Sabry AbdEl-Monem Abd-ElAal Abd-AllAh(2008) PHD Thesis English

Tanta UniversityFaculty of Agriculture Plant protection

BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL FOR SOME PESTS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND ITS

SIDE EFFECTS.By

Sabry AbdEl-Monem Abd-ElAal Abd-AllAh.B.Sc. Agric., (Pesticides), Tanta Univ., 1991.M.Sc. Agric., (Pesticides ), Tanta Univ., 1998.

ThesisSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor

of Philosophy

Supervision's Committee1-Prof. Dr. Tsamoh Khatab Abd El-RaofEmeritus Prof. of Pesticides, Faculty of Agric. Tanta University.

2-Prof. Dr. Helmy Aly Ibrahim AnberProf. of Pesticides, and Dean of the Faculty of Agric. Tanta University.

3- Prof. Dr. Abd-ElRahim. S. Metwally Head of Field Crops Pests Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.

4- Dr. El-Sayed A. KishkLecturer of Pesticides. Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University.

(2008)

Tanta UniversityFaculty of Agriculture

Plant protection


SIDE EFFECTS.By

Sabry AbdEl-Monem Abd-ElAal Abd-AllAh.B.Sc. Agric., (Pesticides), Tanta Univ.,1991.

M.Sc. Agric., (Pesticides ), Tanta Univ., 1998.

ThesisSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor

of PhilosophySupervision's Committee1-Prof. Dr. Tsamoh Khatab Abd El-RaofEmeritus Prof. of Pesticides, Faculty of Agric. Tanta University.

2-Prof. Dr. Helmy Aly Ibrahim AnberProf. of Pesticides, and Dean of the Faculty of Agric. Tanta University.

3- Prof. Dr. Abd-ElRahim. S. Metwally Head of Field Crops Pests Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric. Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.

4- Dr. El-Sayed A. KishkLecturer of Pesticides. Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University.

Date:30/7/2008

Head of Department Vice Dean for hight studies and researchers

Prof. Dr. Ibrahim I. Mesbah Prof. Dr. Ibrahim I. Mesbah

Tanta UniversityFaculty of Agriculture

Plant protection


SIDE EFFECTS.

Presented by

Sabry AbdEl-Monem Abd-El-Aal Abd-AllAhFor the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture Sciences (pesticides).

Examiners committee Approved by1-Prof. Dr. Tsamoh Khatab Abd El-Raof.Emeritus Prof. of Pesticides, Faculty of Agric, Tanta University.

------------------------------

2-Prof. Dr. Attiah Youssef KeratumProf. of Pesticides chemistry, Kafer El-Sheikh University

------------------------------

3- Prof. Dr. Helmy Aly Ibrahim Anber.Prof. of Pesticides, and Dean of the Faculty of Agric. Tanta University.

------------------------------

4- Prof. Dr. Ibrahim I. Mesbah.Prof. of Economic entomology, Head of the Plant Protection Dept. and Vice Dean of Faculty of Agric., Tanta University.

-----------------------------

Date 30 / 7 /2008

Name:Sabry AbdEl-Monem Abd-El-Aal Abd-AllahTitle: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL FOR SOME PESTS OF

AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND ITS SIDE EFFECTS.Degree:Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture Sciences (pesticides) Plant

production Departments, Faculty of Agricultural, Tanta University.Abstract

Series of field and laboratory experiments had been carried out in Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, for determination the efficiency of some substitute implement as a part of integrated pest management for European Corn Borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.). The results obtained can be summarized as follows:

● The toxicity of the Biofly to the aphid species and red spider mite using leaf disk dipping technique could be arranged descendingly as follows: Tetranychus cinnabarinus > Rhopalosiphum maidis > Aphis craccivora > Aphis gossypii. While, the toxicity of the different oils against spider mite T. cinnabarinus using leaf-disc dipping technique could be arranged descendingly as follows: corn oil> cotton oil >caster oil > mineral oil>canola oil> paraffin oil.

● Most tested mixtures of corn and cotton oils with Beauveria bassiana (Biofly) were less toxic than the Biofly formulation. while, the mixtures which consists of 3 parts of Biofly and 1 part caster oil or canola or mineral and paraffin oils more toxic than Biofly formulation against T. cinnabarinus. All tested photostablizers and pigments mixtures with Biofly had increased the mixtures' toxicity to T. cinnabarinus mites. But when increasing the concentration ratio to 1% the toxicity decrease. Mixtures of Biofly + 0.1% acetophenon or 4-nitro acetophenon or 7-nitophenol or benzophenon, Biofly + 0.1% or 0.2% or 0.5%congo red and Biofly + 0.1% or 0.2% or 0.5% titan yellow mixtures had increased the toxicity of the Biofly formulation against adult T. cinnabarinus.

● The most persistence mixtures were 3Biofly:1paraffin oil, 3Biofly:1 castor oil, and Biofly+0.1% benzophenon, or +0.5% congo red or +0.1% 7-nitrophenol.

● Cultivars S.C.13 and T.W.C. 351 were the most tolerant cultivars against ECB infestation while, T.W.C.323 and 324 cultivars were the most susceptible cultivers. There are a positive relationship between %grain protein and the %damaged grain.

● The most potent insecticides against ECB infestation were diazinon and fenpropathrin but methomyl was the least toxic one. Diazinon followed by chlorpyrifos insecticides had the highest values in 100grain weight and grain yield/10plants.

● Spraying with diazinon, mixture No.4 [150ml Biofly + 50ml paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon(0.2gm)+ 500ml diazinon] and mixture No.3 [(375gm Agrine + 125ml paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon(0.5gm) + 500ml diazinon] had been reduced holes No./100internodes and cavities No./10plants. Diazinon, mixture No.4 and mixture No.3 had increase both 100 grain weight and grain yield/10plants

● Agerin (a Bacillus thuringiensis formulation), Agerin mixtures with oil or/with benzophenon and paraffin oil had no toxicity against adults of predator, Paederus alfierii. The toxicity of the rest biochemicals could be arranged descendingly as follows: mixture No.4 > mixture No.3 > diazinon. While mixture No.2 [150ml Biofly + 50ml paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon(0.2gm)] were more toxic than Biofly.

CONTENTS CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................V

LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................IX

ACKNOWLEDGMENT...................................................................................

I - INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................1

II - REVIEW OF LITERATURE..................................................................3

II.1 Pesticides efficiency against the European corn borer (ECB) Ostrinia

nubilalis (Hubner). ..................................................................................3

II.2 Role of plant tolerance in corn borer control:.....................................11

II.3 The biological control of European Corn Borer..................................15

II.3.1 Role of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana in the

biological control of corn borers...................................................15

II.3.1.a Efficiency of Beauveria bassiana against Ostrinia

nubilalis (Hb.)..........................................................................15

II.3.1.b Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana with oils.................21

II.3.1.c Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana with pesticides. ........28

II.3.1.d Effect of ultraviolet radiations (UV) on the Beauveria

bassiana efficiency. .................................................................32

II.3.2 Efficiency of Beauveria bassiana against Aphis sp and two-

spotted spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus............................35

II.3.3 Role of Bacillus thuringiensis on the biological control of

European Corn Borers Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.)...........................36

II.4 Oils efficiency against spider mites Tetranychus spp..........................43

II.5 The side effect of bioinsecticides on some beneficial insects. ...........44

II.6 The side effect of diazinon on some beneficial insects........................47

III - MATERIALS AND METHODS.........................................................49

III.1 Rearing technique of aphids:.............................................................49

II CONTENTS

III.2 Rearing technique of the two spotted Spider mite, Tetranychus

cinnabarinus (Boisduval). ....................................................................49

III.3 Rearing technique of the predator, Paederus alfierii (Kock)..............50

III.4 Determination of the Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) potency . .......51

III.4.1 Slide dipping technique...............................................................51

III.4.2 Leaf-disc dipping technique:.......................................................52

III.4.3 Determination the effect of ultra violet radiation on B. bassiana

potency..........................................................................................52

III.4.3.a Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with

different oils............................................................................53

III.4.3.b Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with

Photostablizers and pigments...................................................55

III.4.3.c Effect of Ultra Violet radiation (UV) on Beauveria

bassiana ..................................................................................57

III.5 The side effect of bioinsecticides against the predator, Paederus

alfierii (Kock). .......................................................................................58

III.6 L.D.P lines and statistical analysis......................................................58

III.7 Evaluation of some chemical insecticides efficiency against ECB on

certain maize cultivatrs under natural infestation conditions.................59

III.7.1 Chemical insecticides used :.......................................................59

III.7.2 Soil analysis................................................................................62

III.7.3 Climatological elements..............................................................62

III.8 Evaluation of some microbial insecticides efficiency against ECB on

certain maize cultivars compared with chemical insecticide under

natural infestation conditions.................................................................64

III CONTENTS

III.9 Chemical analysis of Corn cultivars..................................................67

III.9.1 Total nitrogen content determination.........................................67

III.9.2 Phosphorus Determination. .......................................................68

III.9.3 Determination of cellulose contents............................................69

III.9.4 Determination of ash...................................................................70

III.10 Statistical analysis.............................................................................70

IV - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION............................................................71

IV.1 Determination of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) potency. ..............71

IV.2 Effect of ultra violet radiation on B. bassiana potency.......................75

IV.2.1 Effect of mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with

different oils.................................................................................75

IV.2.1.a Effect of different oils against two-spotted spider mite

Tetranychus cinnabarinus.............................................................76

IV.2.1.b Effect of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with oils against two-

spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.............................79

IV.2.2 Effect of Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with

photostaplizers..............................................................................86

IV.2.3 Effect of Ultra Violet radiation (UV) on Beauveria bassiana

mixtures........................................................................................94

IV.3 Evaluation of some chemical insecticides efficiency against ECB on

certain maize cultivatars under natural infestation conditions...............96

IV.3.1 Susceptibility of corn cultivars at the late season to infestation

with ECB under natural infestation conditions............................97

IV.3.2 Insecticides efficiency against European Corn Borer Ostrinia

nubilalis (Hb.) infestation...........................................................101

IV CONTENTS

IV.3.2.a Holes No./100 internodes...................................................101

IV.3.2.b Cavities No./10 plant.........................................................102

IV.3.2.c Larvae No. /10plants..........................................................104

IV.3.2.d Holes No./10 ear stalks......................................................105

IV.3.2.e Damaged grains percentage..............................................107

IV.3.2.f Grains protein percentage...................................................108

IV.3.2.g Grains phosphorus percentage...........................................110

IV.3.2.h 100 grain weight (g.). .......................................................111

IV.3.2.i Grains yield/10 plants(Kg).................................................113

IV.4 Chemical analysis of Corn cultivars.................................................125

IV.5 Evaluation of some microbial insecticides efficiency against ECB on

certain maize cultivators compared with chemical insecticides under

natural infestation conditions...............................................................127

IV.5.1 Holes No./100 internodes..........................................................127

IV.5.2 Cavities No./10plants................................................................129

IV.5.3 Larvae No./10plants..................................................................131

IV.5.4 100 grain weight........................................................................133

IV.5.5 Grains yield/10plants................................................................135

IV.6 The side effect of biochemicals against the predator, Paederus alfierii

(Kock). ................................................................................................144

V - SUMMARY...........................................................................................147

VI - REFERENCES....................................................................................151

List of TablesList of TablesTable III.1: Some physical and chemical characters of the experiment soils.63

Table III.2: The monthly average of temperature and relative humidity during 2003 season in both locations.......................................................63

Table III.3: The mixtures used in the field experiments and their application rates ..............................................................................................66

Table III.4: The monthly average temperatures and relative humidity during the two growing seasons 2004 and 2005.....................................66

Table IV.1: Toxicity of Beauveria bassiana against some aphid species and two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using slide dipping and leaf-disc dipping technique respectively...................73

Table IV.2: Toxicity of some botanical oils and mineral oil against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique..........................................................................77

Table IV.3: The toxicity of Biofly mixtures with different oils by the ratio (1:3 v/v) on two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique................................................81





Table IV.8: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the acetophenone (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus

VI List of Tables

cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.....................88

Table IV.9: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the 4-nitro acetophenon (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.....................89

Table IV.10: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the 7-nitophenol (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.....................90

Table IV.11: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the benzophenon (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.....................91

Table IV.12: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the titan yellow pigment against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique................................................92

Table IV.13: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the congo red pigment against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique................................................93

Table IV.14: The effect of exposure to UV radiation interval on the efficiency of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with botanical and mineral oils against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique................................................94

Table IV.15: The effect of exposure to UV radiation interval on the efficiency of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with some photostabilizers against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique................................................95

Table IV.16: Susceptibility of ten corn cultivars to infestation with ECB in El-Gharbia and El-Behira governorates under natural infestation conditions(2003 season). .............................................................99

Table IV.17: 100 grain weight, grains yield and grains yield reduction as a result of natural infestation with ECB on ten corn cultivars at El-Gharbia and El-Behira governorates..........................................100

VII List of Tables

Table IV.18: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/100 internodes in the two locations.........................................................................116

Table IV.19: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by cavity number/10plants in the two locations...............................................................................117

Table IV.20: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by larvae number/10plants in the two locations...............................................................................118

Table IV.21: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/10 ear stalks in the two locations.........................................................................119

Table IV.22: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by damage grains% in two locations......................................................................................120

Table IV.23: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains protein percentage............................................................121

Table IV.24: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains phosphors percentage.......................................................122

Table IV.25: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grains weight (g.).................................................................123

Table IV.26: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains yield/10plants (kg.)..........................................................124

Table IV.27: Some chemical and physical parameters of ten corn cultivars. 126

Table IV.28: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/100 internodes, during 2004 and 2005 seasons....................................................139

Table IV.29: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by cavity number/10 plants, during

VIII List of Tables

2004 and 2005 seasons...............................................................140

Table IV.30: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by larvae No./10 plants, during 2004 and 2005 seasons...............................................................141

Table IV.31: Effect of biocides treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grain weight(g.), during 2004 and 2005 seasons.................................142

Table IV.32: Effect of biocides treatments and corn cultivars on grains yield/10plants (kg.), during 2004 and 2005 seasons ..................143

Table IV.33: Toxicity of biochemicals against adults of the predator, P. alfierii exposed to surface deposit technique.........................................146

List of figuresList of figuresFig IV.1: Probit regression lines for the toxicity of Biofly to some Aphis spp

and two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus. ..................74Fig IV.2: Probit regression lines for the toxicity of some botanical oils and

mineral oil to two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus. . .78

ACKNOWLEDGMENTACKNOWLEDGMENT

I strongly owe my thanks to ALLAH for lighting me the way and

directing me across every success.

The author wishes to express his deep thanks to Prof. Dr. Tsamoh

Khatab Abd El-Raof Professor of Pesticides, Plant Protection Department,

Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, for suggesting the problem and her

supervision during the course of these studies and during revision of the

manuscript.

Sincere thanks, appreciation and deep gratitude to Prof. Dr. Helmy

Aly Ibrahim Anber Prof. of pesticides, and Dean of the Faculty of

Agriculture, Tanta University, for his supervising in my committee and for his

continuous support through the period of study.

Deepest and sincere gratitude to Dr. Abd-ElRhim. S. Metwally Head

of Field Crop Pests Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agric.

Research Center, Cairo, Egypt for supervising the work, efforts in revising

the manuscript and discussing data, providing technical help and valuable

scientific assistance.

The author wishes also to thank Dr. EL-Sayed A. Kishk Lecturer of

Pesticides. Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, for his valuable

supervision, scientific suggestions, guidance, and kind help during the period

of the work .

I wish to express my deep gratitude to Prof. Dr. Ibrahim I. Mesbah

Chairman of the plant protection Department and Vice Dean of Faculty of

Agriculture, Tanta University, for his kind help and advice through this study.

Deep thank are also to all members in pesticides Department Faculty

of Agriculture, Tanta University, for their continuous encouragement and

offering all facilities through out this work.

I - I - INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONCorn (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important grains crops in Egypt.

The amount of corn needs is far greater than that produced locally. To

overcome this problem and increase production under limited arable lands in

Egypt, it may be through cultivate corn in the early season (in the beginning

of March) and in the late season (in the beginning of July) as well. But,

European corn borer (ECB) Ostrinia nubilials (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae)

infestation increases in the late season and become a limiting factor to

increase the corn production, it causes a stalk damage that results in great

grains yield reductions reached to 45 % (Lutfalla and Sherif 1992).

Over use of insecticides led to increase problems of pest resistance,

destruction of beneficial insects or non-target organisms, insecticides residues

and human hazards.

The increased public awareness and concern for environmental safety

has directed research to the development of alternative control strategies such

as the use of microbial control agents for controlling ECB by using Beauveria

bassina and Bacillus thuringiensis formulations.

One of the major challenges to use the microbial biopesticides is their

lack of persistence in the field due to environmental factors such as sunlight,

high temperature, and water stress. Sunlight particularly UVB (280-320 nm

portion) is likely the most destructive of these environmental factors by the

direct structural effects on DNA or indirect damage caused by the formation

of reactive oxygen molecules (Ignoffo and Garcia, 1978, 1994; Ignoffo,

1992). The half- life of most entomopathogenic fungal conidia ranges from 1

to 4 hr in stimulated sunlight and 4 to 400 hours in natural sunlight on foliage.

Many researchers have screened many additives materials to protect

bioinsecticides from degradation by sunlight. A number of laboratory and

2 INTRODUCTION

field studies indicates that oil formulations and photo-protective agents

improve the efficacy of entomopathogenic formulations (Inglis et al. 2002;

Moore et al 1993 and Alves et al 1998).

So, the goal of this study is to achieve an integrated biocontrol for the

European Corn Borer(ECB) especially in late season through the following:

1- Enhanced the persistence of bioinsecticides formulations against

UV radiations by mixing them with some botanical oils, mineral oils, some

photostablizer compounds and some pigments.

2- Selection of the most tolerant commercial corn cultivars to use as a

major key of integrated pest management of ECB infestation.

3- Choose the most potent insecticides of the common insecticides

used to control ECB in the late season.

4- Finally, use the mixtures of enhanced bioagents with the most

effective insecticides (in a minimum concentration) and the most tolerant

commercial corn cultivators to obtain the most effective biochemical control

of ECB infestation under the field conditions.

II - II - REVIEW OF LITERATUREREVIEW OF LITERATURE

II.1 Pesticides efficiency against the European corn borer (ECB) Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner).

Barbulescu (1971), stated that endosulfan (Thiodan), diazinon

(Basudin), bromophos, carbaryl (Sevon) and disulfoton (Solvirex) gave very

good results in controlling the Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) larvae, while those

afforded by trichlorphon (Dipterex) were less satisfactory. No significant

differences in the effectiveness of the compounds were observed between the

different hybrids.

Berry et al. (1972), found that granules of diazinon at 1 libra (lb)

toxicant/acre, Velsicol VCS-506 at 1.5 lb, carbofuran at 0.5 lb, Pennwalt

TD-5032 (hexamethylditin) at 0.75 lb, monocrotophos at 0.75 lb and DDT at

1 lb and sprays of DDD (TDE) at 1.5 lb, Bay 79845 at 1 lb, carbofuran at 1 lb,

Chevron 9006 at 1 lb and DDT at 1 lb were the most effective against the

first generation of ECB larvae. On the other hand, granules of Pennwalt

TD-5032 at 0.75 lb, carbofuran at 1 lb and Velsicol VCS-506 at 1.5 lb and

sprays of Bay 79845 at 1 lb, carbofuran at 1 lb and Bay 93820 at 1 lb were

the most effective against the second-generation larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis .

Hills et al. (1972), studied the effect of insecticide applications timing

for controlling larvae of Diabrotica virgifera Lec. and first generation larvae

of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) on maize. They found that, the most effective

control of Ostrinia was given by the post-sowing treatments applied on 2nd

July. The timing of applications was particularly critical with diazinon,

which was about the most effective material, but not so critical with Dyfonate,

fensulfothion or carbofuran, which also gave good results.

4 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

McClanahan and Founk (1972), reported that in laboratory tests

parathion was the most effective ovicide against Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.).

The larvae were more susceptible than the eggs. In 1970 and 1971, heavy

populations of the multivoltine strain of O. nubilalis were controlled on sweet

maize and peppers [Capsicum] by twice-weekly sprays of carbaryl, methomyl

(Lannate) and Phosvel. Carbofuran (Furadan) applied weekly provided good

control, and several experimental compounds were effective.

Gerginov (1973), investigated the effectiveness of some chemical

preparations for the control of the maize stem borer Ostrinia (Pyrausta)

nubilalis (Hb.). He found that, the best results were achieved with 5%

endosulfan (Thiodan), 5% diazinon and 5% bromophos (Nexion) applied in

granules manually at 1 g/plant, which gave 92.25, 81.79 and 77.91% mortality

of first generation larvae and increased the yield by 833, 617 and 653 kg/ha,

respectively. Also with two applications of 5% endosulfan at 0.5 g/plant,

larval mortality was 96.8%. While it was 92.7% with one application of

endosulfan in granules followed by a wettable powder spray of the same

toxicant.

Melia Masia and Almajano Contreras (1973), applied granular

formulations containing 3% phosmet (Imidan), 2.5% diazinon or 5%

monocrotophos at rates of 25, 25 and 20 kg/ha, respectively, to the upper part

of the maize plants on 12th, 14th July, 2- 4 days after the adults flight peak.

They showed that there were no significant differences between the

treatments, on average yield, the populations of Ostrinia had been reduced

by 82.4% as compared with control.

Harrison (1974), investigated the chemical control of ear-infesting


insects of sweet corn Heliothis zea (Boddie), Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.) and

Carpophilus lugubris Murr, in field tests and indicated that Dursban

(Lorsban) and leptophos were as effective as carbaryl.

Hudon and Castagner (1976), tested 13 insecticides in the field for

the control of a natural outbreak of Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.) on maize. They

indicated that only chlorpyrifos (as Lorsban 10G) gave good results, with only

4% of ears attacked. Chlorpyrifos, triazophos (Hostathion 5G), FMC 33297

4EC, N 2596 10G and carbaryl 85W gave satisfactory results.

McWhorter et al. (1976), evaluated the effectiveness of the spray and

granular formulations of some insecticides (toxaphene, diazinon, carbaryl,

EPN, carbofuran and malathion) for the control of artificial infestations of the

Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) first generation on maize in field plot tests. They

made the infestations by placing egg-masses at the black-head stage on plants

at the mid-whorl stage at 2, 4, 6 and 8 days after treatment. They indicated

that, the granular formulations were effective for the entire eight day period,

whereas the spray formulations were less effective than the granules after five

days.

Mustea (1977), studied the effectiveness of several different

insecticides for the control of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) in maize fields. He

found that the granules reduced attack by 58-71%, with a definite relationship

between the amount of insecticide applied and the numbers of damaged

plants. The best control of the borer was obtained with diazinon (Basudin),

carbofuran (Furadan) and kelevan (Despirol), all in 5% granules, whereas the

highest maize yields were obtained with 5% granules of chlorfenvinphos

(Birlane), carbofuran and gamma BHC (Lindatox) applied in two treatments


each at 1 kg toxicant/ha. The lower yields recorded for some compounds such

as diazinon, disulfoton (Disyston) and carbaryl (Sevin) were due to phytotoxic

effects of the compounds. He attributed the generally poor results of the most

insecticides to the long flight period of the pest, the late application of the

compounds and their loss of toxicity with time and weathering.

Straub (1977), studied the role of pre-silk applications and leaf

feeding resistance. He found that insecticide spray applications to silks alone

did not provide acceptable control. Multiple pre-silk applications were

unnecessary when methomyl at 0.5 kg/ha or encapsulated methyl-parathion at

0.6 kg were used; a single late-whorl application of either insecticide followed

by 3 silk sprays was sufficient. Carbaryl was ineffective. Use of B49XB68, a

leaf- feeding resistant dent genotype, coupled with 3 silk sprays of any tested

materials, provided a degree of control comparable to a full program (2 whorl

and 3 silk sprays) with the best insecticides on susceptible sweet maize.

Thompson and White (1977), carried out Field-plot tests to

determine the effectiveness of several insecticides applied in granules or as

sprays to whorls for the control of populations of Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.) on

silage maize. They assumed that all treatments significantly reduced the

number of larval cavities/plant recorded at the harvest. Carbofuran, parathion,

diazinon, fonofos, permethrin (NRDC-143), WL 43775, N-2596 and

fensulfothion gave the best control. Silage yields were not significantly

affected by any of the treatments, despite excellent larval control. However, a

significant increase in the grain component of the silage was observed in 1974

from plots treated with carbofuran, parathion, carbaryl and diazinon.

Martel and Hudon (1978), stated that only chlorpyrifos and


permethrin of 14 insecticides laboratory tested against first instar larvae of

Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.), were more effective than DDT and carbaryl.

Carbofuran and primidophos were only slightly less effective than DDT and

carbaryl. Also they showed that carbofuran, diazinon, fonofos, N-2596, and

chlorpyrifos were promising as granular treatments, but carbaryl was

ineffective in greenhouse tests with commercial formulations applied to maize

plants at the whorl stage.

Raemisch and Walgenbach (1983), evaluated the effectiveness of

emulsifiable concentrates of permethrin or cypermethrin and granular

formulations of fonofos, carbofuran, phorate or chlorpyrifos at various rates

for the control of 1st generation larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.) on maize.

They found that all the treatments significantly reduced borer damage, as

measured by cavity counts within the stalk. The liquid treatments proved to be

as effective as the granular treatments when both were applied over the row.

Also they evaluated the impact of 1st generation larvae on silage yield in two

tests; they found that, in each case, dry-matter yield was reduced by such

infestations. The yield in untreated controls was 14.1 and 14.7% lower than in

cypermethrin treated plots with 0.11 kg a.i./ha.

Straub (1983), evaluated the effectiveness of granular whorl

treatments with several insecticides for the control of 1st generation larvae of

Ostrinia nubilalis(Hb.) on sweet maize fields. They showed that, when

infestation pressure was light to moderate, a single granular application

compared favourably with multiple foliar sprays of the standard treatment

(methomyl at 0.5 kg a.i./ha), but supplementary sprays were necessary under

heavy infestation pressure. Terbufos at 1.12-2.24 kg, and chlorpyrifos, fonofos


and isofenphos all at 1.12 kg were the best granular treatments. They

concluded that, use of granular whorl treatments could effectively reduces the

number of treatments and could fit well into pest management programmers

for sweet maize.

Khasan and D'Yachenko (1984), determined the effectiveness of the

insecticides diflubenzuron (Dimilin), parathion-methyl (metaphos) and

diazinon (Basudin), Lepidocide [ Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki

formulation] and mixtures containing Lepidocide and parathion-methyl or

diazinon against the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) on maize.

They stated that, the most effective treatments were the mixtures of

Lepidocide at 2 liters/ha with either parathion-methyl at 0.15 litre/ha or

diazinon at 0.1 litre/ha.

Mestres and Cabanettes (1985), investigated the target and non target

effects of chemical control measures against the maize pyralid Ostrinia

nubilalis in about 60 trials throughout France in about 1980-84. They

reported that, a granular formulation of chlorpyrifos, (a reference compound)

afforded a mean efficacy of 77% against larvae in the ears and 82% against

those in the stems. Yields were only weakly correlated with the extent of

larval infestation, but the results of treatment were strongly correlated with

yields when yields exceeded 75 quintal(100kg)/hectare.

Molinari and Mazzoni (1986), fulfilled investigations to determine

the damage level caused by natural infestation of several maize hybrids by the

pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) and also the effectiveness of a deltplane for

application of insecticide for the control of the ECB. They assessed the level

of infestation by means of pheromone traps for the adults and visual counts of


egg masses, entrance holes and (at the harvest) mature larvae of the 2nd

generation. They assumed that yield losses were found to be significantly

correlated with the numbers of entrance holes and not with the numbers of

mature larvae; maize plants with 2-4 holes yielded 2.96% less and those with

5 or more holes yielded 14.8% less than uninfested plants. In control tests,

applied a preparation containing Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, by

deltaplane at 2.4×1010 International Unite/hectare (IU/ha) against the 2nd

generation only, and chlorpyrifos at 470 g/ha either once against the 2nd

generation alone or twice against the 1st and 2nd generations reduced the

infestation significantly.

Voinescu and Barbulescu (1986) tested the effectiveness of granules

of eight insecticides, each applied at 2 kg a.i./ha, on maize plants artificially

infested with Ostrinia nubilalis at higher rates than those likely to occur in

nature. They declared that, the best results (in terms of stalk cavity length,

number of larvae per plant, percentage of plants with cob damage, and grains

yield) were afforded by diazinon, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, carbofuran and

profenofos.

Aguilar et al. (1987), determined the optimum timing for insecticides

applications to control the pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis and the noctuid Sesamia

nonagrioides in maize. They applied Ethyl chlorpyrifos to maize at 3 sites

as 17 applications throughout the crop growth period, 7 applications during

the 1st generations of the pests, 10 applications during the 2nd generations of

the pests and an untreated control. They found that, crops which applied with

insecticide against the 2nd generations of the pests contained significantly

lower numbers of borers and fallen plants than the untreated control. They


indicated that the 2nd generations of the maize borers are responsible for the

greatest damage in maize.

Felip et al. (1987), determined the efficacy and persistence of

nine insecticides, against the maize stem borers Ostrinia nubilalis and

Sesamia nonagrioides. They found that, the granular insecticides tended to be

less effective than liquid insecticides. Numbers of O. nubilalis larvae in

lindane and B. thuringiensis treatments and also numbers of both species in

these applications and methamidophos treatments were not lowered than those

in untreated controls. Grain yields and numbers of fallen plants were not

significantly different among treatments when compared with the untreated

control. The best control of O. nubilalis was achieved using chlorpyrifos

(granules and liquid), fenitrothion and trichlorfon liquid formulations and

granular permethrin.

Rinkleff et al. (1995), conducted field and laboratory studies using

selected carbamate, organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides to quantify

their toxicity to Ostrinia nubilalis eggs and the residual mortality to neonate

larvae. They reported that, insecticides with the greatest ovicidal activity in

field trials, in decreasing order, included methomyl> encapsulated methyl

parathion> permethrin> thiodicarb> zeta-cypermethrin and lambda-

cyhalothrin. With the exception of methomyl, significant larval mortality was

also observed for each material. They conducted laboratory bioassays to

estimate the LC50 for insecticides showing the greatest ovicidal activity in the

field. Insecticides with the greatest ovicidal activity included, in decreasing

order, zeta-cypermethrin > lambda-cyhalothrin> permethrin> parathion-

methyl> esfenvalerate and methomyl, with the exception of methomyl, all


insecticides demonstrated high levels of residual toxicity to neonates.

Mazurek and Hurej (1999), tested Biobit (Bacillus thuringiensis

var. kurstaki) 0.5%, Karate (lambda-cyhalothrin) 0.015%, Larvin

(thiodicarb) 0.2%, Nomolt (teflubenzuron) 0.2% and Diazinon (diazinon) 15

kg/ha, for controlling the European corn borer larvae. They applied All

products only once, at the same time on 10 July. They indicated that Karate

was the most effective insecticide (the rate of damaged ears was 5.5%,

compared to 23.7% on untreated plots).

Musser and Shelton (2005), assessed the influence of post-treatment

temperature on the toxicities of two pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin and

bifenthrin), a carbamate (methomyl) and a spinosyn (spinosad) to Ostrinia

nubilalis(Hubner) larvae in laboratory tests. They found that, from 24 to 35

degrees °C, the toxicities of the pyrethroids decreased 9.5 and 13.6 fold while

spinosad toxicity decreased 3.8-fold. The toxicity of methomyl was not

changed significantly. They demonstrated that the most effective insecticide

against a pest may vary with environmental conditions.

