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XO HeMHorne saMenajiH, mxo caMbift Bonpoc ne npaBOMepeH,

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16

CTaBJiHJiacb eme 6ojibuieft, hcm mach cjiaebi npuMCHSHeHHOH,

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cxBO, caMO no ce6e 3(|jeMepHoe h Hcnesaiomee c hhmh, Majio

pacnojiarano k sxoh cxaBKe na 6yflymee.

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rax" npoHSBefleHHK MysbiKH HenpaBonepHO.

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„Hanp5iaceHHocxH XHroxeHHn", a He mnpnHbi — hmchho ohhBcerAa conyxcxBOBajiw AeftcxBHxeJibHO 3HaMHxejibHbiM hbjic-

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2

/«iiMfi

— 18 —

Tyr. npH hcm HcpeaKO Apyrae aJieMBHTbi cthjim npw stom na-

paJiMsyiOTCH B pasBHTHH. TaK, HanpHMep, rHnepTpo(J)M« pas-

BHTHH co3HaHHH B o6;iacTH rapMOHHH CO BpeMBHH BaPHepa

ocTaBHJia coBepuieHHO a xeHW o6jiacTii 4)opMbi h pHTMa m

napajiHSOBaJia hx. ran mto mu hmbjih ryx ^awe HSBCCTHyio

penyKUHK> no cpaBHCHHio c KJiaccHKaMH, BchkhS npupocT

3ByKOBoro cosHaHHH B jiK)6oa o6jiacTH Bceraa cJiywuT k TOMy,

HTo6bi nocne, BOSBpamascb k npoayKraM npoiujioro, boc-

npHHHTb B HHX MHOPOe HO-HOBOMy, „B CBBXe HOBblX COSHa-

hhh'. TaK, KJiaccHHecKaH rapMOHHH Baxa noJiy^MJia HOBwft

BHfl H noHMMaHHe B CBexe MysbiKH KJiaccHMecKoft anoxH, TaK,

B Hauie BpeMJi cTHJib Jle6ioccH cnoco6cTBOBaji npocBexjieHHio

OTHomeHHfl K crapwM (JipaHuyscKUM KJiaccMKaw. Te hobwc

ajieMCHTbi KOHTpacra. KOTopwe noTpe6HTeJib MysbiKW HanH-

HaeT ouiymaTb b crapux npoayKTax. o6ycJioBJiHBaK)T HapasHe

c eme „HenpeB30MiieHHbiMH" ajieweHTaMH hx

»H3HeHH0CTb My-cTyjjjg aCHSHCHHOCTb npOHSBefleHHH, T.-e. TOT

8HKaAi.Horo npo-^^^^ ^ TCMeHHe KOToporo npoHSBeacHHe cno-

HSBeAeBHSl.^^g^^ B006llie BblSBaTb 3MOUHM H CHMnaTHH.

cnoco6HO HMBTb Kpyr noTpe6MTefleft. CymecTBeHHoe cMcmeHHe

B TeneHHC bckob sByKOBoro cosHaHHa MOMceT HacTOJibKO ysecTH

ero OT npe^KHHX o6pa3UOB. hto MyswKa. npoayuHpoBaHHaa b

npeWHCM 3ByKOBOM COBHaHHH. OKaMCeTCH coBepmeHHO JIHUieH-

HOfl BCHKOfl fleScTBeHHOCTH Ha JHOACH C HOBbIM COSHaHHeM.

TaKyio cyflb6y HMeex, nanp., Tenepb aHTHHHan MysbiKa hjih

MysbiKa nepBbix bbkob cpeflHeBCKOBbJi. TaKHM me cboSctbom

BcerAa OTJiwMaioTCH npoH3BefleHHH tbk Ha3. „BTOpocTeneHHbix"

' aBTopoB. o6biMHO HHUiyutHX B pacMCxe Ha Menee ycToflMHBwe

sjieMCHTbi sByKOBoro co3HaHHfl. noTOMy MTO HX Menee nyTKHft

HHCTHHKT HB yKa3biBaeT HM 6ojiee npoHHbix. Hx npOHSBefleHMH.

, KaK npHHHTO rOBOpHTb, „6bICTpO CTapeHJT" H HHOrfla CTaHO-

BSTCJI BOBCe JlHUieHHblMH BCJIKOrO nOTpe6;ieHHfl hjih CHJIbHO

cywHBaKJT 3TOT Kpyr noTpe6HTejiefl. panee Becbna mnpOKHfl.

TaKOBbi, Hanp.. BHpTyosHbie npoayKTbi, paccMHTanHwe Ha ypo-

BeHb BvipTyo3HOCTH flaHHOPO BpeMeHH, Boo6me Ha „BKycbi"

BpeMeHH. KaK. nanp., npoHSsefleHHSi Tepua. KajibK6peHHepa.

HMCBiuHe Kor^a-TO orpoMHbift c6biT H ycnex. SfleMCHTbi ny-

MCAOCTH 3ByKOBoro cosHaHHH BCTpeMaK)TCH Bcerfta B npoHSBe-

nenmx npeHCHMX snox. ho ohh y bbjihkhx KOMnosHTopoB

pasdaBJieHbi 6ojibmHM KOJinnecTBOM MecT. KOTopbie BOcnpn-

f

" *,"""^ ;«' V^AJffTTT'^' T^f :'^; — li)

HHMajOTCH H TCKymHM COSHaHHCM. ToBOpHTb O BCHHOCTHnpoHSBeAenfl HCKyccTsa BOo6me secbMa npc6;ieMaTHHHo:ropasflo 6oJiee BepoHXHO, mto BeMHOcTb ara secbMa othoch-TCJibHa. CpaBHHTejibHaH He BenHOCTb, a ..MCHBynecTb" npo-HseeAeHHfl b TeneHne bckob o6'HCHHeTcfl Ten, hto pa3JiHHHbieBKycoBbie rpynnbi, KOTopbie (|)opMHpyK>Tc« na npoTAMccHMHbbkob, BCTpenaioT a h^/x Te hjih HHbie sjieMenTbi, hm 6;iH3KHeH npHflTHbie, BxoAHmne a ccfjepy hx saywoBoro cosHaHHH.

Ho OHCHb B03M03KHO. HTO 3HaHHTeJlbHafl HaCTb 3THX 3JieMeHToa BOBce ne 6biJia b hhcjib tbx, KOTopbie aocnpHHHMajiHCbnepBOHanajibHbiMH rpynnawH noTpe6HTejieH h Aawe caMHMnpoflyKTopoM AaHHofl MyswKH. Bojibjuofl Bonpoc— BOCnpHHH-MaeM jiH Mbi Tenepb, nocjie Barnepa, MouapTa, TaK, KaK boc-npHHHMajiH ero coBpeweHHHKH h oh can. Bojiee npaBAonoAo6KO.HTO HHHero o6mero a sthx BocnpnaTHsix hct h hto, o6paTHO,coapeMeHHHKH MouapTa BMecTe c caMHM MouapTOM npn hxeme He TaK noflpo6HO pacKpbiauieMCH BByKoaoM coanaHHHnpHuiJiH 6bi a y«ac ot Barnepa. MouapT ceflnac WHaneHeHa Hac, 6biTb MOM«e r, kbk pa3 tcmh 3JieMeHTaMH. KOTopwx a hcmero coapeMeHHHKH ne aocnpHHJiaH. „BeHH0CTb" hjih, tohhcb,..WHsynecTb" npoHsaefleHHJi, a cymnocTH. Towe bxoahtB oucHKy ero. ho OHa yjKe aouijia a nauiy „(f)opMyjiy" hmchhoB BHue KOJiHHecTaa HHAHBHflyyMoa a rpynne noTpe6HTejieft,KaKoaoe KOJinnecTBO Heo6xoAHMO cHHTaTb He TojibKO b bhabCOBpeMeHHHKOB, HO H B BHAB HOTOMKOB, npHeMJHOmHX AaHHOeTBOpneCTBO.

PasBHTHe 3ByKo-SsyKoaoe co3HaHHe HMeeT cboh TaepAbie

Boro COSBaHHH.^S'^O"" paSBHTHH. 3tO paSBHTHe 06yCJI0BJieH0AaHHbiMH aHTponojiornnecKHMH, (j[)H3HOJiorHHe-

CKHMH H COllHOJIOrHHeCKHMH.

AHTponojioPHHecKHe cJiaKTopbi o6ycjiOBjiHBaK)T tot hjihMHOfl 4)H3HOJIOrHHeCKHH THH HO OTHOUieHHK) K BOCnpHHTHKJ3ByKa. Mbi BCTpcHaeMCH a hctophh c HauHHMH H pacaMH„My3biKajibHbiMH" (cjiaBHHe. eapen, repMaHUbi). cpeAHeMyaw-KajibHbiMH (4)paHuy3bi) h aoBce mbjio MyswKajibHWMH (anrjio-caKCbi, KHxafiubi). Ohcbhaho. hto b nauHHX Majio My3biKajibHbixMysbiKajibHaa npoayKUHH AOJiwna 6biTb Boo6me MeHbuieft, hbmB HaUHnX C 60JIbUI0H My3bIKaJIbHOCTblO. H HTO OHa y HHXAOJiacHa npHHHMaTb neKOTopwe cneuHcfjHHecKHe (JjopMbi. 3toTaK H ecTb. Mbi BHAHM. Hanp., a Ahtjihh npouBCTaKHe My-

i :h''

MiakiMiMihi ^

w

— 20 —

SbiKH TOJibKo B onpeaejieHHwft nepwofl (cTapoaHrflMftcKaa

uiKOJia), Koraa eme caMoe noHflTwe MyswKH He bhojihc otavi-

(jjepeHUHposajiocb ox pauHOHajibHoft wrpw b ssyKH, h saxeM

HMeeM CJiyHafiiHyK) BcnbiuiKy HauvtoHajibHoro reHHH b jiHue

OepceJiJia, nocjie nero tbm KOHCTaxHpyeTca orpoMHbifi npo-

Baji B MysbiKe h n3o6Hnne nocpefl,CTBeHHoft nponyKUHH. Ha-

npoTHB, MysbiKajibHOCTb CBpeficKofl HauHH, H npwTOM npe-

MMymecTBeHHO b o6jiacTH HcnojiHeHHa, CKasajiacb b rpoMaa-

HOM KOJIHMeCTBe CBpeftCKHX MySblKaHTOB-MCnOJIHHXeJiefl, KOXO-

pbie ftaMce, b cyiUHOCxH, flOMWHHpyiox nan. ocxajibHoft Maccofl

aKXHBHbix MysbiKaHXOB BO BCBM seMHOM uiapc. FIoCKOJlbKy

aHTponojiorHMecKHfi xhh ecxb nocJieflcxBHe couwajibHbix ycjio-

BHft, nOCXOJIbKy H 3Xa MySblKaJlbHOCXb HauHH o6ycJiOBJieHa

couMOJioraMecKHMH npuMHHaMH. TaK, HCMysbiKajibHocxb aHrjinfl-

CKOft HaUHH. BMJIHMO, odyCJIOBJICHa OXHaCXH XCM, MXO npHuiefl-

uiHe BMCCxe c BwnbrejibMOM SaBOCBaxejicM BOHHCxBCHHwe

caKCbi 6biJiH KaK pas „ox6opoM" jihu no cBoefl BOHHcxBerf-

Hoft npo4)eccMH wajio MysbiKaJibHwx. Tanaa Mce HCxopwH 6biJia

B CXOJIb JKe BOHHCXBeHHOfl flpeBHCfl CoapXC (JlaKCAeMOH).

Toace He ftaBuieft pacuBexa%iy3biKH, h b apcbhcm Phmb, co-

BepiueHHo MyacAOM MysbiKajibHbiM omymeHnsM. llpaKTHHecKHft

ox6op aneprHMHbix h nposaHnecKHX jiioAeft, ocHOBaBuiHX ane-

pHKancKyK) kojiohhk) b HbmeiuHHX CoeaHHenHbix UJxaxax,

6biJi npHMHHoft xoro, hxo MysbiKanbHocxb anepHKaHueB OKa-

sajiacb oxcyxcxByiomeft na flBa bckb h ceAnac o6c/ryacHBaexcsi

xoJibKO nprnujibiMH sjieMeaxaMH, r^aBKbiM o6pa30M eBpeflcKoro

npOHCXOMCfleHHJi. FocnoACXByiomaH npocJ^eccHH h cnpoc na

MysbiKy B HauHH o6ycJiOBJinBaK>x xox hjih vmoPi ee anxpono-

jiorHMecKHft xHn MyawKajibHOCxH. Ecjih flocxaxoMHoro cnpoca

He o6Hapy»{HBaexcH, MysbiKaJibHOCXb nauHH rjioxnex h bw-

powAaexcH.OHSHOJiorHHCCKMe cjjaKxopw SByKOBOrO co-

SHaHHSi CBOflaxcn K noHaxHK) c Ji y X a h ero cxe-

ncHeft. HaH6ojiee pacnpocxpaneHHO BOcnpnH-

XHO npocxefiuieft nepHoanHHOCXHCTaflHH sayKOBo- ggyj^ Q3 (nexpa, pHXMa). FIoxom npo-ro C03HaHHJl, MCT-

jjgjjgg^j,^ B^yc K caMOMy BSyKy, KaK 3MOUHO-'

HaJibHO pasApaa^atomeMy hjih B030y>KflaK)meMy

sjieMCHxy. Oxxoro cnanajia BOcnpHHHMaHJxca, kbk wejiaxejib-

Hwe, npHHXHbie, xeM6pbi HyBCXBCHHwe (rojioc hcjio-

^HSHOAOrHieCKHe

^aKTopu.

1

Bapxyoaiia. cxa-^^^^' <=«P""^^)- ^ V^^ noxOM MBHCe MyBCXBCH-

^^^^Hbie (ayxoBbte, (J)opxenHaHo). Bjihsko k axoft

cxafl,HH BocnpHaxHa yBJieneHHe BHpxyosHo-cxbio, x.-e. xexHHMecKHM yMCHbCM My3biKaHxa npeoAOJie-Baxb xpyAHOcxH. 3xo— scxexHMecKoe BocnpHaxae, poA-CXBeHHOe UMpKOBbIM OlUymeHHaM, HO BCeflCXBHe SJieMCHXapHOft„My3biKajibHofl" ycxanoBKH Bce ace npoaBJiaiomeeca b SByKOBoft (jjJopMe. 06biMHo cxaflHH MyBcxBeHHoro xewdpa h BHpxy-O3H0CXH coBnaflaiox b oahom jihuc, h rpynna nmx axcroSByKOBoro cosHaHna, oieHb MHoroHHcjiCHHaa, o6pa3yex xyBKycOByK) rpynny noxpe6HxeJieft, Koxopaa nasbiBaexca „mH-poKoft ny6jiHkoA" h nocemaex yace MHoro bckob onepy, kbkXHn HCKyccxBa, r^e MyswKa npenojiHOCHxca b yfl,o6onoHaxHoA(|)opMe BOKajibHoA MejiOAHH, SMOuna KoxopoA pacxojiKOBanacjioBaMH H spejiHutcM, c ynacxHeM saeMeHxa BHpxyo3HOcxH(KOJiopaxypa). Yace cjieayiomeA cxaaHeA aBJiaexca oco3HaHHe

MeAoM e a o A H H, KaK xaKOBoA, c ee phxmom h hh-

craABs.^OHauHeA; Ha nocJiejiyHJiueA cxaflHH pa3BHXHa"SByKOBoro cosHanna noaBjiaexca nyBCXBO r a p-

MOHHH. HocfleAyiomHe cxaflHH xapaKxepn-3yK)xca ycJioacHeHHCM BByKOBoro cosHaHna,

x.-e. HaHHHaiox ocoBHasaxbca ne xojibKp

npocxeAiuHe mcjioahh, pnxMbi h rapMOHHH, ho h 6ojiee cjioac-

Hbie; yxo b sxom SByKOBOM MaxepnaJie yace pa36Hpaexca, KaKHaMHHaex pa36Hpaxbca h b cnjiexaHHHMeflOflHHeCKHX rOJIOCOB (nOJIH^JOHHMe-

CKaa cxaflHa). Ha HaH6ojiee bucokoA cxyncHHcosHaHHa cxoHT BocnpnaxHe c;ioa<Hbix rapMonnA h opKecxpo-BblX xeM6poB.

