ukve saxezea didi ojaxi Tavisi sacxovrisiT,xanaSi ukve saxezea didi ojaxi Tavisi sacxovrisiT,sameurneo tersameurneo tersameurneo tersameurneo tersameurneo teritoitoitoitoitorrrrriiTa da dasaxlebis tiiiTa da dasaxlebis tiiiTa da dasaxlebis tiiiTa da dasaxlebis tiiiTa da dasaxlebis ti piT. is didipiT. is didipiT. is didipiT. is didipiT. is didi


ojaxi, romelic momdevno periodebSi, TiTqmisojaxi, romelic momdevno periodebSi, TiTqmisojaxi, romelic momdevno periodebSi, TiTqmisojaxi, romelic momdevno periodebSi, TiTqmisojaxi, romelic momdevno periodebSi, TiTqmismoaqamJamdis, dasturdeba kavkasieli xalxebis yofaSimoaqamJamdis, dasturdeba kavkasieli xalxebis yofaSimoaqamJamdis, dasturdeba kavkasieli xalxebis yofaSimoaqamJamdis, dasturdeba kavkasieli xalxebis yofaSimoaqamJamdis, dasturdeba kavkasieli xalxebis yofaSi.Cven Sorsa varT imis mtkicebidan, rom mtkvar-araqsiskulturisdroindeli didi ojaxi uSualo winapariaeTnografiul yofaSi Seswavlili didi ojaxisa, magramvfiqrobT, rom is ZiriTadi socialuri dais ZiriTadi socialuri dais ZiriTadi socialuri dais ZiriTadi socialuri dais ZiriTadi socialuri dasisxlisnaTesaobiTi struqtura, romelic SemdgomSisisxlisnaTesaobiTi struqtura, romelic SemdgomSisisxlisnaTesaobiTi struqtura, romelic SemdgomSisisxlisnaTesaobiTi struqtura, romelic SemdgomSisisxlisnaTesaobiTi struqtura, romelic SemdgomSisafuZvlad daedo centralur amierkavkasiaSisafuZvlad daedo centralur amierkavkasiaSisafuZvlad daedo centralur amierkavkasiaSisafuZvlad daedo centralur amierkavkasiaSisafuZvlad daedo centralur amierkavkasiaSieTnografTagan Seswavlil am socialur erTeuls,eTnografTagan Seswavlil am socialur erTeuls,eTnografTagan Seswavlil am socialur erTeuls,eTnografTagan Seswavlil am socialur erTeuls,eTnografTagan Seswavlil am socialur erTeuls,mtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis xanaSi ukvemtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis xanaSi ukvemtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis xanaSi ukvemtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis xanaSi ukvemtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavrcelebis xanaSi ukveSemuSavebuli da Camoyalibebuli Cans.SemuSavebuli da Camoyalibebuli Cans.SemuSavebuli da Camoyalibebuli Cans.SemuSavebuli da Camoyalibebuli Cans.SemuSavebuli da Camoyalibebuli Cans. aqve, mokle monaxazis saxiT gvinda davsZinoT, rom aqve, mokle monaxazis saxiT gvinda davsZinoT, rom aqve, mokle monaxazis saxiT gvinda davsZinoT, rom aqve, mokle monaxazis saxiT gvinda davsZinoT, rom aqve, mokle monaxazis saxiT gvinda davsZinoT, romdRes, xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi, romelic msofliodRes, xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi, romelic msofliodRes, xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi, romelic msofliodRes, xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi, romelic msofliodRes, xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi, romelic msofliocivilizaciebis warmoSobis ZiriTad regionad iTvleba,civilizaciebis warmoSobis ZiriTad regionad iTvleba,civilizaciebis warmoSobis ZiriTad regionad iTvleba,civilizaciebis warmoSobis ZiriTad regionad iTvleba,civilizaciebis warmoSobis ZiriTad regionad iTvleba,rogorc miiCneven, civilizaciis ganviTarebis samirogorc miiCneven, civilizaciis ganviTarebis samirogorc miiCneven, civilizaciis ganviTarebis samirogorc miiCneven, civilizaciis ganviTarebis samirogorc miiCneven, civilizaciis ganviTarebis samiumTavresi modelis gamoyofa SeiZleba, romelTaumTavresi modelis gamoyofa SeiZleba, romelTaumTavresi modelis gamoyofa SeiZleba, romelTaumTavresi modelis gamoyofa SeiZleba, romelTaumTavresi modelis gamoyofa SeiZleba, romelTarealizaciasac warmoadgens faqtobrivad CvenTvisrealizaciasac warmoadgens faqtobrivad CvenTvisrealizaciasac warmoadgens faqtobrivad CvenTvisrealizaciasac warmoadgens faqtobrivad CvenTvisrealizaciasac warmoadgens faqtobrivad CvenTviscnobili yvela Zveli kultura. es modelebia: Sumerul-cnobili yvela Zveli kultura. es modelebia: Sumerul-cnobili yvela Zveli kultura. es modelebia: Sumerul-cnobili yvela Zveli kultura. es modelebia: Sumerul-cnobili yvela Zveli kultura. es modelebia: Sumerul-aqaduraqaduraqaduraqaduraqaduri anu mesopotamiuri anu mesopotamiuri anu mesopotamiuri anu mesopotamiuri anu mesopotamiuri,i,i,i,i, egvi egvi egvi egvi egvi pturpturpturpturpturi da egeosur-i da egeosur-i da egeosur-i da egeosur-i da egeosur-elinuri (49, 10). Cvenis azriT, mainc gamokveTiladelinuri (49, 10). Cvenis azriT, mainc gamokveTiladelinuri (49, 10). Cvenis azriT, mainc gamokveTiladelinuri (49, 10). Cvenis azriT, mainc gamokveTiladelinuri (49, 10). Cvenis azriT, mainc gamokveTiladSeimCneva is garemoeba, rom Sumerul-aqaduri, anuSeimCneva is garemoeba, rom Sumerul-aqaduri, anuSeimCneva is garemoeba, rom Sumerul-aqaduri, anuSeimCneva is garemoeba, rom Sumerul-aqaduri, anuSeimCneva is garemoeba, rom Sumerul-aqaduri, anumesopotamiuri civilizacia, romelic upirvelesmesopotamiuri civilizacia, romelic upirvelesmesopotamiuri civilizacia, romelic upirvelesmesopotamiuri civilizacia, romelic upirvelesmesopotamiuri civilizacia, romelic upirvelesyovlisa, SuamdinareTs da Sesabamisad sparseTis yurisyovlisa, SuamdinareTs da Sesabamisad sparseTis yurisyovlisa, SuamdinareTs da Sesabamisad sparseTis yurisyovlisa, SuamdinareTs da Sesabamisad sparseTis yurisyovlisa, SuamdinareTs da Sesabamisad sparseTis yurisauzs ganekuTvneba, gavrcelebis arealis gafarToebisauzs ganekuTvneba, gavrcelebis arealis gafarToebisauzs ganekuTvneba, gavrcelebis arealis gafarToebisauzs ganekuTvneba, gavrcelebis arealis gafarToebisauzs ganekuTvneba, gavrcelebis arealis gafarToebisSemdgom da semituri modgmis xalxebis migraciisSemdgom da semituri modgmis xalxebis migraciisSemdgom da semituri modgmis xalxebis migraciisSemdgom da semituri modgmis xalxebis migraciisSemdgom da semituri modgmis xalxebis migraciisSedegad aRmoCnda xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi.Sedegad aRmoCnda xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi.Sedegad aRmoCnda xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi.Sedegad aRmoCnda xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi.Sedegad aRmoCnda xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi.mesopotamiuri modeli dasabams Rebulobs Sumerulmesopotamiuri modeli dasabams Rebulobs Sumerulmesopotamiuri modeli dasabams Rebulobs Sumerulmesopotamiuri modeli dasabams Rebulobs Sumerulmesopotamiuri modeli dasabams Rebulobs SumerulcivilizaciaSi, romelic SemdgomSi ufrocivilizaciaSi, romelic SemdgomSi ufrocivilizaciaSi, romelic SemdgomSi ufrocivilizaciaSi, romelic SemdgomSi ufrocivilizaciaSi, romelic SemdgomSi ufrogacxovelebuli iqna aqadur, babilonur, xeTur,gacxovelebuli iqna aqadur, babilonur, xeTur,gacxovelebuli iqna aqadur, babilonur, xeTur,gacxovelebuli iqna aqadur, babilonur, xeTur,gacxovelebuli iqna aqadur, babilonur, xeTur,asurul da wina aziis sxva kulturebSi. am modelisaTvisasurul da wina aziis sxva kulturebSi. am modelisaTvisasurul da wina aziis sxva kulturebSi. am modelisaTvisasurul da wina aziis sxva kulturebSi. am modelisaTvisasurul da wina aziis sxva kulturebSi. am modelisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifos marTvis organizaciisdamaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifos marTvis organizaciisdamaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifos marTvis organizaciisdamaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifos marTvis organizaciisdamaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifos marTvis organizaciissferoSi qalaqsaxelmwifoebis mmarTvelobidansferoSi qalaqsaxelmwifoebis mmarTvelobidansferoSi qalaqsaxelmwifoebis mmarTvelobidansferoSi qalaqsaxelmwifoebis mmarTvelobidansferoSi qalaqsaxelmwifoebis mmarTvelobidansaxelmwifos despoturi formis Camoyalibebamdesaxelmwifos despoturi formis Camoyalibebamdesaxelmwifos despoturi formis Camoyalibebamdesaxelmwifos despoturi formis Camoyalibebamdesaxelmwifos despoturi formis Camoyalibebamdemisvla; rodesac mefe ukve veeberTela imperiis saTaveSimisvla; rodesac mefe ukve veeberTela imperiis saTaveSimisvla; rodesac mefe ukve veeberTela imperiis saTaveSimisvla; rodesac mefe ukve veeberTela imperiis saTaveSimisvla; rodesac mefe ukve veeberTela imperiis saTaveSieqceva da misi Zalaufleba uzenaesi xdeba.eqceva da misi Zalaufleba uzenaesi xdeba.eqceva da misi Zalaufleba uzenaesi xdeba.eqceva da misi Zalaufleba uzenaesi xdeba.eqceva da misi Zalaufleba uzenaesi xdeba.sazogadoebriv-ekonomiur struqturebSi _ rogorcsazogadoebriv-ekonomiur struqturebSi _ rogorcsazogadoebriv-ekonomiur struqturebSi _ rogorcsazogadoebriv-ekonomiur struqturebSi _ rogorcsazogadoebriv-ekonomiur struqturebSi _ rogorcsaxelmwifo-sataZro, aseve saTemo-kerZo seqtorebissaxelmwifo-sataZro, aseve saTemo-kerZo seqtorebissaxelmwifo-sataZro, aseve saTemo-kerZo seqtorebissaxelmwifo-sataZro, aseve saTemo-kerZo seqtorebissaxelmwifo-sataZro, aseve saTemo-kerZo seqtorebisarseboba (Tuki SumerSi upiratesoba saxelmwifo-arseboba (Tuki SumerSi upiratesoba saxelmwifo-arseboba (Tuki SumerSi upiratesoba saxelmwifo-arseboba (Tuki SumerSi upiratesoba saxelmwifo-arseboba (Tuki SumerSi upiratesoba saxelmwifo-sataZro sakuTrebas eniWeboda, xeTebTan am mxrivsataZro sakuTrebas eniWeboda, xeTebTan am mxrivsataZro sakuTrebas eniWeboda, xeTebTan am mxrivsataZro sakuTrebas eniWeboda, xeTebTan am mxrivsataZro sakuTrebas eniWeboda, xeTebTan am mxrivupiratesi saTemo-kerZo seqtori iyo) warmmarTvelupiratesi saTemo-kerZo seqtori iyo) warmmarTvelupiratesi saTemo-kerZo seqtori iyo) warmmarTvelupiratesi saTemo-kerZo seqtori iyo) warmmarTvelupiratesi saTemo-kerZo seqtori iyo) warmmarTvel


xasiaTs Rebulobs(49, 10). gansxvavebuli iyo viTarebaxasiaTs Rebulobs(49, 10). gansxvavebuli iyo viTarebaxasiaTs Rebulobs(49, 10). gansxvavebuli iyo viTarebaxasiaTs Rebulobs(49, 10). gansxvavebuli iyo viTarebaxasiaTs Rebulobs(49, 10). gansxvavebuli iyo viTarebakavkasiis regionSi (romelic mediteranuli samyaroskavkasiis regionSi (romelic mediteranuli samyaroskavkasiis regionSi (romelic mediteranuli samyaroskavkasiis regionSi (romelic mediteranuli samyaroskavkasiis regionSi (romelic mediteranuli samyarosnawiladac miaCniaT _ merperti, Cernixi, gordeziani...).nawiladac miaCniaT _ merperti, Cernixi, gordeziani...).nawiladac miaCniaT _ merperti, Cernixi, gordeziani...).nawiladac miaCniaT _ merperti, Cernixi, gordeziani...).nawiladac miaCniaT _ merperti, Cernixi, gordeziani...).aq albaT upirveles yovlisa geografiul-bunebriviaq albaT upirveles yovlisa geografiul-bunebriviaq albaT upirveles yovlisa geografiul-bunebriviaq albaT upirveles yovlisa geografiul-bunebriviaq albaT upirveles yovlisa geografiul-bunebrivipirobebi ar iZleoda imis SesaZleblobas, rompirobebi ar iZleoda imis SesaZleblobas, rompirobebi ar iZleoda imis SesaZleblobas, rompirobebi ar iZleoda imis SesaZleblobas, rompirobebi ar iZleoda imis SesaZleblobas, romkompaqturi monogenuri, erTgvarad ,,protopolisuri~kompaqturi monogenuri, erTgvarad ,,protopolisuri~kompaqturi monogenuri, erTgvarad ,,protopolisuri~kompaqturi monogenuri, erTgvarad ,,protopolisuri~kompaqturi monogenuri, erTgvarad ,,protopolisuri~(mag. mtkvar-araqsis namosaxlarebi) , dasaxlebebi(mag. mtkvar-araqsis namosaxlarebi) , dasaxlebebi(mag. mtkvar-araqsis namosaxlarebi) , dasaxlebebi(mag. mtkvar-araqsis namosaxlarebi) , dasaxlebebi(mag. mtkvar-araqsis namosaxlarebi) , dasaxlebebi(goraebi _ n. berZeniSvili), erTian despotur samyarod(goraebi _ n. berZeniSvili), erTian despotur samyarod(goraebi _ n. berZeniSvili), erTian despotur samyarod(goraebi _ n. berZeniSvili), erTian despotur samyarod(goraebi _ n. berZeniSvili), erTian despotur samyarodCamoyalibebuliyvnen. am garemoSi ,,qveyana~-ebi (n.Camoyalibebuliyvnen. am garemoSi ,,qveyana~-ebi (n.Camoyalibebuliyvnen. am garemoSi ,,qveyana~-ebi (n.Camoyalibebuliyvnen. am garemoSi ,,qveyana~-ebi (n.Camoyalibebuliyvnen. am garemoSi ,,qveyana~-ebi (n.berZeniSvili) Cndebodnen da viTardebodnen, romelTaberZeniSvili) Cndebodnen da viTardebodnen, romelTaberZeniSvili) Cndebodnen da viTardebodnen, romelTaberZeniSvili) Cndebodnen da viTardebodnen, romelTaberZeniSvili) Cndebodnen da viTardebodnen, romelTaSoris urTierTobac, gamomdinare maTTvisSoris urTierTobac, gamomdinare maTTvisSoris urTierTobac, gamomdinare maTTvisSoris urTierTobac, gamomdinare maTTvisSoris urTierTobac, gamomdinare maTTvisdamaxasiaTebeli sisxliT-naTesaobiTi struqturisdamaxasiaTebeli sisxliT-naTesaobiTi struqturisdamaxasiaTebeli sisxliT-naTesaobiTi struqturisdamaxasiaTebeli sisxliT-naTesaobiTi struqturisdamaxasiaTebeli sisxliT-naTesaobiTi struqturisniadagze, urTierTparitetis safuZvelze igeboda. eseniadagze, urTierTparitetis safuZvelze igeboda. eseniadagze, urTierTparitetis safuZvelze igeboda. eseniadagze, urTierTparitetis safuZvelze igeboda. eseniadagze, urTierTparitetis safuZvelze igeboda. eseigi, socialur-sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisigi, socialur-sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisigi, socialur-sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisigi, socialur-sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisigi, socialur-sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebissawyisebi, aq mesopotamiur models emsgaseboda, magramsawyisebi, aq mesopotamiur models emsgaseboda, magramsawyisebi, aq mesopotamiur models emsgaseboda, magramsawyisebi, aq mesopotamiur models emsgaseboda, magramsawyisebi, aq mesopotamiur models emsgaseboda, magramgamomdinare Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli xasiaTidan,gamomdinare Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli xasiaTidan,gamomdinare Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli xasiaTidan,gamomdinare Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli xasiaTidan,gamomdinare Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli xasiaTidan,despotur saxelmwifod ver iqceoda. sabolood igidespotur saxelmwifod ver iqceoda. sabolood igidespotur saxelmwifod ver iqceoda. sabolood igidespotur saxelmwifod ver iqceoda. sabolood igidespotur saxelmwifod ver iqceoda. sabolood igi, ,qveyanaebis~ , , ,xevebis~ erTobis, saerTo, ,qveyanaebis~ , , ,xevebis~ erTobis, saerTo, ,qveyanaebis~ , , ,xevebis~ erTobis, saerTo, ,qveyanaebis~ , , ,xevebis~ erTobis, saerTo, ,qveyanaebis~ , , ,xevebis~ erTobis, saerTowarmomavlobiTwarmomavlobiTwarmomavlobiTwarmomavlobiTwarmomavlobiT* gapirobebuli erTobliobis saxes gapirobebuli erTobliobis saxes gapirobebuli erTobliobis saxes gapirobebuli erTobliobis saxes gapirobebuli erTobliobis saxesRebulobda. ufro mogviano xanebSi, marTalia esRebulobda. ufro mogviano xanebSi, marTalia esRebulobda. ufro mogviano xanebSi, marTalia esRebulobda. ufro mogviano xanebSi, marTalia esRebulobda. ufro mogviano xanebSi, marTalia esprocesebi erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis, anu monarqiisprocesebi erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis, anu monarqiisprocesebi erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis, anu monarqiisprocesebi erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis, anu monarqiisprocesebi erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis, anu monarqiisCamoyalibebiT dasrulda, magram, es monarqia, TumcaCamoyalibebiT dasrulda, magram, es monarqia, TumcaCamoyalibebiT dasrulda, magram, es monarqia, TumcaCamoyalibebiT dasrulda, magram, es monarqia, TumcaCamoyalibebiT dasrulda, magram, es monarqia, Tumcagarkveuli niSnebiT aziuri despotiis msgavsi, Zireuladgarkveuli niSnebiT aziuri despotiis msgavsi, Zireuladgarkveuli niSnebiT aziuri despotiis msgavsi, Zireuladgarkveuli niSnebiT aziuri despotiis msgavsi, Zireuladgarkveuli niSnebiT aziuri despotiis msgavsi, ZireuladTavisTavadi iyo; radganac Tavisi CamoyalibebisTavisTavadi iyo; radganac Tavisi CamoyalibebisTavisTavadi iyo; radganac Tavisi CamoyalibebisTavisTavadi iyo; radganac Tavisi CamoyalibebisTavisTavadi iyo; radganac Tavisi CamoyalibebisSualedur etapze igi , ,qveyanaebis~ , xevebisSualedur etapze igi , ,qveyanaebis~ , xevebisSualedur etapze igi , ,qveyanaebis~ , xevebisSualedur etapze igi , ,qveyanaebis~ , xevebisSualedur etapze igi , ,qveyanaebis~ , xevebisRrmadindividualuri stadiiT iyo warmodgenili,Rrmadindividualuri stadiiT iyo warmodgenili,Rrmadindividualuri stadiiT iyo warmodgenili,Rrmadindividualuri stadiiT iyo warmodgenili,Rrmadindividualuri stadiiT iyo warmodgenili,romelic eris wevrTa SegnebaSi kuTxurobas,romelic eris wevrTa SegnebaSi kuTxurobas,romelic eris wevrTa SegnebaSi kuTxurobas,romelic eris wevrTa SegnebaSi kuTxurobas,romelic eris wevrTa SegnebaSi kuTxurobas,xevisSvilobas, qveyanisSvilobas aZlierebda.xevisSvilobas, qveyanisSvilobas aZlierebda.xevisSvilobas, qveyanisSvilobas aZlierebda.xevisSvilobas, qveyanisSvilobas aZlierebda.xevisSvilobas, qveyanisSvilobas aZlierebda.TavisTavad, amgvari Semecnebis safuZvli iyo miwis,TavisTavad, amgvari Semecnebis safuZvli iyo miwis,TavisTavad, amgvari Semecnebis safuZvli iyo miwis,TavisTavad, amgvari Semecnebis safuZvli iyo miwis,TavisTavad, amgvari Semecnebis safuZvli iyo miwis,samkvidros komlobrivi flobis Rrmadtradiciulisamkvidros komlobrivi flobis Rrmadtradiciulisamkvidros komlobrivi flobis Rrmadtradiciulisamkvidros komlobrivi flobis Rrmadtradiciulisamkvidros komlobrivi flobis Rrmadtradiciulipraqtikac, ramac SemdgomSi Zalze saintereso dapraqtikac, ramac SemdgomSi Zalze saintereso dapraqtikac, ramac SemdgomSi Zalze saintereso dapraqtikac, ramac SemdgomSi Zalze saintereso dapraqtikac, ramac SemdgomSi Zalze saintereso daamasTanave mkvidrad TavisTavadi suraTi mogvcaamasTanave mkvidrad TavisTavadi suraTi mogvcaamasTanave mkvidrad TavisTavadi suraTi mogvcaamasTanave mkvidrad TavisTavadi suraTi mogvcaamasTanave mkvidrad TavisTavadi suraTi mogvcakavkasiis aborigen xalxTa rogorc eTnikur yofasakavkasiis aborigen xalxTa rogorc eTnikur yofasakavkasiis aborigen xalxTa rogorc eTnikur yofasakavkasiis aborigen xalxTa rogorc eTnikur yofasakavkasiis aborigen xalxTa rogorc eTnikur yofasada istoriSi, aseve maT eTnofsiqologiur msoflxatSi.da istoriSi, aseve maT eTnofsiqologiur msoflxatSi.da istoriSi, aseve maT eTnofsiqologiur msoflxatSi.da istoriSi, aseve maT eTnofsiqologiur msoflxatSi.da istoriSi, aseve maT eTnofsiqologiur msoflxatSi.