II.2 Role of plant tolerance in corn borer control:

Kazymova and Khrolinskii, (1973), studied the resistance maize

varieties to Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) infestation. They determined the foliar

resistance of maize varieties, lines and hybrids by field tests and by

laboratory assessments using the optical density of maize-leaf extracts, they

found a correlation between the degree of foliar resistance and the optical

density of the leaf extracts.


Khrolinskii and Kazymova (1976), achieved a rapid method to

determine the maize resistance for the stalk borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.)

infestation. It involved analysis of one particular leaf (the third leaf from the

top on plants in the 9-10 leaf stage, cut it in the early morning when the

temperature does not exceed 19ºC) by various analytical methods. They

indicated that, the optical density of extracts appeared to be the most

important characteristic. Optical densities of 0.5 or more indicated resistance,

and those of 0.4 or less indicated partial but insufficient resistance.

Rojanaridpiched (1983), studied the European corn borer (Ostrinia

nubilalis (Hubner)) resistance in maize. He found that the second generation

of O. nubilalis resistance correlated with silica content of the leaf sheath

collar (r = -0.84). Also, the resistance of the first generation O. nubilalis was

highly correlated with DIMBOA in the "whorl" tissue.

Rojanaridpiched et al. (1984), indicated that resistance to the second

generation of Ostrinia nubilalis was significantly correlated with silica

content in the sheath and collar tissues. A relatively high DIMBOA content

was found in the leaf sheath and collar tissues of some lines. DIMBOA had a

secondary role in resistance in some lines.

Bergvinson et al. (1994), studied the putative role of photodimerized

phenolic acids in maize resistance to Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera:

Pyralidae). They grew a five genotypes of maize under three light regimes in

the field. They reported that, artificial infestation with Ostrinia nubilalis, egg

masses resulted in greater leaf feeding damage for plants grown under an

Ultra Violet (UV) absorbing plastic (UV-) than for the same genotypes grown

under UV transmitting (UV+) plastic or in the open. Leaf bioassays


performed on tissue from the three different light regimes showed similar

trends. Foliar nitrogen content was reduced as much as 15% for UV-plants.

2,4-Dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one levels were consistently

higher in UV-plants as were the levels of cell-wall-bound hydroxycinnamic

acids (HCA). Light-activated dimers of HCA called truxillic and truxinic

acids were lower in UV-plants. They indicated that cell-wall-bound truxillic

and truxinic acids are an additional resistance mechanism that provides an

explanation for increased susceptibility of greenhouse grown plants to

folivores.

Abel et al. (1995), evaluated 1601 accessions of Peruvian maize

maintained in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System for leaf-feeding

resistance to O. nubilalis. They identified eleven resistant accessions, all of

which originated from Peru's north coast. Then analyzed the 11 resistant

accessions for MBOA, the degradation product of DIMBOA and an indicator

of DIMBOA levels in the plant. They found that, all 11 resistant accessions

contained low MBOA concentration, equivalent to that found in susceptible

inbred WF9, this indicating that DIMBOA is not the basis of this resistance.

Warnock et al. (1997), developed a laboratory bioassay incorporating

ear tissues from field resistant and susceptible sweet corn genotypes into a

nutritionally complete O. nubilalis larval diet as an initial step to facilitate the

isolation and identification of potential chemical resistance factors in sweet

corn. They found that, silk tissue from several sweet corn genotypes

significantly reduced larval weight and increased total larval development

time compared with kernel tissue. Silk tissues incorporated on a weight basis

had volumes about 3X than that of an equal weight of kernel tissues.


However, tissues incorporated into a specific diet volume on a weight or

volume basis usually did not alter larval weight or time to pupation within a

genotype. Incorporation on a weight basis was most time efficient.

Binder et al. (1999), indicate that water-soluble factors from resistant

Peruvian accessions inhibit the growth, development time, and survival of

ECB. These resistance factors could be useful in the development of maize

germplasm with insect-resistant traits.

Raspudic et al. (2003), evaluated the resistance of some hybrids to

the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis in field trials. They found that, If

infestation intensity was lower than 40%, the greatest length of damage on

maize stalk was, on average, 1.58 cm per plant. If the intensity of attack was

more than 50%, the average length of damage on maize stalk was 5.78 cm per

plant. Significant positive correlation was observed between the intensity of

attack and length of damage.

Martin et al. (2004), evaluated twelve cycles of bidirectional

selection, which has resulted in increased and decreased stalk strength in the

high and low directions of selection, respectively, for grain yield, stalk

lodging, rind penetrometer resistance, first and second-generation ECB

damage, leaf penetrometer resistance at the whorl stage and anthesis, and stalk

traits including crude fiber, cellulose, lignin, and silica. They explicit that,

there are a decrease in grain yield in both directions of selection. Selection for

high rind penetrometer resistance was effective at providing resistance to

second-generation ECB damage as well as resistance to stalk lodging. Leaf

penetrometer resistance was higher in the high direction of selection at whorl

stage, but reversed by anthesis where the low direction of selection had higher


leaf penetrometer resistance. Crude fiber, cellulose, and lignin increased in the

high direction of selection, but silica decreased in the high direction of

selection. Significant correlations between the stalk traits analyzed

demonstrated that stalk composition was important in providing rind

penetrometer resistance, stalk lodging resistance, and second-generation ECB

resistance.

II.3 The biological control of European Corn Borer.

II.3.1 Role of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana in the biological control of corn borers.

II.3.1.a Efficiency of Beauveria bassiana against Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.).Yashugina (1970), studied the usability of Boverin [a preparation of

Beauveria bassiana] for the maize stem borer control. He found that, the

percentage damage to the plants was reduced to 18.3 and 16.3 and to the ears

was reduced to 3.7 and 4.3, as compared with 30.7 and 7.7 for no treatment,

respectively.

Riba et al. (1983), determine the susceptibility of the eggs, larvae and

pupae of the maize pest Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) to numerous strains of the

fungi Beauveria bassiana, Nomuraea rileyi, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and

Metarhizium anisopliae in laboratory tests. They found that, Strain no. 139 of

M. anisopliae and strain no. 40 of P. fumosoroseus were very pathogenic to

the eggs, the lethal dose being <105 spores/ml. N. rileyi did not kill the eggs,


and the pathogenicity of B. bassiana was low. In the tests with 5th instar non-

diapausing larvae, the LT50 after treatment at 107 spores/ml ranged according

to the strain from 8.4 to 28.2 days for B. bassiana. M. anisopliae, P.

fumosoroseus and N. rileyi were not effective against the larvae. The LT50s

after pupae had been treated with 107 spores/ml were 3-3.55 for P.

fumosoroseus, 7.5 for a strain (no. 60) of M. anisopliae and 12.2-13.4 for B.

bassiana. after a given period of time, mortality percentages for diapausing

larvae were much higher than those for non diapausing 5th instar larvae treated

with the same concentration of a spore suspension of M. anisopliae. When

larvae in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instars were treated with a suspension of spores

of B. bassiana, mortality was significantly higher on the 11th day after

treatment among 5th instar larvae than among those in other instars. It was

found in further tests that the susceptibility of the larvae to the fungi was

increased by the addition of sublethal doses of chlorpyrifos to the suspension.

Rosca and Barbulescu (1983), analyzed the biological factors

causing the death of 31.8% of larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) hatching

from egg-masses collected from maize fields in Romania in 1981 in the

laboratory. They demonstrated that, 31.6% of the died larvae, were infected

with Beauveria bassiana and 32.7% with Bacillus thuringiensis.

Riba and Marcandier (1984), studied the effect of relative humidity

on the virulence and viability of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin

conidia, and of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin, hyphomycetes

pathogenic to the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hb in a laboratory

test. They showed that Metarhizium anisopliae could not attack the eggs of

Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) if the relative air humidity was less than 90%, even


for a few hours. At low relative humidity (30-33%), Beauveria bassiana was

able to penetrate larvae of O. nubilalis, but the LT50 was much increased over

that at high humidity (90-100%) and the fungus did not sporulate on the

surface of host cadavers. In addition, the viability of conidia of B. bassiana

and M. anisopliae was reduced by relative humidity between 5 and 70%.

After 25 days at 30% RH, only up to 20% of conidia of B. bassiana were able

to germinate, while M. anisopliae exposed for 1 day to 30% RH at 25 °C

could not attack eggs of O. nubilalis.

Carruthers et al. (1985), studied the temperature-dependent

development of Beauveria bassiana mycosis of the European corn borer,

Ostrinia nubilalis. They found that, in vivo incubation period of Beauveria

bassiana mycosis of Ostrinia nubilalis was varied in response to incubation

temperature, the level of initial exposure (dose) and the larvae age. Incubation

Temperature was found to be the dominant factor affecting disease

development within each of the host instars examined, while a dose produced

significant effects only in the early instars.

Guerin (1986), evaluated a granular formulation of Beauveria

bassiana in 3 trials in France against the maize pyralid Ostrinia nubilalis.

With infestation ranging from 1.3 to 1.9 larvae/stem, He found that, efficacy

approached 70-90%.

Bing and Lewis (1991), applied the entomopathogenic fungus

Beauveria bassiana to whorl-stage maize plants by foliar application of a

granular formulation of conidia and by injection of a conidial suspension.

They found that, in season 1989, 98.3% of the foliar treated plants, 95.0% of

the injected plants and 33.3% of the untreated plants were colonized by B.


bassiana at harvest. In 1988, there were no significant differences between

treatment effects on O. nubilalis tunneling in plants. In 1989, when

environmental conditions were more conducive to fungal growth, tunneling

was significantly greater in the control plants, followed by the injected and

foliar treated plants. When applied to foliage, B. bassiana provided the

greatest amount of O. nubilalis suppression. The entomopathogenic fungus

colonized maize at the whorl stage, moved within the plant, and persisted to

provide season-long suppression of O. nubilalis.

Lewis and Bing (1991), placed a laboratory-reared O. nubilalis eggs

or larvae on the plant during either the whorl stage (V6) or the pollen-

shedding stage (R1) to simulate 1st and 2nd generation O. nubilalis oviposition

periods, respectively. They establish that, in the 1st year, first generation, and

second generation (2nd year) Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana

alone and in combination caused significant reductions in tunneling compared

with that in control populations. There were no significant differences in

tunneling between any treatments in the 2nd generation study of first year.

Bacillus thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana were independent of each other

in their suppression of insects. They recorded tunneling by the naturally

occurring second-generation larvae (year 2) to determine if Bacillus

thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana applied in the V6 stage persisted in the

plant, excised with samples from nodal plates 7-10 of the maize stalk to

determine the incidence of B. bassiana. They concluded that, there was a

significant correlation between occurrence of B. bassiana in the maize plant

and tunneling by 2nd generation larvae. B. bassiana placed in the whorl of

maize plant may provide season-long suppression of O. nubilalis.


Bing and Lewis (1992), applied the entomopathogenic fungus

Beauveria bassiana to whorl-stage (V7) corn by foliar application of a

granular formulation of maize grits containing conidia, or by the injection of a

conidial suspension In the field . They infested all plants with larvae of

Ostrinia nubilalis at the V7 (whorl), V12 (late-whorl) or V17 (pre tassel)

stage of plant development. They stated that, plants infested at the whorl and

late-whorl stages had significantly more tunneling O. nubilalis than did plants

infested at the pretassel stage. The percentage of plants colonized by B.

bassiana did not differ significantly among the whorl, late-whorl and pretassel

stages. As the plants matured, B. bassiana was isolated from different plant

areas, with the pith more frequently colonized by the fungus than the leaf

collars. Foliar application of B. bassiana provided an immediate suppression

of O. nubilalis in those plants infested at the whorl stage.

Cagan et al. (1995), determine the injuriousness of Ostrinia nubilalis

on maize and study the efficacy of various control measures, in field studies.

They obtained that, there was a strong and positive correlation between the

amount of rainfall and the level of damage caused by O. nubilalis. Pyrethroid

insecticides gave the most effective level of control, with Bacillus

thuringiensis giving only partial control. Larvae of O. nubilalis were infected

by spores of Nosema pyrausta, and the entomogenous fungi Beauveria

bassiana. Also, they tested the various maize hybrids and 18 inbred maize

lines, for their susceptibility to O. nubilalis and found that, the highest level

of resistance was found on B 85, B 85 and B 87 inbred.

Labatte et al. (1996), evaluated the impact of 3 control methods on

the population dynamics of larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis on corn under field


conditions. The control methods studied were an insecticide (chlorpyrifos),

Beauveria bassiana and a transgenic maize hybrid. They showed that B.

bassiana control was similar to chemical control. The transgenic hybrid

control was always very high throughout the maize cycle studied. A

substantial decrease of B. bassiana and chemical control efficacy was

observed with an increase in the delay between treatment and infestation.

Agamy (2002), recovered the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria

bassiana from soil samples from vegetable fields in El-Badrashin, Egypt, and

prepared a spore suspensions in aqua distribution containing 0.01%

Tween-80 and 1% sunflower oil, and bioassayed their against Ostrinia

nubilalis larvae. He found that, all tested concentrations induced 100% kill

among treated larvae. The highest mortality (100%) was reached in shorter

period by increasing the spore concentration. LC50 values of 1.58×104, 2×104

and 1.58×104 spores/ml were calculated for larvae of L1, L2, and L3,

respectively. Meanwhile, LT50 values for L1 reached 12.29, 8.44, 7.34 and

5.48 days for the concentrations 10, 1×102, 1×103 and 1×104 spores/ml,

respectively. For L2, these values recorded 10.96, 8.75, 7.61, 7.08 and 4.47

days compared to 16.06, 9.73, 7.72, 7.46 and 4.44 days for L3 at the

concentrations 10, 1×102, 1×103, 1×104 and 1×105 spores/ml, respectively.

Lewis et al. (2002), evaluated the efficacy of a Beauveria bassiana

application, for season-long suppression of O. nubilalis. They reported that,

whorl-stage application of B. bassiana in 1996 resulted in a significant

reduction in centimeters of tunneling (46-55%) and the percentage plants not

infested by O. nubilalis. In 1997, B. bassiana caused significant reductions in

larval tunneling at all locations (20-53%); however, a significant increase in


the percentage of plants not infested with O. nubilalis occurred at only one

location. Treatment of plants with B. bassiana in 1997 did not significantly

increase the percentage of plants with an endophyte; however, the trend, with

the exception of one site, was for a greater percentage of endophytic plants in

treated versus untreated plots. A whorl-stage application of a granular

formulation of B. bassiana was most efficacious in reducing O. nubilalis

larval damage.

Sabbour (2002), tested the biological control effect of three

bioinsecticides derived from Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and

Verticillium lecanii; three chloroformic plant extracts from Melaleuca

ericifolia and Melaleuca leucadendron leaves; and ursolic acid, a compound

derived from M. ericifolia leaves against the three corn borer pests. In field

trials. They found that, B. bassiana recorded the best results, followed by V.

lecanii and B. thuringiensis. A significant reduction in infestation compared

with the corresponding controls. Yield loss was significantly decreased when

maize plants were treated with B. bassiana, V. lecanii, B. thuringiensis, M.

leucadendron, M. ericifolia and ursolic acid.

II.3.1.b Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana with oils.Batista-Filho, et al. (1994), tested two formulations of mineral oil

(emulsifiable concentrate and emulsion concentrate) with Beauveria bassiana

against Cosmopolites sordidus in the laboratory. They achieved the greatest

mortality with 5% mineral oil and fungus, resulting in 77.5 and 100%

mortality for the emulsifiable concentrate and emulsion concentrate,

respectively. 16 days after treatment compared with fungus alone caused

38% mortality only.


Batista-Filho, et al. (1995a), studied the effect of mineral oil on

Beauveria bassiana and the mortality of Cosmopolites sordidus in the

laboratory. They found that, mineral oil at 5% significantly reduced the

production and germination of B. bassiana conidia. However, a mixture of

mineral oil and fungus resulted in a significant increase of fungus efficacy:

85.0% for B. bassiana + 5% mineral oil and 27.5% for only fungus.

Batista-Filho, et al. (1995b), studied the synergistic and additive

effects of mineral oil on the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana to

Cosmopolites sordidus in the laboratory. They observed excellent mycelial

growth on Banana pseudostems, A synergistic interaction eight days after

application, with 88, 16 and 14% mortality for the combination, mineral oil

and fungus, respectively. They also observed an enhanced activity of the

fungus and oil after 12 days, with 96% mortality for the fungus, compared

with 17 and 29% mortality for the oil and fungus, respectively.

Mesquita-Paiva, et al. (1996), studied the morphogenesis of

Beauveria bassiana strains stored for 7 years in mineral oil or more recently

isolated from the field and maintained in agar media, with scanning electron

microscopy. They hadn't detect any significant morphological alteration in

the development of conidiogenesis in the strains conserved in mineral oil in

relation to recently isolated strains.

Carballo-V (1998), showed that solutions of water with more than

20% oil, or pure oil, led to adult insect mortality even without B. bassiana.

With B. bassiana formulations of 10, 15 or 20% oil and 5×108 fungal conidia/

ml, 100% mortality was observed. Evaluating increasing concentrations of B.

bassiana from 1×107 to 5×108 conidia/ml in water with 15% oil gave a LC50


value of 4.4×107 and a LC95 value of 2.7×108 conidia/ml. With decreasing

fungal concentration, the half lethal time (LT50) increased from 7.95 days (for

5×108 conidia/ml) to 29.6 days (for 1×107 conidia/ml).

Hidalgo, et al. (1998), formulated Beauveria bassiana conidia as a

dustable powder (DP), oil suspensions (OS) and a novel hydrogenated rape

seed oil pellet. They found that, conidial viability was maintained well in the

fat pellet formulation (84.7% germination after 45 days storage) and in the DP

(83.3%), but less well in the OS formulation (55.3%). Mineral oil and (a

mineral and maize oil mixtures), without conidia, or as OS with B. bassiana at

a concentration of 109 conidia/ml (both at 20 ml/kg grain) showed the highest

level of control in maize grains. The fat pellet formulation resulted in low

levels of mortality (21-31%) when used in maize grains. It means that, oil

formulation reduced the conidia viability, but the oil mixture formulations had

the highest efficiency against the Sitophilus zeamais.

Gurvinder et al. (1999), examined five vegetable oils, one mineral

oil, three powders and a combination of both oils and powders for their effect

on conidial germination and mycelial growth of B. bassiana. They showed

that, there were a significant variation between different formulations in TG50

and the dry weight of the mycelium at 15 days. Sunflower oil and groundnut

oil appeared to accelerate spore germination as well as growth rate, while

some combinations showed additive effect.

Kaaya (2000), tested aqueous and oil-based formulations of two

entomogenous fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae for

their efficacy against Amblyomma variegatum, Rhipicephalus apendiculatus,

and Boophilus decoloratus. They observed that, both fungal species and


formulations had induced high mortalities, especially in the larvae. The oil-

based formulation was found to be more effective than the aqueous

formulation. Monthly application of aqueous formulations of B. bassiana and

M. anisopliae on vegetation in paddocks significantly reduced numbers of the

tick R. appendiculatus on cattle.

Shimizu and Mitani (2000), investigated the effects of temperature

on the survival of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana in oil

formulations. They found that, high-temperature treatment killed conidia.

Drying the conidia by adding silica gel to oil formulation greatly increased the

temperature tolerance.

Yasuda, et al. (2000), enhanced the infectivity of oil formulations of

Beauveria bassiana to Cylas formicarius (Fabricius) (Coleoptera:

Curculionidae). They found that, formulations of Beauveria bassiana conidia

in a 10% corn oil mixture showed more superior infectivity in both sexes of

Cylas formicarius than the formulation of conidia only in laboratory assays.

The 50% lethal density of conidia of the oil mixed formulation was lower than

that of conidia alone. Mortality of uninfected females reared with males

infected with the formulation of oil mixture was higher than that of females

reared with males infected by conidia alone.

Carballo-V, et al. (2001), evaluated several concentrations of the

fungus in water and oil suspension to determine the (LC50) against pepper

weevil (Anthonomus eugenii). They found that, the suspensions of B.

bassiana, both in water and in water mixed with oil at 3%, increased the

weevil mortality and reduced the LT50 in accordance with the increased

concentration. The LC50 in water was 1.2×106 conidia/ml while the


corresponding value in oil was 2.2×104 conidia/ml, these indicating that the

efficacy of the fungus increased upon adding oil to the suspension.

Consolo, et al. (2003), studied pathogenicity, formulation and storage

of insect pathogenic hyphomycetous fungi tested against Diabrotica speciosa.

They found that, using different temperatures (4, 17 and 26°C) and vegetable

oils (corn, sunflower and canola) for storage, did not significantly affect

viability of conidia. A pathogenicity trial against D. speciosa larvae performed

with the corn oil formulation (1×108 conidia/ml of oil) caused 65% of

mortality.

Hazzard, et al. (2003), evaluated vegetable and mineral oil,

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki

Berliner singly or in combinations for control of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner),

Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in sweet

corn (Zea mays L.). Mineral oil alone provided equal (1993) or better (1994)

control compared with corn oil. In both years, mineral or corn oil plus B.

thuringiensis resulted in 93-98% marketable ears, compared with 48-52%

marketable ears in untreated plots. In other hand, in three factorial

experiments with B. bassiana, B. thuringiensis and corn oil, B. bassiana at 5 ×

107 conidia per ear provided little or no control while B. thuringiensis and

corn oil provided significant though not always consistent control of all three

species. They concluded that, the combination of B. thuringiensis and corn oil

provided the largest and most consistent reduction in numbers of larvae and

feeding damage to ears.

Manjula, et al. (2003), evaluated Beauveria bassiana against the

different life stages of Bemisia tabaci in different oil formulations (1% each


of groundnut, sunflower, coconut and castor oils). They found that,

Beauveria bassiana with various oil formulations did not have any effect on

the eggs of Bemisia tabaci. The first, second and third instars were heavily

and readily infected by Beauveria bassiana formulated with coconut oil

(35-85%), followed by formulations with the groundnut, sunflower and castor

oil. When the fourth instars were infected at 120 hours after inoculation with

Beauveria bassiana formulated in every oil with more than 1.83 fungus

growth development index values, the mortality of adults was maximum with

groundnut oil formulation (65.6%) followed by coconut (75.6%), sunflower

(43.3%) and castor (28.9%), even at 24 hours after inoculation. At 72 hours

after inoculation, groundnut oil formulation recorded 100% mortality of the

adults followed by coconut (97.8%), sunflower (85.6%) and castor oil

(64.4%). They suggested that, Beauveria bassiana is a potent bioagent against

Bemisia tabaci, when it was formulated with 1% coconut oil followed by the

groundnut, sunflower and castor oils.

Ramle, et al. (2004), studied the effects of oils on the conidial

germination of four strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (F1,

F5, F8 and F10) and their infectivity against the larvae of the oil palm bagworm,

Metisa plana Walker. They reported that, of the five oils tested, soyabean oil

and paraffin gave the highest germination for both two- and four-week-old

conidia. Palm and corn oils completely inhibited the conidial germination.

Germination was influenced by the age of conidia with the mature conidia

germinating better than the younger conidia. The pathogenicity of all the four

strains of B. bassiana conidia formulated in soyabean oil against the larvae of

M. plana revealed that more than 95% mortality at 10 days after treatment.


Akbar, et al. (2005), evaluated the carriers mineral oil and Silwet L-77

and the botanical insecticides Neemix 4.5 and Hexacide for their impacts on

the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin conidia against red

flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), larvae. They found that, the

carriers mineral oil had highly significant effects on the efficacy of B.

bassiana. The lower efficacy of conidia in aqueous Silwet L-77 may have

been the result of conidia loss from the larval surface because of the

siloxane’s spreading properties. Neemix 4.5 (4.5% azadirachtin) delayed

pupation and did not reduce the germination rate of B. bassiana conidia, but it

significantly reduced T. castaneum mortality at two of four tested fungus

doses. Hexacide (5% rosemary oil) caused significant mortality when applied

without B. bassiana, but it did not affect pupation, the germination rate of

conidia, or T. castaneum mortality when used in combination with the fungus.

Luz and Batagin (2005), monitored the development of Beauveria

bassiana conidia when immersed in six concentrations of seven non-ionic

and three anionic surfactants and 11 vegetable oils in vitro . They found that,

With exception of DOS 75 and Surfax 220 germination of conidia on

complete medium was >98% at 24 hours after exposure to surfactants up to

10%. Elevated rates of germination (>25%) were observed in 10% corn,

thistle and linseed oil 8 days after incubation. Pure oils had a significant

repellent effect to T. infestans. Repellency decreased generally at 10% of the

oil and some oils showed some attractiveness for nymphs when tested at 1%.

Nymphs were highly susceptible to oil-water formulated conidia, even at

unfavorable moisture for extrategumental development of the fungus on the

insect cuticle.


Wekesa, et al. (2005), studied the pathogenicity of Beauveria

bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to the tobacco spider mite Tetranychus

evansi. They found that, conidia formulated in oil outperformed the ones

formulated in water.

II.3.1.c Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana with pesticides. Foschi and Grassi (1985), tested the effectiveness of the fungi

Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, applied alone or together

with low doses of chlorpyrifos-ethyl [chlorpyrifos], against Ostrinia nubilalis

on maize . They found that, both fungi (applied at the rate of 1013 conidia/ha)

significantly reduced the number of borer holes/plant, but B. bassiana spread

much more rapidly through the pyralid population and remained effective for

longer than did M. anisopliae. The addition of the chemical insecticide

(applied at 0.9 kg/ha) to the fungal sprays increased the mortality of

overwintering larvae but did not further reduce the number of holes/plant.

Vanninen and Hokkanen (1988), investigated the effects of four

insecticides, five fungicides, four herbicides and a nematicide on the

entomogenous fungi Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana,

Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and P. farinosus in vitro. They found that, the

insecticides diazinon, pirimicarb and cypermethrin, and the

nematicide/insecticide oxamyl did not affect the growth or sporulation of any

of the fungi tested.

Vainio and Hokkanen (1990), studied the side-effects of pesticides on

the entomophagous nematode Steinernema feltiae, and the entomopathogenic

fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana in the laboratory. They


found that, bentazone, ioxynil, hexaconazole, cyromazine and buprofezin did

not affect N. feltiae, but quizalofop-ethyl, tralkoxydim, sulfur and potassium

soap were toxic. Pirimicarb, cypermethrin, diazinon, simazine and metalaxyl

plus mancozeb did not affect either fungus, but glyphosate, dimethoate,

MCPA, vinclozolin, trifluralin, thiram and propiconazole inhibited at least one

species.

Puzari and Hazarika (1991), determined the effects of Beauveria

bassiana mixed with different stickers and spreaders on adults of Dicladispa

armigera, a pest of summer rice. Tween 80 and Hamam were the most

compatible sticker/spreader with B. bassiana, with 96.3 and 93.26% mortality,

respectively, as compared with 10% in the control.

Batista-Filho, et al. (1996), carried out two experiments to evaluate

the efficiency of fipronil against Cosmopolites sordidus Germar, and its

compatibility with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. They

found that, fipronil did not decrease spore production, although it slightly

affected the average diameter of the colony. Fipronil and carbofuran did not

affect the viability of the fungus.

Marin, et al. (2000), evaluated the mixtures' compatibility of

Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and three insecticides incorporated

in a fungus growth media and mixed in an aqueous suspension simulating a

spray tank. They reported that diazinon WP and metacrifos had a heavy

colony growth inhibition for isolate Bb9205 and BrocarilReg. Isazofos caused

the lowest inhibition on Bb9205. Diazinon ES in mixture with BrocarilReg

caused a reduction on growth from 17% at commercial dosage (CD) to 6.8%

at 1/4 CD. Total inhibition of germination of B. bassiana Bb9205 and Bb9002


was achieved when using diazinon WE at CD when mixed in an aqueous

suspension for a period of up to 6 hours ; however, diazinon ES did not cause

inhibition which may be attributed to the solvents used in the formulations.

Diazinon WP and metacrifos had the same inhibitory effect on germination as

showed when the radial growth was measured. Isolate Bb9002 was more

sensible to the insecticides. They demonstrates that there are differences

among isolates of a same fungus and formulation in there effects.

Batista Filho, et al. (2001), studied the compatibility of

entomopathogenic microorganisms with some insecticides in vitro and under

field conditions. They showed that: (1) the action of the pesticides on the

vegetative growth and sporulation of the microorganisms varied as a function

of the chemical nature of the products, its concentration and the microbial

species; (2) thiamethoxam was compatible with all microorganisms studied;

(3) the insecticides endosulfan, monocrotophos and deltamethrin were the

most affected B. thuringiensis, B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and S. insectorum;

(4) thiamethoxam did not affect the inoculum potential of B. thuringiensis, B.

bassiana or M. anisopliae when applied to bean crop (Phaseolus vulgaris);

and (5) thiamethoxam did not affect the efficiency of the nuclear polyhedral

virus of A. gemmatalis.

Gupta, et al. (2002), tested the compatibility of Metarhizium

anisopliae and B. bassiana with commonly used pesticides and organic

substrates in vitro. They found that, copper oxychloride (Blitox-50) and

azadirachtin (0.3% EC) were very well tolerated by Metarhizium anisopliae at

1000 and 2000 ppm concentrations. Mancozeb + metalaxyl (Ridomyl

MZ-72), chlorothalonil (Kavach 75 WP), mancozeb (Dithane M-45), TMTD


[thiram], monocrotophos and chlorpyrifos were found moderately tolerable to

the same fungus. Metarhizium anisopliae showed higher tolerance than B.

bassiana. However, both the pathogens were sensitive (70-100% growth

inhabitation) to carbendazim and baynate (thiophanate methyl) even at lower

concentrations (10 and 100 ppm). Nicast stimulated the growth of

Metarhizium anisopliae by 40-50% and no growth inhibition was observed in

B. bassiana. Sugar mill effluent was also found well tolerated by both the

fungi to the extent of 5% in Czapek's agar medium.

Xu, et al. (2002), showed that there are negative effects of the

pesticides on the germination of B. bassiana conidia increased with the

increasing pesticide concentrations. Two fungicides, chlorothalonil 75% WP

and mancozeb 70% WP, killed almost all the conidia of B. bassiana at all

concentrations. Five insecticides, including imidacloprid 10% WP, yashiling

22% WP (a mixture of imidacloprid and buprofezin), methomyl 20% EC,

triazophos 20% EC, and fipronil 5% FF, exhibited high compatibility with B.

bassiana conidia with germination rates exceeding 90% even at the highest

concentration. The other two insecticides, chlorfluazuron 5% EC and

fenvalerate 20% EC, greatly reduced the germination rate of B. bassiana at

the field-spray concentrations recommended, however, at lower

concentrations, the germination rates increased by a big margin. Abamectin

0.5% EC was highly incompatible with B. bassiana conidia at all the

concentrations tested.

Ashutosh, et al. (2005), assessed the compatibility between the

different rates of chemical pesticides and multineem [Azadirachta indica]

with Beauveria bassiana. Their treatments was comprised of : 0.05, 0.025


and 0.0125% endosulfan; 0.03, 0.0225 and 0.015% chloropyrefos 0.20, 0.15

and 0.10% mancozeb; 0.03 and 0.06 multineem and the control. They found

that, an increase in the concentration of the chemicals decreased the radial

growth of B. bassiana. However, the least toxic effect was mancozeb.

Multineem showed similar results.

II.3.1.d Effect of ultraviolet radiations (UV) on the Beauveria bassiana efficiency. Inglis, et al. (1995), determined the effect of ultraviolet light (UV)

protectants on the persistence of conidia of the entomopathogenic fungus

Beauveria bassiana. They found that, the survival of conidia applied in water

onto glass coverslips or crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) leaves was

reduced by >95% after 15 minute exposure to UV-B radiation. Substitution of

oil and water increased the survival of conidia on both substrates. However,

conidial survival in oil was more pronounced on glass (74% mortality after 60

min.) than on leaves (97% mortality after 60 min.). Also they found that, the

water-compatible the fluorescent brightener, Tinopal LPW and a clay

emulsion significantly increased the survival of conidia compared to the

water control, whereas Congo Red and the optical brightener, Blankophor

BSU, were ineffective. Conidial survival, in the field was not enhanced by

the 3 oil-compatible adjuvants tested (oxybenzone, octyl-salicylate and ethyl-

cinnamate). They concluded that, the use of UV-B protectants in formulations

can increase conidial survival and may enhance the efficacy of B. bassiana for

controlling insect pests in epigeal habitats.