TakoBa cxeMa paBBHxna ssyKOBoro co3HaHHa. 06biMHOBcaKHA noxpe6Hxejib MysbiKH „BcnjibiBaex" b axoA cxcMe flo

xoA KaxeropHH, flajibuie KOxopoA y nero Hex (})H3HOJiorH-

necKHx flaHHbix Bcnjiwxb. Ho see ace nyxeM pa3BHXHa h ynpaac-HeHHa Koe-Mxo mowho cflejiaxb. M xyx ya<e HaMHHaexnpoaBJiaxbca couHOJiorHiecKaa npHHHHa pasBHxna 3ByKOBoroco3HaHMa.

_ 3xH npHMHHbi CBOflaxca k xoMy, hxo

(j^aKTopu.BCJieflcxBwe couHOJiorHnecKHx MoxHBauHA ca-

Moe pasBHXHC MysbiKaAbHbix cnocoSnocxeftH 3ByKOBoro cosHaHHH He y Bcex nocxaBJieno b pasHo

FapMoaHHecKaii

craABH.

IIoAH^tOHHVeCKaH

CTBAHH.

•St-

MU

22

xopomne ycJiOBHH. 06ecneHeHHbie cjioh HacejicHMH

oKasbiBajiHCb HaH6oJiee b cpeflCTsax passHsaTb csoe co-

3HaHHe, HanpoTHB, b npoflexapHsupoBaHHbix cnonx Hacejie-

HHH TOJIbKO HCMHOrae, COHeHb peSKO B bl p a »C CH H bl MHMnyjibcoM, npoTajiKHBajiHCb CKBOsb He6jiaronpHHTHbie

yCJIOBHfl H BblXOaHJIH B npOtjjeCCHOHaJIbl HJIH AHJieTaHTbl.

Kjiaccbi, nocxaBjiHiomHe MaKcuMajibHoe kojimmcctbo MyswKaH-

TOB aKTHBHWX, B paSHblX CTpaHaX paSJlHMHbl. fi APSBHCM SjIJIBAe,

noBHAHMOMy, TaKHM KJiaccoM 6biJiH p a 6 bi, cjiy-CpeASi nocraBAHio-

H<HBiuHe nocTaBmnKaMH MysbiKajibHbix npo-

AyKTOB AJI5I CBOHX rocnoA- B cpcAHHe BBKa

—

MOHaXH H MeJIKHe npHABOpHbie, KaK KOpMHUXVieCH

OKOJio HaH6ojiee MorymecTBeHHbix roraa uepKBH h ^^eoAajib-

HblX ABOpOB.

SanaAHaji EBpona c ee paHO pacuBexuiHM npo4)eccno-

HaJIH3M0M nOKaSblBaeT OrpOMHOe KOJlHHeCTBO MySblKaHTOB M3

MejiKo6ypa<ya3HOM h nojiynpojierapcKoft cpeAw.

HanpoTHB, PoccHH Aaer 6ojibuioe KOJiHnecTBO a b o p n h,

KaK COCJIOBH5I Han6oflee 6jiaronpnflTHO nocTaBJiCHHoro

B yCJIOBHH CB060AH0rp BpeweHH H OTHOCHTCJlbHOft KyjlbTypbl.

KaK npaBHJio, momcho yKaaaxb, mto MysbiKaHTw o6biMHO o6pa-

syioTCH 3m6o b aTMOC(|)epe MeueHaTcxBa (npn ABOpax,

OKOjio MarHaTOB, okojio KpynHoft 6ypM<ya3Hn), jih6o b aTMo-

c4>epe npo4>eccHOHajiH3Ma („ceMbH MyawKaHTOB" . Tyr

onflTb-TaK« wrpaex pojib cneun(|)HHecKnft „ecTecTBeHHbifl ot-

6op**,— pa3BHBaK)TC$I H CTaHOBSTCSI AeAcTBHTCJIbHO My3bIKaH-

TaMH TOJIbKO HeMHorHC, nonaBiUHC b cjiynafiHyK) KOH'ioHKTypy

6jiaronpHsiTHbix o6cT05iTe;ibCTB. ^—

_

BpocaeTCH b pjiasa b stom npouece,

o6ycJiOB;iHBaK)meM b cymHOCTH HCTopnK> My-

sbiKaJibHoro MCKyccTBa b ee ucjiom, orpoM-HOeCXOACTBO C eCTeCTBeHHO-HCTOpHHeCKHM 4)eHOMeHOM

npoHCXOJKAeHHSi BHAOB nyxew ecTecTBCHHoro noA-60 pa. MoMCHO KOHcraTHpoBaTb, hto b ajicMCHTax pas-

BHTHfl HCKyccTBa SByKOB cyinecTByhjT KaK pas Bce sjie-

MeHTbl, o6yCJ10BJIHBaK)mHe B03M0)KH0CTb TaKOFO „ecTe-

CTBeHHoro noA6opa". 3th ajieMCHTbi— npHcyTCTBvie Maflbix,

HHorAa He3aMeTHbix „MyTauHfl", yKjioHSjromHX Twn wysbiKw

H ncMxojiorHK) MysbiKaHTa ot ero MysbiKajibHwx npeAKOB,

oKpywaiomaH cpeA?. KOTopaa pearnpycT Ha opraHH3M Myaw-

EcrecTBeHHutt

OT6op.

I,

— :is —

KaHTa, sacTaBJiHH ero b HTore „npHcnoco6jiHTbCH" raK hjih

HHane k sKycy h cnpocy 3Toft cpcAbi, cnoco6cTBy$i Bbi»<H-

BaHHK) H yKpenjieHHK) Tex MysbiKajibHwx „bhaob", KOTopweK 3Toa cpeAe npHcnoco6AeHbi, h yHMHTOMon b* cneu,H(|)MHe-

CKofl „6opb6e 3a cymecxBOBaHHe" tc MysbiKanbHwe ..bhabi"

M opraHMBMbi, KOTopbie K cpcAe Majio HAH BOBce He npHcno-

<:o6jieHbi. EcJiH MysbiKajibHbifl opraHHSM (t.-c. caw MysbiKaHT,

KaK HcnoAHHTejib, HAH ero TBopnecTBo) He HaHAeT ce6e noA-

XOAHlUefl CpeAW AJIH TOrO, HTo6bI 6bIAO KOMy BOCnpHHHMaTb

ero TBopnecTBO h ero ..npoAyKUHio" h eio HacAaMCAaTbca, to

ero TBopnecTBO norH6aeT b 6opb6e sa cymecTBOBanHe-

CpeAa 3Ta, na KOTopyro paccHHTWBaeT TBopnecTBo, ne aoam«-

Ha HenpeweHHO HCMepnbiBaTbca MysbinaAbHoft „coBpeMeH-

HOCTbK)": OHa MOMceT 6biTb H cBoero poAa „cpeAa 6yAy-

mero" — B 3T0M HeKOTopoe OTAHMHe ecTecTBeHHoro OT6opaMysbiKaAbHbix opraHH3MOB OT ecTecTBeHHoro OT6opa 6hoao-

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Moro aBTop a—npoAyKTopa MysbiKH, HHane ero TBopnecTBo

He BbiacHBer. Ecah MeHsieTca ot couHOAorHHecKHX ycAOBHft

caMa BocnpHHHMatoman cpeAa, ecAH paspymatOTCH KAaccwH rpynnbi, CAyjKHBuine ao toA nopu noTpe6HTeAflMH Mysbi-

KaAbHOrO HCKyCCTBa, to TeM CaMWM o6bIMHO yHHHTO»CaK>TCSl

H MyablKaAbHbie OpraHHSMW, BOSHHKlUHe B 3T0firH6eAfc Mysu-

j-pcAe H B pacMeTe na nee. TaKHM o6pa30MKaAbHux opra- ^

H3M0BnornOAa My3biKajibHaH Ky;ibTypa ApesHero

MHpa, TaKHM o6pa30M norH6Aa MysbiKaAbnasi

KyAbTypa uepKOBHoro cpeAHeBeKOBbH, BbiTecHenHasr hoboA

(jjjopMofl noTpe6HTeAfl, KorAa uepKOBb ywe ne Bbipa»<aAa co6ok)

coBOKynHocTH noTpe6HTejieft. TaKHM o6pa30M rH6HeT napoA-

naa necHH, yTpaMHsaji cBoero noTpednTejisi, KOTopwft nepexoAHT

Ha yp6aHH4ecKHe (|)opMbi MysbiKH. B aTMOc(|)epe MeueHaTCTsa h

npo4>eccHOHa;iH3Ma MyBWKajibHbie opraHH3Mbi BbipaiUHBaioTCJ!

jierne h Jiynme, MeM AHiuenHbie 3Tofi cpeAW. OpoueHT nona-

AaHHH B 3TH 6jiarOnpHflTHbie yCJIOBHJI paSBHTHH OTACAbHblX

Mej:oBe>^!ecKHX HHAHBHAyyMOB B cyiuHocTH OHeHb MaA. Ecah 6bl

yCflOBHH pa3BHTH51 6bIJlH JiyMUie, TO B HaUHflX My3bIKaAbHbIX

Mbl HMBAH 6bl OrpOMHOe KOAHHeCTBO aKTHBHblX MySblKaHTOB,

.#|!f^«0!»*-<«i^ ''i/^^\>. ,>*.,,S!&»M,-^

— 24 —

H yMHOMCCHHe 3TOrO MHCfla napajIHSOBajIOCb HCKJllOMHTeJlbHO

ya«e sKOHOMwiecKHMH 4)aKTopaMH— OTcyxcTBHeM cnpoca m

nepenpoMSBOflCTBOM. MMeHHO tot (jjjaKT, mto MysuKajibHue

opraHMSMbi cnoco6Hbi .o6cJiyacMBaTb eAUHOJiHMHO orpoM-

Hbie Maccbi noTpedHTeJieft, cnoco6cTByeT TOMy, mto Hacbi-

uteHMe pbiHKa cnpoca HacTynaex a MysbiKajibHoS o6jiacTH

MpesBbinaAHO dwcTpo, h 3to CHflibHO yMCHbiiiaeT TJiry k wy-

sbiKajibHOMy npo4)eccHOHajiH3My h Aance h anjieTaHTHSMy

B mtipoKMX Maccax.

To pasBHTHe MysbiKaabHoro (sByKOBoro)SaBHCHMOCTb CO- g-

cosHaHMH, KOTopoe ooycjioBjiHBaeT ABn?KeHne3HaHHfl OT CpeAU. V J r^

BnepeA CTHJia, KOTopoe cJiywHT k noaBJieHMio

HMeHKO 3THX MCJIKHX „MyTauHfl", KOTopwe nocjic BbipaCTaiOT

B HOBaTOpCKHe CflBHrH CTHJia H B SapOWflCHHe COBCeM HOBblX

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>>'

— 26

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i. 3

— 60 —

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cnoco6HbiMH. BbicTpoTa pa3BHTHfl MyTauHA HaxoAHTcn b npn-

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HHCTpyMCHTa. Mbl BHJIHM Ha npOTHMCCHMH HCTOpHH, KaK T p O-

MOSAKHe THHbi HHCTpyMeHTOB ycTynajiH MecTO 6oJiee no-

nyjiapHbiM, JierKHM (opraH-KJiaBHKopfly, hotom (|)opTenHaHo).

KaK Bbipa3HTejibHbie no6e>KAaJiH Menee BbipasHTCJibHwe v t. a.

MncTpyMeHTbi bwcoko coBepuiennbie b cBoeA KOHCTpyKUHH,

KaK 6bl HHCTHHKTHBHO HaUieflUIHe CBOfil SaKOKHeHHbiS THtt,

OKa3biBaM3TCH OHCHb ctoAkhmh (nanp., thh c k p h n k h, BbiTec-

HHBUIHfl HeCKOJlbKO npOMeWyTOMHblX THnOB BHOfl). HanpOTHB,

HHCTpyMehTbi, TaK HJIH HHane CTpaflaiomne jih6o OTcyTCTBHCM

SByHHOCTH, JIh6o BbipaSHTCJIbHOCTH, o6Hapy?KHBaK)T TeHflCHUHK)

K nocTOHHHoa MVTauHH THHa (cfjopxenHaHo).BAHflHHe AHXe- .

,

^

paxypWHa bm- ^ HHCJiy npHHHH; cnOCOOCTByiOmHX BbI>KHBaHHK>

XCBBaHBe HHCTp. HHCTpyMBHTajIbKblX BHAOB. OTHOCHTCH H o6'eMTHHOB. HanHcaHHofi fiJi« hhx JiHTepaTypw, Tonnee

—

npHcymas aaHHOMy HHCTpyMCHxajibHOMy THny cnoco6HOCTb

OnJlOAOTBOpHTb TBOpnecTBO KOMHOSMTOpa. MhOPHC AOBOJIbHO

yaaMHbie MyTauHH HHCTpyMCHTajibHbix bhaob h oMCHb MHorae

cOBepuieHHO HOBbie Twnbi HHCTpyMCHTOB He BbiflepacHsajiH

6opb6bi 3a cymecTBOBaHHe hmchho noTOMy, mto ohh ne cosaa-

,|v„u '^Ht^ /.iitt^m,iii^S0iiiiA)k:

— 31 —

BajiH 6ojibuioft JiHTepaTypbi. C apyroft CTopoHw, caMasi cno-co6HOCTb co3flaBaTb jiHTepaTypy ctoht b TecHeftuieM cbjishc THnoM HHCTpyMeHTa H c ero KaMecTBaMH. CoBepmcHHOH O B bl e THnw HHCTpyMeHTOB peflKO OKaBblBaiOTCH M«H3Hecno-C06HbIMH: o6bIHHO OHH BblMHpaiOT, TOFfla KaK npoHcuiefluiHenyTCM nocTeneHHbix h MHTejibHwx MyTauHft 6biBaK)T 6ojiee«H3HeHHbI. HeKOTOpWe COBepiUeHHO BblTCCHSlOTCSI H OTMHpaK)T

HacTHTOoeBw-^^^ cojibHbie HHCTpyMeHTbi, npoaojiscaa

acBsaHHe.M^^Tb B aHcaM6jiHX (ajibT, 6ojibuiaH nacTb ay-xOBbix, Bce yaapHbie), mto yace hohth Bcerjia

o6ycJiOBjieHo thhom coBHaaeMofl p.aa hhx JiHTepaTypbi. My-TaUHa HHCTpyMCHTajibHbix THnOB JIBJIHeTCH OrpOMHbIM 4)aKTO-poM B noHBJieHHH HOBbix THHOB TBopMecTBa, y>Ke He roBopn06 HCnOJIHeHHH, KOTOpoe 6yKBaJIbHO UeJIHKOM OT HHX SaBH-CHT. 06biMHo noflBjieHHe noBoro THna HHCTpyMeHTa, cnoco6-Horo K BbiacHBaHHK), conpoBOMCflaexcH CHjibnefiiiiMM hoa'cmomypOBHH TeXHHKH HCHOJlHeHMa Ha HBM, H 3TO nOflHHTHe TCXHHKHBbisbiBaeT cneuHc|)HHecKyio JiHTepaxypy h cosHflaeT b h p t y o s-

HbieanoxHB ncKyccTse. BKyc k BHpTyos-

TyosHUMHsno- "ocTH, KaK Bccrfla, 6bicTpo cMeHsieTcs! p e a K-

xaMH. u H e fl npoTMB nee, mto cooTBeTCTByeT o6biiHo

yxe ToA anoxe, Korjia k HOBOMy Tnny HHCTpy-MeHTa npHBbiKjiH H OH yace ne nopawacT. TaK pasBHTHeKOHCTpyKUHH CKpHHOK B XVII BCKe BbI3BaJI0 SIBJICHHe BHpTyOB"HOCTH B CKpHnHHHoA C(j|)epe (TapTHHH, BHTajIH H npoH.),a noTOM B BHjiy Toro, mto TexHHha KOHCTpyKUHH CKpnnoKHe nporpeccHpoBajia, mw bhahm TOJibKO cnopaflHMecKweHBJieHHH BHpTy03H0CTH 3 3T0A o6jiaCTH, HOpOMCAaiOlUMe TOJIbKOHsojiHpoBaHHbie siBJieHHH (IlaraHHHM). PaBBHTHe opraHHoA koh-CTpyKLiHH BbiSBajio SBJieHHe Baxa, PeHfleJiH h bck) opraHHyioJiHTepaxypy XVII Bewa, npn mcm rH6ejib oprannoA JiHTepaTypwb nocjieayiomeM o6ycjioBJieHa 6bijia HCKJiioHHTejibHO tcm, htoopraH B npouecce 6opb6bi c 4)opTenHaHO, kbk cbohm KOHKy-peHTOM B o6jiaCTM nOJIH4)OHHMeCKHX BByMaHHA, He BW-flep«aji 3ToA 6opb6w, 6yayMH rpoMOSflOK h cjihuikom noporAJIfl MaCTHblX JJHU, KOTOpbie B 3Ty SnOXy CTaJlH flHKTOSaTbBKyCbl. PdSBHTHe (|)OpTenHaHHWX THnOB HHCTpyMeHTOB 6bIJIOOOyCJIOBJieHO HMenHO ?Ka?KAOH HMCTb nOJIH(|)OHHMCCKMA HHcxpy-MBHT KaMepHoro THna, nopxaTHBHwA h b to jkc Bpena moiixhwAB SByKOBOM OTHOUieHHM. KjiaBeCHHHblft THn BWSBaJI KJiaCCHMe-

— 32 — 33

GKHft ™n MysHKH. 4)opTenHaHO-BeTXOBeHa. ycoBepuieHCTBO-

^ BaHHe po.nH 3papoM-JlHCTa h UIoneHa. RoAodHBrn odpasoM

M.. MO.<eM npoceAHTB. hto «so6peTeH.e xpoMaTHMecK«x

Tpy6 Bbi3Ba;io HOByK> «HCTpyMeHTOBKy (Bepjinoa, BarHep).