*mag. vaxuSti batoniSvilis mier aRniSnuli ,,naTesaviT qarTvelis~Segneba, romlis sawyisebic winare istoriul xanaSia saZiebeli


damowmebuli da gamoyenebulidamowmebuli da gamoyenebulidamowmebuli da gamoyenebulidamowmebuli da gamoyenebulidamowmebuli da gamoyenebuliliteraturis sialiteraturis sialiteraturis sialiteraturis sialiteraturis sia

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Paata Bukhrashvili

Dwelling in the life and culture of the ancient Georgians

OVERVIEW OF THE DISSERTATION.Relevance of the topic. The material and intellectual culture of theGeorgians (and of the Caucasian peoples overall) has been studiedfor well over a century. A rich scholarly heritage has come down tous, due to the selfless and tireless labor of our predecessors. Aparticularly important stage in Georgian historiography began in the1930’s, formed in the political and ideological context of the times,from which stemmed a series of stereotypical models, which formedthe background for the study of the history and culture of the Georgianpeople (or of peoples in general). Since the late 1980’s, when theGeorgians once again took up the task of self-realization and reform,much of the work which had been accepted without question cameunder new scrutiny. It is well known that in such conditions creative energy appearswith renewed force, as is reflected in the lives of contemporaryGeorgians. It is precisely these circumstances which inspired us totake up once again the question of ancient dwellings, against thebackground of the Georgian scholarly heritage. Goal of the research. Proceeding from what was stated above,the primary object of the present work is to analyze the phenomenonof the dwelling on the basis of ethnographic and archaeological data,and situate it in stadially arranged social formations, according totheir level of development; to address the question of the dwellingas reflective of spatial perception, and demonstrate the perspicacityof such an approach; to the extent that it is possible, to highlight therole of the dwelling in everyday life, taking into consideration thosegeographic and social-economic factors specific to the peoples ofthe Caucasus, especially those of its central region. From the perspective of stadial development we will seek tooutline the pathway from domestic religious practice (“hearth”) tothat of the tribal shrine (“sanctuary”), and thus determine the roleplayed by spiritual factors in Georgian traditional life.


In effect, our approach to the concrete cultural phenomenon ofthe dwelling is based on that worked out by Acad. G. Chitaia in thefield of Georgian historical research, drawing upon the intensiveand multidisciplinary study of phenomena in their spatial setting —an approach rendered possible by the rich assemblage of materialsalready gathered. As for the thematic orientation of our research, we considerappropriate the use of the term paleoethnology. This term mightseem more suited to the study of ethnic unities already vanishedfrom the historical scene, but we believe it also appropriate to theinvestigation of the Kartvelians and other Caucasian peoples, whohave occupied their present territories for millennia. Theoretical and archival basis of the dissertation. The presentwork is founded above all on the rich scientific literature on dwellingsand domestic spaces published by Georgian and foreign authors.These include fundamental works by leading representatives of theGeorgian archaeological (B. Kuftin, Al. Javakhishvili, Ot. Japaridze,G. Gobejishvili, K. Pitskhelauri …) and ethnological (G. Chitaia, V.Bardavelidze, Al. Robakidze, R. Kharadze, M. Chartolani, T.Chikovani …) schools. Among the foreign authors consulted wemention the names of J. Assman, J. Bergeman, J. Bretschneider,A. Bühnen, J. Mellaart, H. Müller-Karpe, E. Noll and R. Struwe,C. Renfrew, P. Bann, K. Schmidt, I. Motzenbäcker, V. P.Alekseev,E. I. Krupnov, K. Kh. Kushnareva,V. M. Masson, and R. M.Munchaev. Our dissertation’s archival materials are primarily drawn fromfield recordings (audio, video, photographic) and journals collectedby us over many years of participation in archaeological, ethnographicand ethnolinguistic expeditions. These include the expeditions toSvaneti organized by the S. Janashia State Museum (June-August1980, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988); expeditions to Daghestan,Chechnia and Ingushetia organized by the Arn. Chikobava LinguisticInstitute (May-June 1985 & 1987, directed by V. Kikilashvili); theKakheti Archaeological Expedition (1983 to present, directed byAcad. K. Pitskhelauri); ethnographic and ethnolinguistic expeditionsin Pshavi, Khevsureti, Svaneti, Racha and Guria organized by the


International Caucasological Research Institute (summers of 1995,1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004; winter 2005). The present work was prepared for the most part in Germany,in active collaboration with German colleagues, due to the generoussupport of the German Academic Exchange Program (DAAD):Heidelberg University’s Department of Prehistoric and Ancient NearEastern Archaeology (September-December 1995, directed by Prof.Dr. Harald Hauptmann), Halle University’s Institute of OrientalArchaeology and Art (September-December 2000, directed by Prof.Dr. Winfried Ortmann), and Heidelberg Academy of Sciences’Department of Karakorum and Central Asian Studies (June-September 2003, directed by Prof. Dr. Harald Hauptmann). Scientific originality of the dissertation. Before beginningdiscussion of the subject matter, we wish to point out that both thepresent work and our candidate dissertation were characterized byan orientation along two directions: First, the work foregrounds thoseaspects of the dwelling, as a fundamental component of social life,which permit determination of an ethnic group’s traditional culture.Second, from the rich and varied corpus of ethnographic andarchaeological data are selected those whose interpretation, withregard to the theme of the dissertation, is realistically possible. Thisstance enabled us to take a panoramic view of the cultural life ofthe peoples of the region under study, which, to a significant degree,brought to the surface the ethnic processes which have taken placethere over the millennia. In the opinion of Acad. A. Javakhishvili,despite the fact that the Georgian traditional dwelling has been studiedin depth and in breadth by ethnographers, and also in the light of anenormous quantity of archaeological data, which has been collectedand partially analyzed over the decades, until the present no one hasattempted to submit the whole to interpretation as primary sourcematerials for research on ethnogenesis. In the present dissertation we will attempt, in the light of availablematerials, to demonstrate the role of the dwelling phenomenon andof domestic religious practice in Georgian traditional culture. Onthis basis, we will attempt, to the extent it is possible, to understandthat component of ethnic-religious cognition, by which was enabled,


over the course of centuries, the formation of tribal social units. Allof these factors, we believe, contributed to the development ofnational and state institutions. In the 1980’s and 1990’s, both within and outside of Georgia, themultidisciplinary integration of diverse scientific disciplines wasunderway, as attested by the birth of ethnoarchaeology [174; 376;369; 355; 356; ...]. Ethnoarchaeology, as a distinct historical andmethodological approach, only developed recently, when it evolvedas a subdiscipline of archaeology. Our objective in the context of the present work is the analysisof the distinctive features of the Georgian nation and people, whichdistinguish them from other ethnic formations. We begin from theprinciple that each ethnic group, as well as the individuals composingit, is characterized by both a visible, tangible mode of life as well asan invisible, intangible spiritual component. A people can thus beconceived as an individual, which is born, grows, declines andsometimes disappears. The decline commences after the peak ofdevelopment has been achieved, but between those two momentsis the period of a people’s greatest glory (Al. von Humboldt). Practical utility of the present work. The dissertation and theresults presented within it may be used in the preparation of amonograph or textbook on the history of the Georgian people. Itmay also be of use in both general-introductory and specializeduniversity-level courses on the ethnology and archaeology ofGeorgia. In the dissertation are presented the theoretical and practicalmaterials used by us in courses on paleoethnology taught in theDept of Assyriology of the Faculty of Oriental Studies of Iv.Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University. We likewise hope that thepresent work will be of interest to upper-level students in secondaryschools, and in general, to readers interested in the history of theGeorgian people. Approbation of the dissertation. Individual themes addressed inthe dissertation have already been presented in the form of paperspresented at scholarly conferences and symposia, at academicinstitutions both in Georgia and abroad. Among them the followingcan be mentioned:


Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg (1998-99),Fachbereich Kunst und Altertumwissen-schaften. Institut fürOrientalische Archäologie und Künst. Martin-Luther-UniversitätHalle-Wittenberg. Konferenz der Deutschen Akademien derWissenschaften. Aktenzeichen 960.4-248. Habilitation zum Thema:,,Behausungsphänomen im Südkaukasischen Kultursystem in derEpoche des Paläometals” (director Prof. W. Ortman); 25-28 May1991 – 5th Conference on the Cultures of the Caucasus at theUniversity of Chicago; 15-18 May 1993 – 6th Conference on theCultures of the Caucasus at the University of Chicago; 4-8 April1996 – International Archaeological Colloquium at Sighnaghi andTbilisi; 15-22 April 1997 – International Seminar on ,,The Future ofthe Past in Eastern Europe” at Lodz University (Poland); 4-10 10.2004 – Conference on “Ethnic and Religious Identity” at theGeorgian Technical University. The dissertation also underwent approbation at the 8 December2004 session of the Ethnology Department of the Faculty of Historyof TSU. The evaluation of the work was presented by Prof. S.Chanturishvili. Dimensions and structure of the dissertation. The dissertationcomprises 259 computer-printed pages. It consists in an introduction,three chapters and a conclusion. The main text is followed by aresume in English, a list of the literature cited in the work, index oftables and the tables themselves. The total size of the dissertation is299 pages in A4 format.

Main content of the dissertation.Introduction. As a consequence of long-term organic integration with theirhomeland, a characteristic lifestyle developed among the Georgians.This is particularly evident in the richly variegated customs, traditionsand norms of everyday behavior. To a significant degree they areconditioned by thousands of years of adaptation to the environment,and its associated biocultural and socio-economic forms. From theearliest times these complexes of economic-cultural relations impliedthe possession of the land by social units – families – on the basis of


juridical norms founded upon blood relationship. Such relations werefirmly grounded upon common tribal shrines, through which wasacknowledged the tribal territory’s chief patron and regulator. Itfollows that each land-owning family of the tribe, on the basis ofvassalage to the shrine, was directly responsible before the shrine,and, accordingly, the moral comportment of each tribal member wasmarked by deep and honest respect for the deity. There formed,accordingly, such moral and spiritual principles, that to act againstthe collective’s system of values was tantamount to opposition tothe divine patron itself. The gravest punishment for insult to thedeity and the tribe was expulsion, which meant permanent separationfrom one’s flesh and blood, one’s family. From this it follows thatthe highest goal of each tribal member was service to one’s owntribe and village, and therefore to one’s homeland, motivated byawe of the divinity. It was precisely this fear of God that groundedthe highest form of love, upon which developed the entire diversespectrum of pan-Georgian or intra-regional customs, traditions andpractices, many of which are continued to the present day. The ethnic group is a specific unity of individuals, which dependsnot only on common genetic origins and spiritual-cultural unity, butalso a shared historical fate. Each culture fosters among the individuals who grow up withinits womb a distinctive “cognitive screen”, upon which they projectand represent their perceptions of the external world. It is preciselyin the nature of these cognitive screens that ancient andcontemporary peoples differ from each other, in terms of the contentand structure of their perceptions of reality. There is one other essential difference between the habitualthought of ancient and modern peoples: Ancient peoples inhabited auniverse of absolute veracity. They had clear and final responses toall cardinal questions: How the universe, their land and their ethnicgroup were created, what fate awaits them after death, etc. Inancient social thought, as a rule, there reigned a unity of belief, andindividuals had little occasion to doubt general values; they had noneed to choose among them. Contemporary people must be contentwith approximate, temporary and changeable responses to the same


questions, which is clearly a very different situation from that whichdominated the everyday lives of the ancients. Ancient peoples’ relation to objects and knowledge was differentas well. Now we often hear that contemporary people areexcessively materialistic and focussed on things, but it must be pointedout that nonetheless, their relation is fleeting and superficial. Todaypeople discard things as soon as something better or more moderncomes along. In ancient times individuals and their possessions –house, land, tools and utensils, even the seemingly most insignificant– were bound by a deep, one might say, personal relation. Eachobject, created by an ancestor and passed down over generations,had its own fate, force, name; and it was only with great pain thatthe ancients parted with these artefacts. Anciently, possessors weretied by relations difficult for us to conceive to the land, the homestead,the loss of which was felt as a tragedy. In early societies possessionrepresented one of the chief forms by which individuals “extended”themselves beyond their bodies. Ancient societies were characterized by an orientation towardthe past and the old. Ancient peoples were psychologically turnedtoward the past. If, for contemporary people, looking toward thepast meant looking backward, for the ancients looking toward thepast meant looking forward, whereas the future was behind theirbacks. This spatial metaphor underlies the Georgian word“ts’inap’ari” — literally “forebears” — in which it is clear that forancient Georgians their flesh and blood, their children, were primary,and, in the perception of the living, those who passed away werenot placed behind their backs but rather imagined as preceding theliving on their life’s path like a lit candle. For traditional peoples thepast is clear, visible; whereas the future is unknown and unseen.The ancestors light the path toward where the living go. OrthodoxChristians perceive the space in similar terms, whom the saints(exemplary for theirfaith, ideas and kindness) lead on the path ofearthly existence. We recall Vaxtang Kotetishvili’s words with regardto the mountains: “It is very difficult to go to the mountains. Upthere things are experienced differently, there are distinctive ideasand desires. ... There life takes a different form and death seems if


anything easier. There is sort of pantheon, where the treasure ofdeparted souls is preserved like Tamar’s grave”. The distinguishedscholar understood correctly the need to maximally establish contactwith the context in which he conducted his research, and its modeof experience. It must be pointed out, that at present certain forces are attemptingto disrupt the faith, confessional beliefs and theistic perception oftraditional societies. They are striving to uproot their orientationtoward the past, toward traditions, and it could even be said, towardtheir ethnic self-conception; and in exchange turn their gaze towardan unknown and uncertain future. In fact this future, althoughportrayed in dazzling, glittering colors, is no different in essencefrom the “happy communist future”, whose taste post-Soviet societyhas yet to digest. As we indicated, in order to bring about thereorientation of traditional societies and peoples toward this supra-ethnic happy unity, it is in the first place necessary to make thosesocieties possessing an ethnic self-conception forget their ownidentities. To this end, these forces do battle with ethnic, nationalawareness, which they deem to be synonymous with backwardnessand ignorance, and designate with such terms as “provincial fascism”.In fact, these are those forces, for which love, kindness,enlightenment and ethnic world-view and belief are no more thanexcess baggage. In conclusion, we wish to point out, that before beginningdiscussion of specific questions we deemed it necessary to lay outfor our readers our views on social-historical processes, so thatthey might more clearly understand our thoughts on the problems ofethnic history, since “hier stehe ich, ich kann nicht anders”.

CHAPTER I. ON THE INTERRELATION OF ETHNICCULTURE AND THE PHENOMENON OF THEDWELLING PLACE. We interpret the dwelling to be one of the most salient expressionsof traditional (hence, ethnic) world-view and culture. Insofar as thedwelling is, in the first place, a purely material phenomenon, and,


secondly, a sort of temple created by early people, it is a capitalsource of information. The dwelling, doubtless, is a reflection of its builders’ ethnically-conditioned cognition of the world, which evolved as a consequenceof their blood- and seed-linked relation to their environment andhomeland. It is also without a doubt that this materialization andformation in relation to the home environment, anointed by the bloodand bones of the ancestors and crowned by the heavenly spirits,was a lengthy process. Finally, the dynamic interaction with thepermanent features of the environment led to the formation of theethnic group’s “cultural visage” (N. Marr), characterized byresistance to change despite the vicissitudes of the passing centuries. The centuries-long existence of the ethnic group is conditionedby the heritability of language and cultural traditions and practices.The formation of the ethnic society is conditioned by the directrelationships among its members, which is only possible when theyreside on the same territory. On that same territory there occurs theconsolidation of the associated cultural unity within the ethniccommunity. It is precisely here, in one specific locality, that it evolvesinto a complete, durable sociocultural unit, which enables itspermanence across time and place, and its capacity to give andreceive something of value. During the study of cultural-historical and ethnic relations, theinvestigator is confronted by numerous difficulties. Among them isincreasingly narrow specialization (the tempo of which has beenincreasing in recent times) conditions the collection and analysis offactual materials. In itself this tendency is inevitable and progressive,but unfortunately, the actual degree of cooperation among scholarsoften lags behind. One of the chief obstacles to the successfulinvestigation of ethnic processes, one which in fact hinders mutualcomprehension among the relevant disciplines, is the weakness ofthe theoretical groundwork. It is probably true that there is no justification for the study ofethnic phenomena from a single disciplinary perspective, withoutthe cooperation of others. Unfortunately, such situations all toofrequently occurred among us. Each individual discipline, which took


the ethnic group as its object of study, examined it from its particularpoint of view. This led to a curious state of affairs: These disciplinesdid not so much serve to study the ethnic group (as research object),as, on the contrary, ethnic research came to serve theircompartmental interests. This sort of stance toward concrete,multifaceted dynamic phenomena created the circumstances withinwhich ethnography, archaeology, cultural history, historiography,linguistics and adjoining disciplines interpret, each in their particularmanner, the objective phenomenon of the ethnic unity. Needless tosay, such circumstances are incompatible to the extent that the ethnicgroup (people) is a whole, concretely-existing entity, and thereforeit is inadmissible that such a unified phenomenon be studied infragmentary fashion, carved up according to sectarian academicinterests. Otherwise, each discipline in the process of investigationwould divide up the object of study according to its particular normsand logic, which is likely to lead to paradoxical results. The study ofthe ethnic group must be of a multidisciplinary nature. Each discipline,which participates in the investigational process, must take intoaccount the conclusions, methodology and observations which haveresulted from the study of the ethnic group as research object. Inthis collaborative process, the multifaceted object of study isexamined by taking into consideration each others’ conclusions. In the investigation of ethnogenetic phenomena, amultidisciplinary stance implies the broad and methodologicallycorrect utilization of ethnogenetic data; and their connection withother types of historical materials and those supplied by adjacentfields of study (such as certain ones concerned with naturalphenomena: ethnobotany, ethnozoology, etc.). The multidisciplinaryapproach, in the first place, takes account of the variegated natureof the relevant facts: their anthropological, archaeological, folkloristic,historical, linguistic, ethnological, onomastic and other characteristics. Unfortunately, despite certain efforts, the multidisciplinaryapproach to the study of ethnogenetic questions has not yet becometotally accepted, due, probably, to its great difficulty and the variousunresolved methodological issues.