Velez and Montoya (1995), studied the effect of exposure to

ultraviolet radiation on the germination of conidia of Beauveria bassiana in


the laboratory, using oil and water suspensions. They hadn't observed any

direct germination of conidia sprayed to coffee leaf discs and exposed to

ultraviolet radiation for 0-60 minutes. However, B. bassiana sprayed on to

leaf discs in a standard mixture of oils was viable after 60 minute exposure.

They observed differences between different formulations of B. bassiana

sprayed on coffee berries. An increase in exposure time to sunlight resulted in

lower viability.

Fargues, et al. (1996), irradiated conidia from 65 isolates of

Beauveria bassiana, 23 of Metarhizium anisopliae, 14 of Metarhizium

flavoviride and 33 isolates of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus by artificial

sunlight for 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours. They found that, survival decreased with

increased exposure to simulated sunlight. Overall, isolates of M. flavoviride

were the most resistant to irradiation followed by B. bassiana and M.

anisopliae. Conidia of P. fumosoroseus were most susceptible. There was

also an intra species variation.

Hu, et al. (1996), evaluated the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana

to the coreid Riptortus linearis in a series of laboratory tests. They found that,

at 25 ° C and above, pathogenicity of B. bassiana decreased with increase in

temperature. They due that to the adverse effect of high temperatures on the

germination of conidia. Ultraviolet irradiation of conidia reduced

pathogenicity of B. bassiana to R. linearis.

Morley-Davies, et al. (1996), screened Metarhizium and Beauveria

spp. conidia with exposure to simulated sunlight and a range of temperatures.

They exposed the isolates to 4, 8, 16 and 24 hours UV light from a sunlight

simulator at 40 °. They found that, conidial viability decreased markedly in


all isolates with increasing UV exposure. Germination ranged between 10 and

50% after 24 hours exposure to UV.

Varela-A and Morales-R (1996), studied the characterization of some

Beauveria bassiana isolates and their virulence toward the coffee berry borer

Hypothenemus hampei. They found that, the viability of conidia decreased

between 45 and 50°C, with total mortality at 55°C for all isolates. There were

significant differences in susceptibility to ultraviolet radiation and in daily

lipase production.

Tang, et al. (1999), found that, resistance to heat and ultraviolet

radiation of conidia of Beauveria bassiana with different moisture contents

varied significantly within different strains. The effects of radiation occurred

more at higher (RH 85 and 93%) and the lowest (5%) moisture contents,

while 10 and 55% RH had less effect on conidial viability.

Edgington, et al. (2000), found that, unprotected B. bassiana spores

were almost completely inactivated by exposure to 60 minutes of direct

sunlight or 20 second of UV light of 302 nm wave length.

Cagan and Svercel (2001), studied the influence of different doses of

ultraviolet (UV) light on the pathogenicity of the entomopathogenic fungus B.

bassiana against the European corn borer, O. nubilalis, and on the radial

growth of the fungus under laboratory conditions. They found that UV light

exposure significantly influenced the pathogenicity of B. bassiana isolates

against O. nubilalis larvae. Variant SK99C showed the highest level of

infectivity. There are a significant differences between these variants.

Nong, et al. (2005), conducted laboratory experiments to study the

UV-screen effect of 17 UV-protectants and 4 combinations for the conidia of


Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Verticillium lacanii

[Verticillium lecanii]. They found that, UVP-2 (benzotriazole ) was confirmed

to be the most effective protectant. Protective efficiency of UVP-2 to spores

of entomopathogenic fungi was over 90%, and the other 4 UVPs

(benzotriazole 3, oxybenzone 2, sodium uranine and Congo red) were

approximately 60% after 30 minutes exposure of spores to UV. The mixture

of UVPs did not show higher effectiveness compared to single UVPs. The

mixture of groundnut oil and n-hexane was a suitable solute for UVP-2. The

effective concentration of UVP-2 should be higher than 0.75% for the

protection of fungal conidia. After 40 and 180 minute exposure of fungal

conidia to UV light (at lambda 254 nm, lambda 312 nm or lambda 365 nm),

the protective efficiency of UVP-2 could be increased over 90 and 56-77%,

respectively.

II.3.2 Efficiency of Beauveria bassiana against Aphis sp and two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus.

Feng, et al. (1990) bioassayed aphid-derived isolates of Beauveria

bassiana (SGBB8601) and Verticillium lecanii (DNVL8701) against 6

species of globally distributed cereal-infesting aphids. And they found that,

B. bassiana was more virulent than V. lecanii. The LC50`s for B. bassiana and

V. lecanii were 2.1×106 and 8.9×105 on Rhopalosiphum maidis. The LT50`s at

all concentration varied between the pathogens and among the aphid hosts,

with B. bassiana tending to kill aphids more rapidly.

Saenz de Cabezon Irigaray Francisco, et al. (2003) determined the

effects of the mycoinsecticide Naturalis-L (Beauveria bassiana conidial


formulation) on the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. The lethal

concentration to kill 50% (LC50) for the juvenile stages was 3184 viable

conidia/ml and 1949 viable conidia/ml for adults.

Simova and Draganova (2003) evaluated the virulence of four

isolates of Beauveria bassiana (isolates 311, 312, 339 and 340) and one

isolate each of Metarhizium anisopliae (isolate 17), Paecilomyces farinosus

(isolate 112) and Verticillium lecanii (isolate 289) to the two-spotted spider

mite, Tetranychus urticae. They established that: The isolate 339 of B.

bassiana was the most virulent in experiments with T. urticae. The calculated

values of the median lethal time (LT50) varied within a narrow confidence

interval with 95% confidence limits from 1.293 to 1.420 days; the average

value was 1.355 days.

Nirmala, et al. (2006) studied the pathogenicity of 12 fungal isolates

belonging to Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Verticillium

lecanii against Aphis craccivora, Aphis gossypii and Rhopalosiphum maidis

using detached leaf bioassay technique. They found that, all 12 isolates of the

three fungi were pathogenic to A. gossypii, Aphis craccivora and R. maidis.

R. maidis was relatively less susceptible to the three fungi than A. craccivora

and A. gossypii.

II.3.3 Role of Bacillus thuringiensis on the biological control of European Corn Borers Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.).Coppolino et al. (1984), found that granular formulations of Bacillus

thuringiensis kurstaki more effective than wettable powders, and more

suitable for application in fields containing low densities of Ostrinia nubilalis


and parasites populations (which are less affected by microbial than by

chemical insecticides).

Lokaj and Marek (1986), found that, Decis [deltamethrin] was

highly effective against Ostrinia nubilalis on maize. Cymbush [cypermethrin]

was also effective. Biological preparations based on Bacillus thuringiensis

and insect growth regulators (Dimilin [diflubenzuron] and Nomolt

[teflubenzuron]) were less effective. They concluded that the success of

treatments depends on the correct timing of applications. The importance of

environmental considerations is emphasized.

McGuire et al. (1990), tested an encapsulated Bacillus thuringiensis

subsp. kurstaki within maize-starch granules with the feeding stimulant Coax

or the UV screen Congo red at 2 field sites against Ostrinia nubilalis feeding

in whorl-stage maize. They found that, all treatments with B. thuringiensis

significantly reduced tunneling by O. nubilalis. At one site, they observed a

significant effects of addition of the phagostimulant. When they added the

coax at 1 or 10% of starch dry weight with 400 IU B. thuringiensis/mg dry

granule weight, the response of O. nubilalis was equivalent to that obtained

with granules containing no feeding stimulant and 1600 IU/mg. Also, granules

with the coax and 400 IU/mg gave a response similar to that obtained with the

commercial product Dipel 10G formulated at 1600 IU/mg. At the other site,

the effect of phagostimulants was not significant, primarily because O.

nubilalis infestation levels were excessively low for precise discrimination

among treatments.

Mile (1993), studied the integrated pest management of European corn

borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hb) in maize. He reported that, in field trials in


1990-92, two preparations based on the Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki

(Biobit WP at 1.5 kg/ha and Biobit XL at 2.0 liters/ha) gave good results

against the pest.

Burgio et al. (1994), studied the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis

Berliner subsp. kurstaki based preparations against European corn borer

infesting pepper Capsicum annuum in greenhouses. They reported that, in

1991, one- and three-week interval treatments using Delfin reduced damage

caused by O. nubilalis compared with the untreated control. In 1992, both

Lepinox and Delfin reduced damage compared with the untreated control, but

there was no statistical difference between the two formulations. Two

treatments against 2nd generation larvae were sufficient to reduce damage.

When attacks by O. nubilalis were high, as in 1992, when the percentage

damage ranged between 34.8 and 43.7, spray intervals of six - seven days

were suggested for effective control. The spreader-sticker Vapor Gard

(pinolene) did not affect the efficacy of B.t. subsp. kurstaki and/or its

persistence.

McGuire et al. (1994a), investigated residual insecticidal activity of

Bacillus thuringiensis encapsulated in corn starch. In the 1st test, they stated

that during a wet year (1990) insecticidal activity of B. thuringiensis

encapsulated in starch granules was greater than that of B. thuringiensis in a

commercial formulation. In a dry year (1989), there were no significant

differences in activity. In 1991, the commercial formulation had less activity

than the two of the starch formulations. In the 2nd test, They examined the

effect of an early (1st day of insect infestation) versus a late application (7th

day of infestation) of toxicants when whorl-stage plants were infested with


laboratory reared larvae of O. nubilalis over a period of 10 days. They found

that, late application was significantly more effective than early application.

Granules of B. thuringiensis consistently prevented damage by O. nubilalis as

well as or better than a chemical insecticide for the length of the study.

McGuire et al. (1994b), explored the survival of Ostrinia nubilalis

(Hubner) after exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner encapsulated in

flour matrices. They found that, in the greenhouse and at all 3 field sites, 5 of

these formulations were just as effective as Dipel 10G, a commercially

available B. thuringiensis product, for control of larvae of the pest. In all

greenhouse studies and at one of the three field sites, the dose of B.

thuringiensis could be reduced by as much as 75% when a phagostimulant

was added to flour granules without significant loss of control of O. nubilalis.

The phagostimulant dose response was not observed at the other two field

sites in which larval infestations were relatively low. Flour type had no

significant effect on control of O. nubilalis under greenhouse and field

conditions. Greenhouse evaluations provided results significantly similar to

results from two of the field sites, indicating the usefulness of the technique.

Ridgway et al. (1996), developed a low-cost, granular matrix

formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, composed primarily of

corn flour and containing a feeding stimulant composed of cottonseed flour

and sugars, for use against Ostrinia nubilalis, on whorl-stage maize. In

laboratory experiments, they indicated that a maize flour agricultural

commodity product was a suitable carrier, that the feeding stimulant enhanced

the activity of B. thuringiensis, and that the granular matrix protected B.

thuringiensis from photo-degradation. In greenhouse test they showed that,


there was a higher mortality of O. nubilalis on maize plants treated with the

granular matrix than on plants treated with a standard commercial granular

formulation of B. thuringiensis. Mortality with either treatment was increased

by application of simulated rainfall. In a field test, They found that, the

granular matrix applied at a rate of 5.5 kg/ha gave control comparable with

that achieved by the commercial standard applied at a rate of 11 kg/ha. They

indicated that, increased efficacy or reduction in costs of management of O.

nubilalis with B. thuringiensis should be possible through the use of the

granular matrix formulation.

Hafez et al. (1998), reported that, inorganic salts, such as, calcium

oxide, calcium carbonate, zinc sulphate and potassium carbonate at 0.1%

potentiate the activity of the product Dipel 2X (B. t. var. kurstaki) against

Chilo agamemnon and Ostrinia nubilalis in varying degrees. With regard to

protein solubilizing agents, urea, sodium thioglycollate and EDTA enhanced

the potency of B. t. against O. nubilalis with 1.4-2.3 fold increase . The lipid

emulsifying agent Tween 80 (0.5%) caused 1.3 fold increase in the potency of

B. t. With respect to C. agamemnon, sodium thioglycollate and EDTA (0.1%)

were effective in potentiating the activity of B. t. with 3.1 and 1/2 fold

increase, respectively, while urea caused a decrease in the potency of B. t. as

compared with the control. The lipid emulsifying agent Tween 80 (0.5%)

caused 1.3 fold increase in the potency of B. t. The potentiating effect of

aromatic compounds is not obvious with respect to the tested insect species.

With amino acids and amides, it appeared that some of the tested compounds

enhanced the potency of B. t. against the tested insect species but in varying

degrees.


Ivezic et al. (1998), treated maize (in a field experiment) with 3 liters/

ha of Biobit XL (Bacillus thuringiensis-based) for controlling Ostrinia

nubilalis at the beginning and/or at the end of July, They found that,

infestation levels had of 53, 35 and 37%, respectively, compared with 83% in

the untreated control.

Raspudic et al. (1999), carried out a biological control of ECB on

silage maize with biological preparation Biobit XL (based on Bacillus

thuringiensis) at a dose of 3 liters/ha. They reported that, intensity of attack

was lower for 41%. The number of cavities and larvae/plant also decreased.

On treated plots 0.64 cavities and 0.67 larvae/plant were found, whereas on

the control plots there were 1.61 cavities and 1.79 larvae/plant. Both cavities

and larvae were above the ear, because these were the larvae of the second

generation. Length of damage of maize stems in the control plots was 4.11

cm, and on treated plots 1.28 cm/plant.

Ridgway and Farrar (1999), compared five commercial granular

formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner marketed for controlling the

European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). They stated that, three

formulations, Dipel 10G(R), Full-Bac ECBG(R), and Strike BT(R), were

similar in terms of both mortality and speed of kill. A formulation containing

a strain of B. thuringiensis developed by plasmid fusion, Condor G(R), caused

mortality similar to the other three formulations, but the speed of kill was

slower. A fifth formulation containing a B. thuringiensis toxin produced by

Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula, M-Peril(R), caused substantially less

mortality than any of the other formulations. An experimental water

dispersible formulation, based on a previously developed granular matrix


formulation containing B. thuringiensis and a nutrient-based phagostimulant,

caused significantly higher mortality of the European corn borer than a similar

formulation without the phagostimulant.

Tamez Guerra et al. (2000), found that, B. thuringiensis stability,

after simulated sunlight (xenon light/8 h) and rain (5 cm/50 min), was

improved using formulations based on lignin, corn flours, or both, with up to

20% of the active ingredient, when compared with technical powder or Dipel

2X in laboratory assays a lignin and lignin + pregelatinized corn flour (PCF)

based formulation showed significantly higher residual activity than Dipel

2X, four and seven days after application.

Pierce et al. (2001), determined the larval susceptibility to

Bacillus thuringiensis for Nosema pyrausta infected and uninfected European

corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). They disseminated that, LC50 values

for N. pyrausta infected larvae were significantly lowered (P<0.0001) than for

uninfected larvae and declined with increasing levels of infection. LC50 values

for a 15 days bioassay using field colony first instar were 0.006 and 0.027 mg

of Dipel ES/kg of diet for larvae moderately infected by N. pyrausta and

uninfected larvae, respectively. Nosema pyrausta infected larvae reared on

Dipel ES-amended diets produced 70-fold fewer spores (P<0.0001) than

larvae reared on standard diet. Infected larvae also weighed less and failed to

mature on Dipel ES-amended diets. They suggested that B.t corn will have a

direct adverse effect on the survival and continual impact of N. pyrausta as a

regulating factor on European corn borer populations.


II.4 Oils efficiency against spider mites Tetranychus spp

Rock and Crabtree (1987) examined the activity of petroleum and

cottonseed oils against adult females of Tetranychus urticae and P. ulmi. They

found that, cottonseed oil was less effective against the mites than petroleum

oil.

Butler and Henneberry (1990a) found that, various mixtures of

maize, coconut, palm, safflower, sunflower, groundnut and soyabean oils in

combination with 5 different liquid detergents effectively reduced numbers of

Tetranychus spp. on bush beans Phaseolus vulgaris, peppers and squash.

Butler and Henneberry (1990b) evaluated the acaricidal activity of

cottonseed oil, raw cottonseed oil and insecticidal soap against spider mites,

Tetranychus spp. (on celery). They found that, cottonseed oil induced high

levels of mortality on spider mites.

Sawires (1992) carried out laboratory and field studies to evaluate the

toxicity of maize and camphor oils on Tetranychus arabicus. They showed

that maize oil was more toxic and repellent than camphor oil.

El-Duweini and Sedrak (1997) studied the efficacy of jojoba

(Simmondsia chinensis) oil (canola oil) against different stages of the

phytophagous mite, Tetranychus arabicus, and the adult female of the

predaceous mite Euseius scutalis. They found that, the LC50 and LC90 for T.

arabicus larvae, deutonymphs, adult females and eggs were 0.53 and 4.28,

1.21 and 5.17, 1.60 and 6.35, and 2.53 and 10.86, respectively.

Amer, et al. (2001) tested the direct toxicity of some mineral and plant

oils to the two spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch eggs and


females. He found that KZ oil was toxic to the egg stage compared to adult

female. In contrast, the vegetable oil Natur'l has a close toxic effect for both

stages of T. urticae. Bio-dux oil was proved to be toxic to adult female and

relatively in toxic to egg stage.

Lancaster, et al. (2002) evaluated the summer sprays of soyabean oil

for their efficacy against two spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae)

(TSSM) on burning bush (Euonymus alatus). They reported that, single

sprays of 1, 2, or 3% soyabean oil or 1% SunSpray reduced TSSM

populations by 97-99% compared to water-sprayed controls. In a second

experiment, a single spray of 0.75, 1.0, or 1.5% soyabean oil reduced the

TSSM population by >95%, compared to the water control. A second spraying

of 0.25-1.5% soyabean oil resulted in <more or ≥ 93% control of TSSM

compared to the water control. A third spray provided little additional TSSM

control.

Lee, et al. (2005) evaluated Bionatrol, specified emulsion nano-

particle soyabean oil, for it's insecticidal efficacy on two spotted spider mites

(Tetranychus urticae), aphids (Aphis gossypii), and white flies (Trialeurodes

vaporariorum) on greenhouse grown english cucumber (Cucumis subsp.

Kasa). They found that, Bionatrol had a relatively high mortality rate against

insects. Bionatrol reduced populations of the insects examined by 88-95%.

II.5 The side effect of bioinsecticides on some beneficial insects.

El-Husseini (1980), showed that treatment with Bactospeine (a

formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis was harmless


against the beneficial insects Labidura riparia and Coccinella

undecimpunctata.

Salama and Zaki (1984), studied the impact of Bacillus thuringiensis

Berl. on the predator complex of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) in cotton

fields. They found that the population curve of the coccinellids (Coccinella

undecimpunctata L., Scymnus interruptus (Goeze) and S. syriacus Mars., the

staphylinid Paederus alfierii Koch, the anthocorids Orius albidipennis (Reut.)

and O. laevigatus (Fieb.) and the chrysopid Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.)

(Chrysopa carnea)) was slightly affected as a result of spraying; this effect

was thought to be related to the population reduction of Spodoptera littoralis,

and the predator populations affected could rebuild together with that of the

host.

Langenbruch (1992), determined the efficacy of B.t. subsp.

tenebrionis on young larvae of Coccinella septempunctata when they had

fed on contaminated aphids [Aphididae]. Larvae of the predator were

unaffected by the recommended dose in the field.

Jayanthi and Padmavathamma (1996), studied the cross infectivity

and safety of nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.

kurstaki Berliner and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuille to pests of

groundnut (Arachis hypogaea Linn.) and their natural enemies. They found

that Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki was highly effective against the

larvae of lepidopterous pests but not against homopteran insects. B.t. was also

safe to coccinellid predators and larval parasitoids of A. modicella, except

adults of C. carnea. Beauveria bassiana was pathogenic to groundnut pests

and coccinellid predators.


Masarrat and Humayun (1997), showed that the entomogenous

fungus Beauveria bassiana was highly pathogenic to the predatory coccinellid

Coccinella septempunctata.

El-Hamady (1998), found that the commercial preparation of

entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana showed low acute toxicity

against rats (LD50: 8.7×108 conidia/kg body weight ). The fungus was toxic to

A. craccivora but not to C. undecimpunctata.

Haseeb and Murad (1997) conducted a laboratory trial to evaluate

the effect of entomogenous fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. on

insect predators. They revealed that all the predator species were susceptible

to the infection of B. bassiana. However, coccinelid beetles, Coccinella

septempunctata and Coccinella spp. were highly susceptible while

Coccinellid Brumoides suturalis (F.) and syrphid predators were least

susceptible.

Badawy and El-Arnaouty (1999) tested commercial insecticides

in the laboratory for toxicity to eggs and larvae of C. carnea. They reported

that, according to the percent cumulative mortality, the insecticides could be

arranged descendlingly as profenofos, pirimiphos-methyl, methomyl,

malathion, carbosulfan, abamectin, Biofly, pirimicarb, M-pede, MVP II

(delta-endotoxin of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki encapsulated in dead cells

of Pseudomonas fluorescens) and Dipel.

Cagan and Uhlik (1999), tested B. bassiana strains isolated from

O. nubilalis against the larvae of O. nubilalis and coccinellid beetles in

laboratory conditions . They found that B. bassiana killed 50% of coccinellid

larvae during 48 hours. After another 24 hours 83.3% (strain SK78), or 100%


(strain SK99) coccinellid larvae were killed by the fungus. More than 50% of

dead adults of Coccinella septempunctata L. and Propylea

quattuordecimpunctata (L.) was found 72-120 hours after application of

fungus.

Sharma and Kashyap (2002), conducted a field experiment to

investigate the impact of pesticides on pests of tea and their natural enemies.

They found that, Neemark [Azadirachta indica] at 0.3%, Achook at 0.3% and

Bacillus thuringiensis formulation (Dipel 8L at 0.3%) were quite safe to

Syrphis sp. and Coccinella septempunctata.

Bozsik (2006) examined five insecticides (pyriproxifen, imidacloprid,

deltamethrin+heptenophos, lambda-cyhalothrin and Bacillus thuringiensis

Berliner subsp. tenebrionis) for their acute detrimental side-effects at field

rates on adult Coccinella septempunctata L. They found that, pyriproxifen,

imidacloprid and B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis seem to be safe for C.

septempunctata adults.

II.6 The side effect of diazinon on some beneficial insects

Mishra and Satpathy (1984), carried out a laboratory bioassay of 8

insecticides to determine their effects on adults of Brevicoryne brassicae and

its coccinellid predator Coccinella repanda. They found that, demeton-O-

methyl was the least harmful of the compounds tested to C. repanda and was

most toxic to the aphid, followed by diazinon and endosulfan in descending

order of selectivity.

Salim and Heinrichs (1985) studied the relative toxicity of


monocrotophos, diazinon and deltamethrin to Sogatella furcifera and its

predators Lycosa pseudoannulata, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, Harmonia

octomaculata and Paederus fuscipes They found that, diazinon was relatively

safe to the 4 predators, causing significantly lower mortality of L.

pseudoannulata, H. octomaculata and P. fuscipes than of S. furcifera.

Bozsik, et al. (2002) investigated the enzyme activity of head

homogenates from adults of Coccinella septempunctata, Chrysoperla carnea

and F. auricularia in the presence of insecticide active ingredients. They

found that, the beneficial insects showed the least susceptibility to diazinon

and the differences between their measured values were not remarkable.

Omar, et al. (2002), evaluated the role of the insecticides profenofos,

diazinon and thiamethoxam against Pegomya mixta [Pegomya cunicularia].

They found that, diazinon and profenofos demonstrated the highest toxic

figures to the certain predators, where the reduction averages were 56.9 and

62.5%, 64.9 and 63.9% and 35.0 and 59.5% for Coccinella undecimpunctata,

Chrysoperla carnea and Paederus alfierii for the 1st and 2nd seasons,

respectively. Thiamethoxam ranked next in this respect. The average

reduction percentages were 27.7, 31.0 and 25.6% for Coccinella

undecimpunctata, Chrysoperla carnea and Paederus alfierii, respectively.

III - III - MATERIALS AND METHODSMATERIALS AND METHODS

III.1 Rearing technique of aphids:

The adult stage of cotton aphid Aphis gossypii (Glover), bean aphid

Aphis craccivora (Kock) and corn aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch)

(Homoptera: Aphididae), were collected from okra, faba beans, and corn

plants, respectively from different farms at El-Gharbia Governorate. The

aphid cultures were maintained under laboratory conditions for six months.

Kenaf plants Hibiscus cannabinus, broad bean Vicia faba and corn Zea mays

(L.) Wliczek seedlings were used for rearing aphids' Aphis gossypii, Aphis

craccivora and Rhopalosiphum maidis, respectively according to Zein, et al.

(1982). After 7-15 days aphids were transferred from infested to healthy

seedlings by cutting the heavily infested leaves and placed on the healthy

seedlings.

Contamination between cultures was prevented by placing the

seedlings in special chambers 50×50×60 cm covered with muslin on their

sides. These cultures were kept in a breeding room under the temperature of

25±2°C, 65±5 relative humidity (R.H) and 12 hours daily illumination by

using two fluorescent bulbs of 40 watts each .

III.2 Rearing technique of the two spotted Spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval).

Spider mite T. cinnabarinus (Boisduval) colonies were obtained from

castor bean plants Ricinus communis (L.) at El-Gharbia Governorate and

reared under laboratory conditions on castor bean leaves for about six months

50 MATERIALS AND METHODS

away from any contamination of pesticides before starting the experiments

according to Zein, et al. (1987). About 6-10 seeds of castor bean were

planted in one pot (30 cm. diameter) and left under the green house

conditions for 7-10 days for germination.

After 7-10 days, seedlings were infested by clean culture of red

mites. Mites were always transferred from infested to healthy plants by

cutting heavily infested leaves into small sections and placed on sound

plants. Contamination was prevented by placing these seedlings in special

chambers 50×50×60 cm covered with muslin. These cultures were

maintained in a breeding room under of 25±2°C, 65±5 relative humidity

(R.H) and 12 hours daily illumination by using two fluorescent bulbs of 40

watts each. Mites were collected by placing the infested castor-oil bean

leaves on white paper, then the full mature individuals were chosen and

transferred by a fine brush to leaves discs (1.5 cm diameter) for

experimental tests .

III.3 Rearing technique of the predator, Paederus alfierii (Kock).

The tested predator P. alfierii (Kock) (Rove beetles) was collected

from untreated vegetables fields at Elgharbia Governorate by using an insect

trap.

Predators were placed in glass jars (one litter) covered with muslin.

Aphis sp and egg masses of cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littorals were

offered every day to the predator as a constant supply of food. Predators

were kept under laboratory conditions (temperature 25±2 °C and 65±5 RH


and 12 hours daily illumination by fluorescent light) for at least 2 weeks

before testing (Abd-Allah, 1998).

III.4 Determination of the Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) potency .

To evaluate the effect of UV radiation on Beauveria bassina

formulation (Biofly), the formulation potencies before and after UV

radiation were determined. Cultures of aphids and spider mite were

maintained under laboratory conditions. Many investigators found that

Beauveria bassina had hight efficiency against spider mites and aphids

(Feng, et al. 1990; Simova and Draganova 2003 and Nirmala, et al.

2006). This experiment aims to study the efficiency of Beauveria bassiana

formulation (Biofly) against three aphid species namely (Aphis gossypii

(Glover), Aphis craccivora (Kock) and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) and

also its efficiency against spider mite T. cinnabarinus. Both of slid dipping

and leaf-disc dipping techniques were used to determine the most

susceptible species.

III.4.1 Slide dipping technique.The slide dipping technique described by El- Sayed, et al. (1978)

was applied to assay the toxicity of Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly)

against aphids. A piece of double faced scotch tape was pressed tightly to

the surface of a glass slide. Using a moist brush, ten adults of aphids (1-2

days old) were stuck to the tape on their backs so that their legs and

antennae were kept free. The slides were then dipped in the Biofly dilutions

(50 : 50000 conidia/ml) and gently agitated for five seconds. Any excess of


the solutions was removed using a filter paper and kept under the same

conditions of the breeding room. Three replicates were used for each

concentration. Forty of insects were also dipped in water according to the

above technique and considered as control check. Mortality counts were

recorded after 24 and 48 hours following treatments. Aphids responding to

touch of a fine brush were considered alive.

III.4.2 Leaf-disc dipping technique:

Four castor bean leaves discs (1.5 cm in diameter) were placed

upside down on a filter paper and put over a wet cotton pad in petri-dish, 9

cm in diameter. Treatments were carried out by immersing the leaf disc in

each pesticidal dilution for five seconds, and the treated discs were left to

dry and returned to the petri-dishes. Ten adult mites were placed on the

exposed surface of each disc and kept under the same conditions of the

breeding room. Each dish contained four discs which considered as four

replications for each dilution. Using microscopical examination, mortality

percentages were counted after 24 and 48 hours, and mites responding to

touch of brush were considered alive (Abo EL -Ghar and El-Rafie, 1961).

III.4.3 Determination the effect of ultra violet radiation on B. bassiana potency.Sunlight and ultra violet radiation significantly reduce the efficiency

of the biological control agents (fungus, bacteria and virus). So, for

obtaining a satisfy biological control, the effect of adding some chosen

photostablizers and oils to the biological agents formulations were

investigated. But this adding may be synergistic or inhibited their efficiency.


So, the investigations divided into two parts as follow:

a- Study the effect of mixing certain oils and photostaplizers with

Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) on its efficiency as a biocontrol

agent.

b-Study the stability of these mixtures under ultra violet radiation.

III.4.3.a Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with different oils.

III.4.3.a.a Chemical used :1-Mineral oil (KZ oil)Structural formula Mixture of CH3CnH2nCH3 were n=13-39 atoms and cyclic paraffins

were n=3-17 atoms

Molecular Formula : CnH2n+2 for alkanes and CnH2n for cyclic paraffins were n = 15:40 atoms.Called Volk oil, a refined grade colorless oil distillate on 350°F composed mainly of alkanes (15:40 carbons) and cyclic paraffins (15:40 carbons)

Formulations: :E.C. 95 %.Introduced by :Kafr El - Zayat Company.*Recommended rate of application : 750 cm3 / feddan.2- Paraffin oilStructural formula : the same structure of the mineral oil.Molecular Formula : the same molecular formula of the mineral oil.Introduced by :Elcabten company for oil extracting.

* According to the Ministry of Agricultural technical recommendation for controlling

agriculture pests (2001)

CH2CH2

CH2CH2

CH2

CH2

(CH2)n

(CH2)n


3- Botanical oils: Corn and cotton oilsIntroduced by : Tanta Company for oils and soap. Castor oil Introduced by :Elkabten company for oil extracting.Canola oil Introduced from : National research center, Horticultural department.

4: Beauveria bassiana (Bio-fly)

Formulations : E C. containing 30×106 conidia/ml of Beauveria bassiana.

Introduced by : El-Nasr for biopesticides and fertilizers Company. (Bio.)

*Recommended rate of application : 200 ml/100L

Procedures:In the laboratory, Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) was

mixed with four botanical oils (castor, canola, corn and cotton oil), mineral

and paraffin oils by the ratios of (1 Biofly:1oil, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and 3:1 v/v).

The toxicities of different mixtures were tested against spider mites T.

cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping method. Mortality percentages were

recorded after 48 hours and corrected according to Abbott`s formula

(1925), and LC50 values with their 95% confidence limits were estimated for

all treatments and compared with the LC50 for the Biofly formulation alone.