" ^" *''

CKOJIbKO-HH6yflb npOCTaS! SaBMCMMOCTb

;3aBHCIIMocTI.BKy-„gJKJ^y THnoM BKycOBoft rpynnbi h ee couhojio-

coBoS rpyiniM oxpj,^ecKofi xapaKTepHCTHKoft o6biHHO OTcyx-

RAacca.cTByCT H BCe nOnWTKH CTHJlHSOBaTb 3Ty 3aBH-

CHHOCTb OTHOC«TC5. K HHCfly He BHOJIHe npaBOMepHb.x HayMHb.x

cx^MaTMsauHfi. Ho Bce Hce HeKOTopb,e KOHxypbi axofl saBHc^-

/ MOCTM aaL npH COBpeMeHHOM COCTOHHHH HayKM o Mysb.-

caMyraaBMCHMOCTb. Mbi no.HCHbi cHanana npoce^HTb caMbie

TZbi BKycoBb.x rpynn. KOTopbie co6n>o«aK,T HeKOTopy>o

' IdlocTb Aa«ce B pasflHMHbix h HCTopHnecKHX anoxax. Tho

^ BKroBoT rpynnbi onpeAe.«eTC« non™ HCK.K>HHTe.bHO tcm

Ha „MyBCTBo"-3MOUHK,. TO Mb. HMeeM BOo6me

sMOUHOHajibHbie THnw rpynn. ecJiH amHao6opoT, cTpeMJicHHe k ^opManbHoK aanoH-

=bra:rr:^^^^^^^^^^^^^Tpe6HTen« cK^xoHHa k ^"^^^^"^"^"''r'yj""^^

BcflKHft paa, KorAa HCTopHMecKHM npouecc

awoanoHaAfcHBifi g^HocHJi Ha aBaHCueny co6biTnA HOBwe. OoJiee

AeMOKpaTHHecKHe cjioh. mh Ha6:iK>;iaeM ycH-

^eHHe rpynn anouHOHa^bHbix thhob. TaKHMH u.pHOftaMH «bh-

^arHlnpH... anoxaPeHeccaHca. BbiAB.HyBUia. HOBb.e rpynnb,

Hace^ienl h OKpacHBUia« Myab.Ka«bHoe HCKyccTBO cTpeMne-

HHeM K „B..paLHHH>" MyBCTB. Bnoc.e;.cTB™ TaKHMjKe

xaZrepoM cTpeM^eHH« k aMOUMOHa.HSMy 6b,.a OKpainena

3norpoMaHTH3L(py6e«c XIX Bena). Korja Ha cueny no«B-

^HCb HapoAHO-HHTe.:iHreHTCKHe naccb,. HanpoxHB. «cT0PHMe^

ckS onbiT noKaabiBacT. hto bc^khR HOBbift couMO^oruHecK^fl

ZeHT BOo6u;e cKnoneH noce nepBoro ^^^-o..o...^oro

nepHOfta BOcnpHsiTHs. o6Hapy«HBaTb cKJioHHOCTb k paaBHT^K) .

^„acTeTHaMa". KaK cjieAytomeft 6o«ee pauMO-

acTOTHMfiTHn. „aj,bHoA,M03roBoft.6ojiee„KyjibTypHoa cxaflMH.

Tanu BKyco-

nux rpynn.

Menee HenocpeACTBeHHofl. OSbiwo couHo;iorHHecKa« mun^BHaHa.e nepe^HBaeT nepno. aMouHoLl^r hotom oCpyjKHBaex cKiioHttocTb K acTCTHSMy B pasHbix B^Jv r3MouHOHa.K3Ma B HeKOTopb.x c/yna^r oTsbre^c^ .^^^^^^^KeTHofi-3To 6biBaeT Tor;ia. Kor«a aMouHOHa.bHb,e BKvcb.^Ka3b,BaK,TC« B couHo.orMHecKofl rpynne HanpaB.eHHb,HH He „a

CB«3T„be^T'M"''°^"'"' " no^)-rpynnb,.TaK™HHHa.e

rZTZ My3b,KajibHb.M „npo*eccMOHa™3MOM''. T-erpynnbi. npHHacTKb,e b toA h.h hhoA crenenH k canoA cpe^eAKa^eMB^ecKHe J'^™BHbix MyabiKaHTOB. o6Hapy>KHBaiOT Bcer^a

rpynHM. OOJIblljyK) HJIH MCHbUiyiO TCHfleHUHlO K SCTC-

L,^,."^™^'^^ ^ *°P'^® »npo(|)eccHOHaflbHoro aKaae-MH3Ma

.HTO o6yc.OB^eHo TeM. HTO HMeHHo B axHx npoAec-CKOHa.bHb,x rpynnax mh Ha6.K,;iaeM MaKCHMyM aByKCBoToco3HaHHH. HeBo.bHo pacno.araK>mero k acTexHorTSBaHHH> CaMHMH 4,OpMaMH MyBb.KH. Mo«HO cKasaxb 6e3 OCO60A

HuxeAAHreKTCKHe"^'^"'^K"' *JTo HHTeji;iHreHTCKHe rpynnbi Bcex

rpynm.1. HaHMeHOBaHMft, o6bIHHO MCJIKO-eypwyaSHbieno KJiaccoBofl xapaKTepncTHKe. o6HapvJKH-n "^"«^"^r.

"" -°«"0Ha.M3My H cBHsaHHOMy c Cm,poMaHTHMecKOMy« MHpoomymeHHK,. HanpoTHB. HHCTbiA npo(peccHOHajiHSM HMeer rjirv k aKanPMUQK,,, ,

TaK »«-A ^^^ . ,

aKafleMH3My h k acTercTBy,TaK >Ke KaK h Kjiaccw *eoflajibHbift h 6yp«ya3Hbifi c kdvhmiMH HMymecTBeHHbiMH xapaKTepHCTHKaMH/oxTor; Mbi 'a-WeM nOHTM Ha BCeM npOTS..ceHMH My3bIKa.bHOrMCTOp„H

^anoxH CH.bHoro paSBHTHH KpynHo-t|,eo;ia«bHb.x h dyp^yat

oaTHo^""*f''"'''™"'^ "™'°' ^ ""^^"^ ^"-^^ o^-^^c™ « 06-

paTHo, npotijeccHOHajiHSM o6biHHo o6Hapy>KHBaeT xecHyioCBaai. npofec- ^^SOCTb C HMymeCTBeHHO-MOryHHMH CflOSlMHcHOHaAH3Ma c "acejicHHs: npo(f)eccMOHan lOTHTCH oKOJio Map-

«ro,:r ^ ^^^ HanpaB^5,eMb,fl ero BKycoM. MMyme-CTBeHHo-cMbHbie KJiaccbi Bcer^a o6Hapy«H-

CT^l«3«e""0e „CnOKOfiCTBHe« MHpoco3epuaHH«, KOTopoe«T B HeKOTOpoA nCHXOJlOrHHeCKOA SaBHCHMOCTH OT THna

mroZlT'"y"*""'"'"

r"^-'*= ^yP'«y33Hb,MM rpynnaMH XIX BeKa b Pocchh,KOTOpue KaK 6bi .cpaay" nepemjiH Ha ,aKa«eMH3M«.

3

34 —

..aKaflCMHSMa" wan acTeTHSMa; HanpoTHB, dypnafl peBOfliounoH-

HocTb poMahTMSMa BOBce He cBoflcTBCHHa 3THM rpynnsM H CO-

cTaBJiflCT npHHaAJieJKHOCTb HHTe;iJiHreHHecTBa h noHEJiflCTor

o6bHHO B anoxH neperpynnHpoBKH KJiaccoBWX rercMOHHM.

Boo6me xapawTepHO ajia (|)eoAanbHbix rpynnnpoBOK cTpeMJienne

K acTCTHKe „reflOHMCTHHecKofl",— MysbiKa paccMarpHBaeTCfl.

KaK yflOBOJibCTBue, KaK npHHTHoe omymeHMe. Bsrasifl. ua MyswKy.

KaK Ha opraH BbiswBaHHfl „rjiy6oKHx" 3M0unfl. cBoflcTBeHeH

HHTeJiJinreHTCKHM rpynnaM. npocJ)eccMOHajiM3M we odHapywH-

BaeT CKflOHHOCTb K npHCBOeHHK) MySblKaJIbHOMy HCKyCCTBV

B nepByH) onepeAb 4)yHKUMfl cTpyKTypnbix.

B cBoefl rjiy6HHHofl ocHOBe MyawKa TCCHefl-

Cbhsi. c 6uT0B». ^^^ o6pa30M CBSsana c 6biTOM: ona ecTb

nacTb 6biTa. M noTOMy. ecrecTBeHHO. ona OTpawaer 6biTOBbie

ycJiOBHfl Tex couHOJTorHHecKHx rpynn. Koxopwe oHa o6cflyjKM-

saeT HoKa wysbiKa hc cxaHOBHTCJi b toA hjiw hhoA Mepe

cpcTaBHoK MacTbio 6biTa. ona BOo6me He cymecTByeT b «aH-

Hoa rpynne. CaMwe npHMHTOBHbie (JjopMW napoAHofl MysbiKw

o6fl3aHbi CBOHM reHe3MC0M jih6o 6biTOBbiM sjieMeHxaMKyjibTa,

nwdo o6p5iAa H o6biHaJi, avi6o HHCTO-SMOUHOHajibHbiM no6y-

jKAeHHflM (necHfl. njiacKa. wrpa. cjiy«eHHe). Mysbma. y^e

CTaBUiaS! KOflJieKTHBHbIM paSBJieHCHHeM H. KaK TaKOBan. BXO-

A«mafl B MacTb 6biTa. xapaKxepHa ywe Ana 6ojiee m^eve»r

HvipoBaHHbix couHOflorHHecKMX rpynnnpoBOK. CoBepuienHO

pasHHHHbie Tpe6oBaHHH npefl*«BJi«K)TC9 k MysbiKe. cocra-

B^iawmeft nacxb 6biTa flet^eBHH. hjih nacxb 6biTa uepKBH, hjih

rtBopua, HJiH MacTHoro flOMa, hjih o6mecTBeHHoro Mecxa.

3xHM rpy6biM couHOJiorHnecKHM xapaKxepHcxHKaM b o6mHx

nepxax cooxBexcxByKJX ocHOBHbie jihhhh MysbiKajibHbix *opM.

Bbixy jtepeBHH cooxBexcxByex Hapo^Has. MysbiKa. paccMn-

xaHHaa na Kycxapnoe HsroxoB^ieHHe h Ha uihpokhh Kpyr

noxpe6HTeflfl. npH oneHb MaJioS HHTencHBHOcxH caMoro npo

M3BOflCXBa, B HHXeHCH4)HKaUHH KOePO HBT HyJKAbl- B bl X y

u e P K B H cooxBexcxByex co6opHoe xopoBoe HaMajio. cxporocxb

caMoro BBynaHMfl. c KOxopbiM ynopHO h hocxoshho 6opexcs.

WHBoe My3biKa:ibHoe MyBCXBO-axo uepKOBnav. wysbiKa. koto-

oafl cxojib Macxo jiaBajia JKWSHb rpoMaAHbiM s!B«eHH«M b xy-

JowecxBeHHofl c*epe. ho cana b ce6e .Hiub onenb pe^KO

lep>KHBa.a sth «BneHH«. Bbtxy ^Bopua cooxBexcxay^x

MysbiKa napawafl. yBece;i«xeflbho xopacecxBeHHasr, BbiKpH-

35

cxafljiH30BbiBaiomaHCH b *opMbi cneuH(J)HHecKoro, ..(jjeoaajib-Horo aKaaeMHBMa 6;iaroiiapsi BosfleficxBuro pacuBexaromerooKOJio ABopuoB npo(|)eccHOHaflH3Ma. noAo6Hbifi ace npotfaec-cHOHajiHSM pacuBexaex h okojio uepKBH. xaK HeMHwyeMoecJieacxBHe ycHfleHHoro cnpoca Ha nocxaBKy MyBWKH. HaKoneu6bixMacxHoro«OMa sbisbmaex HHXHMHwfi MysbiKajibHbificxH;ib (KaMepHoe nenne. KaMepnbift HHCxpyMeHxajiHSM h np )3X0 ywe CBHsaHO c 6yp>Kya3HbiMn KJiaccaMw, Bn;iOTb ao mbjiko-eypHcyasHbix h HHxeJi;inr3HTCKHx. 06mecxBeHHbifl 6biTBbi3b!Baex K «H3HH MysbiKy KOHuepxHbix H xeaxpajibHbix 3aji,My3biKy c 6o;ibmHM KOJiHHecxBOM HcnojiHHxeJiefi. MaccoBoeHCKyccxBo (onepa. cHMcfDOHHa). - ara wysbiKa o6pa3yexc9rjiaBHbiM o6pa30M b xaKHe anoxH. Koxopwe cBsaanbi c pac-UBexoM o6mecxBeHHoa >kh3hh (sJijiHHCKan Kyjibxypa. XIX BeK)BnyxpH 3XHX rpy6brx rpynnHpoBOK cymecxByiox onenb mhopo-HHCJieHHbie Me^iKHe BKycoBbie noflpasfle^eHHa. He Haao flynaxb.