In the past, one of the most useful attainments of investigationof this question can be considered the establishment of the temporalparameters of the ethnogenetic process, and of its broadly-comparative methodology. It is believed that ethnogenesis as a historical process beginswith the first form of ethnic unity, with the consolidation of the tribe(272, 27). It is also acknowledged that physical-anthropological types wereconsolidated during Neolithic times. Archaeologists associate theNeolithic with the final formation of tribal organizations. On thebasis of lexicostatistic methods, it is believed that the principallanguage families now existing consolidated in the Neolithic. Onthis basis, it is appropriate to situate the beginning of the ethnogeneticprocess in the Neolithic. Of course, it is impossible that thechronological study of the ethnogenesis of each of the world’speoples should begin in the same period; but it is clear that suchprocesses are to be situated stadially in prehistoric times. Experience teaches us that it is methodological feasible to carryout research of ethnogenetic character both within a particular ethnicgroup, as well as within a defined territory. In the first instance, thefield-ethnographic study of the contemporary ethnic community hasparticular importance, which then enables one on the basis ofscientific procedure to work back from the contemporary situationtoward the past; in the second instance, we undertake theinvestigation of the problem from the earliest cultural vestiges foundon the territory under study, and then move forward in time towardthe present. We believe that it is necessary, in the process of studyingany given ethnic formation, that investigation take place in bothdirections, so that to data from the deepest layers of archaeologicalinvestigation are juxtaposed the results obtained from theethnographic analysis of materials ready-to-hand from livingpopulations. That is to say, it is possible to maximally profit frominterdisciplinary research. This is all the more the case, in that sucha stance appears to us completely justified with regard to a regionsuch as the Caucasus, where the autochthonicity of the Ibero-Caucasian peoples stands out in clear relief. To that extent, the


seeking of parallels among chronologically-separated cultures ofcommon origin, once the methodological mechanism is worked out,should not be totally unjustified. We will add that the earliestconditioner of cultures of common origin is, in our belief, the durableand long-lasting cultural-agricultural complex developed in the givenregion as a consequence of adaptation. This complex serves as theprimary axis for the evolution of such cultures. In the sphere of material culture, the indicators of ethnic identity(which are conditioned by adaptation to the sphere of everyday life)are fairly numerous as concerns settlement types, insofar as thelatter formed and evolved in accordance with the topography of agiven place. As a consequence of their study the specificities ofsettlement organization can be determined – placement with regardto the central square, the sanctuary, etc. From the standpoint of ethnic specificity, the dwelling isparticularly informative, in that this specificity might manifest itselfas basic construction (underground dwelling, half-underground,placement of rooms, roofing ...), orientation with regard tooutbuildings, and the like. The deployment of internal space can beconsidered an ethnic marker: placement of the hearth, form of thehearth, function of rooms and their position, location of sacred corneror shrine, orientation of entrance, position of chimney or ventilation-hole (erdo), etc. An entire series of specificities characterize thedomestic furnishings, food, agricultural equipment, etc. In eastern Georgia, according to ethnographic materials, in thecontext of a historically-evolved sedentary population, the individualfamilial homestead represented the basic dwelling type in villagesettlements. The individual familial homestead, for its part, in itsessential structure, is reflective of the cultural-agricultural lifestyleof the population of a given micro-region, as well as being one itsconstituent components. In Georgian village settlements of the 1920’s, in one form oranother, traces of their original social and economic lifestyles werestill preserved. It is precisely for this reason, that, in the investigationof social and agricultural forms, the settlement is an important primarysource of data. In Georgian villages of all various forms, in the


placement of homesteads within the village, the tradition of settlementaccording to monogenetic blood-related groups is attested. Themonogenetic settlement is a firm and historically enduring tradition.Settlement by monogenetic neighborhoods, as characteristic ofancient lifestyles, was maintained in the morphology of village layoutfor many centuries. Therefore, in the analysis of the cultural-agricultural nature of a studied settlement as a result of archaeologicalinvestigation, the study of the ethnographically-established settlementforms is especially informative. The morphology of the settlementof a historically-evolved sedentary population, in view of itsconservative nature, was relatively unaffected by the passage oftime. It is thus justified to assume that, in our region, settlementforms retained their earlier forms relatively unchanged. The village in central Kartli was composed of monogenetic groupsdistributed by neighborhood (or quarter). Precisely this region wasthe cradle of the crowned-ventilation-shaft or “darbazi”-style house.Archaeological and ethnological data show that not only was thedarbazi-style house preserved for a long period, but also the form ofsettlement. It is well-known that the topographical relief constrainedthe placement of settlements. It conditioned its external form, butnot its type. The settlement type was based on the cultural-agriculturallifestyle developed within the population. With respect to the darbazi, as one of the domestic structuraltypes widespread in central Transcaucasia, we believe a few wordsabout its morphology are appropriate. At the first stage of the evolution of the dwelling, the principaltypological features of the darbazi were: a large undivided space(occupied by a 3 or 4-generation family group); darbazi morphology;open hearth and hearth-chain (ojinjali); poor quality of internal lighting(coming through the ventilation-shaft, through which the smokeexited); stamped-earth floor (soxane); porch at ground level(p’armaghi); expansion of the floor-plan depthwise; three-beamroofing system; wide single door with wooden hinges and bolt; lowfurniture, and correspondingly low horizon of domestic activities;house dug into the ground; wood-working principally done with adzesand axes without use of saws; crowned roofing, slightly sloped roof-


terrace; thick stone walls with niches for storage; oak as primarytype of wood material. We think that the materials presented above make it quite clearthat, in the Caucasus — and specifically on the territory of today’seastern Georgia —, traces of continuity of lifestyle can be revealedfrom the earliest times almost without interruption, as a result ofarchaeological and ethnological research. The earliest settlementshave been detected and investigated, and many forms of dwellinghave been examined. Therefore, we think, that it is entirely justifiedand indeed desirable to trace the evolution and development of thedwelling phenomenon from earliest times to the present on the basisof variegated materials. Its representation in this manner along thevertical axis will portray for us the desired panoramic representationaccording to ethnogenetic processes taking place on the designatedterritory. To the extent that the dwelling phenomenon, as aconsequence of adaptation of ethnic elements to the inhabitedenvironment, is one of the component elements of ethnic culture, itis likewise a clear reflection of the same element’s insertion into theoccupied environment as a distinctive “biocene”. At the same time, the examination of the inhabited complex alongthe vertical axis is clearly justified insofar as it represents a methodfor the dynamic analysis of the most characteristic elements of ethnicculture. In this circumstance, its presentation along the vertical axis(retrospectively) presents us with a means to establish not only therecent stages in its development, but also a means to see the complexprocess of the relation between traditional elements and innovation. When we discuss the dwelling and its phenomenon in any giventraditional society, in the first place, perhaps, we must attempt, tothe extent it is possible, to reveal the principles of the functionalmechanism of the appropriation of the external environment byhumans. In other words, those principles must be established,according to which the transformation took place in human cognitionfrom “nature” to “culture”, from “unappropriated” to “appropriated”.At the same time, the specificities of the traditional model ofdomestication and appropriation of space, which evolved in concrete


ethnic modes of life, are very interesting and worthy of attention inthe research process. It is clear from all of the above that in the study of the dwelling,as characteristic complex of ethnic culture, a series of puzzles presentthemselves before the researcher, each of them inseparablyconnected to the others. Without their analysis in length and breadthit is almost unimaginable how one is to distinguish, in the complexstructure of a people’s intellectual history, the nucleus without whichit is impossible to understand even approximately the nuances ofethnic history. The dwelling will be the primary theme of the present study;more precisely, we will attempt to lay out what role this phenomenonplayed in general in ethnic lifestyle and culture; to what degree itreflects the unique unity of a people (ethnic group) as evolved throughblood-linked genetic relations; the gentle and yet directed processof their incorporation into a “biocene” with their homeland anddivinely-granted territory. By dwelling, first of all, we intend the primary residential structurewithin which is situated a specific microsocial unit: the family. Inparallel we will discuss its orientation toward other elements of theinhabited complex (such as the yard, auxiliary agricultural structures,cultivated fields, etc.), and we will attempt to delimit its place in theformation and evolution of the family; in the consolidation of thecognition of interior and external space; in the formation and working-out of “genotheism”, as the family’s ideological foundation. And finally, we will indicate once again, that in the followingchapters of the thesis, we will attempt to analysis the existingarchaeological and ethnographic materials available to us concerningthe dwelling in the Kartvelian world and especially the central regionof its contemporary territory, according to the above-mentionedmarkers, in the following sequence:i) The dwelling and spatial perception;ii) The dwelling and building tradition;iii) The dwelling and domestic religion — “genotheism”;iv) The dwelling and clan-tribe social organization.


CHAPTER II. A RETROSPECTIVE OF THEFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THEDWELLING-CONSTRUCTION TRADITION IN THEREGION UNDER STUDY.

When we investigate the dwelling and its place in ethnic culture,we believe, the dwelling’s construction technique merits particularattention – the building tradition, its evolution and development onthe basis of those materials collected in the region under analysis. By building tradition we mean the combination of buildingmaterials (clay, stone, wood, other materials supplied by theenvironment) and the components of domestic architecture (floor“kvesk’neli” [lit. “lower plane”]; walls and interior “sk’neli”; ceilingand roof “zesk’neli” [lit. “upper plane”]), which, for its part, is directlylinked to concrete environmental conditions, and evolved as aconsequence of their integration with humans (and the correspondingsocial-cultural units) as a distinctive “biocene”. We believe that ofthese two components, the first is provided ready-to-hand to humans,whereas the second, by its nature distinctly human, was worked outon the basis of the first. The overview of building traditions, and their study, are especiallydesirable with regard to early stages of the development of humansocieties, since in this way there emerges the collective’s the specificunit’s (and perhaps ethnic group’s) relation to its specificenvironment; this, in turn, is conditioned by the individual features ofworldview in conjunction with specificities of the inhabited spatialcontext. At early stages of historical development, in general, humansmanifest their particular consciousness and forms of cognition intheir artifacts. We think that by presenting the origin and evolutionof domestic building traditions from this point of view, we can proceedto establish the distinctive markers of ethnicity. The building tradition,as such, is to be considered one of the chief components of ethnicculture, through the primary elements of both the material and


intellectual spheres of ethnic culture are collectively integrated andthen made visible. Before we begin direct discussion of questions concerning therelationship between dwelling and sanctuary, it appears to usnecessary to pause to consider the rich archaeological material, whichhas been collected in abundance in the Caucasus and its neighboringterritories. From this angle a particularly interesting picture appearsof central Transcaucasia and the regions on its southern border,according to archaeological materials from the Early and MiddleBronze Age. For example, it is worth noting that there is aconcentration of settlements from those periods in the vicinity ofHarbert-Malat and Eliazigh. These are: Flur II, Helenchik-Tepe,Norshun-Tepe, Qoruju-Tepe, at which the configuration of dwellingsis rectangular, and the construction of the stone walls the same asat the ancient settlements of Qarazi and Amiranis-Gori. From thisgroup of sites, Flur II stands out: a hill 16 meters high (Eneolithic-Chalcolithic and Early Bronze layer). From its eleven horizons ofbuilding remains the cultural dynamics of the resident populationsare clearly represented. Rectangular buildings dominate at the lowerlayers, which then give way to constructions of roundish configurationat succeeding levels. As early as the Eneolithic period, the roots ofround-domed architecture in the South Caucasus are to be linked tolocal conditions, and not to influences from the Near East;furthermore, in this period, Caucasian tradition itself influenced NearEastern building traditions. Recently, with regard to this question, alarge series of newly-discovered sites of distinctive character fromthe final stage of the Caucasian Eneolithic have become ofimportance. We have in mind the so-called “Sioni-type” sites. Onthe whole, it could be said, that a single cultural unity has beenrevealed, which existed in succession to the classical Eneolithicculture (Shulaver-Shomu-Tepe Culture), and directly before theappearance of markers of the Kura-Araxes Culture. It is worthy ofparticular attention that almost all sites from the pre-Kura-Araxesare located in the lowlands of the South Caucasus – those areas,where the Kura-Araxes Culture subsequently flourished.


It is acknowledged that the Kura-Araxes Culture, for all of itsnovelty, bears the imprint of the preceding Eneolithic culture, andmaintains a whole series of earlier traditions. Bearers of the Kura-Araxes Culture continued to occupy numerous Eneolithic sites –Baba-Dervish, Shengavit, Kül-Tepe ... Traditionalism is also reflectedin building principles; at a whole series of sites the culture is thesame, although the round-shaped dwellings are built with morecontemporary technical methods. In general, the Eneolithic traditionis detectable in various regions of the main area of the spread of theKura-Araxes Culture, which enables us to take an overall look atthe cultural development as a whole, as the next stage in the cultural-agricultural progress of the populations of the South Caucasus. Atthe same time, the revealing of the local roots of the Kura-AraxesCulture does not in any way exclude the infiltration of otherethnocultural groups into its area, which had a distinct influence onthe development of its final period. For example, the opinion hasbeen expressed, according to which certain groups from thenorthwestern Near East infiltrated into the Caucasus during the mid-4th millennium BC (Al. Javakhishvili). Nonetheless it should bepointed out that any such population movement had no effect on thebasic character of the culture and agricultural forms of the bearersof the Kura-Araxes Culture, since the basic markers of that cultureare already firmly established by the end of the 4th millennium. In parallel with the Kura-Araxes Culture, in a large area of theSouth Caucasus — in particular, its western regions – during theEarly Bronze Age there developed a culture with different traits,which, unlike the former, is characterized by conservatism asconcerns Neolithic traditions. A significant role was played here byecological factors – in this region of Caucasia subtropical climatecontributed to economic stasis. In the domain of food-producingactivities, hunting, gathering and fishing continued for a very longtime, which in turn is reflected in specificities of the material complex.The frontiers of this West-Caucasian culture reached as far as Sochi.On the east it adjoined the Kura-Araxes Culture, as a result ofwhich a distinctive contact zone developed in the border region. Ashas been noted, at about the end of the 4th millennium and the


beginning of the 3rd millennium, the Kura-Araxes Culture expandedinto the territory of the Rioni-Qvirila basin, which some believe wasdue to the infiltration of populations in the eastern regions. Thereappear such sites as Dablagomi and Argveta, and Sachkherekurgans; a large proportion of specialists attribute the materials fromthese sites to the developed and final stages of the Kura-AraxesCulture. For example, according to the opinion of G. Pkhakadze,the early Bronze Age culture of the Rioni-Qvirila basin has a distinctlyhybrid nature, combining local traditions, key elements of the Kura-Araxes Culture, and also markers from the synchronous culture ofthe Colchian lowlands and also from the Maikop Culture. Now we turn to the Middle Bronze Age. During this periodsettlements were founded on new sites, but unfortunately, thesehave barely begun to be studied. Thus their character is almostunknown at present. One has the impression that the number ofsettlements decreased noticeably during this time. For example,statistic analysis of the Karmir-Berd Culture revealed that over itsterritory (45000 sq. km.), there is an average of four gravesites foreach residence. Accordingly, it appears that the mortality of thepopulation increased sharply, which, one surmises, was brought aboutby increased aggression throughout that territory, and changes inthe emotional-psychological characteristics of the population. During the Middle Bronze Age the burial practices change –kurgan graves dominate everywhere, and cremation is widelypracticed. Individual graves appear accompanied by complexconstructions within kurgans, and rich burial inventories; in the viewof Acad. O. Japaridze, these do not have local roots. The buildingtradition, ceramic and metallurgical production undergo changes intheir character. Cultural markers, especially those of conservativetraditions such as burial practices and building traditions, attest todistinct changes in the ethnic composition of the region underinvestigation. According to archaeological data, from second half of the 3rd

millennium BC a transitional period begins in central Transcaucasia– the piedmont and mountain areas undergo intensive exploitation.What conditioned these changes, which in turn brought about cultural


change, remains unexplained. This period is known as the EarlyKurgan Epoch. This culture is divided into two chronological periodsaccording to burial practices and grave inventories: one earlier andone comparatively later. Unfortunately, characterization of the EarlyKurgan Epoch is possible only on the basis of materials collectedfrom cemeteries. As concerns the settlements of this period, for thetime being, almost no information has come to light. Therefore it isimpossible at present to derive any conclusions concerning thebuilding architectural traditions of the central Transcaucasianpopulation during this period, nor the construction and layout of theirsettlements, nor the type of their dwellings and agricultural buildings.One thing that can be said is that a sophisticated level of buildingtradition is attested by the burial monuments themselves – enormouskurgans with their burial chambers. In terms of their structure theseto a degree can be related to dwellings, since in the conception oftheir builders they represented the residences of the departed. It has been estimated (Sh. Dedabrishvili) that the stones used toconstruct such kurgans (e. g. the kurgan at Tsnori) were hauledfrom within a radius of 40 km. The building of the mound wouldrequire 1500 man-days, to which are added 200 man-days for theexcavation of the burial chamber and 7500 man-days for the haulingof the materials. There has also been found at these sites largequantities of bones from sacrificed ovicaprids. All of this, the hugemanpower expenditures occasioned by the building of a kurgan,indicates that the agricultural organization and cultural type differedsharply from the preceding Kura-Araxes population. During the second half of the 2nd millennium and the first half ofthe 1st millennium, which are customarily designated as Late Bronzeand Early Iron Ages, Georgia and almost the whole of Caucasiaconsolidated into a unity in terms of tempo and level of development,even though each valley or province, alongside the common culturalelements shared with other regions, had many of its own distinctivetraits. During this period of development, an impression concerningthe domestic building tradition on the territory of eastern Georgiacan be derived from archaeologically-studied settlements such as


Natsargora (Tskhinvali), Khovlagora, Qatlanikhevi, Treligorebi,Ghrmakhevistavi, among others. During this period the characteristic dwelling is a half-subterranean house with a flat, terrace-like roof. Judging from theremains of load-bearing posts found in some excavated dwellings, itappears that the ceiling was supported by a central “mother pillar”(dedabodzi). The walls were built from broken rocks or unbrokenriverbank stones, held together by clay mortar. The interior of thewalls was plastered with clay mortar as well. Dwellings of this typeappear to be especially typical of the territory of Shida Kartli. Asfor Kakheti, an analogous building tradition (in terms of buildingmaterial and architectural conception) is found there, although onesignificant difference has been noted – the buildings are mostly ofabove-ground construction, whereas subterranean or half-subterranean dwellings are almost unattested among the populationof this period. With regard to the architecture of Central Transcaucasia in theAntique Period, earlier conceptions were based entirely on Georgianor foreign written sources, which, naturally, were concerned withurban architecture, cultic buildings and fortresses. A more detailedand concrete representation can made possible by archaeologicalresearch. A detailed impression of the domestic building tradition of theEarly Feudal Period can be derived from the archaeologicalexcavations at Zhinvali, Nadikvrebi, Rustavi, Dmanisi and others.Less can be said about dwellings as such, since in almost all casesthese were completely destroyed at the time. It does appear thatthe roofs were mostly of the terrace type, or, more rarely, of ceramictiles; the building materials were riverbank stones or broken rocks;sometimes unfired bricks were employed. From the initial periodonward the size of ceramic roofing tiles diminishes. In the High Feudal Period (8th-14th centuries), there has alreadyevolved on the territory of Central Transcaucasia the buildingtradition in its complete form, which was later attested inethnographic descriptions. In particular, the darbazi-type house isfound. High Feudal Period dwellings from the Aragvi Valley resemble


those attested ethnographically in the modern period in the EastGeorgian highlands.

CHAPTER III. HOUSE AND SHRINE IN ANCIENTGEORGIA.

I) The role of the dwelling phenomenon in the formative processof opposed spatial concepts – “inside” and “outside”,“domestic” and “wild”. From the earliest period the dwelling, as a type of artificial micro-environment separated from the natural ambient environment, playeda key role in humans’ self-conception, in their appropriation of theirown place in Mother Nature. To each one of us it is clear, that theresidential building, house, in general, is of capital importance in theevolution of the worldview of the individual and also of the collectivityliving under one roof, by one hearth, “under the wings of theirguardian angel”. People themselves attributed the most complexfunction to the dwelling – to be a sort of inspiration that conditionsand constrains its own creators’ (humans’) spatial cognition andother forms of habitual thought. As people built their own homes, they thereby segmentedthemselves off from the environment. The home became a place ofspiritual repose and peace. It is there, within their own homes, thatpeople feel themselves to be lords and masters, since they deemthemselves to be the founders and creators of this micro-space. Allthings contained within this micro-space – created and used by theirhands – are products of their intelligence; from this stems theirindividual and social consciousness. They too breathed a “soul” intothese things, brought them to life. As the home was built, its ceilingbecame the sky, whereas the floor symbolized the earth. The wallsthereupon acquired a delimiting function, and the hearth became asacred place; thereupon the central pillar became the residence ofthe “angel of the foundation” (pudzis angelozi). The home separated people from the cosmos, stood betweenthem, and thereby acquired a complex of interrelated traits. On theone hand, the home belongs to people, manifests their material


universe. On the other hand, the home links people to the exteriorworld, represents, in significant part, that same world reduced tohuman parameters. Inside it, people coexist with the world. It isprecisely thus that, as so often occurs, the codes of human bodyparts, cosmic elements and components of the dwelling aresuperimposed (230, 7). It is also worthy of note that the thus-modeledfeatures and markers are attributed to those objects also, to whichearly humans assigned a function at the center of their world. Theunderstanding of concepts of our ancient ancestors was filled andpermeated with such meanings, such as city, temple, sanctuary; totheir number we can also add the home. If within the temple theface of the universe was consciously (intentionally) perceived, withinthe dwelling the world-form was perceived unconsciously. Thisproperty is of special significance for understanding this phenomenonfrom both a material and spiritual point of view. The structure of thehome – dwelling — in significant part parallels the structure of theuniverse in the sense that it has its own center, “periphery”, etc. Onthe basis of rich archaeological and ethnographic data we can speakof the homogeneity of the structure of the house and the settlement;we can use this point of view especially in the case of circular-shaped settlements, in which the residences are distributed arounda distinctly central place. As we already pointed out, the dwelling plays a major role in theformation and transformation of people’s spatial cognition. The homehad a determining influence on the formation of such spatialoppositions as “inside” and “outside”. In human consciousness, thebinary division of the environmental surroundings into the categoriesof “inside” and “outside” entailed the corresponding binary divisionof the component elements within that space into “internal” (or“domestic”) and “external” (or “savage, wild”). Whatever orwhoever came “inside” became “domestic”, whereas those of the“outside” were “wild”. Thus, the division of the universe into two parts correspondinglyevoked two “sub-universes” in human cognition. The “inside”universe, created by humans, necessitated a base or foundationaround which spatial conception (and subsequently, social


conception) was formed. This base is the center around which thecomponents of the “interior” are united; it gathered around itselfhumans’ “inside” universe, and became the anchoring point for thisspace. This center and cornerstone is the hearth. It is that chiefcomponent of the dwelling around which all is centered; one couldsay that it is itself the symbol of the home, it is its foundation. If thehearth were to be extinguished, the family would die out also; aslong as the home flourishes, the hearth is lit. The hearth was thatchief point and center, around which the entire “inside” universeturned. The division of space into “inside” and “outside” universes wouldhave occurred in the earliest times, more exactly, when the socialgroup took possession of its food-producing territory. Therefore wecan assert that the formation of “inside” and “outside”, as categoriesof spatial perception, corresponded to the appearance and formationof early-agricultural cultures among the tribes inhabited centralTranscaucasia. It is at this time that people consciously tookpossession of their territory, their homeland.