III.4.3.b Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with Photostablizers and pigments.

III.4.3.b.a Chemicals used:Photostablizers :

A- C

O

Benzophenon

B-

Acetophenon

C-

4, nitro phenol

D- C

O

CH3O2N

4-nitro acetophenon

C

O

CH3

OH NO2


Pigments:

A-

Titan yellow pigmentChemical Name: 7-Benzothiazolesulfonic acid, 2,2'-(1-triazene-1,3-diyldi-4,1-

phenylene)bis[6-methyl-, disodium salt

B-

Congo red pigmentChemical Name: 4-Amino-3-[(4-{4-[(1-amino-4-sulfo(2-

naphthyl))diazenyl]phenyl}phenyl)diazenyl]naphthalenesulfonic acid

Procedures:In laboratory test, Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) was

mixed with 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1% of four photostablizers (benzophenon, 4-

nitophenol, 4-nitro acetophenon and acetophenon) and two pigments, titan

yellow and congo red. All compounds were resolved in 1 ml methyl

alcohol to prepare all the mentioned mixtures. All mixtures and Biofly

formulation were tested against spider mite T. cinnabarinus by using leaf-

disc dipping technique. Mortality percentages were recorded after 48

hours and the LC50 were calculated and compared with the LC50 for the

OH

O O

N

SCH2

NN

OH

OO

N

SCH2

N

NH2

SOH

N N

O O

NH2

SOH

NN

OO


Biofly formulation alone.

III.4.3.c Effect of Ultra Violet radiation (UV) on Beauveria bassiana .Only the most efficient mixtures from the previous experiments were

chosen to study the effect of UV radiation on B. bassiana in the laboratory.

25 ml of each mixtures and the Biofly formulation were placed in 50 ml

pyrex flask. Flasks were stoppered and gently shaken, then kept under UV

light radiation (λ= 254 nm) at 12 cm distance above flasks. Sample of 2.5

ml each was taken at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12 and 24 hours after exposure to UV

light, placed in dark glass bottle. Samples were kept for bioassay test in a

refrigerator (at 4º C).

The LC84 values against spider mite T. cinnabarinus were

calculated from previous experiments and prepared for all mixtures

samples and Biofly formulation. Fifty adult mites were treated with

corresponding concentration by using leaf-disc dipping technique.

Mortality percentages was recorded after 48 hours and estimated the

concentration corresponding to all % mortality to calculate the half life time

T50 for each mixture using the following equation of Moye et al., 1987.

T50=ln 2

K=0.6932

K

K= 1

tx⋅ln abx

Where:

T50 = Half life time (the time needed to reduce the pesticide residue concentration to half )


k = Rate of decomposition . tx = Time in days .

a = Initial residue of pesticide. bx = Concentration residue at x time.

III.5 The side effect of bioinsecticides against the predator, Paederus alfierii (Kock).

Surface deposit technique was used to determine the toxicity of

biochemicals, Agerin, Biofly and their mixtures with oils and

photostaplizers compared with diazinon against the predator Paederus

alfierii (Kock) as described by Moustafa et al., (1980) with slight

modification. The dry film of mixtures was prepared by applying 1 ml

methyl alcohol instead of acetone, containing the desired concentration of

each mixtures on 9 cm diameter petri dish, after the solvent was evaporated,

ten adults (previously exposed to low temperature 4°C for 10 min. to slow

their movement) of the predators were transferred to treated petri dishes and

each treatment was replicated four times. Mortality counts were recorded

after 48 hours after treatment.

III.6 L.D.P lines and statistical analysis.

All insects' mortality percentages results were corrected according

to Abbott`s formula (1925), and plotted on probit graph papers against

insecticide concentrations. Results were statistically analyzed according to

the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon, (1949). The obtained data

including slopes of the regression lines and LC50 values with their 95%

confidence limits were calculated.


III.7 Evaluation of some chemical insecticides efficiency against ECB on certain maize cultivatrs under natural infestation conditions.

III.7.1 Chemical insecticides used :

1- Diazinon ( Diazinox, Bausudin or Neocidal)Structural formula :

NN

CH3

(CH3)2CH

OP(OCH2CH3)2

S

Chemical name :O,O-diethyl O- 2- isopropyl- 6- methylpyrimidin- 4- yl phosphorothioate.

Molecular Formula :C12H21N2O3PSFormulation :60% E C.Introduced by : Kafr El - Zayat Company. *Recommended rate of application : 1L / feddan.2- Methymoyl (Lannate)

Structural formula :

CH3NHCO2N CSCH3

CH3

Chemical name :S- methyl N- (methyl carbamoyloxy) thioacetimidate.Molecular Formula :C5H10N2O2SFormulation : 90% SP.Introduced by : Kafr El - Zayat Company.* Recommended rate of application : 300 gm./ feddan.




3-Fenpropathrin (Meothrin.)Structural formula :

OCHCNCO2

HCH3

CH3CH3

CH3

Chemical name :(RS)-∝-cyano-3- phenoxybenzyl 2, 2, 3, 3 tetra methyl-cyclopropane, carboxylate .

Molecular Formula :C22H23NO3

Formulation: :E.C. 20 %.Introduced by : Kafr El - Zayat Company.* Recommended rate of application : 750 cm3 / feddan.4-Chlorpyrifos. (Pyriban M)Structural formula

NCl

ClCl

OP(OCH2CH3)2

S

Chemical name :O,O-diethyl O-3, 5, 6- trichloro- 2- pyridyl phosphorothioate.

Molecular Formula :C9H11Cl3NO3PS.Formulation: :48% E C.Introduced by : El-Help for importing and exporting Co.*Recommended rate of application : 1L / feddan .Procedures:

Two field experiments were conducted at El-Gharbia governorate

(Tanta Agriculture Faculty Farm) and El-Behira governorate (OmEl-

Momnen village) during 2003 corn growing season, to evaluate the




efficiency of certain chemical pesticides against ECB infesting different

corn cultivars. Eight white corn cultivars: open pollinated variety (Giza 2),

single cross 10 (S.C.10), S.C.13, S.C.123, three way cross 310 (T.W.C.310),

T.W.C.321, T.W.C.323, T.W.C.324 and two yellow corn cultivars T.W.C.351

and T.W.C.352 were planted at 10th of July(2003) in El-Gharbia region

and at 13th of July (2003) in El-Behira region. Seeds of corn cultivars were

supplied from Agricultural Research Center (A.R.C.), Egypt. The

experiment was designed as strip plot with three replicates. Vertical plots

assigned to the four insecticide treatments plus an untreated one (control).

All treatments were randomized distributed in each replication. Each

vertical strip plot were bordered on each side by two rows of untreated corn

cultivars to minimize the insecticide drift to adjacent plots.

The ten corn cultivars were allocated in horizontal plots which

randomize distributed in each replication as well.

Each plot was 10 rows. Each row (3 m long, 0.7 m apart) which

consisted of 13 plants. All plots received regular agricultural practices. The

pesticides were diluted with water at rate 200 liter/Fadden and sprayed using

a knapsack sprayer (Model CP3) fitted with one nozzle. The spray was

done twice 45 and 60 days after sowing (Metwally and Shehata, 1999). At

harvest time, a random sample consists of 10 plants was taken from each

plot to the laboratory for counting the total number of internodes and holes.

Number of holes per 100 internodes were calculated and recorded. The

stalks were dissected longitudinally to permit the counting of larvae and

cavities. A larvae borrowing cavity represented 2.5 cm long was counted as

one cavity. Also holes No./10 ear stalks and damaged grain percentages


were recorded. The ears of each plot were shelled and weighted in the field.

Grain yields were adjusted to 15.5% grain moisture and a random sample

of 100 grains was weighted and recorded for each plot. 100g grain from

each plot were grained into fine powder and stored in paper package to

determinate nitrogen, protein and phosphorus percentage.

III.7.2 Soil analysis.Soil samples from the experimental sites were collected from

different soil depth (30 and 60cm) and analyzed for soil texture and

chemical properties (Table III.1). In general the soil of the first

experimental site (Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agric., Tanta) was clay

in texture, on the other hand, the texture of the second site (OmEl-Momnen

village - Wady El-Netron, El-Behira Governorate) was sandy in texture, all

soil had fairly uniforms without distinct changes in the texture and is not

saline or sodic. The physical and chemical properties of soil samples were

determined according to the outlined methods of Klute, (1986) and Page,

(1982), respectively.

III.7.3 Climatological elements.Climatological elements values were obtained from the Kotour (El-

Gharbia Governorate) and Wady El-Netron (El-Behira Governorate)

meteorological stations. The maximum and minimum air temperature

monthly means (°C) and averages of relative air humidity (RH%) at El-

Gharbia and El-Behira Governorate during the 2003 seasons are estimated

and summarized in Table (III.2).


Table III.1: Some physical and chemical characters of the experiment soils.

LocationEl-Gharbia site El-Behira site

Soil depth (cm) Soil depth (cm)

Soil characteristics 0-30 30-60 0-30 30-60

Chemical analysis

E.C conductivity (paste extract) (dS/m)

2.6 2.1 2.3 2.2

pH 7.82 7.94 7.9 7.8

Organic matter % 0.91 0.53 1.88 1.42

Soil texture

Sand% 16.19 9.13 92.29 94.46

Silt% 40.14 42.14 2.4 1.34

Clay % 43.48 48.20 3.43 2.78

Table III.2: The monthly average of temperature and relative humidity during 2003 season in both locations.

Month

El-Gharbia site El-Behira site

Temperature º C

Max. Min. MeanRH%

Temperature º C

Max. Min. MeanRH %

July 35.14 24.91 30.03 66.47 35.4 21.7 28.55 48.5

August 35.72 24.54 30.13 66.18 35.8 22 28.9 52.2

September 33.59 22.18 27.89 64.55 33.2 20.2 26.7 50.5

October 28.87 18.17 23.52 64.63 30.7 17.8 24.25 54.2

November 28.7 19.5 23.8 52.4 26.1 14.9 20.5 60.8


III.8 Evaluation of some microbial insecticides efficiency against ECB on certain maize cultivars compared with chemical insecticide under natural infestation conditions.

Chemical used:

Biopesticides

1-: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aegyptia.(Agerin)Formulation : 6% Wettable power containing 32×106 IU/mg of

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aegyptia.Introduced by : Bioagro-International-Egypt. It was used in Egypt by

permission from Agriculture Genetic Engineering Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture.

*Recommended rate of application : 500 gm/feddan

2-: Beauveria bassiana (Biofly)As previous described.

Procedures:To evaluate the effect of the two bioinsecticides, the mixtures of

bioinsecticide with some oils and photostaplizers and the bioinsecticide

mixtures with oils and photostaplizers and half dose of the most efficient

insecticide diazinon (which investigated from previous experiment) on the

most tolerant corn cultivar and two susceptible cultivars, two field

experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Faculty of Agric.,

Tanta Univ. El-Gharbia Governorate during 2004 and 2005 successive




seasons.

The design of the experiments was a strip plot design with three

replications as follows:

Horizontal plots were allocated to three corn cultivars namely:

1. S.C. 10, single cross hybrid (white).

2. Susceptible corn cultivar T.W.C.310, three way cross hybrid

(white).

3. Tolerant corn cultivar T.W.C.351, three way cross hybrid (yellow).

Vertical plots were assigned to nine treatments (control and eight

different treatments). Table III.3 shown the different mixtures used and

their application rates. Seeds of corn cultivars were supplied from

Agricultural Research Center (A.R.C.), Cairo.

Seeds cultivars were sown on 10th of July in the two successive

seasons (2004, 2005), all cultural practices were applied as recommended

by the Egyptian Agricultural Ministry . The mixtures were sprayed after 45

and 60 days of planting as the first experiment. Holes No./100 internodes,

cavities No. /10plants, larvae No./10 plants, 100 grain weight and grains

yield/10plants were calculated for each plot.

Climatological elements values, monthly temperature (°C) and

relative humidity (RH%) at El-Gharbia Governorate during the two

successive seasons (2004 and 2005) were obtained from Kotour

meteorological stations and presented in Table III.4.


Table III.3: The mixtures used in the field experiments and their application rates

No. Chemical mixtures used Rate/ fadden

1 Control. -

2 Agerin. 500 gm/ feddan.

3 Biofly. 200 ml/200L.

4 Diazinon. 1L/ feddan.

5 Paraffin oil. 1L/ feddan.

6 Mixture No.1: Agerin + Paraffin oil + benzophenon (1:3:0.1%).

375gm Agerin + 125ml Paraffin oil +0.5 gm benzophenon.

7 Mixture No. 2: Biofly + Paraffin oil + benzophenon (1:3:0.1%).

150ml Biofly+ 50ml Paraffin oil + 0.2gm benzophenon.

8 Mixture No. 3: Agerin + Paraffin oil+ benzophenon (1:3:0.1%) + Diazinon with ½ recommended dose.

375gm Agerin + 125ml Paraffin oil + 0.5gm benzophenon + ½ L Diazinon.

9 Mixture No. 4: Biofly + Paraffin oil +benzophenon (1:3:0.1%) Diazinon with ½ recommended dose.

150ml Biofly + 50ml Paraffin oil + 0.2gm benzophenon + ½ L Diazinon.

Table III.4: The monthly average temperatures and relative humidity during the two growing seasons 2004 and 2005.

Average temperatures and relative humidity

(A) Season 2004

Month Temperature º C Humidity %

Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Mean

July 33.9 23.4 28.6 90 44 67

August 33.6 22.4 28.0 78 36 57

September 32.4 36.3 34.4 86 26 56

October 32.4 20.8 26.6 78 27 52

November 27.7 19.1 23.4 74 31 52

(B) Season 2005

July 32.3 21.5 26.9 85 35 60

August 32.0 21.9 26.9 84 45 65

September 31.6 19.3 25.5 89 40 64

October 27.9 17.1 22.5 87 38 63

November 23.7 13.5 18.5 89 42 66


III.9 Chemical analysis of Corn cultivars.

The present investigation was conducted at the experimental farm of

Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tanta, during 2003 growing seasons.

The experimental designed was a factorial complete randomized plot with

three replications and 10 treatments (the previous cultivers) . Each cultivers

were planted in four row at 75 cm. apart and three m in length, and plant to

plant distance in raw was kept at 30cm. The crop was sown at 10th of July

2003. After 45 days, ten plants from the middle row were harvested and the

stems were cutting, air dried and grinding fine. Samples of 100g were kept

for determinations cellulose contents and percent of ash.

At tasseling stage, the cortex firmness of the internode below the

ear was measured and expressed as Newton, using a dynamometer with

(Ge1) an accessory plunger. Total soluble solid was measured by hand

refractometer (model, ATAGO N-1E) in the stem cellular juice.

III.9.1 Total nitrogen content determination.The total nitrogen content in corn grains was determined in all the

mentioned treatments by Solorzano method (1969) with slight modification

(solorzano method use to determined the total nitrogen contents in natural

water and its reaction depended on mixture pH (pH = 9). But the digested

solution (sample) had lower pH. So, we change the sample volume to 0.1ml

only to keep the pH in the right value). After convert the nitrogen content

to ammonium sulphate by digested 0.2gm ground corn grains with sulphuric

acid and perchloric acid (4:1) for 4 hours. The digested solution (sample)

was made up to 50ml with distillated water. 0.1ml of digested solution was


mixed well with 2.5 ml phenol solution (110 mg phenol/ml ethyl alcohol

95%), 2.5 ml sodium nitroprusside (50 mg/ml distilled water) and 5 ml

oxidizing solution {100ml alkaline citrate buffer [20gm trisodium citrate +

1gm sodium hydroxide resolved in 100ml distilled water] + 25 ml sodium

hypochlorite commercial solution} in glass tubes. The glass tubes were

leaved for at least one hour to develop a blue color which measured its

optical density by Pharmacia LKB. Novaspec II colorimeter at a wavelength

of λ = 640 nm against the blank solution.

A standard curve prepared by plotting absorbent readings of known

sample concentration range of ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) dilution.

Samples were computed by comparing sample absorbent with the standard

curve.

The total protein content of the samples was calculated as crud

protein, by multiplying the nitrogen content by 6.25 according to Pirie,

(1955). The results are presented as protein percentage on dry weight basis.

III.9.2 Phosphorus Determination. Phosphorus was determined according to Chapman and Pratt,

(1961), 0.2 gm of dried and ground samples were digested as previous

mentioned in nitrogen determination. After digestion the solution made up

to 50ml with distillated water. An aliquot of digested solution was placed

in a 25 ml volumetric flask and then naturalized using ammonium

hydroxide, and para-nitro-phenol (5% in ethyl alcohol) as indicator. Then 5

ml of the ammonium molybdate solution was added and mixed, the mixture

was diluted to 22 ml by using distilled water. 1 ml of stannous chloride

solution (25g dihydrate stannous chloride, (SnCl2.2H2O) in 50ml


concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl), dilute to 1 L with distilled water) was

added and mixed immediately then made the final volume to 25 ml and

shacked, after 10 minutes the intensity of raised blue color was estimated (at

λ = 640 nm) by using a spectrophotometer (Pharmacia LKB. Novaspec II).

A standard curve of phosphorus (potassium di-hydrogen

orthophosphate) was used to calculate phosphorus percentage in the

samples.

III.9.3 Determination of cellulose contents.Cellulose content were determined according to Updegroff,

method(1969)

Reagents :

1-Acetic acid 80%

2- Nitric acid conc.

3- Ethyl alcohol.

4- Diethyl ether

Procedure:1-15 ml acetic acid 80% and 1.5 ml nitric acid were added to one gram of

dried sample, heated to boiling and leaved to cool.

2- 20 ml ethyl alcohol were added to the mixture sample, leaved a while and

the contents were filtered on gosh pot.

3- The sediment was washed on gosh pot twice with ethyl alcohol and then

with diethyl ether.

4-The sediment was dried in dried oven at 100 º C until dryness and cooled

in glass discator and weighted many time until the weight become

stable.


5-The sediment sample burned in electrical oven at 550°C for 3 hours ,

cooled and weighted

The cellulose percentages were calculated from the following equation:

% cellulose = [( sediment weight after dryness – ash weight after

burned) / sample weight ] × 100

III.9.4 Determination of ash.A five grams weight of each predried sample was ashed in an

electrical oven at 550°C until light gray ash was formed. The total ash was

calculated as described in Association of Official Analytical Chemists

(AOAC), 1998.

III.10 Statistical analysis.

Data were subjected to the proper statistical analysis as the technique

of analysis of variance (ANOVA) of strip- split plot design as mentioned by

Gomez and Gomez, (1984). Treatment means were compared using the

New Least Significant Difference (NLSD) test as outlined by Waller and

Duncan, (1969). In case of the error mean squares of strip-split plot design

were homogenous (Bartlett’s test), the combined analysis were calculated

for all parameters in both seasons or location. Computation were done

using computer software MstatC version 3.4.

IV - IV - RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONRESULTS AND DISCUSSION

IV.1 Determination of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) potency.

The efficiency of Beauveria bassiana formulations measured by

Ostrinia nubilalis larvae (5th instar)(TL50 <4 days)Worthing, 1995. Using

Ostrinia larvae requirer a lot of time and efforts. To simplified this

estimation, The efficiency of Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly)

against three aphid species namely [Aphis gossypii (Glover), Aphis craccivora

(Kock) and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch)] and two-spotted spider mite T.

cinnabarinus (Acarina:Tetranychidae) was studied by using slid dipping and

leaf-disc dipping technique to estimate the most susceptibility species, the

suitable time and method for application.

When the mortality percentage had been taken after 24 hours or leaf-

disc dipping technique used to evaluate the toxicity of the Biofly formulation

to the aphid species, there were non liner relationship between the mortality

percentages (probit values of the mortality percentages) and the

concentrations logarithm. So, the slide dipping technique was adopted to

evaluate the toxicity of the Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) to the

adults of different aphid species and leaf-disc dipping technique to the adults

of Tetranychus cinnabarinus mites and the mortality percentages taken after

48 hours. Results are recorded in Table (IV.1) and shown in Fig. (IV.1). The

obtained data show that, The toxicity of the Biofly formulation to aphid

species and red spider mites could be arranged descendingly as follows:

Tetranychus cinnabarinus > Rhopalosiphum maidis > Aphis craccivora >

Aphis gossypii (LC50`s:9.1×103, 5.65×104, 2.20×105, and 2.67×105 conidia/ml,

72 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

respectively. From previously mentioned results it could be concluded that: the

most susceptible species against Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) and

suitable to use as an indicator to Beauveria bassiana potency is the adults of

Tetranychus cinnabarinus mite. These results are accordance with many

investigators who had found that Beauveria bassiana had hight virulence against

two-spotted spider mite Tetranchus cinnabarinus and many aphid species such as

Nirmala, et al., 2006; Simova and Draganova, 2003; Saenz de Cabezon

Irigaray Francisco et al., 2003 and Feng, et al., 1990.


Table IV.1: Toxicity of Beauveria bassiana against some aphid species and two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using slide dipping and leaf-disc dipping technique respectively.

Organism

Concentrations (condia/ml)

CalculatedLC50

(condia/ml)

CalculatedLC84

(condia/ml)

Confidence limits

Slop values.

102 103 2×103 5×103 104 105 106

Lower UpperMortality %

Aphis gossypii 0 0 0 0 13.63 27.27 68.18 2.67×105 63.41×106 1.97×105 3.62×105 3.84

Aphis craccivora 0 0 4.54 4.97 9.09 18.18 77.27 2.20×105 17.23 ×106 1.32×105 3.68×105 6.37

Rhopalosiphum maidis 0 0 0 4.545 68.18 77.27 95.45 5.65×104 9.48×105 3.53×104 9.03×104 3.32

Tetranychus cinnabarinus 0 27.27 36.36 63.63 72.72 77.27 100 9.1×103 1.105×105 4.9×103 1.71 ×104 0.92


Fig IV.1: Probit regression lines for the toxicity of Biofly to some Aphis spp and two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.


IV.2 Effect of ultra violet radiation on B. bassiana potency.

Among the fractions of spectrum that reach to the surface of the earth,

UV-B which has great harmful effect on the micro-organisms particularly at

wavelengths between 295-315 nm (Braga et al., 2001 a, b; Goettel et al., 2000;

Goettel and Inglis, 1997 and Inglis et al., 1995). Ultraviolet light has detrimental

effects on conidial culturability, conidial germinability, germinates and affectivity

of entomopathogenic fungi (Braga et al., 2002, 2001 a, b and Fargues et al.,

1997). Many attempts have been made to reduce the negative effects of UV

radiation on entomopathogens by adding photo-protective agents to the

formulations (Alves et al., 1998 and Moore et al., 1993).

Many investigators had been improved the efficiency of Bacillus

thuringiensis and Beauveria bassiana formulations by adding photostaplizers

and/or oils. But this adding may be synergistic or inhibited the efficiency of the

biological agents. So, our investigation dived to two parts:

1- Study the effect of mixing some photostaplizers and oils with Beauveria

bassiana formulation (Biofly) to obtained the most enhanced compound to the

Beauveria bassiana efficiency.

2- Study the stability of these mixtures under ultra violet radiation to obtain

the most efficient compound that protect the bioinsecticide from the detrimental

effect of the UV.

IV.2.1 Effect of mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with different oils.

Oils and wetting agents have been extensively investigated and adopted as

means of enhancing the delivery, persistence, and efficacy of mycoinsecticides. Oil


based formulations of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin were introduced

by Prior et al., 1988, who reported that coconut oil was more efficient as a carrier

of B. bassiana conidia than 0.01% aqueous Tween 80 for the weevil Pantorhytes

plutus (Oberthur). More recently, oil based formulations of mycopesticides have

been tested against various insect pests with positive results (Maranga et al.,

2005; Wekesa et al., 2005; Kaaya, 2000; Batista-Filho et al., 1994;Ma et al.,

1999 and Huang, 1995). Because of the lipophilic nature of phialo-conidia that

do not bear a mucus coating, they can be easily suspended in oils to achieve

greater efficacies than when used in water (David-Henriet et al., 1998 and

Bateman et al., 1993). Also, the need for high relative humidity and dosage could

be reduced if its conidia were formulated in oil. So, The toxicity and potentate

effect of some botanical oils (castor, canola, corn and cotton), mineral and paraffin

oils had been evaluated against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.

IV.2.1.a Effect of different oils against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.

The leaf disc dipping technique was adopted to evaluate the toxicity of the

certain oils on the adults of Tetranychus cinnabarinus mites. Results are recorded

in Table (IV.2) and shown in Fig.(IV.2) . The obtained data show that, The toxicity

of the different oils could be arranged descendingly as follows:corn oil> cotton oil

>caster oil > mineral oil>canola oil> paraffin oil (LC50`s:99.8, 472.2, 666.7,

1085.7, 1559.2, and 2525.2 ppm respectively. Many authors had reported that

mineral and botanical oils had hight efficiency against spider mite either in

laboratory or under field conditions Lee et al., 2005; Lancaster et al., 2002;

Amer et al., 2001; El-Duweini and Sedrak, 1997; Sawires, 1992; Butler and

Henneberry, 1990a,b and Rock and Crabtree, 1987.


Table IV.2: Toxicity of some botanical oils and mineral oil against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Oils

Concentrations (ppm)

CalculatedLC50

(ppm)

CalculatedLC84

(ppm)

Confidence limits

Slop values.

50 102 2×102 5×102 103 2×103 5×103 104 2×104 5×104

Lower UpperMortality %

Corn oil 29.17 29.17 83.00 99.00 100 100 100 100 100 100 99.79 208.05 86.2 115.24 3.13

Cotton oil 0 8.33 39.58 41.67 60.42 - 99.00 100 100 100 472.19 1467.95 365.35 610.27 2.03

Castor oil 0 8.33 10.42 33.33 45.83 - 99.00 100 100 100 666.67 1869.02 501.06 887.00 2.23

Mineral oil 0 0 27.08 29.17 37.50 41.67 93.75 100 100 100 1085.69 5917.66 778.86 1513.4 1.36

Canola oil 0 0 0 0 31.25 47.92 99.00 100 100 100 1559.19 2699.21 1339.3 1815.17 4.2

Paraffin oil 0 0 13.99 15.87 33.33 56.25 64.58 70.83 85.42 91.67 2558.57 356159.55 1505.51 4348.23 1.10


10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

ppm

0

50

100%

Mo

rtali

ty.

2

3

4

5

6

7

8P

rob

it.1-Corn oil2-Cotton oil3-Castor oil4-Mineral oil5-Canola oil6-Paraffin oil

(1)

(2)

(3)(4)(5) (6)

Fig IV.2: Probit regression lines for the toxicity of some botanical oils and mineral oil to two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.


IV.2.1.b Effect of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with oils against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus.

The toxicity of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with certain botanical oils,

mineral oil and parraffin oil on the adults' spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus

(TablesIV.3:IV.7) Show that:

When Biofly mixed with oils by the ratio 1Biofly:3oils, 1Biofly:2oils, and

1Biofly:1 oil, the mixtures` toxicities decreased compared with the Biofly

formulation alone (Tables IV.3-IV.5). On the other hand in case of mixing Biofly

with oils by the ratio 2Biofly :1 oils (Table IV.6), all mixtures were more toxic

than the Biofly formulation alone except the mixture of corn oil which was less

toxic than Biofly formulation alone. In case of mixing Biofly with oils by the

ratio 3Biofly :1 oils (Table IV.7), the mixtures` toxicities increased compared

with the Biofly formulation alone except the mixture of cotton oil which was less

toxic of Biofly formulation alone.

From the previous data it could be concluded that: in all tested oils, there

are a negative relationship between oil ratio in the mixtures and mixtures

toxicities. Most tested mixtures of corn and cotton oils had decreased the toxicity

of the Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) against Tetranychus

cinnabarinus adult mites. On the other hand, mixture No.5 (3Biofly:1oil) of

caster, canola, mineral and paraffin oils had increased the toxicity of the

Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) against Tetranychus cinnabarinus adult

mites. Several working including Maranga et al., 2005;Wekesa et al., 2005;

Manjula et al., 2003; Kaaya, 2000; Ma, et al., 1999; Huang, 1995 and Batista-

Filho et al., 1994 found that conidia formulated in oil outperformed the ones


formulated in water. These findings may be due to that oil had synergistic effect

to Beauveria bassiana (Batista-Filho, et al., 1995). That synergistic effect may be

due to enhanced the conidia germination ( Ramle et al., 2004 and Gurvinder et

al., 1999). Also, oil formulations had many advantages compared with water

formulations. Oil could protect the fungal conidia from the UV of sunlight (Moore

et al., 1993) and can give some protection to the conidia from heat (Scherer et al.,

1992). Oil formulations spread rapidly over the hydrophobic surface of leaves

(Burges, 1998) and oil drift evaporates more slowly than water, thus giving the

conidia more time to germinate and infect. Oil formulations also enhances

adhesion of the conidia to the insect cuticle, spreading of oil on the cuticle may

carry conidia into niches on the host cuticle (e.g., inter-segmental folds) that

provide moisture for germination and gave more protection from solar radiation

(Ibrahim et al., 1999). The other advantages of oil over water formulation include

the ready suspension of the lipophilic conidia of B. bassiana in oil (Prior et al.,

1988). But in case of corn oil the results disagree with the findings of Yasuda et

al., 2000, who found that, formulations of Beauveria bassiana conidia in a 10%

corn oil mixture showed more superior infectivity in both sexes of Cylas

formicarius than the formulation of conidia only in laboratory assays. Also,

(Grimm, 2001; Batista-Filho et al., 1995a, b; Smart and Wright, 1992)

reported that cottonseed, soybean, and mineral oils do not adversely affect the

viability of B. bassiana. The antagonism between B. bassiana, corn and cotton oil

may be due to their contents of fatty acids myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic,

linoleic and arachidic which inhibited both growth and lipase production

(Hegedus and Khachatourians, 1988).


Table IV.3: The toxicity of Biofly mixtures with different oils by the ratio (1:3 v/v) on two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Mixtures of1Biofly : 3Oil v/v

Biofly conc. (condia/ml) : oil conc. (ppm).

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia/

ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia/

ml) Confidence limits

Slop

val

ues.

3750

/348

.75

7500

/697

.5

1500

0/13

95

3750

0/34

87.5

7500

0/69

75

1500

00/1

3950

3750

00/3

4875

7500

000/

6975

0

Low

er

Upp

er

Mortality %

Biofly : Corn oil 0 0 33.33 39.58 43.75 81.25 89.58 100 4.90×104 2.80×105 3.03×104 7.94×104 1.32

Biofly : Cotton oil 10.42 20.83 - 47.92 75 99 100 100 2.16×104 6.81×104 1.66×104 2.00×104 2.00

Biofly : Castor oil 16.67 25 35.42 59.97 75 91.67 97.92 99 2.18×104 1.70×105 1.37×104 3.47×104 1.12

Biofly : Mineral oil 0 0 14 27.08 39.58 64.58 95.83 100 7.45×104 2.48×105 5.67×104 9.78×104 1.91

Biofly : Canola oil 0 0 47.92 70.83 95.83 95.83 99 100 1.52×104 5.61×104 1.06×104 2.18×104 1.76

Biofly : Paraffin oil 0 16.67 27.08 41.67 52.08 - 72.92 100 7.55×104 9.16×105 4.63×104 1.23×105 0.92



Mixtures of1 Biofly : 2Oil v/v

Biofly conc. (condia/ml ): oil conc. (ppm).

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia/

ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia/


Slop

val

ues.