BeAOTHHa BKyco''^° ^PV^'^bi noxpe6HxeJiefi Boo6me asjiHioxca

BMX rpynn. ""OrOMHCJienHblMH. Ms HHX XOJIbKO lUHpOKOACMOKpaxHwecKaH—„HapoflHaH"-HMeexBHymH-

xeflbHyio MHcnoByio xapaKxepHcxHKy. ocxa;ibHbie b cymnocxHHaCXOJIbKO MajIOMHCJieHHbl. HXO OXBaXblBaiOX XOflbKO HHMXOMC-Hyro Macxb HacejieHHa. MysbiKa b sxom oxHoiueHHH— ncKyc-cxBo. onwpaiomeeca Ha HaH6ojiee saMKHyxwe cjioh. 06biHHoKpyr c6bixa npeflcxasjiaexca oxBaxbiBaiomm xojibKo ropoa-cKHe c;ioH H xo B He3HaMHxe;ibHofi Mepe; xaKOBa bch „Kyjib-xypHaa MyswKa. HaH6ojiee KpynHWMH rpynnaMw ABJiaflHCbBcema noxpe6HxeJiH „onepbi", Kan cMeuiaHHoA cjfiopMbi HCKyc-cxBa. He HHcxo-MyBbiKajibHoro, h poMaHca. KaK 6ojiee nonax-Horo. h6o xo«e onHpaiomeroca Ha xckcx h no33HK>. EcjihpaCCMarpHBaXb UIHpHHy c6bIXa B BbICOKOKBaJIH(f,H^HpOBaHHb.X

V30r^r'^y^"'^^"''"''™ HCKyCCXBa, TO MO^HO HOpaBHXbCJ,

co3nair''°''^^'^^' ^°™P"^ flBJinexcsi noxpednxeJieM sxhx

™^„«o °" cocxaBJiHCT He 6o;iee npouenxa Bcero nace-

MAeojioi-HK My- Korfla roBopflx o6 „H«eojiorKH" MyBWKH,3WKH. »«aK Haxoflnmefica b KaKOM-HH6yAb oxHomeHHw

K ee KjiaccoBWM h BKycoBWM xapaKxepHcxHKaMxoHaaooroBopHxbcs,, mxo no oxnomeHHK) k „4ncxoMy" sByKO-BOMy HCKyccxBy hsao Boo6m^ 6b,xb onenb ocxopojKHbiM b npH-MeHeHHHxepMHHa ,HAeo;.orH5,« noxofi npocxofl npHHHHe, hto

— 3b d/ -

%>'

MysbiKa. KaK sto cosepmeHHO jjcho, hc momcct cawa no ce6eHM-

KaKOM HftCH BbipaSHTb. HeKOTOpbie aCTCTHKH OTpMUaiOT 3a Hefl

jtajKe cnoco6HOCTb BbipameHHH MyscTB, ho ccjih nocJieflHee MHe-

HHC H Heo6ocHOBaHO, TO HejibSH He npusHaxb, mto bo bchkom

CJiynae re accouHauwH, Koxopwe BbipaMcavoxca MyswKofl. oneHb

npHHyAJiHBbi. noABepM<eHbi coBepuieHHO erne HeHSBecTHbiM

saKonaM h bo bcskom CJiynae ne Aaiox noBOAa roBopnTb 06

opraHMHecKOM BHCflpeHHH B MysbiKy HfleoaorHH. MAeojiorHH

npHBHOCHXCH B M y 3 bl K y XeKCXOM H CKjacexoM,

x.-e. nocxopoHHHMHMysbiKesjieMeHxaMH. B axoM

CMbicJie AJifl HCKOxopbix snox h KflaccoB xapaKxepHO cxpe-

MJieHne K „npHBHeceHHK)" b MyBbixy HfleojiorHM, a jina apy-

rax— HBJiHexcH xapaKxepHbiM cxpeMJieHwe k ocBo6o3KAeHHH>

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Topbie o6biHHO o6yc;ioBJiHBaioxcH HHxejiJiHreHxcKHM h MejiKO-

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K HfleojiorHsauHH MysbiKH, npo(|)eccHOHajiH3M h aKaaeMMSM

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noTpe6HTejifl. OAHa h xa me wysbiKa HMeex ajih pasHbix no-

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MyBCXBOBaHHH, FlosTOMy MOMCHO roBopHTb TOflbKO o6 o6meMTO He MysbiKH B AaHHoft couHOJiorHHecKoA rpynne, ho hc

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41

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uejieft o6cJiyH<viBaHHSi Bbicuiero KJiacca.

— 43 —

OxToro B 3XHX yHce 6ojiee nosAHHX anoxax mw BcerAaBHAHM, npM ycflOBHH Bce eme npoAOjracaiomeflcH o6mHocxH3ByKOB0ro co3HaHHJi, HapowAeHHe npoc|)eccHOHajiH3Ma h cne-^H4>HHecKHH „rocyAapcxBeHHbifl" xapaKxep HCKyccxBa. MyawKao6cJiyMCHBaeT hjih AyxoBencTBO, am HMcex arnxaunoHHOeaHaneHHe, nan ynpoMatomaa cymecxByiomH/l cTpofiCHJiaMH HCKyccTBa. B cymnocxH xaKOBa 6biJia MyawKaBceft AoxpwcxHaHCKoft apbi, Bceuejio HMeBuiaa uejibio nvi6oarnxaumo b nojibsy oxAenbHbix repoes cyiuedxByiomero couvi-ajubHoro cxpoH, flH6o Kyjibxypy CBoftcxBCHKbix axoMy cxpoio„Ao6poAexejieA", jih6o KyjibxoBwe saAaHHs, jin6o yBecejieHnexex rpynn, Koxopwe MwejiH rocnoAcxsyromee noflOJKeHHe

8 rocyAapcxBe (repoHnecKHA anoc, no6eAHbie necHH, Ky^bxc-Bbie necHH, arHxauMOHHasr xparcAwa HpasoB h Kyjibxa, thmhwpejinrHOBHbie h nojiHXHHecKwe, ysecejiMxeflbHaa h jiHpHMecKanMysbiKa). HeMHorHM oxjiHiaflMCb h 4)opMbi MysbiKajibHoro6bixa B cxpaaax BocxoKa, tab npeo6jiaAaji BcerAa woMeHxpejiHrHOBHbiA (cBpeAcKaa MyswKa, erHnexcKan MyawKajibHaviKyjibxypa). B xpHcxMaHCKyro apy coBepmeHHo xaKoA nue xHnHMejiH MysbiKaflbHbie (j[)opMbi b panneM rocyAapcxBeHHOM 6bixy—OHH xoJKe HMCflH arHxauHOHHoe sHaneHHe (6apAbi, cKajibAW,-

pyccKHe neaubi) h 6biAH xecHeAuiHM o6pa30M cBflsanbi c MHxe-pecaMH rocnoAcxByiomero Kjiacca bohhob. rioHBJieHHe na cuenyHOBoA couHajibHoA cHjibi B jiHue xpHCTHaHCKoA uepKBH cyme-cxBCHHeAiuHM o6pa30M nepeBeuiHBaex bch) MysbiKy b cxopoHyo6cjiy>KHBaHHH ee HHxepecoB. MyswKa cxanoBHxca araxaxHB-HbiM 3;ieMeHT0M AJIH HyjKA uepKBH. noxpe6HxefleM cxaHOBHxcaywe He napoA npocxo, a ..napoA npHxowaHHH", HapoA Kjie-

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f^-*m*^ifs0i^mf^ *4..i

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h6o HSBecTHaji nAn^^yavm" MyawKajibMbix ueHHOCTeft npoHcxo-

jiHT Bcerfla, navKe MCMcay caMWMn necxoAHbiMH MysbiKajifaHbiMif

opraHHSMaMH.

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cajibHbiM lUTaroM cJiyMtHTejiefl, ee Morywee aKOHOMMnecKoe

nonoH<eHHe, ee nojiHTH^ecKan anacTb—Bce axo cnoco6cTByeT

TOMy, MTO uepKOBHaa BKycoBaa rpynna HaHWHaeTonpejie JieHHO flOMHHHpoBaTb b SHaneHHH. Ona no-

jiynaex Hawdojiee ueHHbift h KBajiHt|)HUHpoBaHHbiH KaAp npo-

(fjeccHOHajiOB, oTMacTH H3 cJiyacHTejieft Kyjibxa (MOHaxos).

OHa nojiynaeT uiKOJibHbiM annapax h xeM cnoco6cxByex orpoM-

HOMy yBejiHHeHHK), Rame nepenpoHSBOACxBy npo4)ec-

CHOHajibHoro MysbiKajibHoro ajieMCHxa h pasBK-

THK> cneuH4)HHecKHx npo<|)eccHOHajibHbix (BHpxyosHwx m

aKaaeMHMecKMx) BKycoBbix rpynn. HocxeneHHoe ycHJieHHC

<|)eo;tajibHofl. ywe ueHxpaflHsyiomeficj!, BJiacxH h nepenoc

3KOHOMHHecKoro MOrymecxBa a sxy rpynny sacxasjiHex h My-'

3biKajibHoe HCKyccxBO nepeHOCHXb nocxeneHHO ueHxp xflMcecxw

B o6cJiyH<HBaHne HHxepecoB BJiacxH (MysbiKa xopjKecxBeHHaa,

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,H K yBeceJieHHK) jihu, BJiacxb HMymvix). PeaKUHsi npoxMB'

uepKBH H nepeHOc sKOHOMHMecKHX ueHxpoB B 4'eoflajibHbie

rpynnbi sacxaBjinex h caMoe HanpaBJieHMewysbiKH paflHwajibHOi

MSMeHHXbCJi. nojin4)OHHHecKMM cxHJib, Koxopbifl cooxBexcxByex

co6opHOMy HBMajiy uepKBH (xopoBoe neHHe), h 3mouhh, pac-

TBopeHHaa b MHOwecxBe oxaejibHbix MejioflMnecKHx jiHHufl,

ycxynarox Mecxo cxpeMJieHMK) k roMo4)OHHHecKOMy cxmJik)

(MeJioAHfl c conpoBOHCfleHHeM), 6ojiee acHOMy h npocxoMy h

6ojiee cnoco6HOMy k BbipasMxeJibHocxH. Xoa sxoA pecjiopMbi

BcyiuHOcxH xopMOSHflcn HeKeM HHbiM, KaK npo^ieccMOHajiaMH,

yace npHSbiKiiiMMH k onpeAeieHHbiM MexoflaM MysbiKajibHbix

BonjiomeHMii, BCJieAcxBHe Hero b HOByK) ywe cBexcKyio nysbi-

Ky nonaftaJiM HCMHHyeMO ajiCMenxbi us npcMCHero cxhjih, xoxa

H pe(|)opMnpoBaHHbie. B axo xe Bpewa noHBraexcH one pa,

KaK cjiCACXBue aHXHKJiepuKanbHofl peaKUHH, ksk

onbix MysbiKajibHO-cueHHMecKoro npeflcxaBJieHHH, HMeiomero

saMeHMxb BO BneMaxjieHMH Morynee BOSfleflcxBHe pnxyajTbHbix

aKxoB.riocJie poaob KJiepMKajibHoro roHCHMH cBexcKoencKyccxBO

xeM npne h iiiHpe pasjiHBaexcn cBo6oAHofl boahom m 6bicxpo

noflynaex pacnpocxpaHeHwe. Pha npOHCUieAiuHX b 9to

'M.

-45 -

BpeMfl H3o6pexeHHft h yjiyMuieHHS b xexHHKe Mysw-KajibHoro npoHSBOflcxBa cnoco6cxByex aroMy lUHpoKOwy pac-uaexy h pacnpocxpaneHMK)— H3o6pexeHHe HdxoneHaxaHHH,nosBOJiHBUiee pacuiHpHXb Kpyr c6bixa ajih Ka>Kfloro npoHSBeAe-HHH,H3o6pexeHHeHycoBepmeHCXBOBaHHe HHcxpyMeHXOB (opra-Ha, KjiaBHUiHbix (l^opxenHaH, cKpHnoK, bmoji, jih>xhh h npoH.).PadJilBex B 3KOHOMMMeCKOM OXHOUICHHH 6yp>Kya3Hbix 3Jie-MCHXCB. 06yC;i0BJieHHblfi OXKpblXHeM HOBblXpwHKOB c6bixa M yjiyMuieHHCM nyxefi coo6me-H H H, BbisbiBaex cABHr MysbiKajibHoro MCKyccxBa yxe b cxo-poHy MHXMMHOCXH— 3XO yjKC HCKyccxBO. paccMHxaHHoeHe Ha pe;iHrH03Hoe BOsaeficxBHe h He npocJiaBjiCHKe E^acxbj^MymKx, a MMcxoe „yBecejieHHe" b MHHyxbi oxflbixa. 3xoHCKyccxBO nopoflHJio roMO(|)OHHMecKyK). KaMepnyK) jiMxepaxypy,necHK) c aKKOMnaneMenxoM, oho >Ke nopoflHJio h onepy, kbkMaccoBoe npeAcxaBJicHHe ajih iuhpokhx cjiobb. ITocjie sxoroHaMenaioxcn onpeAejielHHO BKycoBbie rpynnub caMbix pasjiHMHbix cxpaHax xaKoroxHna:rpynna KJiepHKajibHan, Am KoxopoK npoAOJiwaex npoHS-BOAMTbCH pHxyajibHan My3biKa, rpynna 4)eoAanbHaq coBKyCOM K MyBbIKe XOpMCeCXBeHHOft H nblUIHOfl,rpynna npo(|)eccHOHaflbHasi, Koxopasi b cymHocxHo6cjiya<HBaex o6e npeflbwymHe h cxpeMHxcn cboh jimmhucBKyCbl, KJlOHSimHeCH K BblflBJieHHK) XeXKHHCCKHX CpCACXBHCKyccxBa, HaBHsaxb h xoA, h Apyroft, h, HaKoneu, rpynna„uiHpoKoft ny6jiHKH", Koxopan noxpe6;i5!ex rjiaBHbiM<36pa30M necHK) h onepy. Onepnbie xeaxpbi, KaK Aejio 3ko-HOMHHecKH BbiroAHoe, HaMHHarox pacnpocxpanjixbcano Mupy M co3AaH)x BOKpyr ce6a uiKoxibi KOwnosHxopOB(HeanojiHxaHCKaa, raM6yprcKaH h npon.)- K Konuy axoro Bpe-MeHH AOMHHHpyiomefl H 4)aKXHHecKH Ba»<Hefimeflrpynnoft cxaHOBHxca npotfjeccHOHajibHaa, h6oOHa KOHueHxpHpyex b ce6e cawoe npoHSBOACxBo,JiHuib coo6pa3yH ero c noxpe6HocxHMH roPi hjih hhoS BKyco-BOPi rpynnbi, h KaK 6bi coBMemaex b ce6e momchx p a 6 o h e r onpoH3BOACxBa c MOMenxoM naKonjieHHSi uchho-cTefi MHCxo-MysbiKajibHoro nopHAKa. Ona Ae;iaexca cBoeropoAa „6yp«ya3Heft MyswKajibHbix ueHHOcxefl",coxpaHHH 3a co6ofi MaKCHMyM scxexHHecKoro BnenaxjieHHstH c6cjiy?KMBaH HMH Bce ocxaflbHbie rpynnbi. 3xa „BKycoBaa

»j..Uli.'^.^fiLliMJI^i. L-Ji

46

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npoH3BOfl,CTBa OT flpyrnx. BHexyaoMcecTBeHHbix, hmchho tbk,

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CBOHM nWUIHblM paCUBBTOM H paClUHpeHHeM 3MOUHOHaJlbHbIX

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paH 6bina b Kopwe HBJieHneM sKOHOMUHecKHM h Hanpa-

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M, KaK Bcerfla, npeodjiaaaHHe BKycoBbix rpynn KJiepHKajibHO-

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B CMbicJie yBenHHeHHH b Heft noJiH^JOHHnecKMX ajieMeHTOB,

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necHsi). •

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cTaBJin;ia co6ok) AopeBOJHOUHOHHaa FepMaHHH XVIII BeKa.

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cTBOBajia reflOHHCTHHecKyio scTCTHKy, ot nepBOft— KyjibT caMo-

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CMemaHHbie nepTbi (cMecb nojiH(j[)OHHH c roMo4)OHHeft) h hcc

B TexHHHecKHX MBTOjiax BbipaweHMfl 3HaMHTeJibHoe ynpomeHHe

no cpaBHCKHK) c KynbTypoft nporecTaHTHSMa (Bax, reH;tejib).