II) The dwelling phenomenon as reflective of the culture of aconcrete social group, the “family”. In order to study the consolidation of the social life and cultureof ancient peoples, as has already been mentioned, no singleacademic discipline, no matter how diversified, is sufficient; in allinstances, it is necessary to examine and compare data from variouskinds of sources (in the first place, settlements, cemeteries,workshops, cultic monuments, etc.). It has been correctly notedthat ethnology makes a fundamental contribution to the study of thisquestion; although ethnographic data – which reflects a whole seriesof innovations up to the present – must be used with caution, bytaking into consideration chronological information, geographical andethnic attributes, traditional and fragmentarily-preserved traits. The large family unit, which evolved at an early stage ofagriculture, was a more or less viable social-economic cell, whichfostered the realization of food-production, and was fairly easy togovern. Thus, in the settlements of central Transcaucasia, as in those


of the Near East and Central Asia (Um-Dabaghia, Tell-Soto, Hasun,Jeitun, Namazgha and others), the population everywhere lived infamily units. In general, the clan, as a unit, is at one and the sametime a food-producing, family-cultural and ideological collective.Members of the collective recognized bonds of kinship; the unitwas responsible for the defense of its members; collective agriculturewas the foundation of clan life, as preserved in relict form in theCaucasian highlands. It should be mentioned that, as is characteristicof family-based clans in general, the social status of the populationsof Caucasian early-agricultural sites was egalitarian, as is clearlyattested by archaeological data. The agricultural clan, as complex economic organism,necessitated the evolution of a system of management, which in theegalitarian societies of early food-producing stages was in the handsof councils of elders and senior family members. These elders, bypreference the most respected members of the clan, held the highestauthority in the collective. Their selection was based on personaltraits, considerations of age and sex, and other factors (e.g. initiative-magical). They had no economic advantages, however. Among thefunctions of the leaders of family and kingroup units were theassignment of food-producing tasks, overseeing their progress, thedirecting of seasonal agricultural cycles, the maintenance of irrigationsystems, regulation of the internal and external exchange relationsof the clan, the taking of appropriate measures in times of danger,the mediating of conflicts, the direction of cultic practices. In general,the responsibilities of these chosen individuals were linked to thewell-being of the clan. Ethnological data indicate that at this earlystage of social stratification, these individuals enjoyed only social(and not material) advantages. They were the first among equals(primus inter pares). The chief reason for this is to be sought in thefact that in such family units, a firmly-held moral code regulatedrelations among blood-related group members, which excluded thepossibility of economic inequality among them. It is noteworthy that such a moral-social background is stillpreserved in the traditional societies of the Caucasus (especially inthe highland areas). For example, according to materials concerning


the celebrated chief khevisberi Bichur Badrishvili of Pshavi, it isclear that the functions of the khevisberi (lit. “elder of the valley”)corresponded to those of the family-based clan leader in earliesttimes, including the role of cult celebrant. One can also mention therepresentation of the functions of the khevisberi by the poet Vazha-Pshavela, who was born in this region and collected much valuablematerial on Pshav and Khevsur traditions, as summed up in his words:“may he give good counsel to the clan and village, that they not sinkinto error”. In traditional societies the primary accent was on people’smoral rectitude, their essence as images of God. The family-based clan, household-based clan or large patriarchalfamily was the basic unit of patriarchal-clan societies. It consistedof three or four, perhaps as many as seven generations, these beingundivided branches descended from one ancestor. They possessedin common one farmstead, with its lands and farm equipment, whichwere for collective use. Such family clans in ancient times couldhave had up to a hundred members. The old Georgian homestead comprised its lands and rivers, itsbeasts of burden, its buildings and many other components held incommon ownership. At the head of this unit was the family elder. Asettlement of several united households formed a village (sopeli). We can surmise that the clan, conceived as organically linked toits geographical surroundings and lands, formed a unified force. Wecan imagine a specific region and the social units inhabiting it asincorporated together, consolidated into a whole. All the membersof a clan or brotherhood are its children, its property and a portionof its shrine deity. This is reflected in the interdependence of the“individual as part”, and the land and resident tribe. A land becomesa land, when it is appropriated by a social group (N. Berdenishvili).

III) The dwelling as “family temple” The dwelling, as the materialized reflection of the culture of adistinct social organism, namely the family, along with many otherfunctions, fulfilled the very important role of religious center for theunit’s ideological whole, the family. From the distant past, the family’smost holy relics, and various objects fulfilling sacred functions, were


kept in the home; there, in the hearth, burnt the “sacred” flame;there stood the mother pillar, as a symbol of family unity; therewere stored various idols. Traces of domestic cultic practice can be found on the territoryof contemporary eastern Georgia; in archaeological sites, it is attestedas early as the Eneolithic. From the point of view, the “ritual” hearthsexcavated at site of “Khramis Didi Gora” are of special interest;within them, besides ashes, were found bones of sacrificed animals(sheep), miniature weapons, clay oval “bread-loaves”, and – a findwhich is particularly noteworthy –, anthropomorphic statues. Thesefigurines represent for the most part female-gendered divinities,which at this distant time, in the consciousness of our ancestors,seem to us to have depicted goddesses serving as guardian angelsof the home. In the Kartvelian world, the female gender of theprotective divinities of the home is also attested in mythology. “Theangel of the home was female. She was invisible, but she couldappear in dreams in the guise of a neighbor’s girl. No one may seethe guardian angel in her true form. The guardian angel dwells inthe family in the form of a young, spotless virgin. No one may seeher, but she can take on the appearance of a neighbor’s daughter”(Georgian Mythology, ed. A. Tsanava [Merani, 1992], p. 143). Since the family angel appeared as a spotless virgin, it is possiblethat it is from here that the tradition stems, that when guests, regardedas a blessing come from God came to the family, the family hadtheir virgin daughter serve them, as their most valuable and purestrepresentation of the guardian angel. She would serve the guestsand even bathe their feet, bring them food and lay out the bedding.By respecting the purity of their host’s daughter, guests – perceivedto be sent from God – brought divine goodness into the household.It may well be that this sort of conception of external persons enteringthe “interior” space underlay the institution of “anti-marriage”(ts’ats’loba), which in earlier times would not have been restrictedto the east Georgian highlands, and would have been of commonGeorgian (or even Caucasian) distribution [K. Tuite “On theetymology and earliest social significance of ts’ats’loba”, Amirani 1(1999): 13-19].


It can be clearly seen, on the basis of numerous examples fromGeorgian ethnic culture, that the hearth represented the nucleus ofthe dwelling, its fundamental component. It is at the place of thehearth that the family’s protective deity is displayed, its guardianangel. The hearth is the connective link between the family membersand the guardian angel; it is the bridge that permits contact andrelation between them. It is precisely at the hearth that patron deities(ghvtishvilni “children of God”) manifest themselves, and takepossession of the space as their shrine. Thus the hearth is the symbolof the family. The fire burning in the hearth is the family’s immortality.When the elders would travel far from the village, they would tellthe remaining family members: “do not betray the hearth, do not letthe hearth-flame die out”. An intruding enemy would first attemptto overturn the hearth, as the gravest insult to the family. Thus the hearth represents the center, the heart of the family,which unites and ties it together, forges a bond among the social unitthat is the family bound by common blood and property. The hearthis the visible reflection of family unity; it symbolizes the whole,undivided family unit. It follows that it appears to us fully justified to point out with theappearance of the hearth, which in its part implies the formation ofthe dwelling and of the family, there also appeared domestic religion– “genotheism” – as a phenomenon linked to the consolidation ofthe family as social organization. Therefore, we can assume thatthe formation of domestic religion (“genotheism”) in the Caucasus– and in particular in its southwestern region – dates back to theNeolithic, when there appear the first systematic settlements. Thisphenomenon achieves its completed form in the Eneolithic period,as we believe is reflected in materials from eastern Transcaucasiansites of the Shulavera-Shomu-Tepe Culture. It can also be assumeddomestic deities would have appeared at the same time as objectsof family cultic activities, since the dwellings of this period were ofmonogenetic composition. In later periods, however, the socialcollective was organized around the deity of fertility.


IV) “Home” and “shrine” in ancient Georgia. The interrelation of the domestic cult and the tribal cult is ofespecial interest. The relevant data from Georgian ethnography is,we believe, rich and capable of telling us much. As the same time itshould be noted that the ancient Near Eastern world has been well-studied from this angle, which enables us to examine Georgian datafrom a comparative standpoint. It is of particular importance to note the materials concerningthe Hattic civilization, since some scholars have linked the Hatticlanguage to the Northwest Caucasian family, and the Hattic ethnicgroup to the peoples of the Caucasus. The Hattic ethnic group wouldhave existed in central Anatolia from the end of the 3rd millenniumor the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. It has been acknowledgethat Hittite religion, a quite original and distinctive phenomenon,represented the synthesis of the religions of the Hittites and thosepeoples with whom they had been in contact. As a consequence,the Hittite pantheon contained not only the gods of the Indo-Europeantribes (Nesites, Luvians, Palaites) who had appeared relativelyrecently in central Asia Minor, but also those of the aboriginal peoplesof central Anatolia, including the Hattians or Pre-Hittites. As manynow acknowledge, the Hittite people resulted from the mixture andconsolidation of Hattic and Indo-European tribes in the beginning ofthe 2nd millennium BC. Hittite religion was polytheistic, showing notraces of monotheism. It was oriented toward assuring, first of all,that people did not lose their relationship with nature, and fosteringbelief and awe in the face of supernatural powers. Each clan, evenif it comprised only a small settlement, had its own divinity. In thetemples of larger settlements and regional centers were images ofseveral, sometimes dozens, of gods, which indicates the coexistenceof these divinities. These idols “lived” primarily in temples, or elsewere set up in open-air cultic sites. An entire series of religiousfestivals was performed in the temples: monthly or annual, New-Year’s, autumn or other types of ceremonies. The king and queenparticipated in these ceremonies, along with their chief retainersand temple officials. Besides local divinities, the Hittites also had“state gods”.


A similar hierarchical arrangement of deities (neighborhood,village, clan, entire valley ...) appears in the highland Georgian (andpan-Caucasian) pre-Christian religious system. Each settlement orclan had its patron deity, its own sanctuary, as is confirmed, webelieve, by Georgian archaeological and ethnographic data. Sitesdating from the 15th-7th centuries BC have been found, which areextremely significant for the study of the spiritual culture of theancient societies of eastern Georgia. Among them are the sanctuariesfound at the settlements of Natsargora, Qatlanikhevi and Khovlagora,and the sanctuaries situated apart from the settlements at Melaaniand Meli-Ghele, which have been described in detail by Acad. K.Pitskhelauri in his monographs. In these works the author notescorrectly that sanctuaries of similar structure are found in today’seastern Georgian highlands, with an elevated area in the center ofwhich is situated the shrine. It can be said with confidence thatdespite the passage of three thousand years, the materials referredto above, along with ethnographic data, indicate spiritual and culturalcontinuity among the populations of this region. A similar structure can be detected in the western Caucasianhighlands. For example, according to ethnographic materials fromSvaneti, each cultic building, which now bears the name of a saintintroduced during the comparatively recent spread of Christianity tothis region, was dedicated to the divine patron of a Svanetian clancomposed of one or more lineages. The members of the clan, fortheir part, referred to themselves as the clan patron’s “men” (maral). In this respect the Upper Svanetian festival observed by us inthe village Hadish in 1980 and 1984 (Svanetian multidisciplinaryexpedition, dir. Mikheil Chartolani) is of interest. Of the festivalscelebrated in Hadish, that of Lichenish is the most important – forthis reason, Svans refer to it typically as “Hadishoba”. The festivalis in honor of the male children born in the village each year, toassure their health and prosperity, and is expressed through theworship of “Hat-wearing St.George”, and the presentation of newvassals into his service. Families without sons also participate in thefestival, in order to petition the shrine for the birth of male heirs. Onthe whole, the phenomenon of the shrine of Lichenish is a clear


example of the syncretism typical of Caucasian cultures in general,since along with the function of assuring fertility (in male children),the divinity is the patron of domestic and wild animals. As a structural analogy to the Svan clan and its shrine, we canmention the Khevsur clan and its institution of shrine “vassalage”(jvarisq’moba). According to ethnographic data, each maleKhevsur undergoes the “sac’uleoba” ritual, representing the“adoption” of the newborn male child (up to one year old) by theshrine deity. The naked baby is rolled under the banner (drosha) ofthe shrine three times. Only those who had undergone the“sac’uleoba” ritual could become full-fledged vassals, and possessa homestead on the clan lands under the patronage of the shrine. We know that in the eastern Georgian highlands, each shrinedeity or “child of God” has its own community of vassals (saq’mo),by which is meant the society grounded in unbroken tradition whichhas a common shrine with its divine patron. The vassals have acommon legal code and foundation myth (andrezi); it follows fromthis that they have a common vision of their past, united by identicalcustoms and norms of behavior. The community of vassals (sa-q’m-o < q’ma “vassal”) has a designation similar to that of abrotherhood (sa-dzm-o < dzma “brother”); the morphology parallelstheir common semantics (G. Mamulia). Thus the shrine representsthe symbol of the unity of the brotherhood as social unit founded onmythic and religious concepts. The terms for “shrine” in the eastern Georgian highlands – jvari(lit. “cross”) and khat’i (lit. “icon”) – designate the patron deitiesof a given clan or tribe, as well as their earthly residence. It followsfrom this that the shrines are centers of local theocratic administration,with developed temple economies, including lands possessed by theshrines in the lowlands.

For example, of the twelve communes in the Aragvi valley whichcomposed the traditional tribe of Pshavi, each has its own clansanctuary with its complex of buildings and shrine lands, whichrepresented the social and cultic centers of the commune. Besidesclan shrines, each village in the commune had one or more local


shrines, one of which was dedicated to the “place mother” (adgilis-deda) or “mother of God”. Alongside the commune sanctuaries there also existed shrinesat which all Pshavians worshipped: Lasharis-Jvari at Khmelgora,the shrine to Tamar at Ghele, the K’viria shrine, and the Damast’eshrine by the Matura Valley. From the examples just mentioned there can be deduced theentire hierarchical architectonics of the shrines of Pshavi. On thelowest, most local level are village-internal shrines, representing theunity of the village. On the next higher level are the communal shrines,and at the crown of the pyramid are the shrines common to the“Pshavian nest” (bude pshavi), the traditional homeland of thePshavians. We believe it is possible to determine certain homologies betweenthe hierarchical architectonics of the shrines of Svaneti and thoseof Pshavi. This will allow us to discuss similarities between thetheocratic administrative systems of these two regions. It has alsobe established that family religion (genotheism), in the form of thecult of the “place mother” or the “angel of the foundation” in eachfamily, was the foundation upon which evolved such relations. Asfor other regions in the eastern Georgian highlands, for exampleMtiuleti, it had been demonstrated that here too, the village – as unitof settlement – is mostly composed of families from one lineage.This led to typical patronymic settlements, which evolved as aconsequence of the segmentation of earlier family-based clans.Many such patronymic settlements possess a common defensetower, in which the inventory of the family cult was kept, and wherecommon family festivals were celebrated. What is important is thatcommon agricultural and economic interests unit this unit, asexpressed through the common ownership of different types of land.Mtiuleti and the valleys adjoining it, from the point of view ofsettlement structure, present the same sort of picture as do otherGeorgian regions. It is worthy of special attention that, as is clarified by the analysisof archaeological and ethnographic materials, the given structurealong the whole belt of Abkhazeti-Svaneti-Racha-Pshav-Khevsureti-


Chechnia-Daghestan and a common religious-social structurecharacterizes this belt. This got its source from the familial cult,from genotheism, which in the common Caucasian region is alreadyestablished from the Eneolithic-Early Bronze period. In support of this opinion we wish to discuss the following facts,based on the collections of Caucasian antiquities preserved in theBerlin Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte. Some of these objectswere by the famed collector Rudolf Virchow at the turn of the 20th

century (1882-1902). The collection was published by IngoMotzenbäcker, who dated the artifacts to the Late Bronze and EarlyIron Ages. Of particular interest in this collection are the variouspins and fasteners for clothing, especially the following three types:plate-headed pins (Platennadel), spiral-headed pins(Spiralplatennadel), and peacock-fan-headed pins(Pfaufedernadel). The size of these pins is particularly noteworthy.The artifacts are rather large (from 45 to 65 cm in length), to suchan extent that it is difficult to imagine that they were used as clothingaccessories. When we had the occasion to inspect them during avisit to Berlin, the thought occurred to us, that perhaps these so-called “pins” were in fact the insignia of ancient “khevisberis”, likethe “banners” (drosha) which have been observed in abundance inthe eastern Georgian highlands. This hypothesis seems all the morereasonable, since it can be assumed on the basis of the collectionthat a shrine would have existed in the vicinity of the site where theartifacts were found. On the occasion of traditional cultic festivalsin the eastern Georgian highlands, the banners serve as materialrepresentations of the shrine and its patron deity. We have observednumerous objects of this type and recorded them with photographicand video equipment during field expeditions in Pshav-Khevsuretiin the years 1997 to 2001. We have recorded processions led by thekhevisberi bearing the banner, the encounter of banners fromdifferent shrines at Tsikhegori, the movement of the banner fromone spot to another on the territory of the sanctuary. The question can be asked: How is possible to connect objectsobserved in contemporary Georgian folk culture to suchchronologically and geographically distant artifacts? Do the


anthropological, archaeological, linguistic and historical data permitor disallow such a connection? In our opinion, the anthropological, archaeological, linguistic-dialectological, and ethnographic data support the proposal of sucha link. Therefore, from earliest times in the region where the objectsnow contained in the Berlin Museum’s Kossnierska Collection werefound, a specifically pan-Caucasian ethnocultural background canbe detected clearly. For its part this circumstance, in our view, allowsus to state with confidence that parallels can be drawn betweencontemporary Pshav-Khevsur cultural practice and the objects heldin the above-mentioned collection. It follows that the artifactsclassified as “pins” in the Kossnierska Collection were in factfastened to the tops of the banners of ancient shrines and theirpatron deities, which bore the insignia of the attendant “khevisberis”.

CONCLUSIONS. Within the designated location, the analysis of archaeologicaland ethnographic material collected on the territory of the centralTranscaucasus (contemporary Eastern Georgia) has given us thepossibility of making the following conclusions:1. We consider it to be sufficient to warrant the supposition that atthe dawn of world civilization, in human cognition, the hierarchicaldisposition of internal (domesticated) and external spaces, correspondto one another and on the basis of the unity of spatial differences ofboth occurred the sense of a single psychic background. Preciselythis psychic background, this perception of these theo-psychicstreams must have become subsequently the basis of religiousworld-view and general cosmology. As we touch on the phenomenon of habitation and the perceptionof the spatial universe, we want once again to note, that the dividingof space into ‘internal’ and ‘external’ universes must have happenedin ancient times, precisely in the period, when a social group tookpossession of its own agricultural and habitational territory (138,141). On the territory of the central Transcaucasus this stage musthave happened in the period of germination and development of


early agricultural culture. As is it considered that in this period theachieved level of productive forces aided the permanent dwelling inone spot and the increase in population (265, 67). Following from this we must conclude, that in the consciousnessof tribes dwelling on the territory of the central Transcaucasus, thefinal formation of spatial division of the universe into two main parts,into the notions of ‘interior’ and ‘exterior’, chronologically, belongsto the end of the 6th millennium BCE and the beginning of the 5thmillennium BCE.2. In the central Transcaucasus (modern Eastern Georgia) in thedevelopment of traditions of the construction of habitations, followingfrom the Eneolithic period developing up to feudalism, according tothe archaeological data, we believe, can be divided into the followingprimary stages:A) The ‘small clay dome’ tradition of construction (Shulaveri-ShomuTepe culture, 6th-4th Millennia BCE), for which is characteristicso-called ‘Planoconvexes’, smallness of construction, roofing withdomes. For construction materials only clay is used.B) Wooden structured, clay building tradition of construction (Kura-Araxes culture, second half of the 4th millennium BCE to first halfof the 3rd Millennium BCE). Characteristic is the rectangular, round-cornered, more or less equal sized structures built on a structure ofwood with clay plastering. Roofing is flat, clay, based on a centralpillar. Situated in the center of the building is a stationary roundhearth. In front of the building a corridor has been built on.C) The building tradition of log buildings (so-called ‘epoch of earlyburial mounds’—the second half of the 3rd millennium BCE), forwhich is characteristic the use of massive logs as a building materialand cobble stones.D) Dry stone construction tradition (‘the Brilliant mounds of Trialeticulture’—last quarter of the 3rd millennium BCE to the first half ofthe second millennium BCE), for which is primarily characteristicrectangular structures built with dry stone, fairly thick walls, flat,with roofing supported on a center pole.E) Half-earthen buildings built with clay and stone building tradition(Late Bronze-Early Iron age monuments), for which is characteristic


in the building process the use of the aforementioned materials, clayfloors, a hearth positioned in the center (‘middle fire’) and a flatroof supported on a main pillar. In the building traditions represented by habitations of followingperiods (Classical Antiquity, Early Feudal, Developed and LateFeudal periods), we already cannot find changes of substantialcharacter: the building materials (types of stone), roof type (flat),location (half-earthen) is unchanged. In these recent periods morevisually the principal habitation types are divided by regionaldifferentiating signs. According to the archaeological data ofdeveloped feudalism, for example, perhaps it is already possible todistinguish the ‘darbazi’ of the Meskhian variety. Mountaineerhabitations are also distinguished by their own specific signs. We consider that in the given region, from the enumerated stages,between stages A and B the question of genealogy is sufficientlyelucidated and is clear (see 265). As far as stages G and D areconcerned, the construction tradition of these periods by its owninternal logic and by sharp changeability (as by internal character)appears to be uniquely fallen out of the chain of general logical andgenealogical development and accordingly, bears the stamp ofinfiltrated cultural elements.3. In the habitation the hearth represents the center, heart, of thefamily, which unites by blood relation and by communal possessionsthe family as a social unit. The family, is one such totality united bymaterial possessions and kinship relations, but the hearth is a visible,tangible representation of this unity; a united, indivisible symbol ofthe family. We consider there to be warrant to suppose that as soon asthere appeared the hearth, which in itself means the formation ofthe habitation and the family, familial religion appeared, genotheism;as a fully formed phenomenon of a social organism (the family).Already from the Neolithic period, when the first systematicsettlements appear, in Caucasia we must suppose the formation offamilial religion, genotheism. This phenomenon acquires a fullyformed appearance in the Eneolithic period, which we think clearlyis depicted in materials coming from the studied remains of