3300

/203

6600

/407

1330

0/82

1

3300

0/20

39

6600

0/40

78

1330

00/8

2379

3300

00/2

0394

Low

er

Upp

er

Mortality %

Biofly : Corn oil 35.42 43.75 43.75 75 87.5 99 100 9.35×103 3.85×104 7.09×103 1.24×104 1.63

Biofly : Cotton oil 0 0 25 56.25 75 - 83.33 3.16×104 2.42×106 2.12×104 1.13×104 1.13

Biofly : Castor oil 16.67 27.08 33 60.42 81.25 99 100 1.57×104 5.21×104 1.24×104 1.99×104 1.92

Biofly : Mineral oil 0 6.25 27.08 66.67 70.83 70.83 93.75 3.74×104 1.57×105 2.83×104 4.96×104 1.61

Biofly : Canola oil 0 - 52.08 60.42 72.92 72.92 89.58 1.40×104 2.44×105 8.02×103 2.45×104 0.81

Biofly : Paraffin oil 0 - 25.0 56.25 75.0 - 75.0 3.32×104 4.03×105 2.03×104 5.41×104 0.92





Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia/

ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia/


Slop

val

ues.

500/

15

2500

/77

5000

/155

1000

0/31

0

2500

0/77

5

5000

0/15

50

1000

0/31

00

2500

00/7

750

Low

er

Upp

er

Mortality %

Biofly : Corn oil 0 0 10.42 31.25 52.08 - 56.25 99 2.59×104 9.49×104 1.93×104 3.48×104 1.77

Biofly : Cotton oil 0 0 27.08 56.25 70.83 83.33 93.75 99 1.09×104 4.44×104 8.25×103 1.64×104 1.64

Biofly : Castor oil 10.42 25 - 45.83 75 97.92 99 100 5.49×103 2.29×104 3.97×103 7.59×103 1.61

Biofly : Mineral oil 0 14.58 25 50 75 87.5 97.92 100 1.05×104 3.67×104 8.26×103 1.35×104 1.85

Biofly : Canola oil 0 0 0 35.42 77.08 83.33 85.42 87.5 1.00×104 9.92×104 6.41×103 1.57×104 1.01

Biofly : Paraffin oil 0 0 27.08 56.25 70.83 83.33 93.75 99.00 1.09×104 4.44×104 8.25×103 1.43×104 1.64





Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia/

ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia/


Slop

val

ues.

1600

/24

3300

/50

6600

/101

1660

0/25

5

3300

0/50

8

6600

0/10

16

1660

00/2

556

Low

er

Upp

er

Mortality %

Biofly : Corn oil 0 6.25 45.88 64.58 75 98 100 1.12×104 2.72×104 9.14×103 1.37×104 2.59

Biofly : Cotton oil 0 0 45.83 64.58 87.5 97.92 98.6 8.44×103 2.84×104 6.03×103 1.90×104 1.90

Biofly : Castor oil 0 31.25 64.58 93.75 98 100 100 4.95×103 1.11×104 3.96×103 6.19×103 2.85

Biofly : Mineral oil 18.75 37.5 52.08 41.67 93.75 98٫6 100 6.33×103 2.18×104 4.96×103 8.06×103 1.86

Biofly : Canola oil 22.92 - 39 56.25 83.33 99 100 7.06×103 2.54×104 5.49×103 9.07×103 1.80

Biofly : Paraffin oil 0 0 45.83 64.58 87.50 97.92 99.00 8434.968 28412.07 6.65×103 1.1×104 1.896



Mixtures of1Biofly : 3Oil v/v

Biofly Conc. (condia/ml) : oil conc. (ppm).

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia/

ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia/

ml)

Confidence limits

Slop

val

ues.

250/

2.5

1250

/12.

8

2500

/25

5000

/51

1250

0/12

8

2500

0/25

7

5000

0/51

5

1250

00/1

287

Low

er

Upp

er

Mortality %

Biofly : Corn oil 0 0 29.17 33.33 85.42 93.75 99 100 5.35×103 1.42×104 4.09×103 7.01×103 2.36

Biofly : Cotton oil 0 0 0 29.17 37.5 87.5 91.67 99 1.09×104 3.11×104 8.14×103 2.19×104 2.19

Biofly : Castor oil 0 0 45.83 68.75 95.83 99 100 100 1.70×103 1.18×104 9.89×102 2.90×103 1.19

Biofly : Mineral oil 6.25 8.33 18.75 56.25 99 100 100 100 2.93×103 8.44×103 2.19×103 3.93×103 2.18

Biofly : Canola oil 0 0 33.33 75 85.42 99 100 100 3.47×103 8.58×103 2.70×103 4.46×103 2.54

Biofly : Paraffin oil 0 29.17 37.50 87.50 91.67 99.00 100 100 2.44×103 6.76×103 1.99×103 2.98×103 2.77


IV.2.2 Effect of Mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation (Biofly) with photostaplizers.All photostaplizers and pigments had no toxicity effect against adults of

two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus up to 104 ppm. The toxicity of

the Biofly/photostaplizers mixtures to the adults of Tetranychus cinnabarinus, LC50

values and their confidence limits are recorded in Tables (IV.8:IV.12).

In case of mixing Biofly formulation with the acetophenone (Table IV.8):

results reveled that, The most toxic mixture was mixture No.1 (Biofly+0.1%

acetophenone) with LC50 value =6.45×103 conidia/ml while the lowest toxic one

was mixture No.4 (Biofly + 1% acetophenone) with LC50 value =2.68×105

conidia/ml.

In case of mixing Biofly formulation with the 4−nitro acetophenon

(Table IV.9), mixture No.1(Biofly + 0.1% acetophenon) was the most toxic one

(LC50 =2.48×102), on the other hand mixture No.4 (Biofly+1% acetophenon) was

the lowest toxic one (LC50 =9.68×104).

In case of mixing Biofly formulation with the 7−nitophenol (Table IV.10),

results revealed that: adding 0.1% 7−nitophenol (mixture No.1) to Biofly

formulation reduced the Biofly LC50 value to 5.57×103 conidia/ml, while adding

1% 7−nitophenol to Biofly formulation (mixture No. 4) make the mixture almost

non toxic to Tetranychus cinnabarinus mites (LC50 more than 107 conidia/ml).

In case of mixing Biofly formulation with the benzophenon(Table IV.11),

the mixture No.1(Biofly + 0.1% benzophenon) was the most toxic mixture where

LC50 value = 1.21×104 conidia/ml and the lowest toxic one was mixture No.4

(Biofly + 1% benzophenon) LC50 value = 3.07×104conidia/ml.


In case of mixing Biofly formulation with the titan yellow pigment

(Table IV.12), data showed that, increasing of titan yellow pigment percentage

enhanced the toxicity of Biofly mixtures. There are a negative relationship

between pigment concentration in the mixture and the mixture toxicity . The most

toxic mixture was mixture No.1(Biofly + 0.1% Titan yellow pigment) (LC50

value=4.89×102) and mixture No.4 (Biofly + 1% Titan yellow pigment) was the

lest toxic one (LC50 value =2.02×104 conidia/ml).

When congo red pigment mixed with Biofly formulation (Table IV.13),

also the mixtures` toxicities enhanced compared with the Biofly formulation alone

but with the increase of pigment ratio the LC50 values increased. Where, mixture

No.1 (Biofly + 0.1% congo red pigment) had LC50 value = 3.55×103 conidia/ml

while mixture No.4 (Biofly + 1% congo red pigment) had LC50 value = 9.90×104

conidia/ml.

Generally. All compound had increased the mixtures toxicities to Teteranychus

cinnabarinus mites, but when increasing the compound ratio to 1% the toxicity

decrease. Similar results were obtained by Nong et al., 2005 and Inglis et al.,

1995.


Table IV.8: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the acetophenone (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Biofly mixtures

Conc. (condia/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia/

ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia/


Slop

val

ues.

102 103 104 2×104 5×104 105 2×105 5×105 106

Low

er

Upp

er

Mortality %

1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% acetophenone) 6.25 64.58 - 91.67 93.75 95.83 99.00 100 100 6.45×103 2.62×104 4.37×103 9.51×103 1.64

2-Mixture No. 2 (Biofly+0.2% acetophenone 0 - 47.92 56.25 87.50 89.58 91.67 95.83 100 9.39×103 8.27×104 5.74×103 1.54×104 1.06

3-Mixture No. 3 (Biofly+0.5% acetophenone ) 0 0 0 23.00 33.00 41.00 50.00 61.00 70.00 1.94×105 4.19×106 5.83×104 6.46×105 0.75

4-Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+1% acetophenone 0 0 0 8.33 18.75 25.00 47.92 - 100 2.68×105 1.59×106 1.63×105 4.39×105 1.29


Table IV.9: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the 4-nitro acetophenon (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Biofly mixtures

Conc. (condia/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia/

ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia/


Slop

val

ues.

103 104 2×104 5×104 105 2×105 5×105 106

Low

er

Upp

er

Mortality %

1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% 4-nitro acetophenon) 56.25 93.75 95.83 99 100 100 100 100 2.48×102 5.09×102 76 8.11×102 0.76

2-Mixture No. 2 (Biofly+0.2% 4-nitro acetophenon) 47.92 56.25 87.5 89.58 91.67 100 100 100 1.73×103 3.17×104 8.98×102 3.34×103 0.79

3-Mixture No. 3 (Biofly+0.5% 4-nitro acetophenon) 8.33 18.75 77.17 79.17 85.42 99 100 100 4.25×103 1.25×105 3.52×104 5.14×104 2.13

4-Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+1% 4-nitro acetophenon) 0 - 27.08 37.5 43.75 70.83 75 100 9.68×104 9.61×105 6.48×104 1.45×105 1.00


Table IV.10: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the 7-nitophenol (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Biofly mixtures

Conc. (condia/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia/

ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia/


Slop

val

ues.

103 104 2×104 5×104 105 2×105 5×105 106

Low

er

Upp

er

Mortality %

1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% 7-nitophenol ) 35.42 39.58 68.75 79.17 93.7 99 100 100 5.57×103 4.01×104 3.78×103 8.19×103 1.17

2-Mixture No. 2 (Biofly+0.2% 7-nitophenol ) - 45.83 64.58 70.83 93.75 99 100 100 1.43×104 5.05×104 1.07×104 1.90×104 1.82

3-Mixture No. 3 (Biofly+0.5% 7-nitophenol ) 0 0 14.58 39.58 41.67 47.92 66.67 - 1.84×105 2.02×106 1.21×105 2.80×106 0.96

4-Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+ 1% 7-nitophenol ) 0 0 0 0 0 12.5 20.83 20.83 3.56×107 3.23×109 1.29×107 9.88×107 0.51


Table IV.11: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the benzophenon (photostabilizer) against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Biofly mixtures

Conc. (condia/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia/

ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia/


Slop

val

ues.

103 104 2×104 5×104 105 2×105 5×105

Low

er

Upp

er

Mortality %

1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% benzophenon) 27.08 39.58 43.75 56.25 66.67 99 100 1.21×104 1.17×105 8.39×103 1.73×104 1.01

2-Mixture No. 2 (Biofly+0.2% benzophenon) 8.33 62.5 60 64.58 70.83 - 100 1.56×104 1.74×105 9.74×103 2.50×104 0.96

3-Mixture No. 3 (Biofly+0.5% benzophenon) 31.25 41.67 47.92 58.33 64.58 72.92 100 1.85×104 2.29×106 8.56×103 4.00×104 0.48

4-Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+1% benzophenon) 0 10.03 18.75 52.08 99 100 100 3.07×104 5.94×104 2.56×104 3.69×104 3.48


Table IV.12: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the titan yellow pigment against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Biofly mixtures

Concentrations (condia/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia/

ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia/


Slop

val

ues.

103 104 2×104 5×104 105 2×105 5×105

Low

er

Upp

er

Mortality %

1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% titan yellow pigment) 68.75 93.75 99 100 100 100 100 4.89×102 2.74×103 2.49×102 9.61×102 1.34

2-Mixture No. 2 (Biofly+0.2% titan yellow pigment) 22.92 47.92 99 100 100 100 100 3.27×103 1.05×104 2.37×103 4.52×103 1.98

3-Mixture No. 3 (Biofly+0.5% titan yellow pigment) 39.58 47.92 81.25 95.83 99 100 100 1.01×103 1.86×104 2.21×103 4.86×103 1.33

4-Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+1% titan yellow pigment) 0 31.25 47.92 70.83 85.42 89.52 99 2.02×104 1.64×105 1.26×104 3.24×104 1.1


Table IV.13: Toxicity of the Biofly mixtures with the congo red pigment against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Biofly mixtures

Conc. (condia/ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

50

(con

dia/

ml)

Cal

cula

ted

LC

84

(con

dia/


Slop

val

ues.

104 2×104 5×104 105 2×105 5×105

Low

er

Upp

er

Mortality %

1-Mixture No. 1 (Biofly+0.1% congo red pigment) 43.75 70.83 79.17 99 100 100 3.55×103 8.23×104 1.75×103 7.23×103 0.73

2-Mixture No. 2 (Biofly+0.2% congo red pigment) 41.67 81.25 91.67 99 100 100 4.04×103 4.52×104 2.34×103 6.98×103 0.95

3-Mixture No. 3 (Biofly+0.5% congo red pigment) 14.58 39.58 60.42 72.92 99 100 9.07×103 4.21×104 5.92×103 1.39×104 1.50

4- Mixture No. 4 (Biofly+1% congo red pigment) 0 10.42 18.75 83.3 87.5 89.58 9.90×104 4.35×105 6.57×104 1.49×105 1.56


IV.2.3 Effect of Ultra Violet radiation (UV) on Beauveria bassiana mixtures.The most efficient mixtures from the previous experiment (which had no

adverse effect on Beauveria bassiana potency), had been subjected to study it's

stability under UV radiation. The chosen mixtures had been exposed to UV

radiation for 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 hours and after that, their potency against two-

spotted spider mite T. cinnabarinus had been evaluated by leaf disk dipping

technique and the half life T50 had been estimated from the corresponding

concentration (Tables IV.14 and IV.15).

In case of Biofly/oils mixtures(Table IV.14): based on the obtained data,

The most persistence mixtures were 3Biofly:1paraffin oil and 3Biofly:1 castor oil

(spider mites mortality % had 36 and 12 after 6hours of exposure to UV radiation

and T50= 1.47 and 1.74 hours respectively) while, 3 Biofly:1mineral oil had the

lowest value in this respect ( mortality % was 14% after exposure to UV

radiation for 3 hours and the T50 =0.90 hour).

Table IV.14: The effect of exposure to UV radiation interval on the efficiency of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with botanical and mineral oils against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Oils Mixing ratio (v/v)UV irradiation time (hours)

0 1 2 3 6 12Mortality percentage

T0.5

(hours)

Castor oil 3Biofly :1 oil 86 84 56 54 12 - 1.47Canola oil 3Biofly :1 oil 86 84 50 22 - - 1.23Mineral oil 3Biofly :1 oil 86 70 24 14 - - 0.90

Paraffin oil 3Biofly :1 oil 86 74 64 52 36 - 1.74

In case of Biofly/photostablizers mixtures: from Table IV.15 , it could be

concluded that, the most persistence mixtures had Biofly + 0.1 % benzophenon,


Biofly +0.5% congo red and Biofly+0.1% 7-nitrophenol mixtures (which had

64, 54 and 34 mortality percentage and T50 were 5.71, 4.981 and 3.141 hours

respectively) while acetophenon had the lowest values in this respect which had

lost there efficiency against the spider mites after exposure to UV radiation for

two hours of. These findings in somewhat agree with those of Nong, et al. (2005)

and Inglis, et al. (1995).

Table IV.15: The effect of exposure to UV radiation interval on the efficiency of Beauveria bassiana mixtures with some photostabilizers against two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus by using leaf disk dipping technique.

Mixtures

Add

itive

con

c. UV radiation time (hours)

T 0.5

(hou

rs)

0 1 2 3 6 12

Mortality percentage

Biofly - 84 16 - - - - 0.32

Biofly + Acetophenon 0.1% 84 42 2 - - - 0.32

Biofly + 4-nitro acetophenon0.1% 88 84 78 58 46 32 1.66

0.2% 86 82 82 78 56 44 2.30

Biofly + 7-nitophenol 0.1% 82 78 74 70 52 34 3.14

Biofly + Titan yellow

0.1% 84 44 10 - - - 0.35

0.2% 86 46 16 - - - 0.57

0.5% 84 52 36 - - - 0.58

Biofly + Benzophenon 0.1% 84 84 82 80 72 64 5.71

Biofly + Congo Red

0.1% 84 82 74 62 52 46 2.39

0.2% 88 80 88 66 58 52 3.03

0.5% 88 82 80 86 64 54 4.99


IV.3 Evaluation of some chemical insecticides efficiency against ECB on certain maize cultivatars under natural infestation conditions.

The use of insecticides alone as a major method to control the ECB lead to

a serious problems such as ECB insecticides resistance, and environmental

contamination.

Another approach is the use of resistant cultivars that exploit the natural

defenses of the plant against ECB beside the most effectiveness insecticides as a

key of integrated pest management programs.

Field experiment had carried out in two locations, (the experimental farm

of Faculty of Agric., Tanta El-Gharbia. and OmEl-Momnen village - Wady El-

Netron at El-Behira Governorate) during the season 2003, to evaluate the effect

of insecticides treatments and resistance maize cultivars on ECB infestation

under field conditions. To choose the most effective insecticides and the most

tolerant cultivars against ECB.

The insecticides' efficiency and the tolerance of commercial cultivars

against ECB infestation were estimated by ECB holes No. /100 internodes,

cavities No./10plants, ECB larvae No./10 plants, holes No./10 ear stalks, damage

grains percentage, 100 grains weight and grains yield/10 plants. Also, the total

nitrogen, protein and phosphorus percentage in corn grains were determined in all

treatments.


IV.3.1 Susceptibility of corn cultivars at the late season to infestation with ECB under natural infestation conditions. Susceptibility of ten corn cultivars to infestation with ECB in El-Gharbia

and El-Behira governorates under natural infestation conditions is presented in

Table (IV.16).

In all locations and from average data it could be concluded that: single

cross hybrid 13 (S.C.13) and three way cross 351 (T.W.C. 351) were the most

tolerant cultivars while, T.W.C.323 and T.W.C.324 were the most susceptible

cultivers when ECB infestation evaluated by holes No./100 internodes, cavities

No./10plants and larvae No./10plants.

In case of holes No./10 ear stalks, the most susceptibility cultivers were

S.C10 and T.W.C.324 while S.C.13 and T.W.C. 351 were the most tolerant

cultivers in this regard.

In case of damaged grains percentage, cultivars T.W.C.324, T.W.C.310

and S.C.10 had recored the highest values in this respect while, cultivars

T.W.C.351 and S.C.13 had recored the lowest values.

There is a positive relationship between grain protein percentage and the

damaged grain percentage, while there is no relationship between phosphorous

percentage and damaged grains percentage.

Generally: The most tolerant cultivars against ECB infestations were

S.C.13, T.W.C. 351 and S.C.123 cultivars but the rank between them differed

from location to another and between studied parameters, also cultivars S.C.10 and

T.W.C. 324 had the highest values of holes No./10 ear stalks and damaged grain

percentage, because of S.C.10 cultivar has the longest ear stalk, a hight protein


percentage in the grains, also cultivar S.C.10 had been planted for a long time in

Egypt which break down there tolerance to ECB infestation.

Cultivars T.W.C 310, T.W.C .324 and T.W.C. 321 had the highest values

in damaged grains percentage that because of the ear shelling did not cover the

top of the ears this allow the ECB larvae to tunneling the ears beside the hight

protein content of the cultivers grains. Cultivars T.W.C 351 had tolerant to ECB

infestations because of it's early mature, hardest grains and well ears shelled.

Cultivar S.C.13 had tolerant to ECB infestations due to low protein content in the

grain and its thin stem (lowest diameter between all cultivers).

Table (IV.17) shows the data of 100 grains weight, grains yield and grains

yield reduction as a result of natural infestation with ECB on ten corn cultivars

at El-Gharbia and El-Behira governorates. Cultivars S.C.10, T.W.C324 and Giza 2

had the highest values of 100 grain weight while T.W.C. 351, S.C.13 have the

lowest values, in both locations. Cultivars S.C10 and T.W.C324 had the highest

values in grain yield/10plants while T.W.C 323 and SC.13 had the lowest values in

this respect. From the obtained data we can conclude that: The rank of cultivars

differed from location to another, but within locations data, S.C.10 has the

highest values of 100 grain weight and grains yield/10 plants. Similar results

were reported by other researchers including Metwally and Barakat, 2003;

Sadek et al., 1997 and Lutfallah et al., 1991, who found that tested maize

cultivars show different responses to corn borer infestation. Cultivars S.C.10, 123,

129, S.C.161 and T.W.C.321 expresses resistant to Ostrina nubilalis infestation

and has less grain reduction T.W.C.310, 323, 324, S.C.122, 124 and 155

express susceptible to ECB infestation and have as much loss in yield as did other

cultivars.


Table IV.16: Susceptibility of ten corn cultivars to infestation with ECB in El-Gharbia and El-Behira governorates under natural infestation conditions(2003 season).

El-Gharbia site

Cultivars Holes No./100 internods

Cavities No./10plants

Larvae No./10plants

Holes No./ 10 ear stalks

Damaged grains%

Grains protein %

Grains phosphorus%

Giza 2 22.4d* 26.3 b 17.7 c 8.67 cd 4.46 cd 3.96 b 0.48 aS.C.10 23.2cd 30.0 b 22.7 b 13.00 a 7.51 a 3.33 de 0.49 aS.C.13 8.4g 9.0 e 7.0 de 5.00 f 2.26 g 3.27 ef 0.43 bS.C.123 13.7ef 16.0 cd 11.3 d 6.33 d-f 4.39 de 4.50 a 0.50 a

T.W.C. 310 17.3e 19.0 c 17.0 c 8.00 c-e 9.01 a 3.83 bc 0.35 dT.W.C. 321 26.6bc 30.0 b 27.0 ab 8.33 cd 7.58 b 3.08 ef 0.48 aT.W.C. 323 32.9a 37.0 a 29.7 a 10.00 bc 3.48 ef 3.04 f 0.37 cdT.W.C. 324 30.2ab 35.7 a 30.0 a 11.33 ab 9.17 a 3.58 cd 0.40 bcT.W.C. 351 11.4fg 10.3 e 6.0 e 5.00 f 3.16 fg 4.02 b 0.50 aT.W.C. 352 14.3ef 13.3 de 9.0 de 5.67 ef 5.33 c 3.76 bc 0.51 aL.S.D (0.05) 3.796 3.796 4.828 2.414 0.1935 0.2625 0.0515

El-Behira siteGiza 2 10.7 e 13.3 e 11.3 d 7.67 de 4.37 d 4.17 a 0.49 aS.C.10 18.2 cd 24.0 cd 24.7 b 15.67 a 6.71 b 3.28 c 0.50 aS.C.13 6.7 f 8.7 e 6.0 e 7.00 e 2.29 f 3.22 c 0.42 bcS.C.123 9.1 ef 13.0 e 10.3 de 5.67 e 4.40 d 4.31 a 0.49 a

T.W.C. 310 18.3 cd 26.7 c 24.7 b 10.33 cd 8.95 a 3.71 b 0.35 deT.W.C. 321 15.3 d 20.0 d 18.0 c 10.67 c 7.33 b 3.24 c 0.47 abT.W.C. 323 25.4 ab 32.7 b 28.0 b 12.33 bc 3.47 e 3.05 c 0.40 cdT.W.C. 324 26.5 a 38.7 a 34.3 a 13.67 ab 8.61 a 3.57 b 0.34 eT.W.C. 351 10.4 ef 10.3 e 8.3 de 4.67 e 2.89 ef 3.81 b 0.52 aT.W.C. 352 22.1 bc 24.3 cd 18.0 c 7.67 de 5.54 c 3.61 b 0.50 aL.S.D (0.05) 3.880 5.496 4.546 2.819 0.8840 0.2675 0.05147

**Averaged data Giza 2 16.6 d 19.8 c 14.5 c 8.17 de 4.42 d 4.06 b 0.49 bcS.C.10 20.7 bc 27.0 b 23.7 b 14.33 a 7.11 b 3.31 e 0.50 abS.C.13 7.5 f 8.8 e 6.5 e 6.00 f 2.27 f 3.25 ef 0.42 dS.C.123 11.4 e 14.5 d 10.8 d 6.00 f 4.40 d 4.41 a 0.50 ab

T.W.C. 310 17.8 cd 22.8 bc 20.8 b 9.17 d 8.98 a 3.77 cd 0.35 fT.W.C. 321 21.0 b 25.0 b 22.5 b 9.50 cd 7.46 b 3.16 ef 0.48 cT.W.C. 323 29.1 a 34.8 a 28.8 a 11.17 bc 3.47 e 3.04 f 0.38 eT.W.C. 324 28.4 a 37.2 a 32.2 a 12.50 ab 8.89 a 3.57 d 0.37 eT.W.C. 351 10.9 e 10.3 de 7.2 e 4.83 f 3.02 e 3.92 bc 0.51 aT.W.C. 352 18.2 b-d 18.8 c 13.5 cd 6.67 ef 5.43 c 3.68 d 0.51 aL.S.D (0.05) 3.177 4.213 3.566 1.926 0.6886 0.2122 0.01628

*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars.


Table IV.17: 100 grain weight, grains yield and grains yield reduction as a result of natural infestation with ECB on ten corn cultivars at El-Gharbia and El-Behira governorates.

El-Gharbia site

Cultivars 100grains weight(g)Grains yield /10plants (kg)Mean Reduction%***

Giza 2 29.0 ab* 1.26 a 28.57S.C.10 31.4 a 1.51 a 33.77S.C.13 23.0 c 1.05 bc 22.86S.C.123 26.0 bc 1.46 a 30.82

T.W.C. 310 29.6 ab 1.16 a-c 25.86T.W.C. 321 29.5 ab 1.38 ab 28.26T.W.C. 323 25.7 bc 0.97 c 27.84T.W.C. 324 28.7 ab 1.47 a 36.05T.W.C. 351 27.0 b 1.37 ab 22.63T.W.C. 352 27.7 ab 1.30 a-c 36.15L.S.D (0.05) 3.894 0.366

El-Behira siteGiza 2 35.3 ab 1.37 d 23.36S.C.10 36.7 a 1.42 bc 26.76S.C.13 31.0 ef 1.18 e 33.90S.C.123 32.8 de 1.22 de 20.49

T.W.C. 310 33.2 cd 1.24 c 33.87T.W.C. 321 33.6 b-d 1.44 bc 19.44T.W.C. 323 32.0 d-f 1.05 a 21.90T.W.C. 324 35.0 a-c 1.47 a 27.89T.W.C. 351 30.8 f 1.30 b 16.92T.W.C. 352 31.0 ef 1.35 de 20.74L.S.D (0.05) 1.914 0.283

**Averaged dataGiza 2 32.15 a 1.31 ab 26.72S.C.10 34.05 a 1.47 a 29.93S.C.13 27 d 1.11 cd 29.73S.C.123 29.4 bc 1.34 a-c 26.12

T.W.C. 310 31.4 b 1.20 b-d 30.00T.W.C. 321 31.55 b 1.41 ab 23.40T.W.C. 323 30.4 b 1.01 d 24.75T.W.C. 324 31.8 ab 1.47 a 31.97T.W.C. 351 28.9 bc 1.34 a-c 19.40T.W.C. 352 29.95 b 1.33 a-c 27.82L.S.D (0.05) 2.032 0.252

*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars.*** Reduction%=(Grain yield in diazinon treatments-Grain yield in control treatment)/ Grain yield in control×100


IV.3.2 Insecticides efficiency against European Corn Borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) infestation.

IV.3.2.a Holes No./100 internodes. Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten

corn cultivars evaluated by holes No./100 internodes at two different locations

are presented in Table (IV.18). At the two locations there are a significant

differences between the insecticides treatments.

At El-Gharbia site: diazinon treated cultivatar S.C.13 and S.C.123, and

chlorpyrifos treated cultiver S.C.13 had the lowest value in holes No./100

internodes.

Holes No./100 internodes values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows: S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 351<T.W.C.

310<T.W.C.352< Giza 2<T.W.C. 324<T.W.C. 323<S.C.10<T.W.C. 321.While

diazinon treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows: S.C.13<

S.C.123< Giza 2< T.W.C. 310< S.C.10< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C.321<T.W.C. 351<

T.W.C. 352 <T.W.C. 323. Methomyl treated cultivers were in ascending order as

follows: S.C.13< T.W.C. 351< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 310< S.C.123<

Giza2< S.C.10< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 323< T.W.C. 321. Fenpropathrin treated

cultivers were in ascending order as follows:Giza 2< T.W.C. 351< S.C.13<

S.C.123< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 352< S.C.10< T.W.C.

323.

Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the most efficient insecticides treatments

against ECB infestation [ infestation reduction percentage(R%) = 77.05 and 71.10

respectively].

At El-Behira site: diazinon treated cultivars S.C.123 and T.W.C.351


have the lowest value in this regard.

Holes No./100 internodes values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were

in ascending order as follows: T.W.C. 351< S.C.123< Giza 2< S.C.13< T.W.C.

321< T.W.C. 323< S.C.10< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 324. While

diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows: S.C.123< T.W.C.

351< T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C. 310< S.C.10< Giza 2< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.

352< T.W.C. 324. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as

follows: S.C.123< T.W.C. 351 < S.C.13< Giza 2< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C.

323< S.C.10< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 324. Fenpropathrin treated

cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13< Giza 2< S.C.123< T.W.C.

351< T.W.C. 323< T.W.C. 310< S.C.10< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 352.

Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the most efficient insecticides treatments

against ECB infestation (R% = 81.51 and 77.51 respectively).

From averaged data it could be concluded that: diazinon was the most

potent insecticides treatments and the methomyl was the lest effective one(R%=

79.05 and 40.88 respectively). The degree of infestation at Elgharbia site were

more than that in El-Behira site.

IV.3.2.b Cavities No./10 plant.ECB cavities No./10 plants as effected by insecticides treatments and corn

cultivers are sited in Table (IV.19). A significant differences were detected

between the insecticide treatments and corn cultivars.

At El-Gharbia site: diazinon treated cultivars S.C.13, S.C.123 and

T.W.C.351 treatments had the lowest value in this regard.

Cavities No./10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows: S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 351< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C.


310< Giza 2< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.323< T.W.C. 324< S.C.10. While diazinon

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows: S.C.13< S.C.123< Giza 2<

T.W.C. 310< S.C.10< T.W.C. 351< T.W.C.321< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C.352<

T.W.C.323. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows:

T.W.C. 351< S.C.13< Giza 2< T.W.C.324< S.C.123< T.W.C.310<T.W.C. 321<

T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 323< S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows: T.W.C. 351< S.C.13< Giza 2< T.W.C. 324< S.C.123<

T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C.323< S.C.10.

Diazinon was the most efficient insecticide treatments towered ECB

infestation followed by fenpropathrin(R%= 79.49 and 73.68 respectively).

At El-Behira site:diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.351 and S.C.13 had the

lowest value in this regard.

Cultivers cavities No./10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated values

were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 351< S.C.123< Giza2< S.C.13<

T.W.C.321< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 324. While

diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.123<

T.W.C.351< T.W.C. 323< Giza 2< T.W.C. 310< S.C.13< S.C.10 < T.W.C. 321<

T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 324. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged

ascendingly as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C. 351< Giza 2< S.C.123< T.W.C. 323<

S.C.10< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 352. Fenpropathrin treated

cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C. 351<Giza 2<

S.C.123<T.W.C.323< S.C.10< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 352.

All insecticides had the same potency against ECB in spit of methomyl which had

the lowest effective one. The ECB infestation was much more in Elgharbia than in

El-Behira.


From the averaged data it could be concluded that: diazinon followed

by fenpropathrin was the most potent insecticides treatments against ECB

infestation(R%= 80.50 and 75.97 respectively) and methomyl was the lowest

effective one.

IV.3.2.c Larvae No. /10plants.ECB larvae No./10 plants as effected by insecticides treatments and corn

cultivars exhibited in Table (IV.20) .In both location there were a significant

differences between insecticides treatments.