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BBTbCH onepofl. . -'"ii :

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(npccBemeHHasiAeMOKpaTHH h3 MenKO-6ypM<ya3Hofl cpeflbi), ko-

Topan cosAana nanpaBJieHHe „poMaHTH3Ma". 3thmh bjihhhhhmh

n BKycoM STofl rpynnbi HanojiHCHO homth Bce XIX CTOJiexHe.

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cTBwe naAeHMii asTopHTeTa uepKBH, ycHjienHC TexHHMecKMX.

HpecypcoB MCKyccTBa (yMHowcHHe cocTaBOB, BOBJieneHHe ium-

pOKHX Mace ACMOKpaTHH B cjiyuiaHHC MysbiKw), nepcHoc My3bl-

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o6flerHeHHe coo6iueHHft, o6ycjiOBHBiuee ycviJieHHe o6MeHaMysbiKajibHbix npoAyKTCB MeH<fly cTpanaMw (HHCTpyMCHTOB.MysbiKaHTOB, coHMHeHHfl), H, HaKOHCu, npouccc KanHTajiH-aaUHH B HCKyCCTBe, SaXBaTHBUIHM H MySblKy,

—

BCC 3TO Ha-jiaraeT na MysbiKy XIX BeKa oco6bifi OTnenaTOK, cosepuieHHoHenoxowHft Ha npeflbiayiuHe anoxH. XIX bck xapaKTcpHsyeTcnCHJibHefliiiHM paccJioeHHeM BKycoBbix rpynn, „3a-

XBaTow" npo4)eccHOHajiaMH-My3biKaHTaMM h hx rpynnofl Haw-

6oflee H3bicKaHHbix o6jiacTeft, orcnoflKOM sceA 6o;iee npocToftMyBbIKH B aeMOKpaTHMeCKHe Ct|)epbl. KyCTapHHMeCTBO HCMe-sacT noMTH 6eccJieAHO, npo4)eccMOHaji, KOTopuA BBOcnpMS-THH HCKyccTBa CBM a H a Ji o r H H 6 H KanHTa jiHCTy, aB 3KOHOMHHecKOM cMbicjie nocTaBACH caM B ycjioBHH o6meroKanHTajiHSMa, nanHHaeT nocTaBJinTb MysbiKy He TOJibKO ajih tcxrpynn, KOTopwe panee hm o6cJiy»<HBajiHCb (^jeoAaJibHofi, K^e-

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Koro Hcanpa, KoxopbiA oQpasyex b ropoAckoA ACMOKpaTHMHaH6oJiee MHoroHHcnenHyK) BKycoByio rpynny (MyswKa pecTO-paHHaa, onepeTOHHan, TanuoBajibHan h npon.). KanHTa^Hsa-UHsi MysbiKH npoHBjineTCH B HapoMCAeHHH KanHTanHCTHHecKoroH3AeJiHn, B nosiBjieHHii HMnpeccapHO-KannTajiHCTa h c|)a6pH-

KaHTa-KanHxaJiHCTa, KOTopwe CKynaHST pa6oHyK) CHJiy Mysbi-

Kanxa - npo4)eccHOHajia h saxsaTbiBaroT puHOK HCKyccTBa,KOTOpblft AO TOrO BpeMBHH o6cjiy>KHBaflC5I KyCTapHblM o6pa30McaMHMH npo(j[)eccHOHajiaMH. BMecTe c HapowACHHeM KanwTa-;iH3Ma B HCKyCCTBe H C yCJIOJKHeHHeM TCMna M<H3HH nOUBJiSl-

CTCfl B MysbiKe p e K JI a M a, xapaKrepnaq AJia KanHTajiHCTw-

HeCKOrO CTpon H Heo6xOAHMaH, HT06bI o6paTHTb BHHMaHHeHa AaHHoe co6biTHe b Macce Apymx co6biTHA, OeoAajib-Hasi H KJiepMKajibHan rpynn bi noHTH McnesaiOTB CBOCM CneUHCJjHWeCKOM BKyCOBOM o6jIHKe, OHHHaHHHaK»T B TBX CTpanax, pac OHH eme coxpaHHJiHCb, noJib-

,*.-»;(*;:>*•«<„

— 4S49

sosaxbCJi npoflyKUHefi, CACJiaHHofl ajih flpyrHX rpynn, HHTen-

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rpynnax. Ona nocTaBJiner MyswKy Ha Bce BKycw h wa Bce

rpynnw or cawbix HSbicKaHHbix h ao caMbix uiHpoKHX, navKe

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HOM BHfte, KaK 6bi luecTBya no neKOXopofl cnwpaJibHoft jihhhh

MJiH no uenoft cHcxene cnMpajieft. Cxoacxbo MyawKajibHbix

•siBJieHVifi c opraHHSMaMH yBejiHHHBaexca xcm, mxo h xyx h xbmb couHajibHOM BKycoBoft cpefle BOBHHKaiox OHCHb nacxo„napa3HXHpyiomvie" siBJienHH, Koxopwe nHxaiotcH coKaMH(MysbiKajibHbiMH) ApyrHx caMocxosixenbHbix opraHHSMOB h o6_paayioT CHcxeMy „3nHroHHHecKHx" MyswKajibHbix co6brrHfl.

PasHHua c opraHHMecKHM MHpoM xa, mxo aaecb, b opranHne-CKOM MHpe, napasHTHpyioiuwe opraHHSMbi npeacxaBJiaiox pefl,-

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01

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Horo renesHca. Mnnyjibc k TBopMecTBy. MoryMHA h, KaBajiocb

6bl, HppaUHOHaJIbHbiA B BOSBblUieHHOM THHB TBOpMeCTBa, HpC"

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4*

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conyxcxByiomHfi: bch> wnsHb MysbiKanxy. M MysbiKajibHan

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— 03 —

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a* ri.->f!v^'».

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flHUiyio ..HHTaTeflbHyK)" cpe;ty b HacToameM hjih b 6jih3kom

6yAyweM.

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—

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I

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— 55.'^V:

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r

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AO xpHCTHaHCKoft 3pbi, HO H HOCJic MysbiKa coxpaHsieT cno-

CodnOCTb H CKJIOHHOCTb K o6pa30BaHHK) CJlHTHblX ^OpM (TaHeU,

necHH, onepa) Bnjioxb ao Hauiero BpeweHH.

CxpyKxypa nepBo6biTHoft MyswKH b ee ssyKOBOft nacTHo6ycJiOBAeHa SBJieHHAMH JierMaftmero SByKOHSBJieie-HHSi H jierMaftmero BocnpHarHH. M to h ApyroenpHBOAHT K CHJlbHOMy pa3BHTHK) (OTHOCHTeAbHO) yAapHblXHHCTpyMeHTOB, yCHJIHBatOIIlHX pHTMHMeCKOe BOCnpHHTHe(yAapHbie HHcrpyMeHTbi Jierne Bcero Aejiajorca h npome p.iia

ynoTpel6jieHHsi), h k npocTeftuieft MeJiOAHnecKoft CTpyKxype,

KOTOpaa, KaK TOJIbKO 3;ieMeHT 3ByKOBOfl BblCOTbl ocosHan,

BbipajKaeTCH b crpoeHHH mbjioahh na ocHOBax hphmhthb-Hbix jiaAOB. 3th npHMHTHBHbie jiaAbi, o6mHe y Bcex Hapo-

AOB Ha MX nepBonanajibHoft cTynenH pasBHTHsi, cboahtcji

K KOMHJieKcy SByKOB, o6pasyK)mHX Me«Ay co6oflTOflbKO npocTefliuHe (jierne ycBaHBaeMwe, Jierne HSBJie-

KaeMbie) HHTepBaaw h, KpoMe Toro, sanojiHsitomnx SByKO-

Boe npocTpancTBO AOCTaTOHHo hjiotho, 6e3

Hero HCBosMOMCHa mcjioamh. 3th apxannecKHe

JiaAbI nOMTH BCKJAy npHBOASITCJI K THny hhth-CTyncHHbix, npMMepHO hs SByKOs:

c d f g a,

o6pa3yK)mHx MewAy co6om KSHHTbi, KBapxbi, TepuHH H 6. ce-

KyHAbi (ho He Majibie ccKyHAbi, eme ne ocosnaHHbie

UpHMHTHBHblM CJiyXOM), H BCTpeMaK)TCH y CaMblX paSJIHHHblX

HapoAOB B pasHbix KOHuax seMHoro mapa (KHTaftcKaaraMMa, apxannecKan HHAHftcKasi, „3HrapMOHHH" apxanMe-

CKMX rpeKOB (IX—VIII bck ao P. X.); cioAa ace otho^

ApxaB<iecKHe

AaAU'

PasBHTBe

OCOSHaHBfl 3ByKa.

MHTHBHUX ^OpiH

H npBHHHa ero.

CHTCfl Jiaflbl lUOTflaHflCKHC, raflMHCCKHe, flpCBHe-

pyccKHe).MysbiKajibHbift cjiyx b hctophhcckom

npouecce sbipadaTbiBajica ftjiHTcabHO, KaK no-

creneHHoe ocosHaHHC poACTBa tohob,H uieji Ha cMCHy nepBOObiTHOMy CJiyxy, ocHOBaHHOMy na npo-

CTOM 0C03HaHHH paSHHUbl CMJI H BblCOT (KOJIMHCCTBeH-

Hbifl cjiyx). Ha nepBOHanaflbMbix cTaflHHx npouecc ocosHaHMHBHAHMO CHJlbHO SaMCflJlSieTCH OTCyTCTBHCM CnOCo6oB3 a n H c H SByKOB — jiBJiCHHe, npHflaiomee Ha jiOJirHe BeKaMySblKe HeyCTOHMHBblft, HMnpOBHSaUHOHHblft, C OflHOfl^

CTopoHbi, xapaKTcp, a c apyroft—cnoco6cTByK)inHft TOMy, mtosanoMMHajiMCb, nepeaasajiHCb no cjiyxy h xaKUM o6pa30M

BbI»{HBajIH TOJlbKO OieHb npHMHTMB-

™™™™''*°^^r ""^ (JjOpMbI MySbIKH; BCe CKOJIbKO-HH6yab

cjiOM<Hoe, BbixoAJimee sa npe^ejibi o6biAeHKoro

H TpaflHUHH, Hecnoco6Hoe cpasy cxsaTHTbcs

CJiyXOM, 6bIJIO MHMOJlCTHblM H o6peMeHO 6bIJIO Ha HCHeSHOBeHHe.

B TaKOM nOJIOMCCHMH MySblKajIbHOe HCKycCTBO HaXOAHJIOCb BOBCK) snoxy flo 3JiJinHCKofi KyjibTypbi,— b raKOM ace coctohhhh

OHO H noHbiHe HaxoflHtca xaM, rae eme ne BbiuiJio h3 stho-

rpa4)HMecKofl cxaAHH, T.-e. b MyswKc HapoAHoft, nepe-

AaiomeAcH 6e3 sanncH co cjiyxa h ottofo o6peHeHHoft na

KOCHOCTb 450?^".

nepBo6biTHbie craAHH MysbiKajibHoro co-OSqhocti. BKyca sHaHHH xapaKTepHsyHjTCfl, noMHMO nponeroH eAHHCTBO BKV-

eme H TeM, hto pa3JiHMHe ocosnaBaTejib-COBUX rpynn. "^

Hoft cnoco6HOCTH B pasHbix rpynnax

H KJiaccax HapoAOHaceAeHHH BecbMa HeBHaMMTCJibHornOMTH BCe HMCIOT OAHH H TOT JKC THH HyBCTBOBaHHHMysbiKH, H BKycoBbie rpynn bi BHyTpw HaceJieHHH hohth

He HaMenaiOTCH, npotJieccHOHajibHaji AHCJjepeHUHauMJi OTcyx-

cTByeT. MysbiKa, cosAaiomaacH coBepmeHHO ecTecTBCHHO

B npouecce pHTMHsaunn 6biTa, KaK-TO: pejinrnosHbix

pHTyaJIOB, BblCKaSblBaHHSI KOJIJieKTHBHOrO H HHAHBHflyaJIbHOrO

Becejibfl HJIH CKOp6H, BOeHHblX ABHMCeHHM H CHPHaJlOB,

co3AaeTCH BcerAa b pacneTe Ha to, HTo6bi 6wTb noHHTHoft

H oueHeHHofl BceM HapoAOM. Ona cosAaeTca b pacHCTe na

caMoro umpoKoro noTpe6HTejiH, mto o6ycjioBJiHBaeT h ee

npocTOTy H ee MeAJieHHbift tcmh sbojikjuhm, ee opraHHHecKyH>

IkK^^^

iUS^AA---^ 57

/ TpaAHu HOHHOCTb. HcT coMHeHHH, »rroHcnoAHRTeAB H ^ g nepBo6biTHyK) anoxy mm HweeM aBxopoB,aBTooM neoBo- ^^fiuTHoK apw.

KownoBHTopoB, ecjiH yroAHO. ho ohh ooesAH-

MeHbi, Hx HMeHa HCMesJiH, MX TBopnecTBO noA-Beprjiocb BCKOBOMy BOSAeftcTBHK) Apyrwx JiHU—HcnojiHHTe-jiefi, nocTencHHO h nesaMeTHO Aa»ce AJia ce6ji bhochbuihxHSMeHeHHH B MCnOJIHHeMOe, TCM 6oJiee CHJIbHOe, mto He 6bIAO

SaOHCH, COXpaHflBUieft HOAJIHHHHK. Ms BCeX 3THX HSMeHCHMft

npHBHsaAHCb M coxpaHsiJiHcb ecTecTBCHHo Te, KOTopbie Hpa-BHJiHCb, 6biAH HO BKycy dojibuiHHCTBy. Mtth npoTHB BKyca

MaCCbl 6bmO HCMblCJIHMO H 4)H3HMeCKH HeOCymCCTBHMO,H MaccoBbiA BKyc OTToro 3aneMaTjieBajicH b MyswKe anoxHnoAHOCTbKJ. MsMeHCHHe BKyca b Maccax backjio HeMnnyeMoeHSMeneHHe MyswKH, CTnpajio cJieAbi npeAbiAymeS anoxH w 3a-

MeHHJIO MX HOBblMH.

OrpoMHoe pa3BHTHe yAapnbix HHCTpyweHTOB y nepBo6biT-

Hbix HapoAOB CBHACTejibCTByeT o npeo6jiaAaioiueM BKyceK pHTMy, BblSBaHHOM MajIbIM 0C03HaHHeM CaMOFO 3ByKa,

MpesBbinaflHO Kpynnoe 3HaMeHHe b pasBHTHH nepBoSwTHoft

MySbIKH MMCJI SJICMCHT TeXHHHeCKHft, HMCHHO TOT KOM-nJieKC npeAMCTOB, CnOC06HbIX K 3ByKOH3BAeHeHHK), KOTOpwft

6biJi noA pyKaMH. Becb nepsodbiTHbift HHCTpyMCHTapHft, noBH-

AHMOMy, B03HHK 6jiaroAapsi CJiyMaro: nycTweTpOCTHHKH ABJIH HaMaJIO AyXOBbIM HHCTPyMCH-Tan, HaTHHyTaH TeTHBa Jiyna— cTpynnbiM, hto

AO CHX nop COXpaHHJIOCb B aTaBHCTHMeCKOfi 4)opMe caMbix

MHCTpyMeHTOB. JJajibHcftuiee pasBHTne HHCTpyMCHTapHH o6y-

cjiOBAeno 6biJ]0 paaom hphmhh: BbicoToft TexHHKH, jier-

KOCTbK) HSrOTOBJieHHH AaHHOrO THna HHCTpyMBHTaH JierKOCTbK) SByKOHSBjieneHMn na hcm. B hctoph-

MeCKOM OT6ope THHOB WHCTpyMeHTOB BblMCHBaJlH Te, Ha KOTO-

pbix 6biJio Jierne Hrpaxb, KOTopwe AaBa;in 6ojibme SByKOBbix

pecypcoB H npoiue H3roTOB;iHJincb. Y napoAOB MaJio wysbi-

KajibHbix HHCTpyMeHTapHft paBBHBajicH B CTopoHy yAapHbix

MHCTpyMeHTOB, y MySblKaJIbHblX B CTOpOHy MeAOAHHeCKHX/

Oco3HaHHe 6oAee ysKHx HHxep-OcosHaHBe ysKHx ^BajioB HacTynaeT b ooAee hosahiok) snoxy

HHTepsaAOB.r« V \

(bhahmo, He paHbuie a bbkb ao P. K.), KorAa

ocHOBHbie HHTb CTyneHefi apxaHHecKoro jiaAa 6bi;iH nojiHOCTbio

BOcnpHHHTbi MaccoBbiM coBHaHHeM. ToFAa JiaA o6oramaeTCH

PasBHTHe

BHCTpyHeHTapHS.