settlements in the Eastern Transcaucasus (“Shulaveri-Shomuthepe”Culture). It is also possible to suppose that familial divinities were theobjects of worship of unified cohabitants at the same time, inasmuchas in this period settlements were of monogenic composition (354,136). In a more recent period however all such social collectiveswere gathered around divinities of fertility, the proof of which is thefact that for example in Inner Kartli of regular complexes the secondhalf of the 2nd millennium BCE represented icons of fertility divinitiesin the form of a tree of life iconographically (77, 194-202) The level of development of productive forces of the Patriarchal-Clan arrangement conditions the size of the family community. Thenaturally increased community (temi) gradually undergoessegmentation, is divided into a series of smaller familial communities,which time and again grow and in their turn again are divided up.The big [i.e. extended] family historically is a universal phenomenon.It is characteristic of almost every people and not only at a low levelof development, but also later. Precisely in such a social unity, inthe extended family, began from the earliest stage of developmentthe formation of familial religion – genotheism; more precisely itsdevelopment began together with and alongside the development ofthe extended family, as a social organism and the development offamilial religion (genotheism) began as the ideological basis of familialunity. It is especially worthy of note that, as is clarified by the analysisof archaeological and ethnographic materials, the given structurealong the whole belt of Abkhazeti-Svaneti-Racha-Pshav-Khevsureti-Chechnia-Daghestan and a common religious-social structurecharacterizes this belt. This got its source from the Familial cult,from Genotheism, which in the common Caucasian region is attestedalready established from the Eneolithic-Early Bronze period.4. If we consider the studied structure on the basis of ethnographicdata of the family, we can suppose, that already in the period of thespread of the Kura-Araxes culture the extended (‘big’) family is inappearance by its dwellings, by its type of agricultural territory andsettlement. In the following periods, almost up to today, the big


family is attested in the life of the Caucasian peoples. We are faraway from the contention, that the big family of the Kura-AraxesCultural period is the direct ancestor of the big family studied inethnographic life, but we think, that this primary social and kinshipstructure, which thereafter became a foundation for the social entitystudied by ethnographer in the central Transcaucasus, in the periodof the spread of Kura-Araxes culture already appears to have beenworked out and fully developed. Here, we wish to add in the form of a short outline that today, onthe shores of the Mediterranean, which is considered to be a primaryregion for the birth of world civilization, as it is thought, it is possibleto divide three main models of the development of civilization, whoserealization every culture known to us factually represents. Thesemodels are: Sumerian-Akkadian or Mesopotamian, Egyptian andAegean-Hellenic (49, 10). In our opinion, nevertheless this conclusionis considered established, that Sumerian-Akkadian, or Mesopotamiancivilization, which first of all, belonged to Mesopotamia and Persia,following the widening of areal distribution and as a result of themigration of Semitic peoples appeared on the shores of theMediterranean. The Mesopotamian model gets its start in Sumeriancivilization, which thereafter became more vibrant in Akkadian,Babylonian, Hittite, Assyrian and other cultures of the Near East.The movement towards the formation of despotic forms of statefrom city-state government in the sphere of political organization ofthe state is characteristic for this model; when the king already actsas the head of a huge empire and his power becomes supreme. Insocio-economic structures — like the existence of state-temple, sotoo of community-private sectors take on a pagan character (49,10). The development in the region of Caucasia was different (whichis considered to be part of the Mediterranean region). Here perhapsfirst of all geographical-natural conditions did not give the possibility,that compact monogenetic, homogeneous ‘proto-polis’ settlementsform a united despotic universe. In this environment ‘lands’ appearedand developed, the relationship between which, proceeding fromthe kinship based structure character characteristic for them, werestructured on the basis of equipollent opposition. That is, the


beginnings of social relations, here resembled the Mesopotamianmodel, but arising out of a different characteristic character, couldnot become despotic states and received instead the appearance ofdescent based unities, unities of ‘land’ and ‘gorge’. In more recenttimes, it is true these processes of one-person rule, ended with theformation of a monarchy, but, this monarchy, although resemblingan Asiatic despotism by various signs, initially was original; for atthe intervening stage of its formation it was represented by deeplyindividual stage of ‘lands’, of ‘gorges’, which in the consciousnessof members of the nation strengthened regionalism, senses ofbelonging to ‘gorge’ and ‘land’. Originally, the basis of such aconsciousness was the deeply traditional practice of householdagriculture of the land, which has given us later on a very interestingand unique picture of the aboriginal peoples of the Caucasus both inethnic culture and in history, as in their ethnopsychological world-view.


tabulebis aRwerilobatabulebis aRwerilobatabulebis aRwerilobatabulebis aRwerilobatabulebis aRweriloba

tab. Itab. Itab. Itab. Itab. I – 1. CaTal huYuqi, komputeruli restavracia. (AbernteuerWissen. Die große Bertelsmann-Enzyklopädie). 2. CaTal huYuqi,sacxovrebeli saTavsoebisa da samlocveloTa sqematurirestavracia (j. mellaartis mixedviT). 3. CaTal huYuqi. VI A10 sakulto nagebobis sqematuri restavracia (j. mellaartismixedviT). 4. CaTal huYuqi. VI A 8 sakulto nagebobisinterieris Crdilo da aRmosavleT kedlebis sqematurirestavracia (j. mellaartis mixedviT).tab. IItab. IItab. IItab. IItab. II – 1. CaTal huYuqi. VI A 14 sakulto nagebobis interierisaRmosavleT da samxreT kedlebis sqematuri restavracia (j.mellaartis mixedviT). 2. sacxovrisis modeli maridan – Telhariri (damasko. siria), III aTaswleuli qristemde (JoahimBretschneider–is mixedviT). 3. maris modelis grafikuli Canaxati.4. qalRvTaeba leopardebTan erTad. Tixa. CaTal huYuqi (j.mellaartis mixedviT).tab. IIItab. IIItab. IIItab. IIItab. III _ 1. imirisgora. namosaxlaris gegma da sacxovrisTatipebi (akad. a. javaxiSvilis mixedviT). 2. Somu-Tefe. grafikulirekonstruqcia.tab. IVtab. IVtab. IVtab. IVtab. IV _ 1. Sulavrisgora. namosaxlaris gegma da Wrilebi(oT. jafarisZis ,,saqarTvelos arqeologia~-s mixedviT). 2.anTropomorfuli figurebi – aruxlodan, GgarRalar-Tefesidan, xramisdidigoridan, Sulavrisgoridan (*neolitSSSR-is mixedviT).tab. Vtab. Vtab. Vtab. Vtab. V _ qvacxelebis (tvlepiaqoxi) namosaxlarisa dasacxovrebeli nagebobebis gegmebi (akad. al. javaxiSvilisa da,,Rann%% i sredn%% bronza Kavkaza~-s mixedviT).tab. VItab. VItab. VItab. VItab. VI _ 1,2 martyofis yorRanebis dasakrZalavi kamerebi(akad. oT.jafariZis mixedviT). 3-5 maRaros yorRanis qvayrili,dasakrZalavi kamera, kameris kedlebi; (fotoebi sakuTariarqividan).tab. VIItab. VIItab. VIItab. VIItab. VII – 1,2 zurtaketis yorRanebis dasakrZalavi darbazebi(akad. oT.jafariZis mixedviT). 3. bedenis yorRanis dasakrZalavikamera (k.meliTauris mixedviT).tab. VIIItab. VIIItab. VIIItab. VIIItab. VIII – 1. xovlegora, gaTxrebis saerTo xedi. 2. xovlegora,sacxovrebeli nagebobis gegma. 3. xovlegora, samxr. ubnis gegma.4. xovlegora. verZis Tavi. Tixa. (ZeglTa aRwerilobismixedviT). 5. xaris Tavi. Tixa da qva. tabawyuris VII-VI ss.


namosaxlaris gaTxrisas aRmoCenili sakurTxevlis fragmenti(foto sakuTari arqividan).tab. IXtab. IXtab. IXtab. IXtab. IX _ 1. samTavros namosaxlaris gegma da ganakveTebi (k.melTauris mixedviT); 2. naomari goris citadelis gegma; 3.naomari goris citadelis centraluri nawilis sateliturianazomi; 4. diRmis namosaxlari; 5.mcxeTis akldama. fasadi,aqsonometriuli Wrili (g. leJavas mixedviT).tab. Xtab. Xtab. Xtab. Xtab. X – 1. darbazuli nagebobis Casaxvisa da TandaTanobiTiganviTarebis safexurebrivi sqema (l. sumbaZis mixedviT); 2.darbazi qarTlidan (l. sumbaZis mixedviT).tab. XItab. XItab. XItab. XItab. XI _ 1. WonqaZis darbazi qarTlidan (l. sumbaZis mixedviT);2. darbazis kera-Suacecxlis liTonakeTobani (l. sumbaZismixedviT).tab. XIItab. XIItab. XIItab. XIItab. XII _ kerebis nimuSebi mtkvar-araqsis kulturis(adrebrinjaos xana) gavrcelebis sxvadasxva arealidan _ 1cixiagora; 2-3 fluri; 4.kerebiani sacxovrebeli nagebobanifluridan.tab. XIIItab. XIIItab. XIIItab. XIIItab. XIII _ 1. raWuli kera (s. makalaTias mixedviT); 2.kerisTavebi fluridan (mtkvar-araqsis kultura); 3-4 samzadida Suacecxli guriaSi (sakuTari fotoarqividan).tab. XIVtab. XIVtab. XIVtab. XIVtab. XIV _ liCeniSis dResaswauli sof. hadiSSi. mestiis raioni(fotoebi sakuTari arqividan).tab.XV tab.XV tab.XV tab.XV tab.XV _ nivTebi kossnierskas koleqciidan (i. motcenbekerismixedviT).

Description of tables

Table 1. Chatal Huyuk, Computer Restoration (Abernteuer Wissen. Diegroße Bertelsmann-Enzyklopädie). 2. Chatal Huyuk, Schematic restorationof living and religious locations (following J. Mellaart). 3. Chatal Huyuk.VI. A 10. Schematic restoration of cultic buildings (Following J. Mellaart).4. Chatal Huyuk. VI A 8. Schematic restoration of the north and east wallsof the cultic building’s interior (according to J. Mellaart).Table II. 1. Chatal Huyuk. VI A 14. Schematic restoration of the the eastand south walls of the building’s interior (following J. Mellaart). 2. Dwellingmodel from Mar, Tel Hariri (Damsko, Syria), III Millenium before Christ


(following Joahim Bretschneider). 3. Graphic inscription of Mar’s model.4. Female divinity with leopards. Clay. Chatal Huyuk (following J. Mellaart).Table III. 1. Imirisgora. Plan of settlement and types of domiciles (followingAcademician A. Javakhishvili). 2. Shomu-Tepe. Graphic reconstruction.Table IV. 1. Shulavrisgora. Plan of settlement and sections (Following Ot.Japaridze’s „Archeology of Georgia”). 2. Anthropomorphic figures fromArukhlo, Arghalartepes, khramisdidigora, Shulavrisgora (Following NeolitSSSR).Table V. Plans of Kvackhelebi (Tvlepiakokhi) settlement and buildings(following Academician A. Javakhishvili and „Rannya i Srednya bronzaKavkaza”)Table VI. 1, 2. Burial vaults of individual burial mounds (according toAcademician Ot. Japaridze). 3-5 Mine’s burial mound stone pile, burialvault, vault’s walls (photos from personal archive).Table VII. 1,2. Burial hall of the Zurtaketi burial mound (followingAcademician Ot. Japaridze). 3. Burial vault of the Bedeni burial mound(following K. Meitauri).Table VIII. 1. Khovlegora, general view of th digs. 2. Khovlegora, plan ofdwellings. 3. Khovlegora, plan of military district. 4. Khovlegora. Top ofa Verji. Clay. (following the description of monuments). 5. Head of a Bull.Clay and stone. Fragments discovered during a dig in a VII-VI centuryBCE settlement at Tabatsquri. (photo from private archive).Table IX. 1.Plan of government settlement and subsections according toK. Meltauri; 2. Plan of the citadel of Naomari Gora; measured off satelliteof a central portion of the Naomari Gora citadel; 4. Dighomi settlement; 5.Crypt at Mtskheta (G. Lezhava).Table X. 1.Stadial schema of the establishing and gradual development ofdarbazi (hall) buildings (L. Sumbadze); 2. darbazi (hall) from Kartli (L.Sumbadze)/Table XI. 1. Chonkadze’s darbazi (hall) from Kartli (L. Sumbadze); 2. thedarbazi’s central hearth (L. Sumbadze).Table XII. Examples of hearths and Zesadgrebi of the Kura-Araxesculture (Early Bronze age) from different arteas 1 Cikhiagora; 2-4Pluri;.Table XIII. 1. Rachan hearth (S. Makalatia); 2. Pluri (Kura-Araxes culture);3-4 Preparation arewa and middle fire in Guria (personal archive).Table XIV. Holiday of Lichinishi in the village of Hadish, Mestia Region(Photos from personal archive).Table XV. The Tinch from Digor and Faskau (Following I. Motzenbäker´s„The Collection of Kossnierska”).


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ADDITION

277,,...marjah...~

,,...marjah!..~,,...marjah!..~,,...marjah!..~,,...marjah!..~,,...marjah!..~*****

,,marjah _ marjved, mkvircxlad, yoCaRad~…amgvariSeZaxiliT amxneveben ileTis Sesrulebisas mrokavni, cekvismisteriis Tanamonawiles Cvens moZme vainaxebSi; cekvisa,rokvisa, romelSic xdeba naciis, eris genis ganfena (grigolrobaqiZe), rameTu igi RmerTTan naziarebi sulis Zaxili,sisxlis yivilia aTaswleulTa miRmidan gamoxmobili daawmyoSi danergili; iseve rogorc misive Semsrulebeli,moTamaS-mocekvave. geni, romelmac sisxlTan erTad gamoiara winaparTagulebi da awmyoSi myofobs, iTxovs im ileTs, im SeZaxils, imhangs, im siyvaruls da saerTod im cxovrebis wess, romliTacmas aTaswleulTa ganmavlobaSi ucxovria. am ramdenime dRis win, iCqeriidan (saCaCnodan) gadmocemulerTerT siuJetSi, samSoblos iaraRasxmuli damcvelnimomxvdurTan Sebmis win davlurs uvlidnen. maT saxeebSinaTeli, xalisi, Rimi gamokrToda (,,movkvde ise RimilmCeni,viT kvdebodnen gmirni Zvelad…~). isini mamul-dedulisdasacavad iyvnen mzad! naTeli, xalisi, Rimili enTo mTavrobis saxlis win im 9aprilis misteriul Rames, Rames romelmac dasabami daudo,,borotebis imperiis~ xiluli dasasrulis dasawyiss. orive SemTxvevaSi momxvdurma mterma cekva, sinaTle,siyvaruli ver aitana; ramdenadac mas _ dampyrobs, ucxoTmiwaze cekva, siyvaruli ar ZaluZs; igi ver ganfens sakuTarisulis sinaTles ucxoT mamulSi; igi mxolod ,,parad~-s TuCaatarebs kuSti, moRuSuli, moqufruli saxiT, gmZvinvarebuli_ am mxaresTan misteriul kavSirSi verSesvliTboRmamoreuli; aqedan gamomdinare, igi Tavissave boRmismorevSi imusreba da sabolood usaTuod nadgurdeba, rameTuver eweva boroti (siZulvili) naTels (siyvaruls). sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom kavkasia erTianigeopolitikuri sivrcea, romelic erTi SexedviT eTnikuradWreli regionis Sexedulebas stovebs. magram es mxolod erTiSexedviT. jerovnad gavecnobiT ra mravlad arsebul Sesabamismasalas, naTeli gaxdeba, rom aq, am mxareSi dominants iberiul-

*werili daiwerilia 1995-7 wlebSi. misi I varianti daibeWda gaz.,,marji~-is1995 w-is me-5 nomerSi .


kavkasiuri modgmis erebi warmoadgenen. maTi anTropologiurida lingvisturi erToba SigadaSig darRveulia indoevropuli(somxebi, osebi, slavebi…) da alTauri (Turqmanuli,monRoluri) modgmis eTnikuri elmentebis SemoWris Sedegad.uZvelesi periodidan, vidre XIX saukunis damdegamde, kavkasiisxalxTa istoriaSi TvalnaTliv SeimCneva iberiuli modgmiselementebis swrafva Tvisobrivi erTianobisken. miuxedavadruseTis imperiisgan inspirirebuli mravalmxrivixelisSemSleli faqtorebisa, es swrafva mainc ar minavlebula. dRidan rusTa mier kavkasiis dapyrobisa, mimdinareobsmizanmimarTuli politika qarTvelTa da sxva kavkasiel erTagaxleCvisa qarTvelTa diskreditaciis safuZvelze. jer kidevkavkasiis mefisnacvlebi imperatorisadmi mimarTvaSidaufaravad aRniSnavdnen, rom kavkasiis dapyrobasa da aqrusTa xelisuflebis ganmtkicebaSi gansakuTrebulidamsaxureba avtoqtonTa Soris miuZRoda qarTvel zedafenas.am mxareSi, rusTxelwifeba agenturis meSveobiT didismondomebiT hqmnida iseT atmosferos, rom qarTvelobas,,nebayoflobiT~ ekisra kavkasiis vaiJandarmis roli, risSedegadac igi emijneboda TanamoZmeT. ase inergebodaqarTvelTa garkveul nawilSi im Ramuris kompleqsi, romelicarc frinvelebma miiRes da arc Tagvebma; da romelicsabolood mRvimeTa da sibnelisaTvis gaiwira sakuTariugunurebisa gamo. am kompleqsis gamoZaxilia arc Tu iSviaTi mtkicebazogierTi Cveni pativdebuli gvamisagan imisa, rom Turme Cven,Tqven warmoidgineT, ,,evropulad moazrovne xalxi dasaerTod evropelebi vyofilvarT”. ras niSnavs ,,evropuladmoazrovne~, ,,evropeloba?~ Tu amjerad msoflilSi mosaxleerTa erTi nawilis mzera evropis kontinentis dasavleTregionSi akumulirebuli SexedulebebaTa sistemebisa daRirebulebebiskenaa miqceuli, nawili sakuTari xedviTi ekranisdasaunjeblad mzeras dedamiwis sxva regoinebSi akumulirebulkulturul-SemecnebiTi centrebisken mimarTavs. iyo dro,rodesac qarTvelTa sulieri Tvali xan, bizantiis imperiis(romelic ZiriTadadad wina aziis teritoriaze iyo gaSlili),xan arabTa saxalifos, xan farsis kulturuli dvritisakeniyo mipyrobili. ra gamodis? Cven xan wina azielni, xan arabeTisnaxevarkunZulelni, xan centralur azielni viyaviT? ara daara. saqarTvelo iyo da rCeboda (da mudam ase iqneba, radganac

279,,...marjah...~

es bunebiT, RmerTisganaa dawesebuli) kavkasiad da rogorcsulmnaTi merab kostava erTob xatovnad aRniSnavs _,,saqarTvelo (kavkasia_p.b.) kulturaTa Tananmimdevrobis dacnobierebis evoluciis am wriuli mdinarebis centrSiimyofeboda. gangebiT igi ara martooden sivrcul, arameddroTa gamyofsa da ganmwesebelsac warmoadgenda… odiTganvesaqarTvelo Tavisi meobis SenarCunebisaTvis brZoliT uZvelessamxreTel da uaxles Crdiloel xalxebs ar aZlevda aRrevissaSualebas, raTa ar darRveuliyo xalxebis kulturaTamonacvleobis da Tanamimdevrobis uryevi msoflio kanoni~.amdenad, brZola TavisTavadobisTvis, TviTdamkvidrebisTvis,TavisuflebisTvis warmoadgenda da warmoadgens umTavresfunqcias yoveli mxarisas da Sesabamisad kavkasiisas,saqarTveloisas. kaci Tua, ,,TviTon unda iyos~ _ rogorcamas kaxeTSi ityvian; eri Tua, eri unda iyos; mxare Tua, mxareunda iyos. im eTnikurad qarTvels ki, visac Tavi xan,,evropeli~, xan ,,azieli~, xan ,,afrikeli~ an ,,amerikeli~ hgonia,kidev erTxel SevaxsenebT jer kidev ,,deda enaSi~ daunjebulwinaparTa gulidan amonaZaxs, rom igi ,,qarTvelia, kavkasiismTebis Svili!~ imas ki visac am sityvebisTvis da SesabamisadsakuTari meobisTvis daviwvebis mtveri wauyria, WeSmaritadmiesadageba qarTuli andaza: _,,ZaRli Sin ar vargoda,sanadirod garbodao~. sad midixarT, sad miexirebiT, ramSegaZulaT ase sakuTari saxli; sadamde unda ekeklucoTucxoels moZmis, Sinauris damcrobis xarjze, sadamde undaeZaxoT yoveleve Cvenebur saukeTesos _ saucxoo (ar sjobssaCvenod davitovoT?!), sadamde unda apampuloT Cvenierovnuli kostumi da namusis qudi?! Sedegic Sesabamisia _ ,,gaTiTokacebuli, saSovarsgadagebuli yofili eri,~ romelic Tu gons ar moego daTavmoyvareoba (da ara pativmoyvareoba) ar aRidgina, maleyofil erad gadaiqceva. eri ki saerToerovnuli cnobierebis_ ,,Cven~ cnobierebis gareSe erad ver CaiTvleba. akiSegvaxsenebda Cveni sulieri moZRvari, wminda ilia marTali,rom ,,Cven, saubedurod, uZluri ,,me~ ufro gvirCevnia, vidreZlieri da Ronieri ,,Cven~; CvenTan yvelafers samwuxarodCemobis daRi azis da ara Cvenobisa.~ dRes ki, did iliasiubileebs uxdian sityviT, saqmiT ki yvelafers akeTeben, raTamisi naRvaw-nafiqri yofaSi ar dainergos. yofil komunistfunqcionerT kabinetebSi eris sulieri mamis portretebi


ukidiaT, Tavad ki xorcieli ,,Cemobis~ kerps eTayvanebian; Tanacyovelnairad cdiloben ,,Cven~ fsiqologiis diskreditacias.Turme, rogorc q-ni oniani gvmoZRvravs teleekranidan(televizia xom suk-is erTguli ruporia), stalins (ofici-ozidan amJamad lanZRvis obieqts) is eTayvaneba, visac ,,Cven~azrovneba aqvs da ara piraduli ,,me,~ ase, iribad nasroliqvebiT, qolaven isini wmindaTa namoZRvrevs. maTi mizani aramamuliSvilTa, aramed ,,moqalaqeTa~ aRzrdaa. maTi ocnebaara ,,kargi ymis,~ aramed ,,kai biWis~ fenomenis ganmtkicebaa,biWisa, romelic ara ,,CvenobiT,~ aramed ,,meobiT~ suldgmu-lobs. amitomac aqcies mTeli saqarTvelos mosaxleoba vaWrad(,,qveyana iqca duqnada~). radganac maT kargad ician, rom,,vaWroba wesieradac gawyobili, amis mets samsaxurs vergauwevs adamiansa da bunebrivad imisTana ram aris, rom erTsbinazed ar ayenebs kacs; saca gamorComaa da xeiria iq arismisi miwa-wyali. amitom eri marto vaWrobazed moqceuli,gaqsuebuli da gafantulia~ (ilia). adre Tu qarTvel qals, ucxoobaSi siame ver warmoedgina,aRmosavlur diba-atlass, rahaT-luqums da SerbeTs qarTvelikai ymis ojaxSi triali erCivna, amJamad ucxo tomelis colobada samSoblodan gadaxvewa prestiJulad iTvleba Cvens,,mandilosnebSi~, radganac saca gamorComaa da xeiria, iq arismaTi miwa-wyalic. ,,jani gavardes aw Svilsac, mamuls, oRondvaamoT Cven sakuTar guls~ _ da daiZra qarTvel ,,mandilo-sanTa~ armia maSriyiT maRribamde, saSovarze nebismierixerxebiT. yovelive amas ki win, jer qarTveli qalis totalurigineba, Seuracxyofa, Cawixvla uZRoda, romlis preludiac80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, suk-is samsaxurebidan kai biWebiTdakompleqtebul ,,birJebze~ gaisma _ ,,Cemi deda...~. aseTi mSobeli, aseTi deda, ki ,,kai ymas~ ver aRzrdis;amgvarad saSovarze gasuli deda ,,kai biWs~ Tu moacodvilebsZlivsZlivobiT, romlisTvisac samSoblo kuWidan iwyeba daamave kuWis amosavsebad saWiro ,,sawarmoo saSualebebis~samoqmedo arealiT Tavdeba. aseT adamians, romelSic sazogado ,,Cvenoba~ kerZoobiTi,,meobiT~ aris gadafaruli, ojaxi socialur erTeulad, xolosaxelmwifo klasTa dapirispirebis asparezad eCveneba mxolod.misTvis deda-Sviloba, mama-Sviloba cxoveluri instiqtebisdoneze daiyvaneba da dgeba ra bunebrivi procesi TaobaTacvlisa, igi amas depresiulad aRiqvams. ,,meobis~ TvalTa-