At El-Gharbia site: diazinon treated cultivars S.C.10, S.C.123 and S.C.13

treatments had the lowest values in this regard.

Larvae No./10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C.351< Giza 2< T.W.C. 310<

T.W.C. 352< S.C.10< T.W.C. 323< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 321. While diazinon

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.10< S.C.123< S.C.13<

Giza 2< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.324< T.W.C. 351< T.W.C. 352<

T.W.C.323. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as

follows:T.W.C. 351< Giza 2< S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C.

321< S.C.10< T.W.C.352<T.W.C.323. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.351< Giza 2< S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 310<

T.W.C.324< T.W.C. 321< S.C.10< T.W.C.352< T.W.C. 323.

Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the most potent insecticides treatments

against ECB infestation (R%= 85.84 and 76.50 respectively).

At El-Behira site: diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.351, S.C.123 and

S.C.13 had the lowest values in this regard.

Larvae No./10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in


ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 351< Giza 2< S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 323<

T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 324< S.C.10< T.W.C. 310. While diazinon

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows: S.C.123< T.W.C.351<

S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C.321 < T.W.C. 323< Giza 2< T.W.C.

352<T.W.C.324. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as

follows:T.W.C. 323 < Giza 2< T.W.C.351< S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.

310< S.C.123< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 352. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 323< Giza 2< T.W.C. 351< S.C.13< S.C.10<

T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 310< S.C.123< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.352.

Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the most potent insecticides treatments

against ECB infestation (R%= 85.84 and 76.50 respectively).

Generally, from averaged data: Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the

most potent insecticides against ECB(R%= 88.43 and 77.93 respectively).

IV.3.2.d Holes No./10 ear stalks.Table (IV.21) show the effect of insecticides treatments and corn

cultivers on ECB infestation decided by holes No./ 10 ear stalks.

At El-Gharbia site :a significant differences were detected between the

insecticides treatments. Diazinon treated cultivar S.C.13 and T.W.C.352, and

chlorpyrifos treated cultivar T.W.C.351 had the lowest values in this regard.

Holes No./ 10 ear stalks values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 351< S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C.

323< T.W.C.321< T.W.C. 324< Giza 2< T.W.C. 310< S.C.10. While diazinon

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C.352<

S.C.123< T.W.C.323 < T.W.C. 351< Giza2< T.W.C. 310< T.W.C.324< S.C.10<

T.W.C. 321. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as


follows:T.W.C.351< S.C.123< T.W.C. 352< S.C.13< T.W.C. 321< Giza2<

T.W.C.310< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.324< S.C.10. Methomyl treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.351< S.C.123< T.W.C. 352< S.C.13< T.W.C.

321< Giza2< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.323< T.W.C. 324< S.C.10.

Diazinon was the most effective insecticides treatments against ECB while

methomyl had the lowest effective one in that respect (R%= 61.06 and 13.52

respectively).

At El-Behira site :a significant differences were detected between the

insecticides treatments. Diazinon treated cultivar S.C.123 and T.W.C.351, and

fenopropathrin treated cultivar T.W.C.351 had the lowest values in this regard.

Ten ear stalks values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in ascending

order as follows:T.W.C. 351< S.C.123< T.W.C. 321< S.C.13< T.W.C. 352<

Giza2< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324< S.C.10.While diazinon treated

cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.123< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.310<

T.W.C. 323< Giza2< S.C.13< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324.

Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows:T.W.C.351<

S.C.123< S.C.13< Giza2< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324<

T.W.C.310< S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in ascending order as

follows:T.W.C. 351< S.C.123< S.C.13< Giza2< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.352<

T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310< S.C.10.

Diazinon and fenpropathrin were the most effective insecticides treatments

against ECB(R%= 48.25 and 22.75 respectively) while there are no significant

differences between methomyl and control treatments .

Generally from average data it could be concluded that: a significant

differences among insecticides treatments were detected. Diazinon was the most


effective insecticides treatments against ECB while methomyl had the lowest

effective one in this respect (R%= 54.15 and 14.72 respectively).

IV.3.2.e Damaged grains percentage. Table (IV.22) show the effect of insecticides treatments and corn

cultivers on ECB infestation decided by damaged grains percentage.

In both location, a significant differences were detected between the

insecticides treatments.

In all location and from the averaged data: Cultivar S.C.13 treated with

diazinon or fenpropathren and T.W.C.351 treated with diazinon treatments had the

lowest values in this respect. Diazinon followed by fenpropathrin were the most

effective insecticides treatments against ECB (R%= 55.16 and 40.83 respectively)

while methomyl had the lowest effective one in that respect.

At El-Gharbia site:damaged grains percentage values of chlorpyrifos

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows: S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C.

351< Giza 2< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.321< S.C.10< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.

310. While diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13<

T.W.C.351< T.W.C.323< S.C.123< Giza2< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< T.W.C.321<

T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged

ascendingly as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.351< Giza2< S.C.123T.W.C.

352< T.W.C.321< S.C.10< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers

were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C. 323< T.W.C. 351< Giza2<

S.C.123< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.321< S.C.10< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324.

At El-Behira site :damaged grains percentage values of chlorpyrifos

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows: S.C.13< T.W.C. 351<

T.W.C.323< S.C.123< Giza2< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.310<


T.W.C. 324. While the diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as

follows:S.C.13< S.C.123< T.W.C. 351< Giza 2< T.W.C. 323< T.W.C.352<

S.C.10< T.W.C. 321< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 310. Methomyl treated cultivers could

be arranged ascendingly as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.323< Giza

2< S.C.123< T.W.C.352< T.W.C. 321< S.C.10< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C.310.

Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13<

T.W.C.351< T.W.C. 323< Giza2< S.C.123< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.321< S.C.10<

T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 310.

IV.3.2.f Grains protein percentage.Data presented in Table (IV.23) show the effect of insecticides treatments

and corn cultivars on grains` protein percentage. In both location, a significant

differences were detected between the corn cultivars only and no significant

difference had been observed between pesticides treatments.

In all location and from the averaged data it could be concluded that,

diazinon had the highest effect of grain protein percentage. Also, there were a

significant positive relationship between the reduction of the ECB infestations and

the grain protein percentage.

At El-Gharbia site: the untreated cultivar T.W.C.323 and methomyl

treated cultivars T.W.C.321and T.W.C.323 had the lowest values in this regard

while cultivar S.C.13 treated with fenopropathrin or chlorpyrifos or diazinon

had the highest values in this regard.

Grains protein percentage values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< T.W.C.321< S.C.10< S.C.13< T.W.C.

324< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.351< Giza2< S.C.123. While diazinon

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 321< T.W.C.323<


S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C. 324< T.W.C. 352< T.W.C. 310< Giza2< T.W.C. 351<

S.C.123. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as

follows:T.W.C.323< T.W.C. 321< S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.352<

Giza2< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.351< S.C.123. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< T.W.C.321< S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C.324<

T.W.C.352< Giza2< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.351< S.C.123.

At El-Behira site: the untreated cultivars T.W.C.323, methomyl treated

cultivar T.W.C.321 and T.W.C.323 had the lowest values in this respect while

cultivar S.C.13 treated with fenopropathrin or chlorpyrifos or diazinon had the

highest values in this respect.

Grains protein percentage values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< T.W.C.321< S.C.13< S.C.10< T.W.C.324<

T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.310< Giza2< S.C.123. While diazinon treated

cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 323< T.W.C.321< S.C.13<

S.C.10< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.351< Giza2< S.C.123.

Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows:T.W.C. 321<

S.C.10< T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.

310< Giza2< S.C.123. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in ascending order as

follows:T.W.C. 321< S.C.10< T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.352<

T.W.C.351< T.W.C.310< Giza2< S.C.123.

From averaged data it could be concluded that: a significant differences

were detected between the pesticides treatments. Untreated cultivars T.W.C.323

and T.W.C.321, methomyl treated cultivar T.W.C.321 and T.W.C.323 had the

lowest values in this respect while S.C.13 treated with fenopropathrin or

chlorpyrifos or diazinon had the highest values in this respect.


IV.3.2.g Grains phosphorus percentage.Data presented in Table (IV.24) show the effect of insecticides treatments

and corn cultivars on grains phosphorous percentage.

In both location and from averaged data, a significant differences were

detected between the corn cultivars only while, there are no significant

differences between the pesticides treatments.

In all location and from the averaged data it could be concluded that,

diazinon had the highest effect of grain phosphorous percentage. Also, there were

no significant relationship between reduction ECB infestations and the grain

phosphorous percentage.

At El-Gharbia site: diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.310 and methomyl

treated cultivar T.W.C.324 had the lowest values in this regard while,

fenpropathrin treated cultivar Giza2 and diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.352 had

the highest values in this regard.

Grain phosphorous percentage values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers

were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.323< S.C.13<

T.W.C.321< T.W.C.351< S.C.123< T.W.C.352< Giza2< S.C.10. While diazinon

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 310< T.W.C.324<

T.W.C.323< S.C.13< Giza2< T.W.C.321< S.C.123< T.W.C.351< S.C.10<

T.W.C.352. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as

follows:T.W.C.324< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.310< S.C.13< T.W.C.321< S.C.10<

S.C.123< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< Giza2. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.324< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.310< S.C.13<

T.W.C.321< S.C.10< S.C.123< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< Giza2.

At El-Behira site: fenopropathrin treated cultivar T.W.C.324 and


diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.324 had the lowest values in this respect while

chlorpyrifos treated cultivar T.W.C.351 and diazinon treated cultivar T.W.C.351

had the highest values in this respect.

Grain phosphorous percentage values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers

were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.323< S.C.13<

T.W.C.321< S.C.10< Giza2< T.W.C.352< S.C.123< T.W.C.351. While diazinon

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310<

T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C.321< S.C.123< S.C.10< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.352<

Giza2. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows:

T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.352<

T.W.C.351< Giza2< S.C.123< S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.323< S.C.13<

T.W.C.321< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< Giza2< S.C.123< S.C.10.

IV.3.2.h 100 grain weight (g.). Data presented in Table (IV.25) show the effect of insecticides

treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grain weight.

At El-Gharbia site: a significant differences between insecticides

treatments only had been observed. Untreated cultivars S.C.10 or treated with

diazinon or chlorpyrifos had the highest values in 100 grain weight, while the

untreated S.C.13 and T.W.C321 cultivers had the lowest value in this respect.

Diazinon followed by chlorpyrifos treatments had the highest value in 100 grain

weight.

100 grain weight values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.321< T.W.C.323< S.C.123< S.C.13<

T.W.C.351< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.310< Giza2< T.W.C.324< S.C.10. While diazinon


treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< T.W.C.352<

S.C.123< S.C.13< T.W.C.310< Giza2< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.321<

S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as follows:

T.W.C.323< S.C.123< T.W.C.351< S.C.13< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.310<

T.W.C.321< Giza2< S.C.10. Methomyl treated cultivers were in ascending order

as follows:T.W.C.323< S.C.123< T.W.C.351< S.C.13< T.W.C.352 < T.W.C.324<

T.W.C.310< T.W.C.321< Giza2< S.C.10.

At El-Behira site: there were a significant differences between insecticides

treatments. Cultivar S.C.10 treated with diazinon or fenopropathrin and S.C.13

treated with fenopropathrin treatments had the highest values in 100 grains

weight. While T.W.C.351 treated with fenopropathrin or methomyl and untreated

T.W.C.351 had the lowest values in this respect. Diazinon followed by

chlorpyrifos treatments had the highest values in 100 grains weight.

100 grain weight values of chlorpyrifos treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.351< Giza2< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.321<

S.C.123< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324< S.C.13< T.W.C.352< S.C.10. While diazinon

treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.351< Giza2<

T.W.C.310< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.321< S.C.123< S.C.13< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.324<

S.C.10. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as

follows:T.W.C.351< Giza2< T.W.C.321< S.C.123< T.W.C.323< T.W.C.310<

T.W.C.324< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< S.C.13. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.351< Giza2< T.W.C.321< S.C.123<

T.W.C.323< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.324< T.W.C.352< S.C.10< S.C.13.

From the averaged data it could be concluded that: a significant

differences were found between the insecticides treatments. Cultivar S.C.10


treated with diazinon or fenopropathrin had the highest values in 100 grains

weight. While methomyl treated cultivar T.W.C.323, T.W.C.351 and S.C.13

treatments had the lowest values in this respect. Diazinon and chlorpyrifos

treatments had the highest values in 100 grains weight.

IV.3.2.i Grains yield/10 plants(Kg).Table (IV.26) show the effect of insecticide treatments and corn cultivars

on grain yield/10plants.

A significant differences were found between the insecticides treatments

in both locations.

At El-Gharbia site: grains yield/10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated

cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C. 323< S.C.13< Giza2< T.W.C.

310< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.321< S.C.123< S.C.10< T.W.C.324. While

diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323<

S.C.13< T.W.C. 310< Giza2< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.351< S.C.123<

T.W.C.324< S.C.10. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as

follows:T.W.C. 323< S.C.13< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.352<

Giza2< S.C.23< T.W.C.324< S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< S.C.13< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.321<

T.W.C.351< T.W.C. 352< Giza 2< S.C.123< T.W.C.324< S.C.10.

At El-Behira site: grains yield/10 plants values of chlorpyrifos treated

cultivers were in ascending order as follows:S.C.13< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.352<

T.W.C.323< S.C.123< T.W.C.310< S.C.10< Giza 2< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324.

While diazinon treated cultivers were in ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323<

S.C.123< T.W.C.352< S.C.13< T.W.C.351< T.W.C.310< Giza2< T.W.C.321<

S.C.10< T.W.C.324. Methomyl treated cultivers could be arranged ascendingly as


follows:T.W.C. 323< S.C.123< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.352< T.W.C.351< S.C.13<

Giza2< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324< S.C.10. Fenpropathrin treated cultivers were in

ascending order as follows:T.W.C.323< S.C.123< T.W.C.310< T.W.C.352<

T.W.C. 351< S.C.13< Giza2< T.W.C.321< T.W.C.324< S.C.10.

In all locations and from averaged data it could be concluded that: diazinon

treated cultivar S.C.10 and T.W.C.324, and chlorpyrifos treated cultivar T.W.C.324

treatments had the highest values in grain yield/10plants while untreated

T.W.C.323 and S.C.13 and methomyl treated cultivars T.W.C.323 had the

lowest values in this respect. Diazinon followed by chlorpyrifos treatments had

the highest value in grains yield/10plants, while the control and methomyl

treatments had the lowest values in this regard.

From the previous data we can conclude that:

● The most potent insecticides against ECB infestation were diazinon

followed by fenpropathrin. Which reduced the holes No./100 internodes,

cavities No./10plants, holes No./10 ear stalks and larvae No./10plants in

all locations, while methomyl was the least toxic one.

● In case of yield and yield component :Diazinon insecticide had the

highest values in 100grain weight and grains yield/10plants followed by

chlorpyrifos in both locations.

These findings are in accordance with those obtained by Barbulescu 1971 ;

Hills et al., 1972; Martel and Hudon, 1978; Melia Masia and Almajano

Contreras, 1973; Mustea, 1977; Thompson and White, 1977 and Voinescu and

Barbulescu, 1986 who is found that diazinon was the most potent insecticides

against ECB infestation.

This results may be due to that diazinon had high vapor pressure (1.2×10-2


Pa at 25° ), stomach and respiratory actions, long half life (Sattar, 1991; Gonzalez

and Aravena-C, 1990 and Smith et al., 1998). On the other hand, Rinkleff et al.,

1995 found that methomyl had a low residual toxicity to Ostrina nubilalis

neonates. That maybe due to that methomyl had shortest half life (T50 =0.91days)

(Wilwam and Sundararajan, 1986) and low stability at room temperature in

aqueous solutions and the rate of decomposition increase in higher temperature, in

presence of sunlight and on exposure to air.


Table IV.18: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/100 internodes in the two locations.

El-Gharbia

CultivarsTreatments

Control Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methomyl FenpropathrinMean Mean R%*** Mean R% Mean R% Mean R%

Giza 2 22.41d* 8.23 abc 63.30 3.57abc 84.09 15.17 b 32.30 3.82b 82.97S.C.10 23.24cd 10.77 a 53.65 4.23abc 81.80 16.14 b 30.54 8.87a 61.85S.C.13 8.38g 1.96 e 76.56 1.92c 77.07 4.36 d 47.91 4.11b 50.91S.C.123 13.65ef 3.41 de 75.05 2.94bc 78.44 9.88 c 27.63 4.36b 68.06

T.W.C. 310 17.26e 5.15 c-e 70.15 4.09a-c 76.30 8.39 c 51.35 5.11b 70.38T.W.C. 321 26.65bc 10.85 a 59.30 5.30a-c 80.10 24.57 a 7.80 6.43ab 75.87T.W.C. 323 32.92a 9.79 ab 70.27 7.10a 78.42 16.75 b 49.12 9.59a 70.87T.W.C. 324 30.23ab 9.57 ab 68.33 5.16a-c 82.92 16.52 b 45.35 4.46b 85.25T.W.C. 351 11.42 fg 3.54 de 69.03 5.33a-c 53.32 7.65 cd 33.04 3.87b 66.10T.W.C. 352 14.32ef 6.01 b-d 58.01 6.35ab 55.62 8.27 c 42.24 7.33ab 48.83

Mean 20.05A 6.93 C 65.45 4.60D 77.05 12.77 B 36.29 5.79CD 71.10L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.246 for interactions =3.796

El-BehiraGiza 2 10.70 d 3.54 a 66.94 2.65b 75.23 7.39 bc 30.96 2.77ab 74.13S.C.10 18.24bc 5.32 a 70.81 2.60b 85.76 9.03 ab 50.50 3.64ab 80.02S.C.13 6.66e 3.65 a 45.19 2.37b 64.45 5.93 bc 10.99 1.92b 71.14S.C.123 9.09de 2.46 a 72.91 1.55b 82.89 4.92 c 45.87 3.03ab 66.70

T.W.C. 310 18.28bc 5.69 a 68.90 2.45b 86.59 8.67 a-c 52.59 3.59ab 80.35T.W.C. 321 15.33c 3.69 a 75.94 3.05b 80.08 11.65 a 24.01 4.28ab 72.06T.W.C. 323 25.36a 4.17 a 83.56 2.33b 90.82 8.85 ab 65.09 3.52ab 86.10T.W.C. 324 26.49a 5.78 a 78.20 7.38a 72.15 12.44 a 53.04 4.21ab 84.11T.W.C. 351 10.42de 2.24 a 78.54 1.71b 83.63 5.86 bc 43.75 3.50ab 66.39T.W.C. 352 22.05b 5.65 a 74.38 3.98ab 81.95 12.22 a 44.59 6.10a 72.35

Mean 16.26A 4.22 C 74.06 3.01C 81.51 8.69 B 46.53 3.66C 77.51L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.525 for interactions =3.880

Average data**Giza 2 16.56d 5.88 ab 64.48 3.11ab 81.23 11.28 cd 31.87 3.29bc 80.11S.C.10 20.74bc 8.05 a 61.19 3.41ab 83.54 12.59 bc 39.32 6.25ab 69.84S.C.13 7.52 f 2.81 b 62.66 2.14b 71.48 5.15 g 31.56 3.02c 59.87S.C.123 11.37e 2.93 b 74.19 2.25b 80.22 7.40 e-g 34.92 3.69a-c 67.52

T.W.C. 310 17.77cd 5.42 ab 69.51 3.27ab 81.60 8.53 d-f 51.99 4.35a-c 75.51T.W.C. 321 20.99b 7.27 a 65.38 4.18ab 80.09 18.11 a 13.72 5.36a-c 74.48T.W.C. 323 29.14a 6.98 a 76.06 4.71ab 83.82 12.80 bc 56.07 6.56a 77.50T.W.C. 324 28.36a 7.67 a 72.94 6.27a 77.89 14.48 b 48.94 4.33a-c 84.72T.W.C. 351 10.92e 2.89 b 73.57 3.52ab 67.78 6.75 fg 38.15 3.69a-c 66.23T.W.C. 352 18.18b-d 5.83 ab 67.93 5.17ab 71.58 10.24 c-e 43.66 6.71a 63.09

Mean 18.15A 5.57 C 69.30 3.80D 79.05 10.73 B 40.88 4.73CD 73.97L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.191 for interactions =3.177

*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars. ***R%= ( control-treatment)/ control×100


Table IV.19: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by cavity number/10plants in the two locations.

El-Gharbia

CultivarsTreatments


Giza 2 26.33b* 9.00ab 65.82 4.00ab 84.81 18.00b 31.65 4.33b 83.54S.C.10 30.00b 13.00a 56.67 4.67ab 84.44 19.00b 36.67 10.33a 65.56S.C.13 9.00e 2.07c 76.95 2.15b 76.13 4.67d 48.15 4.00b 55.56S.C.123 16.00cd 3.00c 81.25 2.33ab 85.42 11.00c 31.25 4.67b 70.83

T.W.C. 310 19.00c 6.00bc 68.42 4.00ab 78.95 8.33cd 56.14 5.00b 73.68T.W.C. 321 30.00b 10.00ab 66.67 5.33ab 82.22 20.00a 33.33 6.67ab 77.78T.W.C. 323 37.00a 11.00a 70.27 7.00a 81.08 19.00b 48.65 9.00a 75.68T.W.C. 324 35.67a 11.00a 69.16 5.33ab 85.05 19.67b 44.86 4.33b 87.85T.W.C. 351 10.33e 3.67c 64.52 5.00ab 51.61 6.67cd 35.48 3.00b 70.97T.W.C. 352 13.33de 5.67bc 57.50 6.67ab 50.00 8.67cd 35.00 8.33ab 37.50

Mean 22.67A 7.44BC 67.17 4.65B 79.49 13.50AB 40.44 5.97CD 73.68L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.246 for interactions =3.7.96

El-BehiraGiza 2 13.33 d 4.33a 67.50 3.00b 77.50 9.67c 27.50 3.67a 72.50S.C.10 24.00bc 7.00a 70.83 4.00b 83.33 12.00a-c 50.00 4.33a 81.94S.C.13 8.67e 4.67a 46.15 3.67b 57.69 5.67c 34.62 3.00a 65.38S.C.123 13.00de 3.00a 76.92 1.67b 87.18 7.33c 43.59 4.00a 69.23

T.W.C. 310 26.67bc 7.33a 72.50 3.00b 88.75 11.33a-c 57.50 4.33a 83.75T.W.C. 321 20.00c 4.67a 76.67 4.00b 80.00 15.33ab 23.33 6.00a 70.00T.W.C. 323 32.67a 5.00a 84.69 2.67b 91.84 10.00bc 69.39 4.00a 87.76T.W.C. 324 38.67a 8.00a 79.31 10.67a 72.41 16.33a 57.76 6.00a 84.48T.W.C. 351 10.33de 2.67a 74.19 1.67b 83.87 7.00c 32.26 3.33a 67.74T.W.C. 352 24.33b 6.67a 72.60 4.67b 80.82 12.00a-c 50.68 7.00a 71.23

Mean 21.17A 5.33C 74.80 3.90C 81.57 10.67B 49.61 4.57C 78.43L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.494 for interactions =5.496

Average data**Giza 2 19.83c 6.67a-c 66.39 3.50b 82.35 13.83b-d 30.25 4.00ab 79.83S.C.10 27.00b 10.00a 62.96 4.33ab 83.95 15.50b 42.59 7.33ab 72.84S.C.13 8.83e 3.37bc 61.84 2.91b 67.09 5.17e 41.51 3.50ab 60.38S.C.123 14.50d 3.00c 79.31 2.00b 86.21 9.17e 36.78 4.33ab 70.11

T.W.C. 310 22.83bc 6.67a-c 70.80 3.50b 84.67 9.83de 56.93 4.67ab 79.56T.W.C. 321 25.00b 7.33ab 70.67 4.67ab 81.33 17.67a 29.33 6.33ab 74.67T.W.C. 323 34.83a 8.00a 77.03 4.83ab 86.12 14.50bc 58.37 6.50ab 81.34T.W.C. 324 37.17a 9.50a 74.44 8.00a 78.48 18.00b 51.57 5.17ab 86.10T.W.C. 351 10.33de 3.17bc 69.35 3.33b 67.74 6.83e 33.87 3.17b 69.35T.W.C. 352 18.83c 6.17a-c 67.26 5.67ab 69.91 10.33c-e 45.13 7.67a 59.29

Mean 21.92A 6.39 C 70.86 4.27D 80.50 12.08B 44.87 5.27CD 75.97L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.358 for interactions =4.213



Table IV.20: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by larvae number/10plants in the two locations.

El-Gharbia

CultivarsTreatments


Giza 2 17.67c* 4.67ab 73.58 2.00 a 88.68 13.00bc 26.42 3.00b 83.02S.C.10 22.67b 8.00a 64.71 1.33 a 94.12 14.33b 36.76 6.00a 73.53S.C.13 7.00de 1.37b 80.42 1.44 a 79.37 3.33e 52.38 3.00b 57.14S.C.123 11.33d 2.33b 79.41 1.33 a 88.24 8.33cd 26.47 3.33b 70.59

T.W.C. 310 17.00c 5.00ab 70.59 2.00 a 88.24 5.33de 68.63 3.33b 80.39T.W.C. 321 27.00ab 8.67a 67.90 2.67 a 90.12 25.33a 6.17 4.00ab 85.19T.W.C. 323 29.67a 8.00a 73.03 4.67 a 84.27 15.33b 48.31 7.00a 76.40T.W.C. 324 30.00a 8.33a 72.22 2.67 a 91.11 13.67b 54.44 3.33b 88.89T.W.C. 351 6.00e 2.33b 61.11 2.67 a 55.56 4.33de 27.78 2.33b 61.11T.W.C. 352 9.00de 5.00ab 44.44 4.33 a 51.85 6.33de 29.63 6.33ab 29.63

Mean 17.73A 5.37C 69.72 2.51 D 85.84 10.93B 38.35 4.17CD 76.50L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =2.028 for interactions =4.828

El-BehiraGiza 2 11.33 d 3.00a 73.53 2.00 a 82.35 10.67b-d 5.88 2.67a 76.47S.C.10 24.67bc 5.33a 78.38 1.67 a 93.24 13.67ab 44.59 3.33a 86.49S.C.13 6.00e 3.00a 50.00 1.33 a 77.78 4.00b-d 33.33 3.00a 50.00S.C.123 10.33de 3.33a 67.74 0.33 a 96.77 8.67cd 16.13 4.67a 54.84

T.W.C. 310 24.67bc 6.00a 75.68 1.67 a 93.24 10.67b-d 56.76 4.33a 82.43T.W.C. 321 18.00c 5.00a 72.22 1.67 a 90.74 15.67a 12.96 5.33a 70.37T.W.C. 323 28.00a 4.67a 83.33 1.67 a 94.05 11.00b-d 60.71 2.33a 91.67T.W.C. 324 34.33a 5.00a 85.44 3.33 a 90.29 13.00a-c 62.14 4.00a 88.35T.W.C. 351 8.33de 2.00a 76.00 0.33 a 96.00 7.33d 12.00 2.67a 68.00T.W.C. 352 18.00b 4.67a 74.07 2.67 a 85.19 8.67cd 51.85 5.67a 68.52

Mean 18.37A 4.20C 77.13 1.67 D 90.93 10.33B 43.74 3.80CD 79.31L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.922 for interactions =4.546

Average data**Giza 2 14.50c 3.83a-c 73.56 2.00 a 86.21 11.83bc 18.39 2.83a 80.46S.C.10 23.67b 6.67a 71.83 1.50 a 93.66 14.00b 40.85 4.67a 80.28S.C.13 6.50e 2.19c 66.38 1.39 a 78.63 3.67d 43.59 3.00a 53.85S.C.123 10.83d 2.83bc 73.85 0.83 a 92.31 8.50cd 21.54 4.00a 63.08

T.W.C. 310 20.83b 5.50a-c 73.60 1.83 a 91.20 8.00d 61.60 3.83a 81.60T.W.C. 321 22.50b 6.83a 69.63 2.17 a 90.37 20.50a 8.89 4.67a 79.26T.W.C. 323 28.83a 6.33ab 78.03 3.17 a 89.02 13.17b 54.34 4.67a 83.82T.W.C. 324 32.17a 6.67a 79.27 3.00 a 90.67 13.33b 58.55 3.67a 88.60T.W.C. 351 7.17e 2.17c 69.77 1.50 a 79.07 5.83d 18.60 2.50a 65.12T.W.C. 352 13.50cd 4.83a-c 64.20 3.50 a 74.07 7.50d 44.44 6.00a 55.56

Mean 18.05A 4.79C 73.49 2.09 D 88.43 10.63B 41.09 3.98C 77.93L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.191 for interactions =3.566



Table IV.21: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/10 ear stalks in the two locations.

El-Gharbia

CultivarsTreatments


Giza 2 8.67 cd* 5.00abc 42.31 3.33ab 61.54 7.67 b 11.54 3.67b 57.69S.C.10 13.00 a 6.67a 48.72 5.00a 61.54 12.00 a 7.69 6.67a 48.72S.C.13 5.00 f 2.67cd 46.67 1.67b 66.67 4.67 de 6.67 3.33b 33.33S.C.123 6.33 d-f 3.00b-d 52.63 2.67ab 57.89 5.67 de 10.53 2.67b 57.89

T.W.C. 310 8.00 c-e 5.33ab 33.33 3.33ab 58.33 6.67 cd 16.67 4.33b 45.83T.W.C. 321 8.33 cd 4.00b-d 52.00 5.00a 40.00 8.33 bc 0.00 3.33ab 60.00T.W.C. 323 10.00 bc 3.67b-d 63.33 2.67ab 73.33 8.33 bc 16.67 4.67a 53.33T.W.C. 324 11.33 ab 4.67a-c 58.82 3.33ab 70.59 8.67 bc 23.53 5.00b 55.88T.W.C. 351 5.00 f 2.00d 60.00 2.67ab 46.67 4.00 e 20.00 2.33b 53.33T.W.C. 352 5.67 ef 3.00b-d 47.06 2.00b 64.71 4.33 de 23.53 3.00ab 47.06

Mean 8.13 A 4.00C 50.82 3.17D 61.07 7.03 B 13.52 3.90CD 52.05L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.564 for interactions =2.414

El-BehiraGiza 2 7.67 d 6.67b-d 13.04 4.33a-c 43.48 7.00 cd 8.70 7.00c 8.70S.C.10 15.67 bc 10.00a 36.17 6.33ab 59.57 13.00 a 17.02 13.33a 14.89S.C.13 7.00 e 6.33cd 9.52 5.00a-c 28.57 4.67 b-d 33.33 6.33c 9.52S.C.123 5.67 de 5.67d 0.00 3.00c 47.06 4.67 e 17.65 4.00c 29.41

T.W.C. 310 10.33 bc 8.33a-d 19.35 4.00a-c 61.29 6.33 ab 38.71 10.33b 0.00T.W.C. 321 10.67 c 6.00cd 43.75 6.67a 37.50 10.00 bc 6.25 7.33c 31.25T.W.C. 323 12.33 a 7.33a-d 40.54 4.00a-c 67.57 10.00 bc 18.92 7.00c 43.24T.W.C. 324 13.67 a 9.33ab 31.71 6.67a 51.22 13.33 a 2.44 8.00bc 41.46T.W.C. 351 4.67 de 4.33cd 7.14 3.67bc 21.43 4.67 cd 0.00 3.33c 28.57T.W.C. 352 7.67 b 6.33a-c 17.39 5.67a-c 26.09 6.67 de 13.04 7.00c 8.70

Mean 9.53 A 7.03B 26.22 4.93C 48.25 8.03 A 15.73 7.37B 22.73L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.206 for interactions =2.819

**Average data Giza 2 8.17 de 5.83b-d 28.57 3.83b-d 53.06 7.33 c 10.20 5.33cd 34.69S.C.10 14.33 a 8.33a 41.86 5.67ab 60.47 12.50 a 12.79 10.00a 30.23S.C.13 6.00 f 4.50d 25.00 3.33cd 44.44 4.67 d 22.22 4.83cd 19.44S.C.123 6.00 f 4.33d 27.78 2.83d 52.78 5.17 d 13.89 3.33d 44.44

T.W.C. 310 9.17 d 6.83a-c 25.45 3.67cd 60.00 6.50 c 29.09 7.33b 20.00T.W.C. 321 9.50 cd 5.00cd 47.37 5.83a 38.60 9.17 bc 3.51 5.33cd 43.86T.W.C. 323 11.17 bc 5.50b-d 50.75 3.33cd 70.15 9.17 bc 17.91 5.83b-d 47.76T.W.C. 324 12.50 ab 7.00ab 44.00 5.00a-c 60.00 11.00 b 12.00 6.50bc 48.00T.W.C. 351 4.83 f 3.17d 34.48 3.17cd 34.48 4.33 d 10.34 2.83d 41.38T.W.C. 352 6.67 ef 4.67b-d 30.00 3.83b-d 42.50 5.50 d 17.50 5.00cd 25.00

Mean 8.83 A 5.52C 37.55 4.05D 54.15 7.53 B 14.72 5.63C 36.23L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.565 for interactions =1.926

*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of location factor the table reflect tolerance of different cultivars.***R%= ( control-treatment)/ control×100


Table IV.22: Efficiency of four chemical insecticides against ECB infestation on ten corn cultivars evaluated by damage grains% in two locations.