^>y•**jfe1i?V-4^!H|(«**%«^#"^W<tl|. 4,-^tS^n^^

58

«me TOHaMH e h h,: o6pa3yK>mMMH BMecre c apxawMecKHMM

narbK) ceMMCTyneHHbift ssyKopnA:

c d e f g a h,

HfleHTHMHblM COBpeMCHHOMy MaWOp - MHHODy.

,. , :: 1 lpHOJIH3HTejlbHO B 3TO WA BpCMH COSflaCTCa

'^ - apxaHMecKajiTeopMHMy3biKH(y kh-

i> TaflueB ee Hanajio othocht k 2000 r. no P. X., ho sxa uvi^ipa

no Bcefl BepoHTHocTH MpesMepHa, y 3jijihhckmx HauHft— k

X—-IX BCKy), KOTopasi o6Hapy?KHBaeT cpasy cKJiOHHOcxb

K MHCTHHeCKOMy yKJIOHy, K CHMBOJIHSMy H KOCMHHCCKHMajiJieropHHM (7 cryneHeft — 7 njianer— 7 ^Heft He^ejiH; npHnH-

caHHe pHxyajibHbix SHaMeHHft h MarwHecKoro cMbicjia KawjxoMy

SByKy M T, fl.), MTO o6'5ICHHeTCfl TCM, MTO TeOpCTHKaMH HBJIfl-

JlHCb HBHSMeHHO fllOflH }lVl6o SKpeHCCKOrO COCJIOBHH (b ErHnTC,

Xaflflee, KHTae), jih6o 6jiH3KHe k hhm 4'HJioco(][)bi. PHTyaji,

BKAIOHaBUIMH B Ce6H MySblKy H CBOfiCTBeHHblft CMy TpaftH-

u;H0HajiM3M, npHflaeT MysbiKajibHoft TeopwH eme apyroft xapaK-

TepHbiA OTnenaTOK KpaflHeft kochocth h sawKHyTO-C T H B XpaflHUHK), K CBJJSblBaHHK) CBo6oAbI TB0p4eCTBa pHflOM

orpaHHHeHHft. MnTepecHO, mto sth KanecTBa He noKHnyjiH

My3bJKa;ibHyK> TCopHK) nojiHOCTbK) flawe flo XX BeKa.

Bee Jiaflw, CBoflcTBeHHbie pasjiHHHbiM coBpeMeHHbiM Hapo-

jiaM H BKjiroHaHJiuHe b ce6e tot hjih MHoft xpoMaTHSw{apa6cKaa My3biKa, eBpeAcKa», apMancKaji, BenrepcKaa).

OTHOcsTCfl K HauieMy, nocJiexpHCTHaHCKOMy nepHoay. Apxan-HecKHe Jiaflbi He BHajiH xpoMaTHSMa, Kaw -oco3HaHHoroajieMCHTa aafla— 3to mo>kho CKasaTb c flocTOBepHOCTbio,

HO HeT HHHCrO HCBOSMOHCHOrO B TOM, MTO M B apXaHMBCKyK)

anoxy nosiBJisiJiHCb b MyswKajibHOM o6iuecTBe

HeOCOBHaHHbie XpOMaTHSMbI, B nopflfl-xpoBiaTHssi B ap- a .3

Ke yKpauieHHH h yxniupeaHH cthjih, KaK Tcnepb

y Hac HMeioTCH b MyswKe HeocosHaHHbie ajie-

MCHTb! yjibTpaxpoMaTHSMa. HaAO saMeTHTb, hto, noBHWMOMy,BcerAa h bo Bce BpeMena MysbiKajibnasi npaKTHKa6biJia BnepcAH kochoA h MenjiHTCJibHoft TeopwH,h6o nepBBH COOTBeXCTBOBaJia MOMeHTy HHTyHTHBHOrO ocp3Ha-

HHfl 3ByKa, a BTopan— pauHonaabHOMy ocoaHaHHK) ero. Ho hCaMbiA BKyc K CKOJlbKO-HH6yflb MSOmpeHHbIM 3ByHaHHHM He MOrnoHBHTbca B apxaHMCCKHe anoxH oh conyTCTsoBaji yace

HeocosHaHHuM

oy -

HSBecTHOMy KyjibTypHOMy pacuBCTy m Bceraa ~ H3BecTHOMy

paccJioeHHio o6uiecTBa na SKycoBbie rpynnbi pasHbix ypoBHeA.

KHTaffi.

yKa3aHHbie.Buiue siBJieHH» conyTCTBOBajiH, noBHflHMOMy,

BceM 6e3 HCKJiK)HeHHJi HapoAdM B MX apxaHHecKyK) spy My-

sbiKaflbHoro pa3BHTHH. Mw Ha6jiK)AaeM b stom fiojibuiyio

o6lHHOCTb B HCTOpHH paSBHTMH CaMHX MySblKaJIbHblX 4>OPM ^

B HCTopHH pasBHTwa apxaHHecKMx TeopHft MyBbiKH. 4to Ka-

caexcH AO pasBHTHJi HHCTpyMCHTOB, TO OHH o6Hapya«HBaM3T

y paBHblX HapOAOB CBOH 0C06eHH0CTH. HHKaKHX KOHKpCTHblX

naM^THMKOB OT apxaMHecKoA snoxH b AeJie caMHX MysbiwaJibMbix

4)OpM Mbl He HMeeM B BHAy OTCyTCTBHH SanHCefl MySblKH B

Xe BpeMBHa; naMHTHUKH C HCTOpH4eCKHMH A^TaMH B BHAe co-

xpaHHBiUHxcH HHCTpyMeHTOB H H3o6pa»:eHHfl cymecTByK)T B

ocTaTKax KHTaflcKofi, erHneTCKoft, eBpeftcKofl (ac-

CHpO-BaBHJIOHCKOfl) H aHTHIHOft KyjIbTyp.

MySblKajIbHOCTb KHTaRCKOM HapOAHOCTH

AOJiMCHa 6biTb OTHecena k HHCJiy ne OHCHb

BbiAaroiuMxcsi, HTO BbipaiKaeTca peanbHO b tom, hto 3Ta

ApeBHaH KyjibTypa ao chx nop He snaeT rapMOHHH, h b tomnpeo6jiaAaHHH yAapnbix MHCTpyMCHTop, KOTopoe mm b Heft

Ha6jiioAaeM Hbine. MyswKa KviTan, cBHsanHan c pejiHrnoaHbiM

KyJibTOM, nepBaa b hctophh npjiynaeT xeopeTH-necKoe ocBemenHe (JlwHr-JlyHb, ok. 2600 r. ao P. X.).

Ho, HecMOTpa na sto, ee nporpecc HpesBbinafiHO cn&6, h bh"

AHMO ee BocnpnaTHe 6ojiee pauwoHajibHo, Hea^ejiH HHTyHTiiBHO.

SnaHHTejibHO 6ojibme HCTopHHecKoro SHaneHHa HMeeT iriyBw-

KajibHbift HHCTpyMCHTapHiS KHTaa, coAep»caiitviA npoTO-

THnW MHOrHX COBpeMeHHblX HHCTpyMBHTOB, BOCXOAniUHe K

OTAajieHHefliUHM BpeMcnaM. CpeAH hhx — TaM-TaM (ronr), jih-

TaBpbi, 6apa6aHbi h ..THenr", no Bceft BepoaTHOCTM, no-

aBHBiiiHfica eme panee X BeKa ao P. X. h cocTaBJiaroiuHft

npoTOTHn o p r a H a, b KOTopwft oh pasBHjica, saneceaHbifi b

AjieKcaHApMK) BO II seKe ao P. X. h npoHHKuiHft hotom b

BHSaHTHH) H Phm.

ErnneT coxpannji hbm naMaTHHKH MysbiKH,

OTHOcamweca eme k XXX BCKy ao P. X., a

BHAe H3o6pa»CeHHH HHCTpyMCHTOB — a p 4> H Ha6ji, nopoAHB-

iiiHx Bce nosAHefluiHe CTpynnwe, „inHnKOBbie" HHCTpyMCHTbi

Eraner.

fcy.MM

ou

(ap4>bi, ;iK)THH, MaHAOJiHHbi, u,HTpbi H np.) Esponbi. C Hauie-

CTBHH rMKCOB (XX bck) b Ernnxo noHBJineTCfi eme ji h p a,

KOTopaa, no ecefl bcpohthocth, ceMHTHnecKoro npoHcxoMcae-

HHu, a TaKMce ^nePiTbi pasHbix THnos m t p y 6 bi. MyswKaB ErHHTe 6biJia MpesBbiHaiiHO pacnpocTpaneHa, KaK .npHHafl.

jiewHOCTb pHTyajia peJiHPHH, npH BoeHHbix onepauwax, npH-

MeHsiJiacb, KaK pasBJieneHHe. CoxpaHHJiMCb cBefleHHn o tom-

MTO cymecTBOBajiH cneuMajibHbie KaApbi npocjjeccHOHajib-Hbix MysbiKaHTOB, HTO yKasbiBacT yme Ha npoHCXOflviBiiiee

paccAoeHHe o6inecTBa Ha BKycoBbie rpynnw b oTHomeHHHMysbiKH. CymecTBOBaJiM ui k o ji bi AJiH MysbiKaHTOB. Tew He

MeHce oneHb Tpyano cKaaaxb, 6buia jih erarieTCKaa Mysbina

CaMOCTOHXejIbHblM HCKyCCTBOM MJIH He BbllUJia eme M3 CHH-

KpeTHHecKoro (cjiHTHoro) coctohhhji, siBJiflHCb jiHiub B coejiH-

HeHHH C ;iBHH«eHHeM H TaHUeM HJIH CO CJIOBOM. To o6cTOH-

TCjibCTBO, HTO rpeHCCKasi MysbiKaJibHan Teopna h npaKTMKa

Bbipocjia H3 erHnercKoft, aoji»cho cnyacwTb noflTBcpjKAeHHeM

cKopee nocjie^Hero mhchhji. CKJiOHHbte k TeopeTnaauHHerHHTHHe HMejiw, bhahmo, pa3pa6oTaHHyK) reopHto nyawKH,

AOiuefluiyK) flo nac TOJibKO b ajiJiHHHSupoBaHHofl pejiaKUHH,

npewMymecTBeHHO npea nH(j[)aropa. Ochobhwm cboActbok

3TOfl TeopHH 6bIJI eeMHCTHKO-CHMBOJIHHCCKHfl yKJIOH,

BOo6me cBoftcTBenHbift eraneTCKOMy c6pa3y mwcjih, a peajib-

HbiMH flocTHweHHSMH—ycTaHOBJieHHc noHHTHsi TBTpaxopAa(KOTopbifl „cooTBeTCTBOBaji" HCTbipeM BpcMeHaM TOfla) M c e-

MHCTyneHHOft raMMW (KOTOpOfi COOTBCTCTBOBajIO CCMb

njiancT). HanMHasi c V BCKa ao P. X., ErnneT noABepraexcH

BjiHaHHK) cHanajia npancKoA (nepcwflCKofi), hotom 3jijihhh-

cTHMecKofl Kyjibxyp h xepaeT ywe cBofi cneuH4'*'''6CKHft My3bi-

KaJibHbiA o6jimk.

XajifleflcKO-eBpeficKaH Kyjibxypa, OTMeneH-EBoen. _

HaH cJiejiaMH bjihsihmm erHnercKHX h npaH.CKHX, OTJlMHaeTCH 6ojlbmofl pOJIbK) B Heft My3bIKajIbHOrO

HCKyCCTBa, MTO CTOHT B CBflSH C MySblKaJIbHOCTblO CCMHTMHe-

CKHX HauHft. JlereHflbi h HCTopHHecKne AaHHbie coxpaHHJiH

cBCAeHHH o ApeBHe-eBpeflcKOM HHCTpyMeHTapwH, cpeflH Koero

BbWeJlJUlHCt, BHAHMO, SaHMCTBOBaHHbie y erHRTHH Tpy6bi(iuo(|)ap) H ap4)bi (ncajiTHpb— rycjiH), a Tawace yflapHwe

HHCTpyMeHTbi. My3biKa 6biJia nacTbio Kyjibxa h xyx AOCTHrana

SnaHHTeJIbHOrO paSBHXHH. B XpaMOBOM nCHHW 6bIJIH ajieMCHTbl

SisUiMm

— 61 —

cojio, xopa H aHTH4>OH"oro (nonepeMCHHoro) Hcno;i-

nenna. CseTCKaji MyBbiKa, nepHOAHMecKn noABepraBuiaHCHroHeHHSM CO CTopoHbi pcjiHrHH, 6bijia nofl BJiHflHMeM upan-cKoro HCKyccTBa h MacxbK) HpaHCKHx oprnacTHHecKHx Kynb-

TOB. HnKaKHx peajibHbix naMHTHHKOB OT Bcero 9Toro HecoxpaHHJiocb. Bojiee no3AH5iH h coBpeMCHHaa MyswKa eBpeeBMMeer cosepuieHHo nHbie KopHM (apa6cKHe, eBponeAcKne) hno BCCM BepoRTHOCTH BOBce HC CBa3aHa reHCTHHecKH c apxaw-

MeCKOft.

in.—MyabiKa ajiJinHCKoii Kyjibxypbi. *

OepBOHaMaJibHaH ajiJiHHCKasi MyswKajibHa;!9AABHCKaiI MVSU- ^ „

KaAMaHKyABxypa. ^yJibxypa o6jiaAajia BceMH CBOMCTBaMH apxaw-

HeCKOM My3blKH, BnJIOTb flO HHTMCTyneH-Horo Jiaaa, MCKaMceHHbie cjieabi KOToporo coxpaHHJiMCb b

BHAe TaK Has. „3HrapMOHH3Ma YjiMMna". My3biKa y»<e b flpCB-

HefiuiyK) apy sjiJiHHCKofl ncTopHH BaHHMaer MpessbiHaflHO bha-

Hoe nojiOHceHHe b 6biTy, Kyjibxe h npw boAhc, ho ona opra-

HHHeCKH CJIMXa C n033Heft H C MCeCTOM (uiecTBHe,

Taneu) h hc BWCTynaex oxAeflbHO. FpeHe-Cahthocti. c flpy- ^^^^ Mnd)OJiorHfi! HcnojiHeHa wysbiKajihHbixTBMH BO MCHHUMH ^

HCK ccTsaniBoopasoB, Mxo CBHACxejibcxByex o rpoMaAHOMnpocxope MyawKajibHoro ncKyccxBa b apxan-

MecKyK) spy, Koxopoe, bhahmo, pa3BHBajiocb He 6e3 bjihsihhh

eranexcKO-KpHxcKHx Kyjibxyp n b nacxHocxH oxxy^a nojiyHHJio

CBoa nepBOHanajibHbiA HHcxpyMCHxapHH (jiupbi,

c|)OpMHHKCbI H KH({)apbI, npOHCUieAUIHe H3 a p (|), M

aBJIOCbl MCMpHHKCbl H3 (JjJieHx). B ap-

xawHecKyK) (BoeHHO-nacxyuiecKyK)) naxpnap-xa,i]bHyK> spy SjiJiaAW mw BcxpenaeMCH c CHJibHWM pa3BH-

xneM My3biKajibHoro anoca, Koxopwft, noBHAHMOMy, nponsHO-

CHJiCH HapacneB, 6biTb Moacex, nepBOHanajibHO b uen^xjiyHiuefi; cJibiuiHMOcxH. FIoasHsi anoca, ocywecxBJiJieMaa pa-ncoAaMH (jiereHflapHbie HMCHa FoMepa h PecHOAa', nMena.

ywe noJiHoe pasBuxHe b IX bckb h axo ee paaBuxne, bhahmo,

opraHHHecKH cBHsaHO c npoHcuieAuiHMH He-

mhophmh BeKaMM paHee KpynHbiMw nojiH-

XHHeCKHMH nOXpHceHHfl[MH CXpaHbl, nOBJieKUIMMH

co3AaHHe KJiaccoB BJiaAWMecxByiomero h pa6cKoro. 3noc 6faiJi

HHCTpyMeHTapatt

.