281,,...marjah...~

xedvidan gamomzirali; gaalmasebuli, gakapasebuli, gacxovele-buli icavs sakuTar statuss socialur sazogadoebaSi da mzadaris Svilebis Taoba msxerpladac ki Seswiros ,,Cemobis~bomons. ,,CrdiloeTis mzis” Casvenebis~ dasawyisma, aSkara gaxadaTaobaTa ara mxolod fizikuri, aramed Tvisobrivi cvlisaucilebloba, ramac saSinlad auria da daubnela ,,Crdilo-eTurad~ isedac dabnelebuli goneba Cveni ,,mamaebis~ Taobas.imdenad, rom maT sul-xorceuli kavSiric ki SehkresdampyrobelTan da gaTamaSda ,,afxazeTis omis~ farsi _Semzaravad SemaZrwunebeli Tavisi SedegebiT. aba rogorSeiZleba omi ewodos am tragikul (SinaurisTvis) komedias(gareulisTvis) _ omi iwyeba ise, rom Turme ,,saxelmwifosmeTaurma~ araferi ar icis; vebrZviT Turme rusebs, frontisxazi gadis md. gumisTaze da mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT,Cveni jaris zurgSi, mtris dislokaciaa (vazianSi, TbilisSi,quTaisSi, baTumSi, sagarejoSi…); dasacemad ganwirulfrontispira qalaqSi 1 seqtembers iwyeba saswavlo weli baga-baRebSi, skolebSi, umaRles saswavleblebSi; alyaSemortymulsoxumSi mebrZolebs sabrZolo masalebiT datvirTulisamoqalaqo TviTmfrinavebiT (tu-134) agzavnian, romlebsacTu kaci moindomebs SurduliTac ki Camoagdebs mwyeriviT…paradoqsebi uTvalavia. mTelma am jojoxeTma ZiriTadad,,Svilebze~ gadaiara. televiziiT gadiodapatriotul TemebzegadaRebuli filmebi: ,,giorgi saakaZe~, ,,mamluqi~, ,,baSi-aCuki~…es xom is filmebia, romlebzec ,,Svilebi~ gaizardnen? ase xommaTi ,,agdeba~ SeiZleba?… hoda, SeaCeCes gulanTebul biWebsxelSi AKM-bi da AKS-bi da gauSves sasaklaoze Caucmel-dauxuravni, usmel-uWmelni, brZolaSi gamoucdelni yovelgva-ri winaswari momzadebis gareSe. Sedegic Sesabamisia _ uTanas-woro brZolebSi ZiriTadad gawyden biologiurad aqtiurni,samSoblos moyvarulni, Seudrekelni. darCnen _ ZiriTadadindiferentulni, maradiorebi, narkomanebi, sulierad depresi-rebulni. aseT ,,Svilebs~ ki saiTac ginda iqiT gairakav, aseTnidamyolni da morCilni arian, aseTni ,,mamaebisTvis~ saSiSniaRar arian. Sesabamisad, ,,mamaebi~ savarZlebSi kvlavacganisveneben; mteric gaxarebulia _ Tanamedrove etapze rusebmakidev erTxel miaRwies sawadels, inspirirebul iqna avkasiurkonfliqtebSi yvelaze ufro kavkasiuri dapirispireba _


qarTvelTa da afxazTa, ramdenadac aq qiSpi uSualodiberiul- kavkasiuri modgmis erebs Soris gaiSala. dRidan kavkasiaSi gveluri Semosrialebisa, ruseTimizanmimarTulad Seudga iberiuli modgmis erebSi SuRlisCaTesvas. dapirispirebis safuZvlad igi ZiriTadad maT Sorisarsebul konfesialur gansxvavebulobasac iyenebda.sarwmunoebriv niadagze TiSavda maT erTobas. gansakuTrebiTgaZlierda es procesi Tanamedrove etapze. iyenebs ra,komunisturi diqtaturis Jams ,,sabWoTa xalxebSi~ Canergilsrul religiur ucodinrobas. rusuli uSiSroebis samsaxuriadgilobrivi filialebis saSualebiT nergavs panikur SiSse.w. islamuri safrTxis Sesaxeb. Zalze xSirad, musulmanurieqspansiiT ,,SeSinebulni~ sabWoTa kriminaluri inteligenciiswarmomadgenelni viSviSeben. pirni, romelnic qristesmoZRvrebas mxolod ,,religiur Temaze~ momzadebulisatelevizio Sou-spektaklebis doneze Tu icnoben da veWvob,bolomde hqondeT gacnobierebuli aTi mcnebisa da mrwamsismadli; rom aRaraferi vTqvaT maT mier musulmanuri religiisTundac ,,sabWoTa enciklopediis~ doneze codnis Sesaxeb. amas winaT, berlinis qarTulma sazogadoebam (BerlinerGeorgische Geselschaft) gamosca krebuli saxelwodebiT _,,saqarTvelo Tavis kulturulsa da istoriul sarkeSi~(Georgien im Spiegel seiner Kultur und Geschichte), romelSicgamoqveynebulia meore germanul _ qarTul simpoziumzewakiTxuli moxsenebebi. simpoziumi gamarTula 1997 wlis 9-11maiss q. berlinSi ,,dasavleT- aRmosavleTs Soris Sexvedrebi~-s fondis (Stiftung West-Östliche Begegnungen) dafinansebiTa daxelSewyobiT. krebuls win uZRvis saqarTvelos faqtobriviprezidentis misalmeba, rac, albaT, imis mimaniSnebelia romsaqarTvelodan am simpoziumSi monawileobis misaRebadkandidaturebi Tavad faqtobriv xelisuflebas SeurCevia dawarugzavnia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, albaT, nebismier qarTvelmecniers arsebuli sulieri da materialuri krizisispirobebSi, uTuod gauWirdeboda egzom sanukvar evropaSidamoukideblad gamgzavreba. amjerad, Cvens mizans ar warmoadgens am krebulis (romlisavtorebsac, darwmunebuli varT keTilSobiluri miznebiamoZravebdaT) srulad recenzireba. SevexebiT oden statias**

**avtors Segnebulad ar vasaxelebT, ramdenadac vTvliT, rom principuladar aqvs mniSvneloba Tu vis ekuTvnis statiaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi,ramdenadac maTSi areklilia dRevandel qarTvlTa erTi nawilisSexedulebebi sazogadod.

283,,...marjah...~

_ ,,qristianoba da Zveli qarTuli kultura” (,,Christertum undaltgeorgische Kultur”) da mis Sesaxeb Cvens azrs qarTvelmkiTxvels mciredi replikis saxiT mivawvdiT. aRniSnul statiaSi titulovani mecnieri kidev erTxelicavs im azrs, romlis Tanaxmadac qarTuli damwerlobisSeqmna qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebas,qarTveli eris moqcevas ukavSirdeba. igi kvlav aRniSnavsaRiarebul WeSmaritebas, rom qristianoba da kerZodmarTlmadidebluri aRmsarebloba Cvens samSobloSi, Tavisiliteraturuli tradiciiT, erovnuli eniT da originaluridamwerlobiT gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobda qarTvelieris erTianobis saqmeSi. igi dasZens, rom im droSi qarTveladiwodeboda yvela, vinc qarTul eklesias ekuTvnoda daRvTismsaxurebas qarTulad asrulebda, miuxedavad erovnulida sxelmwifoebrivi kuTvnilebisa. amis dasturad mohyavsgiorgi merCules cnobili Teza. dasasrul mecnieri gvTavazobs,rom radgan 80 - iani wlebis bolos rusebma slavuri anbanisSeqmnisa da gaqristianebis 1000 wlisTavi aRniSnes, urigo ariqneboda Tu Cvenc, qarTvelebic, amgvar iubiles moviwyobdiT... erTi SexedviT erTob keTilSobiluri Cans ganzraxva;magram es mxolod erTi SexedviT. upirveles yovlisa undaaRiniSnos is, rom X saukunis avtoris sityvebi aq arasworadaainterpretirebuli. giorgi merCule, grigol xanZTeliscxovrebaSi, imas ki ar ambobs, rom qarTveli isaa vincmarTlmadidebelia da qarTulad loculobso (TumcaaRmsareblobisadmi kuTvnileba, garkveulwilad, namdviladgansazRvravda qarTveli kacis cnobierebaSi erovnulobasac),aramed aRniSnavs _ ,,qarTlad friadi queyanaY aRiracxebis,romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami Seiwirvis da locvaYyoveli aResrulebis~-o e.i. sadac qristes mcnebis msaxurebaqarTulad midis is teritoriaa qarTli _ saqarTveloo. igisaubrobs ara eTnosze, aramed qarTvelTa saxelmwifoze,romlis simtkicis qvakuTxedadac qarTulad aRvlenilmarTlmadideblur, diofizitur, RvTismsaxurebasgansazRvravs. maSasadame, Tuki qarTvelobis cnebisadmi statiaSiCamoyalibebul midgomas gaviziarebT, gamodis, romqarTvelebi rogorc jiSi, modgma qristianobis miRebis SemdeggavCenilvarT da saerTod qarTvelobis TviTSemecneba esSemdgomaa gaCenili. manamde ki e.i. qristianobamde, igi arcarsebula. maSasadame, ar iqneba qristianoba, ar iarsebebsqarTvelic.


mkiTxvels imedia kargad moexseneba Tanamedroveevropelis mentaliteti, romlisTvisac yovelgvari religiailuzorul movlenas warmoadgens. daeyrdnoba ra eTnikuradqarTvelisave gancxadebas, igi namdvilad CaTvlis, romqarTvelobac aseve iluzoruli _ ararsebuli, realursafuZvlebs moklebuli movlenaa, romelic Secvlaseqvemdebareba. amdenad, misTvis sruliad dasaSvebia e.w. ,,axalimsoflio wesrigis~ farglebSi sasurvel Targze miWras-moWras Cveni mama-papeuli samkvidros farglebi; an daaqucmacoskidec igi qarTlad, kaxeTad, imereTad, guriad da a.S. amisnaTeli magaliTia euTo-s rekomendaciebi saqarTvelosteritoriuli mowyobis Sesaxeb. maT rukebze xazi esmebaararsebul samxreT oseTs; aWaras, rogorc calke saxelmwifowarmonaqmns; afxazeTi xom nominalurad ganixilebasaqarTvelos farglebSi. amrigad, Tu ase gagrZelda, SesaZloasul male gahqres kidec saqarTvelos xsenebac ki. veWvobT, Rrmad pativcemul mecniers gaazrebuli ar hqondes(SesaZloa mxedvelobidan gamorCa kidec) is, Tu ra SeiZlebamohyves mis amgvar gancxadebas; rom masze dayrdnobiT sruliadSesaZlebelia aigos saqarTvelos mterTa Savbneli Zraxvebi. nu davibrmavebT Tvalebs; mteri irgvliv sakmaod gvaxvevia_ ruseTi, TurqeTi, somxeTi, TaTrebi da yvela is visac Cvenimama-papeuli samkvidro warutacia Cvenive uilajobiTa dauniaTobiT. rac Seexeba qarTvelTa RmrTismorwmuneobas _ WeSmaritiqristianoba iubileebis mowyobiT ki ar ganisazRvreba, aramedeklesiuri cxovrebis doniT. vizrunoT qarTveli eris dedaeklesiisaken WeSmaritad motrialebisTvis, gulwrfeladvilocoT, vimarxuloT, gulSi ganvimtkicoT uflisa Cvenisieso qristes rwmena da es iqneba yvelaze kargi iubile Cvenieris qristes rjulze moqcevisa. uneburad maxsendeba erTi Cemi studentobis droindeli 1seqtemberi. meore kursze viyaviT (1979 w.). saswavlo wlisdawyebisdRes, dilaadrian leqcibze misulebs, universitetis ezoSididi cumpa-rampa da erTi ohohoia dagvxvda _ universitetiswiTeli profesura, partiuli da komkavSiris komitetebi‘codnis dRes~ aRniSnavdnen. cnobili qarTveli medievisti,batoni givi Jordania Segvxvda universitetis kibeebze dananaxiT gulmuklulma gviTxra _ ,,ymawvilebo, codnis

285,,...marjah...~

dResaswauli es ki araa, aramed auditoriaSi Sesvla dasakadrisi leqciis Catareba”-o. sveticxovlis didebuli taZari XI saukunis damdags 19wlis ganmavlobaSi, dRevandel pirobebTan SedarebiT,faqtiurad SiSveli xelebiT Sendeboda. XX saukunis damlevs,atomuri energiisa da super amweebis saukuneSi, mSeneblobisdawyebidan me-8 wels wminda samebis taZris saZirkvelic kiaraa jer gasrulebuli. yovelive amis mizezi erTia _dRevandeli qarTveli sulierebis mxriv Rataki da uZluria,Torem XI saukunis damdags saqarTvelo dRevandelze metadiyo mterTagan fizikurad SeWirvebul-aoxrebuli; Tumcasulieri simtkice da Zliereba ar daukargavs. taZarsneokomunisturi mmarTvelobis dadgenileba ki ara, WeSmaritadmorwmune qristiani eris sulieri erToba aRmarTavs. da bolos, ,,ra gvevardeba da ra gvebulbuleba, mterisaqarTvelos kars ejajgureba~. ra iubileobana agvityda.sjobs daqceul qveyanas mivxedoT, gavamagroT misi isedacSekreWili sazRvrebi, gamovkveboT ltolvilebi, usaxlkaroni,romlebic agre rigad mogvimravldnen nomenklaturis miergaCaRebuli qveynis damaqcevari omis Sedegad da is Tanxebi,romlebic iubileze mowveul ucxoelebs unda SevtenoT,sakuTar sisxlsa da xorcs, mSobel ers movaxmaroT. iqnebamiT odnav mainc SevimsubuqoT codviT esoden damZimebulixorci. xSirad gavigonebT xolme saubars e.w. musulmanurisafrTxis Sesaxebac. amjerad Cvens mizans ar Seadgensqristianul-musulmanuri urTierTibebis daregulirebazemsjeloba, imas ki aRvniSnavT mxolod _ Cvenis Rrma rwmeniTada gansjiT, am winaaRmdegobis daZleva Tavisuflad SeiZleba;Tuki iqneba amis survili. da es vgoneb, qarTvelT xelewifebaTyvelaze metad, ramdenadac am ,,konfliqtis~ gadaWris erTerTisaSualeba maT xelTacaa. Cveni eri, ori konfesiis _ marTlma-didebeli qristianobis da islamis aRmsarebelia. unda moxdes konfesialur dapirispirebaTa daZlevaerovnulobaze (ena), saerTo sarwmunoebrivi Rirebulebebze(saerTo wmindanebi da winaswarmetyvelebi) damarTlmadidebluri aRmsareblobis Tvisobriobazeaqcentirebis safuZvelze. qarTvelTa Soris am sakiTxismogvareba, paralelurad daaregulirebs urTierTobebsiberiul-kavkasiuri warmomavlobis erebs Soris, ris


safuZvladac aucileblad unda gamoviyenoT maTSi arsebulisaerTo CveulebiTi samarTlis tradiciuli formebic (amismagaliTad vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebac kmara). iberiul-kavkasiuri erTobis aRorZineba-gamkvidreba safuZveli iqnebasaerTo kavkasiuri saxlis Seqmnisa, romelic warmatebiTgaarTmevs Tavs msoflio xalxTa TanamegobrobaSi gangebisgandakisrebul funqcias, misias _ daareguliros da daabalansosqristianul da musulmanur samyaroebs Soris arsebuliuTanxmoebani. manamde ki aucilebelia, rom yovelma kavkasielma erma,sulieri damoukidebloba (romelic maT miuxedavad jojoxe-Turi zewolisa arasdros daukargavT) xorciel damoukideb-lobaSi ganfinos, rameTu amqveyniur cxovrebaSi suli da xorcierisa ganuyofelia. ers, romelic upirvelesad jiSTSegnebazeaRmocenebuli sulier-kulturuli kategoriaa, SeuZlebeliaar gaaCndes saxelmwifoebrivi Tavisufleba. amitom movitaneTwerilis dasawyisSi magaliTi Cveni moZme CeCeni xalxisTanamedrove yofidan. eri romelic cekvavs yofaSi da aramxolod scenaze (martooden scena sulierebis sikvdilia),aucileblad gaimarjvebs; misi damarcxeba SeuZlebeliaamqveyniur ZalTagan. Cvenc kidev erTxel aRtacebiT SevsZaxoTmocekvave TanamoZmeT _ ,,…ha, hat marjah!~

P’aat’a Bukhrashvili“...MARJAH...!”