El-Gharbia

CultivarsTreatments


Giza 2 4.46cd 2.35cd 47.26 1.76c 60.49 3.29cd 26.28 1.98de 55.49S.C.10 7.51b 3.94b 47.48 2.58bc 65.71 5.41b 27.98 4.17b 44.45S.C.13 2.26g 1.49d 33.90 0.74d 67.47 1.79e 20.88 1.21e 46.66S.C.123 4.39de 2.31cd 47.45 1.75c 60.08 3.15d 28.21 2.56cd 41.58

T.W.C. 310 9.01a 5.89a 34.59 4.20a 53.35 7.22a 19.87 5.30a 41.17T.W.C. 321 7.58b 3.62b 52.19 3.06b 59.65 5.28b 30.37 4.15b 45.28T.W.C. 323 3.48ef 2.36cd 31.99 1.72c 50.64 2.61de 25.07 1.78de 48.73T.W.C. 324 9.17a 5.74a 37.42 4.17a 54.50 7.32a 20.12 5.47a 40.28T.W.C. 351 3.16 fg 2.34cd 25.81 1.50a 52.62 2.60de 17.50 1.86de 41.04T.W.C. 352 5.33c 3.20bc 39.98 2.30bc 56.79 4.11c 22.95 3.33bc 37.56

Mean 5.63A 3.33C 40.97 2.38D 57.80 4.28B 24.08 3.18C 43.52L.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.3053 for interactions=0.9135

El-BehiraGiza 2 4.37d 2.53d 42.13 1.71de 60.86 3.41d 21.96 2.17cd 50.26S.C.10 6.71b 4.05bc 39.66 2.94bc 56.15 5.01bc 25.33 4.45b 33.62S.C.13 2.29 f 1.64e 28.35 0.84e 63.12 1.96e 14.33 1.51d 34.17S.C.123 4.40d 2.49de 43.37 1.60de 63.69 3.37d 23.41 2.91c 33.96

T.W.C. 310 8.95a 5.28a 40.97 4.52a 49.55 7.88a 11.93 5.92a 33.92T.W.C. 321 7.33b 4.34b 40.83 3.33b 54.51 5.75b 21.61 4.31b 41.24T.W.C. 323 3.47e 2.32de 33.17 2.31cd 33.54 2.69de 22.41 2.07cd 40.35T.W.C. 324 8.61a 6.00a 30.28 4.35a 49.49 7.04a 18.17 4.73b 45.09T.W.C. 351 2.89ef 2.10de 27.42 1.68de 41.78 2.25e 22.21 1.84d 36.23T.W.C. 352 5.54c 3.45c 37.71 2.68bc 51.66 4.73c 14.60 3.89b 29.70


**Average dataGiza 2 4.41d 2.44c 44.72 1.74e 60.67 3.35d 24.14 2.08de 52.90S.C.10 7.11b 4.00b 43.79 2.76bc 61.20 5.21b 26.73 4.31b 39.34S.C.13 2.27 f 1.57d 31.11 0.79 f 65.28 1.87g 17.58 1.36 f 40.38S.C.123 4.40d 2.40c 45.40 1.68e 61.89 3.26de 25.81 2.74d 37.77

T.W.C. 310 8.98a 5.59a 37.77 4.36a 51.46 7.55a 15.91 5.61a 37.56T.W.C. 321 7.46b 3.98b 46.61 3.20b 57.12 5.51b 26.06 4.23bc 43.29T.W.C. 323 3.47e 2.34c 32.58 2.01de 42.10 2.65ef 23.74 1.93ef 44.54T.W.C. 324 8.89a 5.87a 33.97 4.26a 52.07 7.18a 19.17 5.10a 42.61T.W.C. 351 3.02e 2.22cd 26.58 1.59e 47.44 2.42 fg 19.75 1.85ef 38.74T.W.C. 352 5.43c 3.32b 38.83 2.49cd 54.18 4.42c 18.70 3.61c 33.55




Table IV.23: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains protein percentage.

El-Gharbia

CultivarsTreatments

Control Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methomyl FenpropathrinGiza 2 3.96 b 4.02 b 4.10 bc 3.96 b 4.02 bS.C.10 3.33 de 3.36 d 3.49 ef 3.30 e 3.45 deS.C.13 3.27 ef 3.39 d 3.41 f 3.32 de 3.40 eS.C.123 4.50 a 4.59 a 4.55 a 4.49 a 4.59 a

T.W.C. 310 3.83 bc 3.95 b 3.87 cd 3.71 bc 4.05 bT.W.C. 321 3.08 ef 3.25 d 3.30 f 3.08 e 3.30 eT.W.C. 323 3.04 f 3.21 d 3.37 f 3.10 e 3.28 eT.W.C. 324 3.58 cd 3.66 c 3.70 de 3.57 cd 3.68 cdT.W.C. 351 4.02 b 3.97 b 4.14 b 3.90 b 4.11 bT.W.C. 352 3.76 bc 3.81 bc 3.84 cd 3.79 bc 3.90 bc

Mean 3.64 BC 3.72 AB 3.78 A 3.62 C 3.78 AL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.09784 for interactions=0.2625

El-BehiraGiza 2 4.17 a 4.15 a 4.23 ab 3.67 bc 4.26 aS.C.10 3.28 c 3.46 cd 3.45 d 3.24 e 3.30 dS.C.13 3.22 c 3.42 cde 3.41 d 3.28 de 3.39 cdS.C.123 4.31 a 4.35 a 4.46 a 4.35 a 4.43 a

T.W.C. 310 3.71 b 3.87 b 3.99 bc 3.67 bc 3.94 bT.W.C. 321 3.24 c 3.25 de 3.35 d 3.08 e 3.22 dT.W.C. 323 3.05 c 3.17 e 3.32 d 3.15 e 3.37 cdT.W.C. 324 3.57 b 3.58 bc 3.88 c 3.52 cd 3.61 cT.W.C. 351 3.81 b 3.80 b 3.99 bc 3.84 b 3.91 bT.W.C. 352 3.61 b 3.69 bc 3.73 c 3.61 bc 3.62 c

Mean 3.60 A 3.67 A 3.78 A 3.54 A 3.71 AL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.2831 for interactions=0.2675

Average data**Giza 2 4.06 b 4.09 b 4.16 b 3.81 b 4.14 bS.C.10 3.31 e 3.41 ef 3.47 e 3.27 de 3.38 dS.C.13 3.25 ef 3.40 fg 3.41 e 3.30 d 3.39 dS.C.123 4.41 a 4.47 a 4.50 a 4.42 a 4.51 a

T.W.C. 310 3.77 cd 3.91 bc 3.93 cd 3.69 bc 4.00 bT.W.C. 321 3.16 ef 3.25 fg 3.33 e 3.08 e 3.26 dT.W.C. 323 3.04 f 3.19 g 3.35 e 3.12 de 3.32 dT.W.C. 324 3.57 d 3.62 de 3.79 d 3.54 c 3.65 cT.W.C. 351 3.92 bc 3.89 bc 4.07 bc 3.87 b 4.01 bT.W.C. 352 3.68 d 3.75 cd 3.79 d 3.70 bc 3.76 c

Mean 3.62 BC 3.70 AB 3.78 A 3.58 C 3.74 AL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.09414 for interactions=0.2122



Table IV.24: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains phosphors percentage.

El-Gharbia

CultivarsTreatments

Control Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methomyl FenpropathrinGiza 2 0.48 ab 0.52a 0.48ab 0.46 ab 0.53aS.C.10 0.49 a 0.52a 0.52a 0.50 a 0.49abS.C.13 0.43 bc 0.42b 0.44b 0.42 bc 0.43cdS.C.123 0.50 a 0.50a 0.50a 0.51 a 0.50ab

T.W.C. 310 0.35 d 0.34c 0.32c 0.35 de 0.38deT.W.C. 321 0.48 ab 0.48a 0.48ab 0.48 a 0.47bcT.W.C. 323 0.37 d 0.41b 0.37c 0.39 cd 0.37eT.W.C. 324 0.40 cd 0.34c 0.35c 0.33 e 0.34eT.W.C. 351 0.50 a 0.49a 0.51a 0.49 a 0.52abT.W.C. 352 0.51 a 0.51a 0.53a 0.50 a 0.50ab

Mean 0.45 A 0.45A 0.45A 0.44 A 0.45AL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.0010 for interactions=0.05147

El-BehiraGiza 2 0.49 a 0.50ab 0.52a 0.52 a 0.50aS.C.10 0.50 a 0.49ab 0.51a 0.51 a 0.51aS.C.13 0.42 bc 0.42cd 0.45bc 0.42 c 0.43bcS.C.123 0.49 a 0.51a 0.49ab 0.49 ab 0.50a

T.W.C. 310 0.35 de 0.34e 0.35de 0.35 d 0.38cT.W.C. 321 0.47 ab 0.45bc 0.48ab 0.44 bc 0.47abT.W.C. 323 0.40 cd 0.38de 0.40cd 0.41 c 0.39cT.W.C. 324 0.34 e 0.34e 0.33e 0.34 d 0.32dT.W.C. 351 0.52 a 0.54a 0.51a 0.53 a 0.49aT.W.C. 352 0.50 a 0.50ab 0.51a 0.50 a 0.47ab


Avareg data**Giza 2 0.49 bc 0.51a 0.50bc 0.49 b 0.52aS.C.10 0.50 ab 0.51a 0.52a 0.51 a 0.50bS.C.13 0.42 d 0.42c 0.44e 0.42 d 0.43dS.C.123 0.50 ab 0.51a 0.49cd 0.50 ab 0.50b

T.W.C. 310 0.35 f 0.34e 0.34g 0.35 f 0.38eT.W.C. 321 0.48 c 0.46b 0.48d 0.46 c 0.47cT.W.C. 323 0.38 e 0.40d 0.39 f 0.40 e 0.38eT.W.C. 324 0.37 e 0.34e 0.34g 0.33 g 0.33 fT.W.C. 351 0.51 a 0.51a 0.51ab 0.51 a 0.50bT.W.C. 352 0.51 a 0.50a 0.52a 0.50 ab 0.48c




Table IV.25: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grains weight (g.).

El-Gharbia

CultivarsTreatments

Control Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methomyl FenpropathrinGiza 2 28.99*ab 29.81 a 29.70 a-c 27.63ab 29.63 bS.C.10 31.44a 31.36 a 32.79 a 30.08a 30.81 aS.C.13 23.00c 28.18 ab 28.09 bc 25.76bc 27.79 bS.C.123 26.00bc 27.64 ab 27.63 bc 27.68ab 27.00 b

T.W.C. 310 29.48ab 29.25 ab 29.25 a-c 27.47ab 28.70 bT.W.C. 321 29.55ab 25.58 b 31.29 ab 29.53ab 29.17 abT.W.C. 323 25.69bc 25.65 b 26.16 c 23.12c 25.21 aT.W.C. 324 28.74ab 31.18 a 30.86 ab 28.53ab 28.62 bT.W.C. 351 27.93b 28.42 ab 29.81 a-c 26.53a-c 27.44 bT.W.C. 352 27.73ab 28.58 ab 27.54 bc 25.88bc 28.08 ab

Mean 27.86AB 28.57 AB 29.31 A 27.22B 28.24 CDL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.659 for interactions=3.894

El-BehiraGiza 2 31.04 d 32.29 ef 33.42 d 30.33e 31.41 ghS.C.10 35.34 bc 37.11 a 38.99 a 37.03a 37.93 abS.C.13 35.04 e 36.23 ab 36.24 bc 31.54de 38.30 aS.C.123 32.77 de 34.57 b-d 34.65 cd 32.68cd 32.55 e-g

T.W.C. 310 33.60 bc 35.72 a-c 33.82 d 34.27bc 34.44 c-eT.W.C. 321 30.97 c 34.01 c-e 33.94 d 31.24de 32.06 f-hT.W.C. 323 31.96 a 33.76 de 33.90 d 32.45cd 33.66 d-fT.W.C. 324 33.20 a 35.80 a-c 37.39 ab 34.13bc 34.47 cdT.W.C. 351 30.82 de 31.02 f 30.94 e 30.36e 30.34 hT.W.C. 352 36.68 b 36.31 ab 37.33 ab 36.02ab 36.15 bc

Mean 33.14 A 34.68 AB 35.06 A 33.01C 34.13 BL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =1.085 for interactions=1.914

Avarage data**Giza 2 30.02c-e 31.05 bc 31.56 c-e 28.98c-e 30.52 c-eS.C.10 33.39a 34.24 a 35.89 a 33.56a 34.37 aS.C.13 29.02de 32.21 ab 32.16 b-d 28.65de 33.04 abS.C.123 29.39de 31.11 bc 31.14 c-e 30.18b-d 29.78 de

T.W.C. 310 31.54a-c 32.48 ab 31.53 c-e 30.87bc 31.57 b-dT.W.C. 321 30.26b-e 29.80 c 32.61 bc 30.38b-d 30.62 c-eT.W.C. 323 28.83e 29.71 c 30.03 e 27.79e 29.43 eT.W.C. 324 30.97b-d 33.49 a 34.12 ab 31.33b 31.55 b-dT.W.C. 351 29.37e 29.72 c 30.38 de 28.44de 28.89 eT.W.C. 352 32.21ab 32.44 ab 32.44 bc 30.95bc 32.11 bc

Mean 30.50BC 31.62 A 32.19 A 30.11C 31.19 ABL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.9383 for interactions=2.032



Table IV.26: Effect of chemical insecticides treatments and corn cultivars on grains yield/10plants (kg.).

El-Gharbia

CultivarsTreatments

Control Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Methomyl FenpropathrinGiza 2 1.26a* 1.44 b-d 1.62 b-d 1.43ab 1.59 bS.C.10 1.51a 1.87 a 2.02 a 1.52a 1.66 aS.C.13 1.05bc 1.40 cd 1.29 de 1.22a 1.38 bS.C.123 1.46a 1.77 ab 1.91 ab 1.47a 1.60 b

T.W.C. 310 1.16a-c 1.46 d 1.46 c-e 1.32a 1.40 abT.W.C. 321 1.38ab 1.63 a-c 1.77 a-c 1.45a 1.51 bT.W.C. 323 0.97c 1.20 d 1.24 e 0.98b 1.08 aT.W.C. 324 1.47a 1.92 a 2.00 a 1.48a 1.64 bT.W.C. 351 1.37ab 1.59 a-c 1.68 a-c 1.35a 1.52 bT.W.C. 352 1.30a-c 1.48 b-d 1.77 a-c 1.54a 1.58 ab

Mean 1.29C 1.58 B 1.68 A 1.38C 1.50 CDL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.1427 for interactions=0.3687

El-BehiraGiza 2 1.37d 1.66 a 1.69 a-c 1.38a-c 1.54 abS.C.10 1.42bc 1.65 a 1.80 ab 1.47a 1.66 aS.C.13 1.18e 1.35 b 1.58 bc 1.19d 1.51 a-cS.C.123 1.22de 1.59 ab 1.47 cd 1.31a-d 1.36 bc

T.W.C. 310 1.24c 1.61 ab 1.66 a-c 1.25b-d 1.41 a-cT.W.C. 321 1.44bc 1.66 a 1.72 a-c 1.45ab 1.59 a-cT.W.C. 323 1.05a 1.50 ab 1.28 d 1.11cd 1.23 cT.W.C. 324 1.47a 1.69 a 1.88 a 1.50a 1.62 abT.W.C. 351 1.30b 1.42 ab 1.52 cd 1.33b-d 1.47 a-cT.W.C. 352 1.35de 1.42 ab 1.63 cd 1.30a-d 1.42 bc

Mean 1.30A 1.55 A 1.62 A 1.33C 1.48 BL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.09641 for interactions=0.2828

Average data**Giza 2 1.31ab 1.55 b-e 1.66 bc 1.41a 1.57 aS.C.10 1.47a 1.76 ab 1.91 a 1.50a 1.66 aS.C.13 1.11cd 1.37 e 1.44 cd 1.21ab 1.44 aS.C.123 1.34a-c 1.68 a-c 1.69 a-c 1.39a 1.48 a

T.W.C. 310 1.20b-d 1.54 de 1.56 bc 1.28ab 1.41 abT.W.C. 321 1.41ab 1.64 a-d 1.74 ab 1.45a 1.55 aT.W.C. 323 1.01d 1.35 e 1.26 d 1.05b 1.15 bT.W.C. 324 1.47a 1.81 a 1.94 a 1.49a 1.63 aT.W.C. 351 1.34a-c 1.51 c-e 1.60 bc 1.34ab 1.50 aT.W.C. 352 1.33a-c 1.45 c-e 1.70 bc 1.42a 1.50 a

Mean 1.30D 1.57 B 1.65 A 1.35D 1.49 CL.S.D (0.05) for pesticides treatments =0.08857 for interactions=0.1289



IV.4 Chemical analysis of Corn cultivars.

The aim of this investigation is identify the mechanisms of resistance in

previous corn cultivars through determination of some chemical and physical

parameters ( cellulose contents , percent of ash , total soluble solid TSS and stem

Rigidity). The present investigation was conducted at the experimental farm of

Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tanta. The experiments were made in 2003

growing seasons. The experimental design was a factorial complete randomized

plot with three replications and 10 treatments (the previous cultivers).

Table(IV.27) show the chemical and physical parameters of the previous

corn cultivars.

Cultivars S.C.123 and Giza 2 had the lowest values in ash% (6.89 and

6.92 respectively) while, T.W.C. 352 and T.W.C. 324 cultivars had the highest

value in this respect ( 7.59 and 7.28 respectively).

Cultivars S.C.10, T.W.C. 352 and T.W.C. 351 had the highest values in

%Celluloses (34.73, 31.63 and 31.57 respectively). On the other hand Giza 2 and

T.W.C. 323 cultivars had the lowest value in this regard ( 22.93 and 24.20

respectively).

Cultivars T.W.C. 351 and S.C.13 had the lowest values in TSS ( 3.63 and

3.73 respectively) while, T.W.C. 321,T.W.C. 324, T.W.C. 352 and T.W.C. 323 had

the highest value in this respect ( 5.47,5.27, 5.20 and 5.20 respectively).

Cultivars S.C.13, T.W.C. 352 and S.C.123 had the lowest values in stem

rigidity which had 2.93, 3.00 and 3.00 Newton, while S.C.10 and T.W.C. 323 had

the highest values in this respect which had 5.38 and 4.83 Newton respectively.


Table IV.27: Some chemical and physical parameters of ten corn cultivars.

Cultivars Chemical parameters Physical parameters

%Ash %Celluloses TSS Rigidity

Giza 2 6.92 22.93 4.13 3.11

S.C.10 6.95 34.73 4.60 5.38

S.C.13 6.97 26.97 3.73 2.93

S.C.123 6.89 27.08 4.33 3.00

T.W.C. 310 7.24 30.89 4.73 4.37

T.W.C. 321 7.31 26.17 5.47 4.35

T.W.C. 323 7.16 24.20 5.27 4.83

T.W.C. 324 7.28 25.01 5.20 4.36

T.W.C. 351 7.19 31.57 3.63 3.84

T.W.C. 352 7.59 31.63 5.20 3.00


IV.5 Evaluation of some microbial insecticides efficiency against ECB on certain maize cultivators compared with chemical insecticides under natural infestation conditions.Two field experiment were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Faculty

of Agric., Tanta Univ. during 2004 and 2005 successive seasons. To evaluate some

biocide (Agrine and Biofly), mixtures of biocides with some protective agents (oil

and photostaplizer which enhanced the bioicide persistence against sunlight and

UV) and bioicide mixtures with protective agents and the half the field application

rate of diazinon (the most efficient insecticide). That on the most tolerant corn

cultivar and two of the highest production caltivars and also hight susceptible to

ECB infestation . To achieve the most integrated chemical & biological control of

the European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis).

IV.5.1 Holes No./100 internodes. Data presented in Table (IV.28) show the effect of bioicide treatments

and corn cultivars on ECB infestation assessed by holes No./100 internodes.

A significant differences among corn cultivars and biocides treatments

were detected in the two seasons.

At season 2004: cultiver S.C. 10 treated with mixture No.4 or diazinon

treatments had the lowest value in holes No./100 internodes.

Holes No./100 internodes values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides

were in ascending order as follows:Diazinon< mixture No.4< mixture No.3<

mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil < control. While

T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:mixture No.4<


diazinon< mixture No.3< mixture No.2< Biofly< mixture No.1< Agerin<

control<paraffin oil. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as

follows:mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture No. 3< mixture No.2< mixture No.1<

Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil < control.

From biocides treatments means: mixture No.4 and diazinon were the

most effective treatments against ECB infestation evaluated by holes No./100

internodes (reduction %(R%)=82.72 and 79.99 respectively). There are no

significant different between the three cultivars in susceptibility against ECB

infestation .

At season 2005: cultivars S.C. 10 treated with paraffin oil and untreated

S.C. 10 treatments recored the highest values in holes No./100 internodes while

T.W.C.310 treated with diazinon and T.W.C.351 treated with mixture No.4

treatments had the lowest values in this respect.


were in ascending order as follows:Biofly< diazinon< mixture No.4< mixture

No.3< mixture No.2< Agerin< mixture No.1< control < paraffin oil. While

T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:diazinon<

mixture No. 3< mixture No.4< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin<

paraffin oil < control. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as

follows:mixture No.4< mixtureNo. 3< Diazinon< mixture No.2< Biofly<

Agerin< mixture No.1< paraffin oil< control.

Diazinon and mixture No.4 were the most effective treatments against ECB

infestation evaluated by holes No./100 internodes (R%= 79.12 and 78.45

respectively).

The most susceptibility cultivar was S.C10, while the T.W.C.351 and


T.W.C.310 cultivars had the same tolerant potency toward ECB infestation .


differences were detected between the insecticides treatments and corn cultivars.

Untreated S.C. 10 cultivar recored the highest value in holes/ 100

internodes, while T.W.C. 351 treated with mixture No.4 and S.C. 10 treated with

diazinon recorded the lowest values in this regard.


were in ascending order as follows:diazinon< mixture No.4< mixture No.3<

mixture No.2< Biofly mixture No.1< Agerin< paraffin oil < control. While

T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:diazinon<

mixture No.3< mixture No.4< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin<

paraffin oil< control . T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:

mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture No.3< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly<

Agerin< paraffin oil < control.

Mixture No.4, diazinon and mixture No.3 were the most effective

treatments against ECB infestation evaluated by holes No./100 internodes (R

%=81.03, 79.65 and 75.20 respectively).

The most susceptible cultiver was S.C10 while T.W.C.351 cultivars had

the most tolerant potency against ECB infestation determined by holes/100

internodes.

IV.5.2 Cavities No./10plants. Data presented in Table (IV.29) show the effect of biocides treatments

and corn cultivars on ECB infestation evaluated by cavities No./10plants

A significant differences were found between the biocides treatments and

corn cultivars in the two seasons.


At season 2004: T.W.C.351 treated with mixture No.4 had the lowest

value in this respect. Cavities No./10plants values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with

biocides were in ascending order as follows: diazinon< mixture No.4< mixture No.

3< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< Agerin<control < paraffin oil.

While T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:

mixture No.4< mixture No. 3< diazinon< mixture No.2< Biofly< mixture No.1<

Agerin< control <paraffin oil. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as

follows: mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture No.3< mixture No.2< mixture No.1<

Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil< control.

Mixture No.4 and diazinon were the most effective treatments against

ECB infestation evaluated by cavities No./10plants (R%= 87.00 and 83.01

respectively).

The most susceptible cultivars were S.C10 and T.W.C.310, while the

T.W.C.351 had the most tolerant cultivar against ECB infestation determined by

cavity /10plants.

At season 2005: T.W.C.310 treated with diazinon , T.W.C. 351 treated

with mixture No.4 and T.W.C. 351 treated with mixture No.3 had the lowest

values in this respect. Cavities No./10plants values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with

biocides were in ascending order as follows: diazinon< Biofly< mixture No.4<

mixture No.3< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin< paraffin oil <

control. While T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as

follows: diazinon< mixture No.3< mixture No.4< Biofly< mixture No.2<

mixture No.1< Agerin < control <paraffin oil. T.W.C351 treatments were in

ascending order as follows: mixture No.3< mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture

No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil< control.


Diazinon and mixture No.4 were the most effective treatments against ECB

infestation evaluated by cavity No./10plants (R%=78.93 and 78.25 respectively).

The most susceptible cultivar was S.C10 ,while T.W.C.351 and

T.W.C.310 cultivars had the same tolerant trend against ECB infestation

determined by cavities No./10plants.


difference were observed between the insecticides treatments and corn cultivars .

T.W.C.351 treated with mixture No.4 and T.W.C.310 treated with

diazinon treatments had the lowest values in this respect . Cavity No./10 plants

values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in ascending order as

follows:diazinon< mixture No.4< mixture No.3< mixture No.2< Biofly< mixture

No.1< Agerin< paraffin oil< control. While T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in

ascending order as follows:diazinon< mixture No.3< mixture No.4<

Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin<control < paraffin oil.

T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows: mixture No.4< mixture

No. 3< diazinon< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil <

control.

Mixture No.4, diazinon and mixture No.3 were the most effective

treatments against ECB infestation evaluated by cavities No./10plants (R%=83.29,

81.28and 76.31 respectively).

The most susceptible cultivar was S.C10, while the T.W.C.351 had the

most tolerant cultiver against ECB infestation determined by cavities

No./10plants.

IV.5.3 Larvae No./10plants. Data presented in Tables (IV.30) show the effect of biochemicals


treatment and corn cultivars on ECB infestation evaluated by larvae No./10plans.

In the two season there were a significant differences between the bioicide

treatments, while, there were no significant difference between cultivar

treatments .

At season 2004: T.W.C.351 and S.C.10 cultivars treated with mixture

No.4 treatments had the lowest values in this respect.

Larvae No./10plans values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in

ascending order as follows: mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture No. 3< mixture

No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< Agerin< paraffin oil < control. While T.W.C.310

cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:mixture No.4< mixture

No. 3< diazinon< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin< paraffin oil<

control. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows: mixture No.4<

diazinon< mixtureNo.3< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin<

paraffin oil< control.

At season 2005: T.W.C. 310 treated with diazinon and T.W.C.310 treated

with mixture No.3 treatments had the lowest values in this regard.

Larvae No./10 plans values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in

ascending order as follows:mixture No.4< diazinon< Biofly< mixture No.3<

mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin< paraffin oil< control. While T.W.C.310

cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:diazinon< mixture

No.3< mixture No.4< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin<

paraffin oil< control. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:

mixture No. 3< mixture No.4< diazinon< Biofly< mixture No.1< Agerin<

mixture No.2< paraffin oil< control.

ECB infestation evaluated by larvae No./10plants had lowest values in case


of diazinon, mixture No.4 and mixture No.3 treatments.

The most susceptibility cultivars was S.C10, while the T.W.C.351 and

T.W.C.310 had the same tolerance tendency against ECB infestation .


differences was found between the insecticides treatments and corn cultivars.

T.W.C. 351 treated with mixture No.4 and S.C.10 treated with mixture

No.4 had the lowest values in this respect. Larvae No./10plans values of S.C.10

cultiver treated with biocides were in ascending order as follows: mixture No.4<

diazinon< mixture No. 3< mixture No.2< Biofly< mixture No.1<

Agerin< paraffin oil< control. While T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in

ascending order as follows: mixture No. 3< diazinon< mixture No.4< Biofly<

mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Agerin< paraffin oil< control. T.W.C351 treatments

were in ascending order as follows:mixture No.4< diazinon< mixture No. 3<

Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.2< Agerin< paraffin oil< control.

From the means values: ECB infestation evaluated by larvae No./10plants

had the lowest values in case of mixture No.4, diazinon and mixture No.3

treatments(R%=80.88, 77.45 and 74.40 respectively).The most susceptible cultivar

was S.C.10.

IV.5.4 100 grain weight.The effect of biochemicals treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grain

weight are presented in Tables (IV.31). There were a significant difference

detected between the insecticides treatments and corn cultivars in the two

seasons.

At season 2004: cultivar S.C.10 treated with Diazinon treatment recorded

the highest value in 100 grain weight followed by S.C.10 treated with mixture


No.4. 100 grain weight values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in

ascending order as follows: control<Agerin< paraffin oil< mixture No.2<

Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.3< mixture No.4< diazinon. While

T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows: paraffin

oil<control <Biofly< Agerin< mixture No.2< mixture No.3< mixture No.1<

mixture No.4< Diazinon. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as

follows: mixture No.1< mixture No.2< paraffin oil< Biofly< Agerin< mixture

No.4< mixture No. 3< control< diazinon.

100grains weight had the highest value in case of diazinon and mixture

No.4 treatments .

The highest value of 100grains weight was recorded by S.C.10 cultivar

which superior the other cultivars.

At season 2005: cultivar S.C.10 treated with diazinon or treated with

mixture No.4 recorded the highest value in 100grains weight. 100 grain weight

values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in ascending order as follows:

control < paraffin oil< Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.2<

mixture No.3< mixture No.4< diazinon. While T.W.C.310 cultivers

treatments were in ascending order as follows: mixture No.3< Agerin< Biofly<

paraffin oil< mixture No.1 < control< mixture No.2< diazinon< mixture

No.4. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:paraffin oil<

Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.1 < control< mixture No.2< mixture No. 3< mixture

No.4< diazinon.The highest values of 100 grain weight was recorded by S.C.10

cultivar.


differences among corn cultivars and biochemicals treatments were detected.


Cultivar S.C.10 treated with diazinon or treated with mixture No.4

treatments recorded the highest value in 100grains weight. 100 grain weight values

of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in ascending order as follows:

control < paraffin oil< Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.2<

mixture No.3< mixture No.4< diazinon. While T.W.C.310 cultivers

treatments were in ascending order as follows: paraffin oil<control < mixture No.

3< Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< diazinon< mixture No.4 .

T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:paraffin oil< Agerin<

mixture No.1< Biofly< mixture No.2<control< mixture No.3< mixture No.4<

diazinon.

S.C.10 cultivar had the highest value in 100 grain weight compared with

other cultivar T.W.C.310 and T.W.C.351

IV.5.5 Grains yield/10plants.Tables (IV.32) show the effect of biochemicals treatments and corn

cultivars on grains yield /10plants.