PancoAM-

M

63

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OopMU MyauKH.

repoHHecKoft JiereHAofl, cosHAaeMofl b HauHOHajiHCTHnecKHx

M MHHacTHHecKHX (MeJiKO-4)eoAaJibHbix) uejisix. Ero siBJieHHe

CBHneTe;ibCTByeT o Toraa y>Ke cJio»cHBiueMCsi eneuH^JHHecKOM

npo(|)eccMOHajiH3Me (pancoflbi), OTMacTH yMbiuiJieHHO

OTHacTH cthxhAho opraHMsoBaHHOM B yKpenjiCHHe flecnoxH-

MecKH-naTpHapxajibHoro nojiynjieMeHHoro 6biTa. HewsBecTHo b

TOHHOCTH, conpoBOJKflajiocb Ji/i ncHHe pancoflOB HHCTpyMen-

TajibHbiM aKKOMnaneMeHTOMi ho sto BepoHrae He hckjhomcho.

3th JKe anocbi h apyrMC flpcBHHe naMHTHHKH CBHfleTeJib-

CTsyioT o TOM, MTO y>Ke B apxaHHecKyK), naTpnapxajibHyK)

anoxy nojiyMHJi pasBHTHC xaHeu (cseTCKHft h pejiHrHOSHbift)

C MySblKaJIbHbIM COnpOBO»CAeHHeM (MHMHKa H

rnnoKpHTHKa) h xopoBoft xaneu" (rHMHoneflHJi). OpranHMCCKaji cBHsaHHOcxb

MCKyccxBa co BceA WHSHbio rocyAapcxBa b SjiJiaAe 6biJia

npHHMHofi xoro, hto xeMn pasBHxnn MyawKH OKasajicsi SHann-

xejJbHO HHxcHCHBHee, HCM B flpyrHX cxpaHax. MysbiKa, npaBAa,

B coeAHHeHMH c ApyrHMH HCKyccxBaMH 6biJia npHsnana rocy-

AapcXBCHHO BBMCHblM ACJIOM, 6AaropOAHbIM SaHHTHCM, MySbl-

KaHT noJibsoBajicH noMexoM h HCKyccxBO mofjio cbo6oahonporpeccHpoBaxb xexHHHecKH b o6ecneHeHHOM, HCTpyAOBOM

KAacce. 06mecTBeHHbie cocxjisaHHH (wrpw — 0JiHMnHHCKne.

nHcJjufiCKHe, HCXMHHCKHe, HCMefiCKHe) cnoco6cTBOBaJiH pasBH-

THK) MnoompajiH xexHHKy HcnojiHeHHH— no6eAHxejiH

B cocTsisaHHflx nojiynajiH sHaKH oxjihmhh (jiaBpoBbift bbhok).

HaHHHaH c VIII—VII BCKa, na CMeny anocy pancoAOs no-

SBJiHioxcsi Apyrne 4)opMbi SByKOBoro HCKyccxBa, BnponeM, Bce

H Ao caworo nosAHero BpeMeHH HMeBuiHe xo cboAgxbo, mxo

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cymnocxb HHcxpyMeHxajibHoro conpoBOWAeHWH najio bwhc-

HCHa, HO, noBHAHMOMy, ona cBOAHwacb jih6o k yHHCony c mcjio-

AHeft (naneBOM), jim6o k npHMHXHBHWM j,opraHHbiM nyHKxaw''^

KaK xenepb b MyswKe apa6oB. CaMwft nancB, pas coHMHen-

HbiH H nepeAaBaBUiHftcfl co cjiyxa, Hocvin hmji

„HOMOC —„3aKOH . UXAeJlbHbie HOMOCbl HaSbl-

BajiHCb pasHbiMH KJiHHKaMH. ^pcBHeAiUHMH cnaraxcjiJi mH ho-

MocoB 6biJiH TepnaHAep (Vil b.), ApxHJiox (VII b.),

KjioHac H CaKaAa (VI VII b.), h3 Koxopwix ApxH,nox

nepBbiH BBCJi BMCCTO paHce eAMHCxBCHHO ynoTpednxejibHoro

rcKcaMCxpa 6ojiee cBodoAHbift pHXM aM6a h xopea.

B VII a«e BeKe cosAaroxcfl rjiasHbie oxpacJiH MysbiKaJibHO-

noaxHiecKoro HCKyccxBa (anajiorHMHoro HbiHeuiHefl „BOKaJib-

HoS My3biKe")— aBflOAHKa (acHHe c aKKOMnaHCMeHTOM

<|)jieftxbi— aBJioca) h KHxapoAWKa (nenHe c KHxapofl).

ricHHe 3XO, noBMAHMOMy, noxoAHJio Ha nojiypeHHxaxHB,BpamaBuiHftcH Ha SBynax, AOSBOflCHHbix HOMOcaMH, h bhahmo

CBJiaaHHblfl XpaAHUHOHHblMH npHeMBMH. rio BCeft BepOHTHOCXH

6oJibman CBHsaHHOcxb c penbio 6bina npHHHHoft xoro, mxo

cpeAH ^JopMyioiuHX o6pa30BaHHe sxhx HanesoB mcxoaob yno-

pHAOMeHHH BsyKOB (hhh xaK Has. ..HaKJIOHeHwA") OMeHb cKopo

noHBJiaKixcH xpOMaxHSMbi H nojiyxoHHbie HHxep-B a JI bl, CHeBHAHO, HOApaMCaiOmHe HHXOHaUHHM

noflB;ieHHe noAy- ecxecxBCHHoft peiH. ApcBHee AHaXOHHMe-TOBOB H XpOMa-

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xopAe

h c d e

cMenaexcfl b VI bckb xpoMaxHHecKUM (h c cis e)'

c noHHHccHHbiM d M 3axeM SHrapMOHHHecKHM (hcc'e)c HHxepsajioM MeHbuie nojiyxona MescAy c h c'.

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meHHK) 3JIJIHHOB— OHH paBflHHaJIH JIHlUb CXCneHb BblCOXblM noMHHJiH lunpHHy HHTcpBaJia. XpoMaxHMecKoe H SHrapMO-

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BJiHHHHeM Bce yxoHHaiomeftcji Kyjibxypbi mhctoR HHCxpy-MenxaabHOM MysbiKe (aBJiexH<<a h KHxapHCXHKa). 3ra

nccjieAHHH,6t>icxpo BnaAaiomaH b BwpxyoB-noBBAeHHeaacTpy-

„j^,j^ cxHJib. xapaKxepHbift A JI a 3nox 3 a-MeBXaAbHOH HV-

3UKH BcpmeHHsi onpeaejicHHoro conMaJibHoro

CKjiaAa (b AaHHOM cJiynae pecny6flMKaHCK0-

BoeHHOfl ojiHrapxHH „cBo6oAHbix"), xaK ace KaK h noaBJimo-

mwecn B 3TO BpeMH MHorocxpyHHbie H^cxpyMenxbi (MaraAHC,

6ap6HTOH), KOHcraxHpyexcH KaK cHMnroM „BapBapcxBa",

HeyMepeHHocxH. B aro we BpeMH OKOHMaxeJibHO cKJiaAbiBjexca

HeH3BecxHO KBM ocHOBaHHaa H H3o6pexeHHaji rpenecKafl

cKcxeMa sanwcH SByKOB (c e m h o r p a c}) h n)SailHCb 3BVK0B. ^

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iii^l^

fTT*;^ 64 — — 65 —

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H HCMHorHMH ycjiOBHbiMH 3HaKaMH (naysbi, phtm). Sxa SanHCb

nepeMBHsieT apxaHMecKHH nMnpoBHsauHOHHbift xapaKxep My-

SblKH Ha 6oJiee yCTOftlHEWH H 06yCJ10BJIHBaeT BOSMOSKHOCXb

TexHHMecKoro nporpecca cawoft ssyKOBOft cfjopMbi.

BeKa pacusera anjiHHCKoft Kyabrypbi (VI -V bbk), sbi-

sBaHHbie sKOHOMHHecKHM HpeycnejiHHeM ToproBO-BoeHHOfii 6yp-

»cya3Mn, o6pa30BaBiiieft KJiacc xaK. Has. „CBo6oaHbix", conpoBO-

JKaajIHCb paCUBCTOM B TOM HHCJie H MySblKaJIbHblX npOHBJieHHft—jiHpHKH, BbiABHHyBUieK HMeHa Ajikch, AnaKpeoHa,Catjjo, riHHAapa (VI—V Bena), h xparejiHH, pasBHBaBiueSca

H3 BaKXMHeCKHX flHcJjHpaMSoB H THMHOB. rHMHbl — neCHH C

nJIflCKOft H pHTyaJIOM— HMBJIH CWJIbHO AH(|DepeHU,HpOBaHHbie

4)opMbi; pa3jiH4ajiHCb rwMHbi naaHbi (mo-

™_„ ^ jiMTBa Dory), rHMeHew (opanHbie), qppeHOCbi

(norpe6ajibHbie), napxeHHH (aceHCKHe), (J)ajiJin-

HecKue (oprnacxHMecKne). TpareaHH, npoHcuieAuiaa m3 aho-

HHCHHeCKHX npaS^HeCXB, COnpOBOHCAaJiaCb njIHCKOft h My3bl-

Koft, npH MBM nocJiCAHHsi (JjHrypupoBajia b BMAax xopa,

MOHo;ioroB, Koxopwe xo>Ke nejiMCb, MejiOAeKJiaMaunn c

aKKOMnaHCMenxoM (fjjieftxbi (napaKaxajiore). BejiHKHe Apawa-

xyprH-xparkKM 3cxhji, Co(|)okjih SspHnHA (VI—V b.)

6biJiH no Bcefif BepoaxHOCXH h comuhmxcahmh

MySbIKH K CBOHM HbecaM. B XparHMeCKOM ACH-

cxBHH AonycKajiacb h3 HHcxpyMeHxoB OAHa jiHiub 4>Ji6i^'ra-

—

aBJioc, Koxopan no cBoefi 6oflbmeH cnoco6HOcxH k Bbipa^KeHHio

H MyscxaeHHOcxH sByKa cHHxajiacb oprHacxwHecKHM HHCxpy-

mbhtom, nocBnmeHHbiM JI,HOHHcy, xorAa KaK KHxapa 6biJia

CHMBOAOM OAyxoxBopeHHoro npocBexjieHHoro 3By4aHHH H no-

CBHiua^iacb AnojiJioHy. Ms KOMno3HUMfl axoft anoxn ao nacAOIUJIH OXpblBKH HSOAbI FlMHAapa, OXpblBOK H3

„Opecxa" SBpHnHAa h HecKOJibKOKomeAHH.

jipyrnx. BosHHKmasi xorAa Mce komcahji

xoace conpoBOJKAajiacb MysbiKoft, ho xhh h cxHjib sxoro co-

npOBOWAGHMH HeH3BeCTeH.

OocjieAyJOiUHe seKa, cBHsaHHwe c nejionoHCccKofi boh-

Hoft H c ynaAKOM xoproBOM ad[)HHCKofl 6yp>Kya3HH, xaK hjih

HHaMe oxMeneHbi ynaAKOM XBopnecxBa, noflBJieHHCM sapBap-

CKHX BJIM^HhA (nepCHACKHX, OXnaCXH ceMHXHHCCKHx) H pa3BH-

TpareABH.

PasBHTHe

BBpTyOSHOCTH.

THeM BKyca k BHpxyosHOcxH, cMeHsiHsmefi npcMCHioio

cxporocTb H MHcxoxy HaneBOB h cxhjki. B sxyanoxy pasBHBaroxca opraHUKs, KHxapHCXHKa haBJiexHKa, BOo6me HHcxo-HHcxpyMeHxa;ibHO-

BMpxyosHan My3biKa, oxpwBaiomajicH ox neHHJi h ox xaHua,

B 3TO TKG BpCMSI paSBHBaeXCfl XeopHH My3bIKH(rapMOHHKa), ocHOBaHwe Koxopoft noJiojKCHO FlHcJjaropoM

{VI B.), BSHBiuHM 33 ocHOBaHHe ePHnexcKyio xeopHK) xex-paxopAa. TeopHH wysbiKH pa3AejiHjiacb y>Ke Ha co6cxBeHHo

xeopHK) (rapMOHHKa h pHXMHKa) H Ha npaK-TeopeTHHecKan ,

r , t-

snoxa.THKy (KOMnOSHUHJI

—

SpCCXHKOH H HCnOJl-

HCHHe — SKserejibXHKOH), xaK mxo mwHMecM xyx yxe ^'skx cnjibHoi) AH(|)epeHUHauHH HCKyccxBa.

TeM He Menee „rapMOHHHecKoro" b nauieM cmwcjic cjioea

My3biKajibHoro cosepuannsi y 3;ijihhob hc o6pa30Ba;iocb—3 b y-

KOBbie KOMHAieKCbl HC 6bIJIH 0C03HaHbI H AOnosAHeft snoxH, hxo cxohx, bhahmo, b cbrsm c OTcyxcxBHCMMyBCTBa CpOACXBa TOHOB, HHCTO ..BWCOXHHm" HX BOCnpHHTHCMHXOpMOSSimHM BOSAeftCTBHCM XCOpHH, CMHXaBlIiefi

xepuHK) AHCcoHancoM (mxo, 6bixb Mowex, 6biJio h neno-

CpCACXBeHHblM XOFAa COSepuaHMBM, h6o JIHUIb OKXasa H KBHHXa6bIJIH 0C03HaHbI, KaK COSByMHJl) H XCM JIHUiaBUieA B03M0KH0-CXH 06pa30BaHHSI rapMOHHH H MHOrorOJIOCHH.

riH^aropeftcKaH cHcxeMa, ocHOBaHnasi naerHnexcKoft h noAo6HO efl npoHHKHyxasi mh-CXHHeCKHMH npeACXaBJieHHHMH O CHMBOJIH'ie-

1

CKOM SHaMeHHH TOHOB H CBHSaHHblX C HHMH MHCJlOBblX OXHO-meHHft, BdHCHa b xom oxHouieHHM, MXO ona b cymnocxH co-

cxaBHJia 6a3HC yMCHHSi o MysbiKajibHofi aKycxH-K e. riocpeACTBOM MOHOxopAa nH4)arop snepBbie ycxa-HOBHfl MHCJIOBbie XapaKTCpHCTHKH HHTCpBaJIOB H o6'jICHHfl

ocHOBbi jiaAa nyxcM kbhhxobwx xoaob (xaK Has. nnc|)aropeficKan

CHCxeMa). ITocjieAOBaxeJiH nn4)aropa (xaK. Has. KanoHMKH)CMHXajIH MHCJIOBbie COOXHOUieHHSI He3bl6jieMOM OCHO-Boft MysbiKH—H HanpaBJieHHe hx mwcjih xapaKxepnsoBajiocbMaxeMaXHMHOCXbK) H OXOpBaHHOCXbHJ ox XBOpMeCKOft HHXyHUHH.B npOXHBOBeC SXOfi lIIKOJie, BHAHeflUIHMH npCACXaBHXeJISIMH

Koeft 6biJiH: ApxHnac, 3paxoc4)eH, JIhahm, Oxo-JiOMeft, Sbkjiha. noMTH Bce 6biBuiHe h MaxeMa-XHKaMH OAHOBpeMCHHO, BOSHHKJia uiKOJia rap-

CBCTCMa

IlH^iaropa.