“Marjah” - adroitly, lively, valorously - with this expression our brotherWeinakhs encourage dancers performing their steps in the mystery of thedance; the dance in which a nation’s, a people’s genius is expressed (GrigolRobakidze), for it is the call of a soul to union with God, the cry of bloodresounding across the millennia and reaching to the present; even as itsincorporator, performer. Since the time of the Russian conquest of the Caucasus there isunderway a campaign with the express aim of separating the Georgiansfrom other Caucasian peoples through the discreditation of the Georgians.Imperial viceroys undisguisedly expressed to the Tsar the leading roleplayed by the upper levels of Georgian society in the conquest of the

287,,...marjah...~

Caucasus and the consolidation of Russian domination. The tsarist regimethrough its agents eagerly created favorable conditions for the Georgiansto “voluntarily” assume the role of quasi-gendarmes and thereby todistance themselves from their brother peoples. Thus the “bat complex”was implanted in a certain segment of Georgian society: neither bird normouse, it was rejected by both, and left to roam in caverns and darkness. We often hear discussions about the so-called “Muslim threat”. Ourpurpose is not to make judgments about the bases of Christian-Muslimdisagreements, but only to state our profound belief that we can readilyovercome this opposition, should we wish to do so. And this, I believe, iswithin the power of Georgians to achieve, since the only means of resolvingthis “conflict” is in their hands. Our people includes believers of bothconfessions: Orthodox Christianity and Islam. The overcoming of religiousdifferences can come about through recognition of a common ethnicity,language and values, common saints and prophets. The resolution of this issue among Georgians will be in parallel with aharmonizing of relations among Caucasian peoples, which can be builtupon their common systems of traditional justice (consider the example ofVazha- Pshavela). The renaissance and consolidation of Caucasian unitywill come about through the creation of a common Caucasian house, whichwill play a leading role toward realizing friendship among the nations ofthe world, through the reconciliation and resolution of the differencesbetween the Christian and Islamic worlds. Until then it is essential that each Caucasian people extend spiritualfreedom - which they have never lost, despite hellish conditions - intophysical freedom, so that the spirit and flesh of peoples will be indivisiblein this life. Each people, as an integral spiritual and cultural unity, must have politicalautonomy. Therefore, we chose as the title of this article an example fromthe contemporary life of our Chechen brothers and sisters. A people whichdances in daily life and not only on the stage (to do so only on stage iscultural death) will always triumph; it cannot be defeated by the powers ofthis world. Let us once again call out to our dancing brethren: “Ha! Hat...!Marjah!”


rusuli kolonialuri cnobiereba darusuli kolonialuri cnobiereba darusuli kolonialuri cnobiereba darusuli kolonialuri cnobiereba darusuli kolonialuri cnobiereba daamierkavkasiisamierkavkasiisamierkavkasiisamierkavkasiisamierkavkasiis

eTnopolitikuri realoba~*eTnopolitikuri realoba~*eTnopolitikuri realoba~*eTnopolitikuri realoba~*eTnopolitikuri realoba~*

yoveli imperiis cxovreba, TavisTavad, erTaSorisurTierTzemoqmedebis process warmoadgens. imisaTvis, romCavwvdeT am movlenis dinamikas, Tavdapirvelad aucilebeliagaverkveT imaSi, Tu ragvarad mzers Tavad dampyrobi eTnikurierTeuli sakuTar Tavs Tavissave saxelmwifoSi da ra kuTxiTazogadebs sakuTari imperiis adgils samyaroseulmsoflaRqmaSi. imperiis Seqmna xom yovelTvis gulisxmobs,,sakuTari samyaros~ mowyobas da am ,,samyarosadmi~ sxvaTadamorCilebas ,,samarTlianobis~ gardauvalobis principissafuZvelze. amdagvar idealur motivTa (,,samarTlianoba~)miRma, Tavad imperiis xelisufalTa mier, xSirad xdeba xolmesargeblianobisa da usafrTxoebis garkveul principTaugulebelyofac ki. amasTanave, saWiroa garkveva imisa Turagvarad uyureben, meores mxriv, dapyrobil-damorCilebulierebi am ,,aucilebel samarTlianobas~ da ragvarad esmiT imsaxelmwifos Sinaarsi, sadac maT Zalauneburad mouwiaTcxovreba. aRiarebulia isic, rom imperiis cxovrebis wesiTavisTavad gulisxmobs garkveuli, erTgvari ,,kulturuli~yru kedlis arsebobasac dampyrob da damonebul erebs Soris,romlis miRmac arcerT maTgans ar surs danaxva da mosmenameorisa. 1813 wels iranma da ruseTma xeli moaweresurTierTSeTanxmebas, romlis Tanaxmadac irani, ruseTissasargeblod uars acxadebda saqarTvelos samefos kuTvnilmiwebze da amasTanave yarabaRis, ganjis, Seqis, Sirvanis daTaliSis saxanoebze. 1829 wels amave saxelmwifoebma erTmaneTsSoris gaaformes kidev erTi, TurqmanCais xelSekruleba.amjerad ukve iranma ruseTs dauTmo erevnisa da naxWevanissaxanoebi. amrigad, XIX saukunis 30-iani wlebis dasawyisidan,kavkasia gaxda ruseTis imperiis uSualo Semadgeneli nawili.ruseTi mTeli mondomebiT Seudga am mxaris kolo-nizacias,mxarisa, romelic dasaxlebuli iyo sxvadasxva warmomavlobisxalxebiT. es xalxebi mkveTrad gansxvavdebodnenerTimeorisagan ganviTarebis doniT, saxelmwifoebriobistradiciiT, eniT, kulturiT, sameurneo mowyobiT . . . sanam SevudgebodeT am movlenis analizs, vfiqrobT,upriania jer SevexoT Tavad rusTa didmpyroblur bunebas

* werili dawerilia 1998 w-s

289rusuli kolonialuri cnobiereba

da gaverkveT imaSi Tu ragvaradaa masTan dakavSirebulisazogadod ruseTis imperiis kolonizatoruli ideologiada taqtika. rogorc araerTgzis aRuniSnavT, masobrivi koleqtiurigadasaxlebani rusul suls ar axasiaTebs. rusuli moaxal-Seneoba arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda dasvleT evropulianalogiuri moZraobebisagan. es gansxvaveba, upirvelesyovlisa, saCino iyo TviT gadasaxlebis xasiaTSi. rusebiemigrantebis saxiT ki ar tovebdnen TavianT miwebs, aramedisini ikavebdnen TaviaT yofil mezobelTa samkvidroteritoriebs, romlebic iaraRis ZaliT dainarCuna maTma,,imperatorma~. e.i. rusuli kolonizaciis mTavari damaxa-siaTebeli niSani iyo qveynis sazRvrebis gafarToeba mezobeliteritoriebis dapyrobis xarjze, ris Sedegadac, rusulimosaxleobis cnobierebaSi es miwebi ukve rusul miwebadiwodebodnen da warmoadgendnen ruseTisave erTgvar,,gagrZelebas~ am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT. maT swamdaT, romruseTis saxelmwifos sazRvari gadis iq, sadac gadis rusisjaris wina xazi. amgvari gageba rusTa samefos sazRvrisanaTlad Cans mag., a. s. puSkinTan. igi Tavis cnobil nawarmoebSi‘mogzauroba arzrumSi~ wers: _ ,,ai, arfaCai, miTxra kazakma.arfaCai Cveni sazRvaria! raRac ucnauri grZnobiT gavquslemdinarisaken. jer arasdros ar menaxa ucxoTa miwa. sazRvariCemTvis iyo raRac idumali. me Tavmomwoned Sevagelve cxenimdinareSi da gavedi Turqul napirze, magram es napiric ukveSemoeerTebina Cvens jars: me jer kidev ruseTSi vimyofebodi”. rusis gagebiT, mxare, sadac cxovroben rusebi, sadacvrceldeba rusuli mmarTveloba _ ukve ruseTia; magramsabolood igi ,,ruseTad~ maSin iqceva, roca iq aigeba rusulieklesia. xSirad rusi glexebi _ moaxalSeneni, romelTac axalsamosaxloze gaucruvdebodaT imedebi da erTi pirobagadawyvetdnen kidec am mxaris mitovebas, sabolood mainciqve rCebodnen, radgan ar surdaT axladagebuli samlocve-los _ eklesiis mitoveba. rogorc wesi, rusi moaxalSeneebiadgilobriv mkvidrTa axlomaxlo saxldebodnen, adviladpoulobdnen maTTan saerTos da sulac ar grZnobdnen TavsgansakuTrebul _ privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi. isinixalisiT swavlobdnen adgilobrivTagan axal, maTTvis ucnobgaremo pirobebSi meurneobis warmarTvas, ijariT iRebdnenmaTgan miwebs, male iTvisebdnen adgilobriv sasaubro enas.TavisTavad es moaxalSene rusi glexebi (muJikebi) sruliadacar isaxavdnen miznad am mxareTa rusifikacias, magram cnobilia,


rom _ ,,kvalic ki waiSala Cudebis, viatiCebis, meSCerebis, iserom es xalxebi fizikurad ki ar gadaSenden, ki ar ganadgurdnenrogorc indielebi amerikaSi, aramed isini gaiTqvifnen Casulrusul mosaxleobaSi; gadagvardnen sulierad, dakarges rasakuTari saxe da meoba~. yovelive es xdeboda TandaTanobiT,SeparviT, zedmeti aCqarebis gareSe... rusi moaxalSeneebis es,,kavSiri~ aborigen mosaxleobasTan, umravles SemTxvevaSi,rusuli rvaboloiani jvriT iyo Semagrebuli. rusulimonastrebi, taZrebi, eklesiebi rusuli kolonizaciis erTerTimTavari dasayrdeni iyo. rusi kolonizatorebi Tavs mxolod iq grZnobdnenuxerxulad, sadac TviTmyobadi ganviTarebuli kulturisa daerovnuli cnobierebis mqone mosaxleobas SeeCexebodnen. asemoxda magaliTad amurispireTSi, sadac adgilobrivi CinelebiCasul rusTagan izolirebulad cxovrobdnen da TiTqmisaranair kontaqtSi ar Sediodnen moaxalSene koloniza-torebTan. analogiuri viTareba iyo amierkavkasiaSic. 25 oqtombrisgadatrialebamdeli rusuli mosaxleobisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia TviTidentifikacia religiuri principiT__,,Cven~ marTlmadideblebi (pravoslavnie); da Tu marTlmadi-deblebi, Sesabamisad rusebi~. maT warmosaxvaSi, sakuTariarsiT yvela marTlmadidebeli, rusia. ruseTi _ es marTlma-didebeli saxelmwifoa da misi mcxovrebnic marTlmadidebelniarian. eTnikur warmoSobas aq gadamwyveti mniSvneloba areniWeba. ruseTis sazRvrebi es marTlmadidebluri saxelmwifossazRvrebia. yoveli axali adgili sadac marTlmadidebelniaageben Tavis eklesias, Sedis ,,wminda ruseTis~ sakralursazRvrebSi, am sazRvrebs afarToebs marTlmadidebeli jari,romelsac SemdgomSi mohyveba marTlmadidebeli xalxi.sazRvari gamohyofs or samyaros _ samyaros ,,marTlma-dideblurs~ da samyaros sxva sarwmunoebrivs (,,inoverni~,,,paganni~). ruseTis, rogorc ,,mesame romis~ sazRvrebi,sazRvrebia TviTmpyrobeluri uZlevelobisa. is rac amsazRvrebs SigniTaa, rusTa mier aRiqmeba rogorcerTgvarovani teritoria, romlis administraciuli dayofacxSirad pirobiTia da umniSvnelo. aseve naklebad mniSvne-lovania iqauri mosaxleobis eTnikuri warmomavlobac.sabolood, es mosaxleoba rusulia; ramdenadac igi cxovrobsruseTis sazRvrebSi da imarTeba rusTxelmwifis mier; masacigive uflebebi movaleobebi gaaCnia rac mTeli imperiisdanarCen mosaxleobas. sityva ,,rusuli~ gansazRvravs ara


eTnikur cnebas, aramed saxelmwifoebriv mikuTvnebulobas,moqalaqeobas. rusi mosaxleobis cnobierebaSi, kolonizacia yovelTvismefis nebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. es iyo an janyi (bunti)mefis nebis winaaRmdeg (mag., kazakoba, romelic TiTqosdagaurboda mefes, sabolood ki samefo skiptris uerTgulesiiyo.), an mefis uzenaesi survilis aRsruleba. rusi xalxiscnobierebaSi mefe _ ,,batuSka~ ara marto maTi gadasaxleba-gansaxlebis sanqcias iZleoda, aramed misi uzenaesi surviliisic iyo, rom misi ‘Svilebi~ moedon mezobel qveynebs-mxareebs,raTa gaaruseTon isini. amdenad maT Rrmad swamdaT is, romamuSavebdnen ra ucxo miwebs, saxldebodnen ra ucxo mxareebSi,amiT isini ,,afarToebdnen marTlmadideblobis sazRvrebsac~;amdenad emsaxurebodnen mefe-RmerTs. ruseTis imperiis saxelmwifo kolonizatoruli politikasrulad Seesabameboda rusi mosaxleobis cnobierebas. igiZiriTadSi mimarTuli iyo SemoerTebul mxareebSi imperiulimmarTvelobis ganmtkicebisaken, rac upirveles yovlisa, iqrusi ,,muJikebis~ gansaxlebiT iyo SesaZlebeli. am mizniT,rusTmTavrobis mier iqmneboda gamagrebul punqtTa rigebie. w. ..liniebi~, romlebic gamoiyeneboda jer kidev daumorCi-lebeli, TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli xalxebis winaaRmdeg.amasTanave, isini asrulebdnen mxaris administraciuli dafiskaluri mmarTvelobis centris funqciebsac. amgvaripunqtebis urTierTTan da centrTan dasakavSireblad sagan-gebod ewyoboda gamagrebuli soflebi (,,iamskie poselenia~)_ samxedro soflebi. amgvari dasaxlebebis mom-saxure(samxedro) mcxovrebTa mosamarageblad ki imperiulixelisufleba sagangebod uwyobda xels e.w. ,,Tavisufal mxvnel-mTesvelTa~ soflebis Seqmnas. arsaniSnavia isic, rom amgvar,,sofelTa~ mosaxleoba ZiriTadad damnaSaveTagan,gasamarTlebulTagan da gasaxlebulTagan Sedgeboda. ampirebs aq, axal samosaxloebze, miuxedavad nasamarTlobisa,saxelmwifo sagangebod uwyobda xels _ maT uwevdnen SeRava-Tebs miwaTsargeblobaSi, aTavisuflebdnen gadasaxadebisaganda sxva... amgvari, saxelisuflo, samTavrobo kolonizaciisparalelurad mimdinareobda ,,Tavisufali kolinizaciac~. maTierToblivoba ganamtkicebda ruseTis imperiis saerTokolonizatorul politikas. kolonialur administracias sruliadac ar adardebdaadgilobrivi mosaxleobis Taviseburebani da TviTmyobadixasiaTi. adgilobrivni _ ,,tuzemcebi~, dampyrobTa mier


ubralod or kategoriad iyofodnen _ e. w. ‘mSvidobianni~(romlebic ar ewinaaRmdegebodnen rusul mmarTvelobas,swavlobdnen rusul enas, Svilebs rusul skolebSimiabarebdnen aRsazrdelad da a.S.) da ‘mSfoTvareni~ ( isinivinc ewinaaRmdegebodnen rusTbatonobas). ase magaliTad, XIXs. kavkasiuri omis dros, adgilobrivi warmomavlobis mTielixalxebi, rusuli administraciis mier Sedgenil dokumentebSimoixseniebian saerTo saxeliT _ ,,Cerqezebi~ da daxasiaTebulniarian rogorc yaCaRebi da avismqnelebi. adgilobrivi, aborigeni xalxebisadmi, maTi TviTmyofa-dobisadmi amgvari uaryofiTi damokidebuleba koloniza-torTa mier upiratesad imiT iyo gapirobebuli, rom amukanasknelTa cnobierebaSi, adgilobriv mkvidrTa bedi ukvegadawyvetili iyo _ yvela es xalxi adre Tu gvian an undaSerwymoda rusebs da gadajiSebuliyo, an unda gascloda mama-papeul samkvidros (muhajiroba, deportacia) _ TundacamoJletiliyo. ase rom, rusebs es xalxebi mxolodeTnografiulad Tu ainteresebdaT da isic mxolodspecialistebs; maTac imitom, rom kargad gaecnobierebinaTadgilobrvTa eTnofsiqologiuri tipebi da ase, SemuSavebulimeTodologiis safuZvelze gaeqroT isini. rusi eTnografebi,geografebi, lingvistebi, istorikosebi imperiul xelisuf-lebasTan erTad fexSewyobilni moqmedebdnen, ekavaT rasamxedro-administraciuli Tanamdebobani mefisnacvlis samsax-urSi (mag. cnobili rusi enaTmecnieri petre uslari wlebismanZilze quTaisis vice-gubernatorad msaxurobda, romlisTvalwinac svaneTis mTavarma, konstantine dadeSqelianmaxanjliT dahkla quTaisis gubernatori gagarini)... ama Tu im dapyrobili mxaris mTeli ,,sakuTari~ mosaxle-oba, rasakvirvelia, rusebis mier ganixileboda saerTo-imperiul WrilSi. adgilebze erTianad uqmdeboda rusTmmar-Tvelobamdeli, tradiciulad Camoyalibebuli administra-ciuli erTeulebi da maT magivrad kowiwdeboda sruliadaxali warmonaqmnebi; xSirad erTob xelovnuri sazRvrebiTada rogorc wesi, SeZlebisdagvarad mosaxleobis WrelieTnikuri SemadgenlobiT. yovelive es miznad isaxavdaadgilobriv mosaxleobaSi eTnikur niadagze dapirispirebaTagaRvivebas, raTa maT, Semdgom, ,,gamSvelebel-patronad~, ‘mama-marCenalad~ rusuli kolonialuri administracia movle-nodaT. kavkasiaSi Semosvlis dRidan ruseTi erTgulebdaimperiuli mmarTvelobis mTavar princips _ ,,gaTiSe daibatone~. kavkasiam mravaljer ganicada rusTmmarTvelobis


mier administraciul-teritoriuli xasiaTis cvlilebebi, racmiznad isaxavda saerTo-imperiul princi pze mxarispolitikuri da administraciuli sistemis unifikacias. amisgamo maT mier daiSala yvela saxis adgilobriviTviTmmarTvelobis instituti da TandaTanobiT dainergasaerTorusuli saxis erTeulebi. analogiurad moeqcadampyrobi samarTalwarmoebis adgilobriv sistemasac. esprinci pi mmarTvelobisa ngrZeldeboda SemdgomSic,modernizebuli imperiis _ ssrk-s praqtikaSic. mosaxleobis ,,unifikacia~ xdeboda socialri reformebismeSveobiTac. sabolood, kavkasiis mTeli sazogadoebriviierarqia rusul sazogadoebriv ierarqiasTan iqnaSesabamisobaSi moyvanili. dapyrobili mxaris qristianimosaxleobis didgvarovanni TavianTi uflebebiT gauTanabresrus Tavadaznaurobas. am movlenam ruseTs erTob xelsayrelisituacia Seuqmna: es gaTanabrebuli Tavad-aznaurebi ruseTissaimperatoro karis msaxurebad iqcnen (a.WavWavaZe, gr. orbe-liani, i. falavandiSvili...). adgilobrivi, garusebuli didgva-rovanni (Coxaze epoletebmorgebulni) aqtiurad monawile-obdnen kavkasiis rusul administraciul erTeulTa muSaobaSida arcTu iSviaTad gansazRvravdnen kidec imperiulinteresebs; ekavaT maRali, Tanamdebobebi, xSiradmeTaurobdnen kidec saarmio korpusebs, magram saerTo jamSiisini warmoadgendnen rusul xelisuflebas. ,,lorismeliqovisomexi generali ki ara, rusi generali iyo somxuri warmomav-lobisa~ _ rogorc amas aRniSnavda erTi misi Tanamedrovepublicisti. sabolood, iqmneboda erTiani socialuri,administraciuli da samarTlebrivi sivrce mTeli imperiisteritoriaze. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom rusTmmarTvelobasruliadac ar zrunavda SemoerTebuli teritoriebismosaxleobis ganviTarebasa da kulturul dawinaurebaze,rogorc es xdeboda mag. inglisis koloniebSi. es arc iyomosalodneli, radganac, rogorc cnobilia, ruseTis imperiamxolod samxedro Zalas efuZneboda da sakuTriv rusi xalxicmouvlel - miuxedavi hyavda. sacodavi sanaxavi iyo maTisoflebi, sadac siRatake da duxWiri cxovreba sufevda.gavixsenoT akakis cnobili leqsi _ ,,naZaladev saqmros~.rogorc suliT Ratak qveyanas Seefereba, ruseTis imperiac,daavadebuli sididis sindromiT, mxolod sazRvrebisgafarTovebaze Tu zrunavda. misTvis mTavari iyo sidide daara xarisxi, romelsac samarTlianad uwodebdnen ,,Tixisfexebze Semdgar goliaTs~. TviT rusi publicistebic ki


aRiarebdnen, rom rusTxelmwifebas araviTari kulturtre-geruli funqciis Sesruleba ar ZaluZda. marTalia xandaxangaismoda trafaretuli frazebi imis Sesaxeb, rom ruseTmadamorCilebul xalxebSi (,,inorodcebSi~) unda Seitanoskultura, magram rogorc wesi, es xdeboda erTob prozaulkonteqstSi, roca kulturis cnebis qveS igulisxmebodameurneobis warmoebis Tanamedrove formebi. xolo ra donezeimyofeboda maSindel dawinaurebul qveynebTan (inglisi,germania, safrangeTi...) SedarebiT rusuli meurneoba, kargadaacnobili. amdenad, rusuli imperiuli xelisufleba cecxlisada maxvilis mets verc verafers sTavazobda dapyrobiliteritoriebis mosaxleobas. am mxareebis mcxovrebTa erTinawili, daxarbebuli Cin-mendlebsa da zizil-pipilebs,dgeboda dampyrobTa samsaxurSi. erovnuli Rirsebisa daSegnebis mqone pirebi (marTalia SedarebiT mcirericxovanni)ki ganagrZobdnen farulsa Tu saCino winaaRmdegobas. naTladCans es tendecia iliaseul cnobil frazaSi _ ,,Cvenc vvleTruseTi, magram arcerTi xeloba Tqveni ar gviswavlia; Cveniqveyana, mkvdari Tqvengana, Tqvenebr Cinebzed ar gagvicvlia~. magaliTad, im periodis publicisturi wyaroebis mixedviT_ ,,axlad SemoerTebuli yarsis olqis mcxovrebT swyuriaTganaTleba da TviTmoqmedeba. magram, maTSi ar xdeba rusulixelisuflebis mier maTi am mondomebis araviTari waxaliseba.TviT centralur ruseTSic xom TviTmoqmedeba da ganaTlebaarc ise didi yuradRebiT sargeblobs da ra gasakviria, romperiferiebSi ase aegdoT es dargebi sazogadoebrivicxovrebisa~. an kidev, erTerTi Jurnalisti samarTlianadsvamda kiTx-vas mkiTxvelTa winaSe: _ ,,kavkasiaSi CvenimmarTvelobis ormocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ra gavakeTeTsasargeblo CvenTvis da iqaurebisTvis?~ TviT rusiistorikosebi aRiareben, rom im periodisTvis, Tuki arsebobdaraime rekomendaciebi rusul politikur wreebSikolonizaciis warmarTvisaTvis, iyo mouqneli da praqtikaSisruliad gamousadegari. mTeli kavkasiuri kolonizatorulipolitika iyo dauSveblad Wreli da nairnairi... albaTmsoflio praqtikaSi ar moiZebneboda kolonizatorulisitemis arcerTi magaliTi, kavkasiaSi rom ar ecadaT. magramam meTodebis zemoqmedeba kavkasielTa cxovrebis wesze iyomciredmoqmedi da ususuri. marTalia, rusi avtorebiaRniSnaven imperiuli politikis uniaTobas, magram imas ki araRiareben, rom kavkasia Sinaganad arasdros Serigebia monobisuRels da mdgradi Sinagani cxovrebis wesiT Tavganwirul