In both seasons there were a significant differences observed between the

insecticides treatments and corn cultivars in season 2005 . While there were no

significant difference between corn cultivars in season 2004.

At season 2004: the highest values of grains yield/10plants were recorded

with T.W.C.310 treated with mixture No.4 treatment and S.C.10 treated with

diazinon. Grains yield /10plants values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides

were in ascending order as follows:control< paraffin oil< Agerin< Biofly<

mixture No.1< mixture No.2< mixture No.3< mixture No.4. While T.W.C.310

cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:control< paraffin oil<

Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< mixture No.3< diazinon.


T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:control< Agerin<

paraffin oil< mixture No.2< mixture No.1< Biofly< mixture No.3< diazinon.

Mixture No.4 and diazinon treatments had the highest values in grain yield

/10plants.There are no significant differences between the three cultivar in grain

yield /10plants.

At season 2005: the highest value of grains yield /10plants were recorded

with S.C.10 treated with diazinon or treated with mixture No.4. Grains yield /

10plants values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were in ascending order

as follows:control< paraffin oil< Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.1<

mixture No.2< mixture No.3< mixture No.4. While

T.W.C.310 cultivers treatments were in ascending order as follows:paraffin oil<

control< Agerin< mixture No.1< Biofly< mixture No.3< mixture No.2< mixture

No.4. T.W.C351 treatments were in ascending order as follows:paraffin oil<

control< Agerin< Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.2< mixture No.3< mixture

No.4.

Diazinon followed by mixture No.4 treatments had the highest values in

grains yield /10plants, while control treatments and paraffin oil treatments had the

lowest values. S.C.10 cultivar had the highest value of grains yield /10plants

while T.W.C.351 cultivars had the lowest value in this respect.

From the averaged data it could be concluded that : a significant

differences were observed between the insecticides treatments and corn cultivars .

The highest values of grains yield/10plants were recorded with S.C.10 treated

with diazinon treatment followed by S.C.10 treated with mixture No.4.

Grains yield /10plants values of S.C.10 cultiver treated with biocides were

in ascending order as follows:control< paraffin oil< Agerin< Biofly< mixture


No.1< mixture No.2< mixture No.3< mixture No.4. While T.W.C.310 cultivers

treatments were in ascending order as follows:control< paraffin oil< Agerin<

Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.2< mixture No.3< diazinon. T.W.C351

treatments were in ascending order as follows:control< paraffin oil< Agerin<

mixture No.2< Biofly< mixture No.1< mixture No.3< mixture No.4.

S.C10 cultivar had surpassed the other cultivars T.W.C.310 and T.W.C.351

in grains yield /10plants .

From the previous data it could be concluded that:

● In case of infestation parameter (holes No./100internodes and

cavities No./10plants, ) it could be concluded that: In all cultivars (S.C.10,

T.W.C.310 and T.W.C351) control, paraffin oil and Agerin treatments had

the highest values in this parameters, while diazinon, mixture No.4 and

mixture No.3 had the lowest values in this regard but the ranke between

them differ from cultivar to anther. The cultivars rank in this parameters

had S.C10, T.W.C310 and T.W.C351.

● In case of productivity parameters (100 grains weight and grains

yield/10plants), the trend differ from parameters to another. But, it could be

concluded that:

● In case of 100 grain weight: control, paraffin oil and Agerin

treatments had the lowest values in this respect, while diazinon, mixture

No.4 and mixture No.3 had the highest values, either But, the cultivars

rank of in these parameters were S.C10, T.W.C310, and T.W.C351.

● In case of grains yield/10plants: control, paraffin oil and Agerin

treatments had the lowest values in this respect, while diazinon, mixture

No.3, mixture No.2 and mixture No.4 had the highest values٫ But, the


cultivars rank of these parameters were S.C10, T.W.C310, and T.W.C351.

Generally:

● There are no significant differences between control and paraffin

oil treatments in most studied parameters.

● Agrine was the lowest effective treatments against ECB infestation.

● Biofly had a moderate effect in this respect and superior Agrine.

● Mixing Biofly or Agrine with oil and photostablizer had enhanced

the activity of the compounds but was more effective in case of Biofly

Beauveria bassiana.

● Adding the half dose of the pesticides diazinon had enhanced the

activity against ECB infestation and there are no significant difference

between the mixture and the original pesticide in activity in most cases.

● Diazinon, mixture No.4 and mixture No.3 the only treatments that

effecting the stalk holes No/10plants. The most susceptible cultivars in this

respect was S.C.10

● The most susceptibility cultivars was S.C.10 followed by

T.W.C.310 (when take all parameters in consideration).

● S.C.10 had superior other cultivars in all productivity parameters

Many investigators reported that Bacillus thuringiensis had a low efficacy

against ECB infestation. Also, Beauveria bassina formulation had superior

Bacillus thuringiensis formulation in activity against ECB infestation (Sabbour,

2002; Cagan et al., 1995; Chiuo and Hou,1993 and Lewis and Bing, 1991). On

the other hand, our finding disagree with, He, et al.(2002) who, found that

Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t) spray and B.t granules were more effective than

Beauveria bassiana formulation in reducing the damage from ACB on sweet corn.


Table IV.28: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by holes number/100 internodes, during 2004 and 2005 seasons.

Season 2004

TreatmentsCultivars

S.C. 10 T.W.C. 310 T.W.C 351Means

Mean % R.*** Mean % R. Mean % R. Mean % R.Control 20.09 a 16.80 a 15.45 a 17.45 a

Paraffin oil 19.53 a 2.80 17.25 a -2.68 15.48 a -0.19 17.42 a 0.15Agerin 13.28 b 33.90 12.48 b 25.69 12.05 b 22.01 12.60 b 27.76Biofly 10.30 c 48.72 7.67 c 54.34 7.56 c 51.08 8.51 c 51.22

Mixture No. 1 7.59 d 62.23 7.90 c 52.95 6.76 c 56.28 7.41 cd 57.50Mixture No. 2 5.25 de 73.85 7.05 cd 58.03 5.93 cd 61.59 6.08 de 65.15Mixture No. 3 3.24 ef 83.86 4.64 de 72.36 5.13 cde 66.83 4.34 ef 75.14Mixture No. 4 2.13 f 89.38 3.90 e 76.79 3.02 e 80.48 3.02 f 82.72

Diazinon 2.07 f 89.67 4.36 de 74.03 4.04 de 73.88 3.49 f 79.99Means 9.28 A 9.12 A 8.38 A 8.92

L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=1.976 for biocides treatments=1.981 for interactions=2.711Season 2005

Control 14.37 a 10.52 a 9.29 a 11.39 aParaffin oil 14.56 a -1.32 9.42 ab 10.49 8.55 a 8.01 10.84 a 4.85

Agerin 9.18 b 36.11 8.19 bc 22.18 5.31 b 42.82 7.56 b 33.65Biofly 2.84 d 80.21 4.50 e 57.27 5.09 b 45.17 4.14 cd 63.63

Mixture No. 1 9.55 b 33.52 6.83 cd 35.07 5.80 b 37.61 7.39 b 35.11Mixture No. 2 5.58 c 61.20 5.40 de 48.62 3.87 bc 58.34 4.95 c 56.55Mixture No. 3 4.90 cd 65.93 1.63 g 84.52 1.92 cd 79.29 2.82 de 75.29Mixture No. 4 3.44 cd 76.08 2.64 f 74.89 1.29 d 86.16 2.46 e 78.45

Diazinon 3.30 d 77.05 1.22 g 88.42 2.62 cd 71.79 2.38 e 79.12Means 7.52 A 5.59 B 4.86 B 5.99

L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=0.8803 for biocidestreatments=1.511 for interactions=2.271**Averaged data

Control 17.23 a 13.66 a 12.37 a 14.42 aParaffin oil 17.04 a 1.08 13.33 a 2.39 12.01 a 2.89 14.13 a 2.01

Agerin 11.23 b 34.83 10.33 b 24.34 8.68 b 29.82 10.08 b 30.08Biofly 6.57 d 61.85 6.08 c 55.47 6.33 c 48.86 6.33 cd 56.12

Mixture No. 1 8.57 c 50.26 7.37 c 46.06 6.28 c 49.27 7.40 c 48.65Mixture No. 2 5.41 de 68.57 6.23 c 54.41 4.90 cd 60.37 5.51 d 61.76Mixture No. 3 4.07 ef 76.39 3.14 d 77.04 3.53 de 71.51 3.58 e 75.20Mixture No. 4 2.79 f 83.83 3.27 d 76.06 2.15 e 82.61 2.74 e 81.03

Diazinon 2.69 f 84.41 2.79 d 79.57 3.33 de 73.09 2.94 e 79.65Means 8.40 A 7.35 AB 6.62 B 7.46

L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=1.205 for biocidestreatments=1.636 for interactions=1.755

**Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of seasons factor the table reflect efficacy of different biocides. ***R%= (control -treatment-)/ control×100


Table IV.29: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by cavity number/10 plants, during 2004 and 2005 seasons.

Season 2004

TreatmentsCultivars

S.C. 10 T.W.C. 310 T.W.C 351Means

Mean % R.*** Mean % R. Mean % R. Mean % R.Control 27.00 a* 21.67 a 18.00 a 22.22 a

Paraffin oil 27.70 a -2.61 23.33 a -7.69 18.33 a -1.85 23.12 a -4.06Agerin 17.33 b 35.80 16.67 b 23.08 14.00 b 22.22 16.00 b 28.00Biofly 14.07 b 47.87 9.00 c 58.46 8.33 c 53.70 10.47 c 52.89

Mixture No. 1 9.67 c 64.20 10.67 c 50.77 7.93 c 55.97 9.42 cd 57.61Mixture No. 2 6.30 cd 76.68 8.67 c 60.00 6.67 cd 62.96 7.21 de 67.56Mixture No. 3 4.59 d 82.99 4.48 d 79.32 5.00 cde 72.22 4.69 ef 78.89Mixture No. 4 2.67 d 90.12 3.67 d 83.08 2.33 e 87.04 2.89 f 87.00

Diazinon 2.66 d 90.16 4.67 d 78.46 4.00 de 77.78 3.77 f 83.01Means 12.44 A 11.42 A 9.40 B 11.09


Control 22.67 a 13.04 ab 13.33 a 16.35 aParaffin oil 18.67 b 17.65 15.33 a -17.61 10.33 ab 22.50 13.44 b 17.75

Agerin 14.33 c 36.76 11.33 b 13.07 9.00 bc 32.50 12.89 b 21.15Biofly 5.00 e 77.94 5.33 de 59.09 7.26 bcd 45.56 5.86 de 64.12

Mixture No. 1 14.00 c 38.24 10.67 bc 18.18 6.26 cd 53.06 10.31 c 36.93Mixture No. 2 9.67 d 57.35 7.67 cd 41.19 4.67 de 65.00 7.33 d 55.14Mixture No. 3 9.00 d 60.29 2.33 e 82.10 2.00 e 85.00 4.44 ef 72.81Mixture No. 4 5.33 e 76.47 3.33 e 74.43 2.00 e 85.00 3.56 ef 78.25

Diazinon 4.67 e 79.41 1.33 f 89.77 4.33 de 67.50 3.44 f 78.93Means 11.48 A 7.82 B 6.58 B 8.63

L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=1.352 for biocides treatments=2.386 for interactions=3.567**Averaged data

Control 24.83 a 17.35 b 15.67 a 19.28 aParaffin oil 23.19 a 6.64 19.33 a 0.11 14.33 a 8.51 18.28 a 5.19

Agerin 15.83 b 36.24 14.00 c 7.79 11.50 b 26.60 14.44 b 25.10Biofly 9.54 cd 61.60 7.17 d 58.70 7.80 c 50.24 8.17 cd 57.65

Mixture No. 1 11.83 c 52.35 10.67 c 38.53 7.09 c 54.73 9.86 c 48.85Mixture No. 2 7.98 de 67.86 8.17 d 52.93 5.67 cd 63.83 7.27 d 62.29Mixture No. 3 6.80 e 72.63 3.41 f 80.36 3.50 de 77.66 4.57 e 76.31Mixture No. 4 4.00 f 83.89 3.50 f 79.83 2.17 e 86.17 3.22 e 83.29

Diazinon 3.66 f 85.25 3.00 f 82.71 4.17 de 73.40 3.61 e 81.28Means 11.96 A 9.62 B 7.99 C 9.86

L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=1.171 for biocides treatments=2.212 for interactions=2.577

*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of seasons factor the table reflect efficacy of different biocides. ***R%= (control -treatment-)/ control×100


Table IV.30: Efficiency of biocides treatments against ECB infestation on three corn cultivars evaluated by larvae No./10 plants, during 2004 and 2005 seasons.

Season 2004

TreatmentsCultivars

S.C. 10 T.W.C. 310 T.W.C 351Means

Mean % R.*** Mean % R. Mean % R. Mean % R.Control 15.33 a* 10.33 a 13.67 a 13.11 a

Paraffin oil 15.19 a 0.97 10.00 ab 3.23 13.00 a 4.88 12.73 a 2.92Agerin 11.33 b 26.09 7.33 bc 29.03 9.33 b 31.71 9.33 b 28.81Biofly 7.85 c 48.79 5.67 cd 45.16 5.00 cd 63.41 6.17 c 52.92

Mixture No. 1 5.00 cd 67.39 7.00 c 32.26 5.85 c 57.18 5.95 c 54.61Mixture No. 2 4.07 de 73.43 5.67 cd 45.16 5.33 cd 60.98 5.02 cd 61.68Mixture No. 3 2.85 de 81.40 3.11 de 69.89 4.00 cde 70.73 3.32 de 74.67Mixture No. 4 2.00 e 86.96 2.67 e 74.19 1.67 e 87.80 2.11 e 83.90

Diazinon 2.61 de 82.97 3.67 de 64.52 2.67 de 80.49 2.98 e 77.26Means 7.36 A 6.16 A 6.72 A 6.75


Control 11.00 a 7.26 a 8.67 a 8.98 aParaffin oil 9.67 ab 12.12 6.33 a 12.76 8.33 a 3.85 8.00 ab 10.87

Agerin 8.67 ab 21.21 6.00 ab 17.35 4.67 bc 46.15 6.56 bc 26.96Biofly 4.00 de 63.64 3.00 cd 58.67 3.07 bcde 64.53 3.36 ef 62.59

Mixture No. 1 8.00 bc 27.27 5.67 ab 21.94 4.19 bcd 51.71 5.95 cd 33.70Mixture No. 2 5.67 cd 48.48 3.67 bc 49.49 5.00 b 42.31 4.78 de 46.77Mixture No. 3 4.00 de 63.64 1.33 cd 81.63 1.67 e 80.77 2.33 f 74.00Mixture No. 4 2.00 e 81.82 2.33 cd 67.86 2.00 de 76.92 2.11 f 76.48

Diazinon 2.67 e 75.76 1.00 d 86.22 2.33 cde 73.08 2.00 f 77.72Means 6.19 A 4.07 B 4.44 B 4.90

L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=1.287 for biocides treatments=1.482 for interactions=2.352**Averaged data

Control 13.17 a 8.80 a 11.17 a 11.04 aParaffin oil 12.43 a 5.63 8.15 ab 9.05 10.67 a 4.48 10.36 a 6.15

Agerin 10.00 b 24.05 6.67 b 22.32 7.00 b 37.31 7.94 b 28.06Biofly 5.93 c 54.99 4.33 de 50.74 4.04 cd 63.85 4.77 c 56.85

Mixture No. 1 6.50 c 50.63 6.33 bc 28.00 5.02 c 55.06 5.95 c 46.12Mixture No. 2 4.87 cd 63.01 4.67 d 46.95 5.17 bc 53.73 4.90 c 55.62Mixture No. 3 3.43 de 73.98 2.22 f 74.74 2.83 de 74.63 2.83 d 74.40Mixture No. 4 2.00 e 84.81 2.50 ef 71.58 1.83 e 83.58 2.11 d 80.88

Diazinon 2.64 e 79.96 2.33 f 73.47 2.50 de 77.61 2.49 d 77.45Means 6.77 A 5.11 B 5.58 B 5.82


*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of seasons factor the table reflect efficacy of different biocides. ***R%= (control -treatment-)/ control×100


Table IV.31: Effect of biocides treatments and corn cultivars on 100 grain weight(g.), during 2004 and 2005 seasons.

Season 2004

TreatmentsCultivars

S.C. 10 T.W.C. 310 T.W.C 351Mean Mean Mean

Means

Control 29.69 d* 28.56 a 28.30 a 28.85 cParaffin oil 30.38 cd 28.23 a 27.63 a 28.75 c

Agerin 30.36 cd 28.96 a 27.80 a 29.04 bcBiofly 31.71 bcd 28.92 a 27.70 a 29.44 bc

Mixture No. 1 31.81 bcd 29.61 a 27.45 a 29.62 bcMixture No. 2 31.52 bcd 29.09 a 27.60 a 29.41 bcMixture No. 3 32.12 bc 29.32 a 28.28 a 29.91 bcMixture No. 4 32.84 ab 30.07 a 28.11 a 30.34 ab

Diazinon 34.84 a 30.31 a 29.24 a 31.46 aMeans 31.70 a 29.23 b 28.01 b 29.65


Control 29.52 c 28.27 ab 27.82 ab 28.54 cParaffin oil 30.67 bc 28.92 ab 26.86 b 28.82 c

Agerin 30.68 bc 28.43 ab 27.07 b 28.73 cBiofly 30.72 bc 28.89 ab 27.60 ab 29.07 bc

Mixture No. 1 31.25 abc 29.16 ab 27.79 ab 29.40 bcMixture No. 2 31.67 abc 29.30 ab 28.19 ab 29.72 abcMixture No. 3 32.05 ab 27.65 b 28.21 ab 29.30 bcMixture No. 4 32.66 ab 30.62 a 28.68 ab 30.66 ab

Diazinon 33.54 a 30.05 ab 29.70 a 31.10 aMeans 31.42 a 29.03 b 27.99 b 29.48

L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=1.873 for biocides treatments=1.591 for interactions=2.514Averaged data**

Control 29.60 d 28.41 c 28.06 ab 28.69 cParaffin oil 30.53 cd 28.57 bc 27.24 b 28.78 c

Agerin 30.52 cd 28.69 bc 27.44 b 28.88 cBiofly 31.21 bcd 28.90 abc 27.65 b 29.26 c

Mixture No. 1 31.53 bc 29.38 abc 27.62 b 29.51 bcMixture No. 2 31.59 bc 29.20 abc 27.89 ab 29.56 bcMixture No. 3 32.09 bc 28.48 c 28.25 ab 29.60 bcMixture No. 4 32.75 ab 30.34 a 28.40 ab 30.50 ab

Diazinon 34.19 a 30.18 ab 29.47 a 31.28 aMeans 31.56 a 29.13 b 28.00 b 29.56


*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of seasons factor the table reflect efficacy of different biocides.


Table IV.32: Effect of biocides treatments and corn cultivars on grains yield/10plants (kg.), during 2004 and 2005 seasons .

Season 2004

TreatmentsCultivars

S.C. 10 T.W.C. 310 T.W.C 352Means

Mean Mean Mean MeanControl 1.29 c* 1.19 e 1.15 c 1.21 d

Paraffin oil 1.33 c 1.23 de 1.30 bc 1.29 cdAgerin 1.39 bc 1.39 c-e 1.24 c 1.34 cdBiofly 1.60 a-c 1.41 c-e 1.47 a-c 1.50 bc

Mixture No. 1 1.62 a-c 1.54 b-d 1.42 a-c 1.53 bcMixture No. 2 1.72 ab 1.53 b-e 1.33 bc 1.53 bcMixture No. 3 1.74 a 1.71 a-c 1.62 ab 1.69 abMixture No. 4 1.87 a 1.89 a 1.71 a 1.82 a

Diazinon 1.87 a 1.87 ab 1.70 a 1.81 aMeans 1.60 A 1.53 A 1.44 A 1.52

L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=260.7 for biocidestreatments=233.8 for interactions=340.4Season 2005

Control 1.31 d 1.27 b 1.21 bc 1.26 dParaffin oil 1.37 d 1.24 b 1.20 c 1.27 d

Agerin 1.45 cd 1.35 ab 1.26 a-c 1.35 cdBiofly 1.52 b-d 1.46 ab 1.34 a-c 1.44 b-d

Mixture No. 1 1.52 b-d 1.44 ab 1.48 a-c 1.48 b-dMixture No. 2 1.67 a-d 1.56 ab 1.48 a-c 1.57 a-cMixture No. 3 1.77 a-c 1.55 ab 1.57 a-c 1.63 a-cMixture No. 4 1.87 ab 1.71 a 1.59 ab 1.72 ab

Diazinon 1.96 a 1.71 a 1.63 a 1.77 aMeans 1.60 A 1.48 AB 1.42 B 1.50

L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=161.1 for biocidestreatments=286.7 for interactions=386.6Averaged data**

Control 1.30 d 1.23 e 1.18 d 1.24 eParaffin oil 1.35 cd 1.24 e 1.25 cd 1.28 e

Agerin 1.42 cd 1.37 de 1.25 cd 1.35 deBiofly 1.56 bc 1.44 c-e 1.41 b-d 1.47 cd

Mixture No. 1 1.57 bc 1.49 cd 1.45 a-c 1.50 b-dMixture No. 2 1.70 ab 1.54 b-d 1.40 b-d 1.55 bcMixture No. 3 1.75 ab 1.63 a-c 1.59 ab 1.66 abMixture No. 4 1.87 a 1.80 a 1.65 ab 1.77 a

Diazinon 1.91 a 1.79 ab 1.67 a 1.79 aMeans 1.60 A 1.50 AB 1.43 B 1.51

L.S.D (0.05) for cultivars treatments=146.9 for biocidestreatments=177.9 for interactions=249.3

*Means followed by the same letter (s) are not significantly difference (P= 0.95 level)** In spite of seasons factor the table reflect efficacy of different biocides.


IV.6 The side effect of biochemicals against the predator, Paederus alfierii (Kock).

Surface deposit technique was used to determine the toxicity of the

previous biochemical to the adults of predator, P. alfierii. LC50 values and there

confidence limits are recorded in Table (IV.33).

From the previous data it could be concluded that, Agerin ( Bacillus

thuringiensis formulation), mixture No.1(Agerin mixture with oil) and paraffin oil

exhibited no toxicity against adults of predator, P. alfierii. The toxicity of the rest

biochemicals could be arranged descendingly as follows: mixture No.4 > mixture

No.3 > diazinon (LC50`s: 33.4, 66.1, 78.34 ppm respectively). While mixture

No.2 > Biofly (LC50`s:9.3×104 conidia/ml and 1.48×105 conidia/ml respectively).

Based on the obtained data, Beauveria bassiana formulation Biofly had relative

toxicity to the predator and that toxicity had been enhanced by adding oil and

photostaplizer. Diazinon had more toxicity against adults predator, P. alfierii than

Biofly but this toxicity had been enhanced by mixing the diazinon with Biofly or

Agerin, oil and photostaplizer.

Many investigators had been reported that Bacillus thuringiensis had no to

low toxicity to many predators species (Bozsik, 2006; Sharma and Kashyap,

2002; Badawy and El-Arnaouty, 1999; Jayanthi and Padmavathamma, 1996;

Langenbruch, 1992; Salama and Zaki, 1984 and El-Husseini 1980). In

contrast, many researchers had been reported that Beauveria bassiana had some

toxicity aginest several predetors (Cagan and Uhlik, 1999; El-Hamady, 1998;

Haseeb and Murad, 1997 and Haseeb and Humayun, 1997).

Also, many investigators mentioned that, diazinon had a low relative


toxicity against some predators species compared with the other synthetic

pesticides (Omar et al., 2002; Salim and Heinrichs, 1985; Mishra and

Satpathy, 1984). The low toxicity of diazinon to predators may be due to that

diazinon had low inhibition capacity to predators AchEs (Bozsik, et al., 2002)


Table IV.33: Toxicity of biochemicals against adults of the predator, P. alfierii exposed to surface deposit technique.

Biochemicals

Conc. ppm

5 10 20 30 40 60 80 120 160 240 104 5×104 105 5×105 106

% Mortality Cal

cula

ted

LC50

ppm

Cal

cula

ted

LC99

ppm Confidence limits

Low

er

Upp

er

Slo

p va

lues

.s

Agerin* - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 >106

Biofly ** - - - - - - - - - - 6 27 42 75 86 1.48×105 9.01×106 9.6×104 2.3×105 1.32

Diazinon 0 0 0 5 - 18 - 71 - 93 - - - - - 78.34 454.3886 60.0 102.3 3.08

Paraffin oil 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - >10000

Mixture No. 1* - - - - - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 0 >106

Mixture No. 2 ** - - - - - - - - - - 9 36 54 81 93 9.3×104 4.7×106 5.1×104 1.6×105 1.38

MixtureNo. 3 0 0 0 12 - 45 - 84 - 96 - - - - - 66.1 337.2 51.6 84.61 3.31

Mixture No.4 3 5 33 - 57 - 78 100 - - - - - - - 33.4 397.54 24.6 45.4 2.19

• * Concentration (unit/ml.), **concentration (conidia/ml.).

V - V - SUMMARYSUMMARYBIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL FOR SOME

PESTS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND ITS SIDE EFFECTS.

Series of field and laboratory experiments had been carried out for

determination the efficiency of some substitute implement as a part of

integrated pest management for one of the most destructive corn pests

European Corn Borer (ECB) Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.).

This study included the following :

1- Laboratory determination of LC50 of Beauveria bassiana

formulation (Biofly) against some aphid species and the spider mite T.

cinnabarinus (Boisduval).

2-Study the toxicity of mixing Beauveria bassiana formulation

(Biofly) with some botanical oils, paraffin and mineral oil. Also the

mixtures of Biofly with some photostablizers and pigments.

3- Study the Effect of U.V radiations on the most effective mixtures.

4-Determination of the ECB infestation percentage for ten corn

hybrids, different in tolerant potency at the field to declared the most

tolerant cultivars against ECB infestation and the least tolerant one.

5- Chemical control for ECB infestation by using some

recommended and common pesticides (chloropyrifos, fenpropathrin,

diazinon and methomyl).

6- Field evaluation of ECB infestation for the most tolerant hybrid

and also for two susceptible hybrid which treated with the most persistence

mixtures and the most persistence mixture + ½ the recommended

concentration of the most effective pesticides. Also bioinsecticides (Biofly

and Agrine) and paraffin oil, alone.

7- These mixtures and bioinsecticides had been tested on the adult

148 SUMMARY

of the predator Paederus alfierii to evaluate there side effects (toxicity) on

the predator.

The results obtained can be summarized as follows:

1-Toxicity of the Biofly to the aphid species and red spider mite using

slid dipping technique and leaf disk dipping technique respectively, could be

arranged descendingly as follows: Tetranychus cinnabarinus >

Rhopalosiphum maidis > Aphis craccivora > Aphis gossypii (LC50`s: 9.1×103,

5.65×104, 2.20×105,and 2.67×105 conidia/ml, respectively).

2-Toxicity of the different oils against spider mite Teteranychus

cinnabarinus (Boisduval) using leaf-disc dipping technique could be

arranged descendingly as follows: corn oil> cotton oil >caster oil > mineral

oil>canola oil> paraffin oil (LC50`s: 1.0×102, 4.72×102, 6.67×102, 1.09×103,

1.56×103, and 2.56×103 ppm respectively.

3-Most tested mixtures of corn and cotton oils with Beauveria

bassiana (Biofly) were less toxic than the Beauveria bassiana formulation

(Biofly). On the other hand, the mixtures which consists of three parts of

Biofly and one part caster oil or canola or mineral and paraffin oils more

toxic than Biofly formulation against T. cinnabarinus.

4-All tested photostablizers and pigment with Biofly had increased

the mixtures' toxicity to Teteranychus cinnabarinus mites. When increasing

the concentration ratio to 1% the toxicity decrease. Mixture of Biofly + 0.1%

Acetophenon or 4-nitro acetophenon or 7-nitophenol or benzophenon, Biofly

+ 0.1% or 0.2% or 0.5%congo Red and Biofly + 0.1% or 0.2% or 0.5% titan

yellow mixtures had increased the toxicity of Beauveria bassiana (Biofly

formulation) against adult Teteranychus cinnabarinus.

5- The most persistence mixtures were 3:1 Biofly:paraffin oil and 3:1

149 SUMMARY

Biofly: castor oil mixtures ( T50 : the time consumed to reduce the pesticides

concentration to half =1.47 and 1.74 hours respectively ) while, 3:1

Biofly:mineral oil mixture had the lowest value in this respect ( T50= 0.90

hour). While, in case of Biofly + photostablizers mixtures, the most

persistence mixtures were Biofly + 0.1 % benzophenon, Biofly +0.5% congo

red and Biofly+0.1% 7-nitrophenol mixtures ( T50 were 5.71, 4.981 and

3.14hours after 12 hours UV radiation exposure respectively) while Biofly

+0.1%acetophenon had the lowest values in this respect which had lost there

efficiency against the adult spider mites T. cinnabarinus after two hour

exposure to UV radiation.

6-Cultivars S.C.13 and T.W.C. 351 were the most tolerant cultivars

against ECB infestation while, T.W.C.323 and T.W.C.324 cultivars were the

most susceptible cultivers. There are a positive relationship between grain

protein percentage and the damaged grain percentage. There are no

relationship between phosphorous percentage and damaged grain percentage.

In case of yield and yield component:S.C.10 ( single cross hybrid 10) had the

highest values in 100 grain weight and grain yield/10 plants .

7- The most potent insecticides against ECB infestation were diazinon

followed by fenpropathrin but methomyl was the least toxic one (which

reduced the holes No./100 internodes, cavity No./10plants, holes No./10 ear

stalk and larvae No./10plants). In case of yield and yield component,

diazinon followed by chlorpyrifos insecticides had the highest values in

100grain weight and grain yield/10plants( total yield/fadden = 3.3tons) .

8-From the chemical and physical analysis of corn cultivars we can

conclude that: cultivars T.W.C. 352 and T.W.C. 324 had the highest value in

ash%, cultivars S.C.10, T.W.C. 352 and T.W.C. 351 had the highest values in

150 SUMMARY

%cellulose, cultivars T.W.C. 351 and S.C.13 had the lowest values in TSS

and cultivars S.C.10 and T.W.C. 323 had the highest values in stem rigidity.

The total soluble solids and %cellulose may be relation with plant resistance.

From the field experiments it could be concluded that: spraying with

diazinon, mixture No.4 [150ml Biofly + 50ml paraffin oil+ 0.1%

benzophenon (0.2gm)+ ½ the recommended field concentration (500ml

diazinon)] and mixture No.3 [(375gm Agrine + 125ml paraffin oil+ 0.1%

benzophenon(0.5gm) + ½ the recommended field concentration (500ml

diazinon)] had been reduced the ECB infestation parameters (holes

No./100internodes and cavities No./10plants ). Diazinon, mixture No.4 and

mixture No.3 had increase both 100 grain weight and grain yield/10plants

(total yield/feddan= 3.82 tons).

Agerin ( Bacillus thuringiensis formulation), Agerin mixtures with oil

or/with benzophenon and paraffin oil had no toxicity against adults of

predator, Paederus alfierii. The toxicity of the rest biochemicals could be

arranged descendingly as follows: mixture No.4[150ml Biofly + 50ml

paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon (0.2gm)+ ½ the recommended field

concentration (500ml diazinon)] > mixture No.3 [(375gm Agrine + 125ml

paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon (0.5gm)+ ½ the recommended field

concentration (500ml diazinon)] > diazinon. While mixture No.2 [150ml

Biofly + 50ml paraffin oil+ 0.1% benzophenon (0.2gm)] were more toxic

than Biofly.

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Sabry AbdEl-Monem Abd-ElAal Abd-AllAh(2008) PHD Thesis English