winaaRmdegobas uwevda misTvis ucxo, Tavsmoxveul imperiulcxovrebis wess. aRsaniSnavia, rom rusuli kolonizatorulipolitika ki ar iyo ususuri, aramed kavkasiuri damoukidebelisuli iyo Zlieri da Seudrekeli... upirvelesi da umTavresi rasac ver aRwevda dampyrobikavkasiaSi da kerZod saqarTveloSi iyo is, rom momxvdursar ZaluZda aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi aq Camoyalibebulisameurneo-kulturuli ti pebis Secvla. swored maTmdgradobaSi ido am qveynis gadarCenis saidumlo. momxvduriswinaaRmdeg eri sulierad da fizikurad ganagrZobda winaaRmde-gobas. misi saukeTeso Svilebi, mebrZoli qristianobismaxvilaRmarTulni TavdadebiT upirispirdebodnen mters.Tuki imarjvebdnen xom kargi, Tu ara da sakuTari sikvdiliT,wminda ideisadmi TviTSewirviT aZlierebdnen eris dvritas(aleqsandre batoniSvili, ilia, vaJa, qaquca ColoyaSvili,merabi, zviadi da kidev mravali cnobili Tu ucnobi gmirni).isini SemdgomSi, wmindanebad Seracxulni, zeciuri saqarTve-lodan sulierad ganagrZobdnen brZolas samSoblos mtriswinaaRmdeg, axdendnen ra uzarmazar gavlenas cocxlebissamSvinvelze. cocxlebisa, romlebic winaparTagan naanderZevicxovrebis wesiT meSveobiT biocenozSi iyvnen Sesulni TavianTsamkvidrosTan _ kavkasiasTan da masTanerTad qmnidnen myarerTobliobas. saqarTveloSi, eTnikurad qarTveli mosaxleobaZiriTadad miwismflobeli iyo da miwaTmoqmedebiT iyodakavebuli. CvenSi qalaqebi ZiriTadad administraciulicentris (mmarTvelis rezidenciis) daniSnulebas asrulebdnen,romlis umeteswilad araqarTuli mosaxleoba savaWro-samrewvelo saqmianobiT iyo dakavebuli. marTalia aq xdebodagarkveuli kapitalis brunva-dagroveba, magram am kapitalsar ZaluZda gadamwyveti rolis TamaSi qarTvelTa samkvidro-sauflos ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. es ukanaskneli, ZiriTadadmosaxleobis saqmianobis agrarul sferos efuZneboda,romelSic warmmarTveli wili qarTul eTnoss ekava. amdenad, qarTvelTa saxelmwifoebriobisTvis sawarmoo-savaWro kapitals, romlis wilic eronul SemosavalSi erTobmcire iyo da romelic ZiriTadad qalaqel ucxotomelTaxelSi iyo moqceuli, arasdros Seuqmnia safrTxe. amitomacqarTveli meurne-miwismflobeli (saxelmwifos ekonomikuriZlierebis dasayrdeni) mudam loialurad iyo ganwyobiliucxotomeli CarC-vaWar-xelosnis mimarT, romelic faqtiuradmisi momsaxure-mommaragebeli iyo. Sesabamisad saqarTveloSi


ar yofila arc antiebrauli moZraoba ( vaWarTa umravlesobaCvenSi ebraelebi iyvnen), arc antisomxuri gamosvlebi(xelosanTa metiwili somexi iyo), ramdenadac, Tukiucxotomeli miwaze dajdomas, dafuZnebas moindomebda, igiunda gaqarTvelebuliyo _ qarTuli teritorialur-sarwmunoebrivi samyaros Svili unda gamxdariyo da mis,,moymed~ unda ecno Tavi. radikalurad icvleba viTareba rusTmmarTvelobisdamyarebis Semdeg, rodesac kolonialuri xelisuflebaqarTvelTa kuTvnil miwebze masiurad asaxlebdaucxotomelebs _ somxebs, malaknebs, germanelebs da amiTarTmevda qarTvelT ekonomikuri Zlierebis safuZvels;amasTanave qmnida mosaxleobis eTnikur siWreles, rac misikoloniuri politikis erTerTi strategiuli xazi iyo darazec Cven ukve vilaparakeT. amdenad, qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba ekonomikuradsoflis meurneobas, georgianobas, samkvidrosTan qarTvelurijiSis biocenozSi Sesvlis Sedegad gamomuSavebul erovnul,am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT, Semosavals efuZneboda. yoveliveamas, rac mTavaria, ganapirobebda samkvidrosTan, adgilisdedasTan, sisxliT-naTesaobiTi urTierTobebiTganmtkicebuli sulieri, egzoTeruli da ezoTeruli kavSirebi.yovelive es _ materialuri da sulieri erToba,RvTivboZebul garemosTan, yofiT pirobebTan adaptirebulerovnul kulturas qmnida, romlis TavisTavadoba dagansxvavebulobaTa erToblioba msoflio kulturologiaSierTob misadagebuli terminiT _,,kulturuli Subli~-iTaRiniSneba. ase grZeldeboda sabWoTa imperiis Seqmnamde. Tundac mefisruseTi, cdilobda ra adgilobriv mosaxleobiszogadimperiul erTianobaSi unificirebas, mainc verafersxdeboda, radganac ar ucdia kavkasiaSi aTaswleulebisganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli sameurneo-kulturuli tipebisSecvla. e.i. aq Zireuli qarTveli mosaxleoba kvlavindeburad,metnaklebad mainc flobda samkvidros da misdevda Cveulicxovrebis wess. kavkasiurma da Sesabamisad qarTulma sulmac didi dartymaganicada gasabWoebis Semdeg. ,,mania grandioza~-Ti daavadebulmaruseTis modernizebulma imperiam mizanmimarTulad daiwyotradiciulad Camoyalibebuli normebisa da urTierTobebisrRveva. mag. , saqarTvelos kampaniur, xelovnurindustrializacias erisTvis damangreveli Sedegebi mohyva _


daicala soflebi, gaudaburda tradiciulad Zlieri mxareebi,qveynis mosaxleobis TiTqmis erTi mesamedi moxvetil-koncentrirebuli iqna 48 kv. kilometrze (TbilisSi); qarTulimiwa ki ucxotomelTa xelSi aRmoCnda. amjerad mzaddeba meore, ufro Zlieri dartyma, rodesacganzraxulia qveynis e. w. ,,derefnad~ gadaqceva. Tukiganxorcieldeba es Canafiqri, saqarTvelo sabolooddaemsgavseba orive mxriv Ria sabZels, sadac qaris motanilbzes qarive waiRebs. qarTveli eri ki imis magier rom iyossakuTari miwis WeSmariti patroni, gaxdeba am derefanSimimomsvlelTa msaxuri da xelisSemyure, ris Sedegadac igisabolood dakargavs qveynis flobis, patronobis, movlisaTaswlovan tradicias. yovelive amas sabolood mohyveba eris,rogorc garemosTan modgmis, jiSis biocenozSi SesvlisSedegad Camoyalibebuli erTobis gaqroba da mtris miermiRweuli iqneba sanukvari ocneba _ saqarTvelo qaTvelebisgareSe. amierkavkasia geografiulad wina aziis momijnaveteritorias war-moadgens, romelsac ruseTisgan maRalmTianmTaTa sistema _ kavkasionis qedi gamohyofs. XIX saukuneSi ambunebrivi winaaRmdegobis daZleva ufro Zneli iyo, vidrezRvis gadalaxva. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, amierkavkasiaruseTisTvis warmoadgenda erTgvar gamagrebul,,cixesimagres~ sxva materikze da amgvarad ganixilavda masstrategiuli kuTxiTac. amaSi rom davrwmundeT, sakmarisiaTvali gavadevnoT aRmosavleTis sakiTxs, romelic amperiodisTvis ori didi imperiis _ inglisisa (sazRvao) daruseTis (saxmeleTo) davis sagani iyo. XIX saukuneSi inglisis aRmosavluri politikis mTavaristrategiuli gezi indoeTze batonobis SenarCuneba iyo. aqedangamomdinare, inglisis intersebSi Sedioda sxva saxelmwi-foebisaTvis indoeTamde mimavali saxmeleTo da sazRvao gzebisCaketva, rac ZiriTadSi samxreT iransa da sparseTis yurisnapireze gavlenis gaZlierebiT iyo SesaZlebeli. ruseTisimperiis interesebSi Sedioda TurqeTisa da imierkaspiismxareebis dapyroba; iranSi sakuTari poziciebis SenarCuneba-ganmtkiceba; hegemonobis damyareba balkaneTSi; bosforisa dadardanelis sruteebze gasasvlelis mopoveba; somxeTis zeganisaneqsia, rac Tavis mxriv iZleoda axlo aRmosavleTisgakontrolebis saSualebas. amrigad, SesaZloa gamoiyos inglis-ruseTis dapiris-pirebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebani: pamiri, irani, somxeTis zegani


da balkaneT-konstantinepoli. amierkavkasiis teritoriazegadioda am mimarTulebaTagan ori: iranisken da somxeTiszeganisken. pirvels gansazRvravda iranis swrafva _ winaRdgomoda ruseTis gasvlas indoeTisaken dasavleTismxridan, sparseTis yuris napirebze kontrolis dawesebiT.ruseTisTvis irani warmoadgenda TviTmizans, kolonizaciissasurvel obieqts. ai somxeTis zegans ki, rogorc Semdgomieqspansiis obieqts, ruseTisTvis hqonda gansakuTrebulistrategiuli mniSvneloba, romelsac igi saerTod arganixilavda rogorc TviTmyobad Rirebulebas. maSasadame, kavkasiis qedi ruseTisTvis warmoadgendaerTgvari cixis kedels, romelic saimedod icavda mis samxreTsazRvrebs, amierkavkasia ki erTgvari, ruseTisgan qedsmiRma,naklebdaculi, yvelasTvis saTareSo moedani iyo _ SesaniSnaviplacdarmi iranisa da TurqeTisaken gasasvlelad. amdenad,arc aris gasakviri, rom dapyrobil amierkavkasiaSi ruseTissaSinao politika ZiriTadad samxedro-strategiuli Sexedu-lebebiT ganisazRvreboda. amasTanave, amierkavkasia erTob rTuli eTnografiulistruqturiT gamoirCeoda. mis dasavleT nawilSi ganlagebuliiyo imereTisa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefoebi, ZiriTadaddasaxlebuli qarTveluri modgmis xalxebiT, agreTvesparselebiT, TurqebiT da somxebiT (TbilisSi 80%-mde); aqvemdebareobda guriis, samegrelos da afxazeTis samTavroebic.amierkavkasiis aRmosavleT nawilSi ganlagebuli iyoiranisgan marTvadi ramdenime saxano. zogSi Warbobdamusulmanuri, zogSic somxuri mosaxleoba. aqve erevnis cixe-simagris gverdiT mdebareobda ejmiawini _ yvela somexTasulieri centri. maSasadame, amierkavkasiaSi, gamomdinare misi strategiulida eTnografiuli Taviseburebebidan, ruseTisTvis yvelazeufro xelsayreli mmarTvelobis forma proteqtorati undayofiliyo, magram aqve ismis kiTxva _ iyo ki es SesaZlebeligamomdinare rusuli didmpyrobluri xasiaTidan? marTalia, Tavidan ruseTi TiTqos ar axdenda Tavisnamdvili zraxvebis demonstrirebas da iqceoda ise, viTmomTanaxma iyo amierkavkasiaSi saxelmwifo erTeulebisTviTmyobadobis SenarCunebisa, magram SemdgomSi, sruladgamoamJRavna Tavisi didmpyrobluri miswrafebani:amierkavkasia saerToimperiuli principebis mixedviT daiyoramdenime guberniad, aqauri sazogadoebis socialuristruqturac sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr moawyo, gaauqma


saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefalia. sabolood, mTeli rigireformebis gatarebis Sedegad man miaRwia amierkavkasiissocialur da administraciul unufikacias danarCeni ruseTismxareebTan. jer kidev general ermolovis dros, 1816-1827 w.w.amierkavkasiis teritoriaze Seiqmna 30-mde ,,Stab-kvartira~ _samxedro dasaxleba, romelTac Tavis mxriv saTave undadaedoT mxareSi rusuli kolonizaciisaTvis; magram miuxedavadamisa amas ar mohyolia ,,kolonizaciis talRa~, ramdenadacpotenciur kolonistebs aSinebdaT aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSimimdinare kavkasiuri omebi. rusTmTavroba, marTalia aq‘dasjis~ saxiT asaxlebda seqtantebs (malaknebs, staroverebs),rac TavisTavad kavkasiaSi rusuli mosaxleobis momZlavrebasisaxavda miznad, magram es maT saqmes mainc ver Sveloda: rusulimosaxleobis wili amierkavkasiaSi 5%-s mainc ver aWarbebda. erTob saintereso situacia Seiqmna amierkavkasiismosaxleobis samarTlebrivi da samoqalaqo homogenizaciismxriv. saerToimperiul meqanizmSi mxaris musulmanurimosaxleobis CarTva, rusTmmarTvelobisTvis did siZnelesar warmoadgenda, ramdenadac maTTan midgomis meqanizmiimperiul saxelmwifo manqanas ukve gamomuSavebuli hqonda. rogorc erTi Tanmedrove aRniSnavda: ,,maTi faruliSuRli Cvendami (rusebisadmi_p. b.) ar iyo ucnobi, isinisabolood mTlianad Seeguen rusul mmarTvelobas daSeCveulni aRmosavlur despotias, sityvaSeubruneblademorCilebodnen axal xelisuflebas. amdenad, am kuTxiT,warmoadgendnen saimedo elements saxelmwifosTvis~. gansxvavebuli iyo viTareba qarTvelebTan da somxebTan.upirveles yovlisa, isini iyvnen qristianebi, rac maT ukveaTanabrebda rusebTan; meore mxriv, isini oficialurad, kiar daipyres, aramed Tavisi neba-surviliT Sevidnen ruseTisimperiis SemadgenlobaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela kavkasiismmarTveli golicinamde moyolebuli iZulebuli iyoeRiarebina, rom _ ,,adgilobrivebi (,,tuzemcebi~) da gansakuTre-biT qristianebi arian isini, vinc sakuTari surviliT miendvnenrusul skiptras da unda sargeblobdnen sruli Tanabarufle-bianobiT~. metic, maTi nawili aqtiurad monawileobda ruseTisarmiis mier kavkasiis dapyroba-daSoSminebaSi (mag., gr.orbeliani). kavkasia, imperiam moipova ara marto rusuliiaraRiT, ruseTidan Camoyvanili samxedro ZaliT, aramedadgilobrivTa (,,tuzemcebis~) iaraRiT da sisxliTac. es kideverTi gamarjveba iyo rusuli sagareo politikisa.


ruseTis saidumlo samsaxurebma, romlebic pirvel rigSirus mecnierTa _ eTnografTa, geografTa, istorikosTa mierSemuSavebul rekomendaciebs eyrdnobodnen, kavkasiissazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi metad STambeWdav Sedegebs miaRwies.adgilobriv ,,morCil~ pirTa saerToimperiul saxelmwifosamsaxurebSi CarTviT, maTi Cin-mendlebiT daxunZvliT, erTobgaiadviles saqme da kidev ufro daaCqares kavkasiis saerToim-periul sxeulTan Sezrda-integrireba. axalgamomcxvariruseTume _ Coxaze epoletebmorgebuli ,,vracuebi~ ukvenamdvilad aRar iyvnen Tavisufali sulis, Rirsebis matarebelimamuliSvilebi, romelTa naklebobasac agrerigad ganicdidadidi ilia _ ,,magram mamulo, Cemi tanjva mxolod is ari, is ari mxolod savalalo da samwuxaro, rom Sens miwazed, amdan xalxSi kaci ar ari, rom fiqri vando, grZnoba Cemi gavuziaro!...” medroveTa institutis gaZliereba-ganmtkicebamdamangreveli gavlena iqonia eris TviTSegnebaze; isini damaTi naSierebi, maTi Teslnayarni, Cakluli sulis ‘manqurTebi~gaafrTebiT ebrZodnen yovelive TavisTavadsa dadamoukidebels. swored aseTebze werda akaki _ ,,sjobsmonobaSi gadidkacebuls, Tavisuflebis brZolaSi mkvdari~.isini xanjliT dasdevdnen ilias, uwodebdnen ra mas ,,burTiviTmrgvals~, ,,liberals~, riTac Seamzades kidec ideuri foniwiwamuris tragediisa; mokles merabi, zviadi... mravaljerdaatriales sisxlis kalo saqarTveloSi. ai, droTa ganmav-lobaSi ra Sedegi mohyva kavkasiel ,,morCilTa~ (SesabamisadvaiqarTvelTa) rusTxelmwifebis samsaxurSi Sesvlas, Coxazeepoletis morgebas _ am sazizRar simbiozs. sabolood, adgilobriv mkvidrT eqmnebodaT iluzia, romTviTmmarTvelni iyvnen; ramdenadac saSinao-samoqalaqosaqmeebs ZiriTadSi maTi wiaRidan gamosuli Cinosanniganagebdnen. sinamdvileSi ki kavkasieli adgilobrivimosaxleoba emsgavseboda ,,sinaze gabmul ZaRls~, romelsacaWmevdnen, salafavs udgamdnen, ,,balebze~ iwvevdnen(gansakuTrebiT Coxa-epoletebianebs), uqmnidnen iluzias, romdamoukidebelni iyvnen; sinamdvileSi ki isini mWidrod hyavdamikruli imperias ise, rom maT azradac ki ar mosdiodaTTavisufleba, romlis wyurvilsac calkeuli mamuliSvilniTu grZnobdnen da SeZrwunebulni TanamemameleTamconarobisgan, gulsaklavad mosTqvamdnen _ ,,oh, RmerTo Cemo,sul Zili, Zili, rosRa gveRirsos Cven gaRviZeba?!...”


gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura

1 p. f. dubrovini. ,,kavkasiaSi rusTa mflobelobisa da omebisistoria”. t. 1-6. spb, 1871-1888 (rusulad).2. kavkasiaSi rusuli mmarTvelobis damyareba. v.a. pottosredaqciiT. t. 1 - 12. tiflisi, 1901 (rusulad).3. damorCilebuli kavkasia. kavkasiis istoriuli warsulisada Tanamedroveobis narkvevebi. spb, 1904. (rusulad).4. s.s esaZe. istoriuli werili kavkasiis mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb.t. 1-2. tiflisi, 1907. (rusulad).5. a. a. kaufmani. gadasaxleba da kolonizacia. spb., 1905.(rusulad)6. v. p. pogoJevi. kavkasiuri narkvevebi. spb., 1910 (rusulad).

P’aat’a Bukhrashvili

The Russian conception of colonialism and Transcaucasianethnopolitical reality

Summary

The career of any empire, it goes without saying, represents a processof interethnic interaction. In order to grasp the dynamic aspects of thisphenomenon, it is first of all necessary to understand the colonizing ethnicgroup’s self image, and how this is generalized to the globalizing imaginationof the empire’s role. The creation of an empire of necessity implies theformation of a “private universe” and the subordination of others to thisuniverse on the basis of self evident principles of “justification”. Beyondthese idealized motives (“justification”) on the part of the empire’sleadership, there often occurs the neglect of certain principles of utilityand security. It is therefore important to clarify how the dominated nationsregard this “self-evident justification”, and how they conceive the contentof the state within which they are obliged to reside. It is also acknowledgedthat the existence of an empire implies the presence of a distinctivesoundproof cultural wall between the conquering and dominated nations,beyond which neither desires to look and listen to the other. Mass collective resettlement is not characteristic of Russian practice.Russian colonialism is fundamentally different from analogical phenomenain Western Europe. This difference is apparent, first of all, in the nature ofresettlement. Russian emigrants did not leave their own territory but ratheroccupied the lands of their former neighbors, which by force of arms theysubjugated to their Emperor. In other words, the most characteristic featureof Russian colonialism is the expansion of the state’s borders at the expense


of neighboring territories, and as a consequence of this, in the imaginationof the Russian population these lands were already considered as Russianlands, representing a sort of ,,extension” of Russia, in that word´s literalsense. Russian colonizers only felt uncomfortable when they confrontedpopulations with autonomous, developed civilizations and ethnic selfawareness. This occurred, for example, along the Amur River, where thelocal Chinese population lived separately from the immigrant Russiancolonizers, and had almost no contact with them. An analogical situationoccurred in Transcaucasia. The entire population of any given conquered people, to be sure, wasviewed from the perspective of the Russian imperial framework. In someplaces traditional administrative units, formed before Russian colonization,were abolished in favor of completely new districts, often with artificialboundaries and, as a rule, with an ethnically heterogeneous populationwhere that was feasible. Russian historians themselves admit that during this period, whateverpositive points colonization might have had in Russian political circles, itwas largely unworkable and useless in practical terms. On the whole,Caucasian colonial policy was hopelessly variegated and scattered.Practically all colonial frameworks then known were attempted in Caucasia,but these methods had little effect on the Caucasians’ mode of life. Whileit is true that Russian writers have acknowledged the ineffectiveness oftsarist policy, they on the whole do not admit that on a deep level Caucasianever reconciled itself to the yoke of submission, and in keeping with itscultural principles resisted with unrelenting, self sacrificing determinationthe imposition of alien, wrong-headed imperia( canons. It is worthy ofnote that it was not so much the case that Russian colonial policy wasineffectual, as that the independence-minded soul of the Caucasian peopleswas strong and unyielding.

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Documents

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