KaHOHHKH H

rapMOHHECH.

HcTOpBJI UV^lMlcii. ^

I ill

MOHHKOB, BOSrJiaBJlHBlliaHCSI ApHCTOKCeHOM (IV! B.),

yneHHKOM Aphctotcjih, KOTopaa CTasujia Ha nepBoe Me-

CTO Tpe6oBaHHH cnyxa. Me»:fly sksynn uiKOJiaMn Boaro-

pejiacb nojicMMKa, cyuiHOCTb Koxopoft b cBoeft rjiy6HHe He

H3H«HTa flO CHX nOp, h6o COOTBeXCTByeT flByM OCHOBHbIM noA-

XOflaM K MCKyCCTBy: paU,HOHaJIbHOMy H HHXyHTHBHOMy.

OKOH^axeJibHoe c(|)opMHpoBaHHe Mysbi-PasBHTHe rpeie-

^^jj^^^^g; xeopHH Hacxynaex yace 6jiHMce koCKOH TeOOHH

AaAOB. " BCKy, npH Hen BascHoe b HayMHOM oxHoiue-

HHM yneHHe o fleji'eHHH cxpyn, noBHflH-

MOMy, HCXOflHX ox SBKJIHfla (III BCk). 06lHHe OCHOBaHH«

XeOpHH 3JIJIHHOB CBOflSIXCJI K nOHHXHK) O MeXbipeX3By4HS!X —

xexpaxopaax, coeflHHeHHeM kohx nojiynaioxcH xaK. nasbiB.

rapMOHHM, X.-e. SSyKOBbie CHCXeMW, B KOXOpwX CXpOHAHCb

MCAOAHH (npH6A. cooxBCXcxByex HOBOMy noHJixHK) o „naA&")-

TexpaxopAbi pasjinnajiHCb no HaKJiOHCHHHM, npH hcm

ocHOBHoe 6biJio 4 H a X o H H H e c K o e (h, c, d, e), a 6oJiee bh-

MypHbiMH npeflcxaBJiHJiHCb xpoMaxHHecKoe (h, c, des, e) h

sHrapMOHHMecKoe (h, c, c', e). CwcxeM hjih rapMOHHft

HaCHHTblBaJIOCb OHCHb MHOrO, npH MCM MHOrHC H3 HHX, nOBHAH-

MOMy, OXJIHMajlHCb XOJIbKO HaHMeHOBaHHHMH. OcHOBHaH CHCXCMa

6biJia flopHflcKaa, cocxaejieHHaH us 4Byx flnaxoHH4e-

CKHX xexpaxopflOB. FIpH ynoxpe6jiJ!BmeHcsi y 3jijihhob cHcxeMe

HanHcaHHH csepxy bhhs ona npeAcxaBJiHexcH b bhrb

3ByKopHji,a.

edch agfe' ' I xexpaxopfl II xexpaxopfl

FaMMa 3xa npeflcxaBJiHJiacb npoflOJiMcaHJiueftcH na a b e

OKxaBbi (ox ei ao a_i), h K&iKHhiPi ee xexpaxopfl, h Kawflbift

3ByK HOCHJi eme oco6oe sarjiaBwe. FjiaBHoA Hoxoft cHHxajiacb a,

HrpaBiuaH pojib xohhkh h HasbiBaBiuaacH neca. JI,pyrne

rapMOHHH (jiaflbi) 6biJiH b cymnocxH KaK 6bi oxpesKaMH wnvi

nacxsiMH 3xoR ochobhoS cucxeMbi h, bhahmo, npoHSOUiJiH b

npouecce npHcnoco6;ieHHJi sjieMenxoB Bapsap-cKoro (MyMcescMHoro), npeviMymecxBeHHo bocxomhofo, Ma-

jioasHftcKoro MCJioca k sjiJinHCKOMy cosepigaHHK), na

MXO yKa3bIBaK)X H HX HaSBaHHH: (|)pHrHHCKHft, JIHflHflCKHM H

X. n. KaHiflOMy h3 sxhx jiaaoB npunncbiBajiocb oco6oe na-

cxpocHne H ncHXHHecKoe BOSfleiScxBHe, hxo, no-

— 67

BHftHMOMy, o6'HCH$iexcsi 3XHorpa4)HMecKHMH pnxyajibHbiMH acco-UHauHaMH H ceftnac naMK xpyAHo npeflcxaBJiaexcH. Flepexoflbi

H3 oflHoft cHcxeMbi B HHyK). aHajiorHMHbie Hauieft MOAyjisunH(nepeweHa Mecbi, hohc jiaaa), jionycKajiHCb h nMeHoeaJiHCbMexa6ojiOH). TeopHH BOo6me oxjiHMaJiacb HecpaBHeH-KOM sanyxaHHOcxbK) h H3o6HJiHeM HanMeHOBaHHfi, mxocxoHx B CBH3H c xapaKxepoM MbicjiH rpcKOB H c Majiofl cxe-neHbK) opHCHxauHH B sByKOBOM MaxcpHajic. MnorHe XepMHHblxeopHH flo CHX nop eme HenoHHXHbi h BbisbiBarox cnopwcpeflH yneHbix. HecoMneHHO ohho, — mxo peajibnaH My-sbiKa 6biJia, noBHflHMOMy, MHoro cBo6oflHee m He3aBHCHMeeH CBOHM xyflOMcecxBeHHWM BHaneHHeM, MCM rpoMosflkaa h xy-MaHHan xeopHJi; b nacxHocxH ona, bhahmo, lUHpoKo nojibso-BaJiaCb MHOrHMH XpOMaXHHeCKHMH CXyneHHMH H, 6bIXbMOJKex, HCKOxopbiMH nepBo6bixHbiMH (|)opMaMH MHororo-JI O C H JI.

BAAHHHCTHHecKaHCMeHHBuiaH MHcxo - s^iJiHHCKyK) Kyjibxypy

KyAbTypa. sJiJiHHHCXHHecKasi BocxoMHaji Kyjibxypa npH-Hecjia MHoro hobwx nepx (II bck ao P. X.— nep-

Bbie eeKa nocjie P. X.), b nacxHocxH KpanHee cxpcMjieHneK xeopexHsauHH HCKyccxBa (ajiCKcaHflpHHusM) b ymep6^WBOMy XBopMecxBy, hxo cxohx b cbhsh c npeo6jiaflaiomeflKyjibxypoH MbicJiH npH sapoacflaioiueMCfl mhpobom HMnepwa-jiHSMe AjicKcaHApa MaKeaoHCKoro h noBflnee

—

phmjihh. MysbiKaxepnex BnoJine xox rpaM<flaHCKnft xapaKxep, Koxopbifl HwejiaB roflbi pacuBexa 3jijiaAbi,— OHa o6pamaexcH b opran yBece-JieHHJi M npoayKX noxpe6AeHHH orpaHHMeHHoro Kpyra jiioflefi,

o6pa3yK)mHx HMnepHajiHcxHMecKyio apHcxoKpaxHK). B cbhshC 3XHM npOHCXOflHX CHJIbHOe pacCJIOeHHe BKyCOBWXrpynn: HapoflHaa fleMOKpaxHMecKaa rpynna oxKajibiBaexcwox yXOHHeHHOft H CXpeMflmeflcn K H3bICKaHHOCXH apHCXOKpaXHHBoeHHWx BejibMOJK H o6pa3yex, noBHflHMOMy, cbohj napoflHyK)

MyBbiKy, a npocfjeccHOHajibHaji Macca MysbiKaHxoB naHMHaexnocxaBJiHXb HCKyccxBO cneuHajibHO no BKycy BJiaAbiMecxByio-

wero KJiacca, ckjiohhofo k BHpxyo3HocxH h KOJiJieKUHonepcxBy.

OftHOBpeMeHHO 3jiJiHHHcxHHecKa5i My3biKajibHa$3 Kyjibxypa pac-

npocxpaHHCxca npn coaeKcxBHH o6jierHHBuiHxcsi CHomeHHS noBceMy npocxpancxBy orpoMHoft phmckoK HMnepHH, coaflaBan,

MejKfly npoHHM, MyawKajibHoe HCKyccxBO caMoro PnMa, aoxojie

noHXH a6cojiK)XHO HyM<Aoro MysbiKe.

— 68 — 69 —

TojibKO HMnepaxopcKHft Phm c ero

cxpeMaeHneM k nbiuiHOCTH h c ero HecoMHeHHO

opHCHTanbHoft no xapaKxepy flecnoTHCH oKaaajicn CKOJibKO-

Hwdyflb saMHTepecoBaH b MysuKajibHOM HCKyccTBe. 3to HCKyc-

CTBO, npHHeceHHoe us SjiJiaflbi h oxMacTH c BocTOKa, nepBO-

HanajibHO flBJiaexcsi (II— I ecKa) MHcxo-anMroHWHecKHM, h ero

HOCHxejiHMH OKasbiaaioxcJi (JjwHHKHHHe, rpeKH, espeH h Apyrwe

He pHMCKMe njieMCHa. McxopHH He coxpaHMJia HaM HHKaKHX ash-

Hbix o HapoAHOM xBopnecxBe JiaxHHsiH h pmmjijih— bosmojkho,

Hxo OHO BOBce OTcyxcxBOBajio y pauHOHajibHoft H cypoBofl BOeH-

Hofi HauHH. HpHHeceHHoe c aocxoKa 3Ji;iHHH3HpoBaHHoe HCKyc-

cxBO HMejio noxpe6HxeJieft b HapoMCAanjineftca HMnepaxopcKofi

apHcxoKpaxHH H xoproBOM 6yp»ya3HH, KoxopaH caMa 6biJia

HaCXbK) BOCXOHHOrO, HaCXbK) CeMHXHHeCKO-cJjHHHKHftCKOrO HpO-

HCXOHCAeHHH. TaKHM o6pa30M Mbl HMeeM XyX npOH3BOACXBO

MysbiKH AJia xapaKxepno-saMKHyxoro cjioa o6ecneMeHHbix nmx,

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H HanoMHHaBiuHe o aBbinecKOM 6biTe. TojibKo

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IIpo^eccHOHaAu.

HHCTpynieHTapHHi

xpHCT. apbi.

— 71 --

MyBblKajIbHOCTb pHMCKOFO HacejieHHH 6bIJia oneHb HeSblCOKa.

Ha BocTOKe, r^e napofl 6biJi My3biKajibHee h xyflOMtecTBeHHan

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6bIJIO HyMCflbl. B BOCTOMHOft o6jiaCTH nepBblMH COCTaBHTejIHMH

xpHCTwaHCKHx puTyajibHbix HaneBOB HBJiHioTcsf E(|3peM Cm-

p M H H en. E p o c|5 e ft. a Ha Sana^e—M ji a p h uCAaraTCAH

nepBUX THMHOB.

yHHCOHBOe neHHe.

H)6nAHHHH.

(IV BCk). riOTOM B STOft o6flacTH pa6oTajiH

MHorHe: Ha BocTOKe— MoaHH SjiaToycT<IV bck), PoMan C;iaflKoneBeu (V seK; na Sanaae ^e Bbwe-

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npocTO flejio c npocTeftmeft 4)opMOH AHaTOHH3Ma.

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B TO BpcMsr (h flaH<e mhofumh h noHWHe) c

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aanHTepecoBaHHofl b TeKCTe, npHBejio k OKaMenenHK)pHTMa HaneBOB b paa poBHbix AJiHTejibHocTcft. B KOHuax

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ropHft (VI— VII B.) COCTaBHJI H peAaKTHpOBaJI c6opHHK A03B0-

jieHHbix HaneBOB — tbk Has. aHTHcfjOHapHM, h OAHOspeMeHHO

6bIJIO ysaKOHCHO B uepKBH TOJlbKO ABa THna neHHJi: C O JI b H o e

m

72 — 73 —

4

(cantus planus), npw mbm aonycKanHCb yKpaiueHHHB MejioflHH MejiHSMaTHMeckoro Tuna, h xopoBoe (cantus

choralis), KOTopoe no Heo6xoflHMOCTH 6biJio 6ojiee npocToro

pucyHKa. C V bckb ABHrarejisMH MysbiKajibHO-pHxyajibHora

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cTBy flK)6oBb K nporpeccy npopbiBajiacb SAecb cKBOSb cypoBwe

paMKH uepKOBHoro KanoHa. 3th npopuBbi cooTBeTCTBOBajiM

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jieHHbie cantus planus, 6biflH yAo6HbiM mcctomCeKBeHnHB. y~.

fljifl TaKHx npopbiBOB. Ohh nocTeneHHO paciun-

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\

....iiiitiiiiiiillii

— 74 —

riepBHHHaH xpHCTnaHCKan MyswKa cosAa-BKycosaH rpynna

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K III seKy xpHCXHaHcxBO, npn3HaHHoe ocjjJHUnajJbHO, Bo6paB-

luee B ce6ji Maccbi JKOfleft, HaHHHaex cHJibHO MensixbCH no

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neceH („noAroAOCKH" — b pyccKoft necne). B axoM apxaHnecKOM

MHOroroAOCHH JiK)6onbixHO ynoxpe6jieHHe xepuHH na npasax

KOHCOHaHCa, HXO o6yCJIOBJIHBaeX B006me B03M0M<H0CXbMHororojiocHJi. Hanpoxus, repMaHO-cKaHAHHaBCKMenjieMena o6jiaAajiH b cBoeA MysbiKe CHJibHeftuiHM nyBcxBOMX o H H K H, opHenxHpoBKOM Bceft MejiOAHH KpyroM OAHoro rjiaB-

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My3bIKe, H aXH CBOflCXBa 6bIJlH KaK pa3 XCMH 3epHaMH, H3

Koxopbix cMorjia pasBHXbca nwuiHaa eBponeflcKaji rapMOHHH

H nojm4)OHHfl[.

HjieMeHHofl 6bix apxaHnecKoft CeB. EsponbiapoAHan mysbiKa

jjQpQj^j^jj Bi^j^mvio, eme saAOJiro AO aKXHBHOro6BpOn. IIACM6B.

BbicxynjieHHH Ha HcxopuMecKyK) apeny repoH-

Hapo^Hbie nesgu.

— 75 -

MecKyio cary -^CKasaHMe, anajiorHMHoe anocy rpeKOB,

H BOHHCXBeHHyK) neCHK), BblSBaHHyK) nOCXOHHHblMHn;ieNeHHbiMH BoftHaMH. 9xo 6bi;ia wcKOHHasi „no33HH-My3biKa"

ceBepHbix njicMeH, npw nen cbmh neBuw-noaxbi jiBJiHJiHCb

HpesBbinaMHO ysa^aeMbiM cocjiOBneM, b nenoxopbix pacaxHacjieAcxBeHHbiM (b FaAJiMH, y KeJibxoB, uioxjiaHAuea

H B MpjiaHAHH, XaKMCe B CKaHAHHaBHH), H HOCHJIH HaHMCHOBa-HHH 6apAOB (b raflJio-KejibXHMecKHX cxpanax), CKaAbAOB

(b cKaHAHHaBCKHx cxpanax), 6 a h h o b (y cAa-

bhh); y repManueB ne 6biAO o6oco6AeHHorococjiobhs neauoB, ho cara h necHH cymecxBOBaAH. OeBUbi3XH conpoBOJKAajiH cBoe ireHHe, noBHAWMOMy, ocHOBaHHoe naapxaHHecKoft naxHcxyneHHoft raMMe, aKKOMnaHeMenxoMcxpyHHbix HHcxpyMeHxoB (y 6apAOB— Kpoxxa h ap(|)a,

y CAaBflHCKHx nesUOB— r y c Ji h). Ha pHAy c 3xhm npHBMJiern-

pOBaHHblM HCKyCCXBOM, HOBHAHMOMy, CymeCXBOBaJIO H 6bIXOBOe,

6oAee npocxoe — MyawKa, conpoBOHCAaBuiasi pa6oxy h nAHCKy.

3apo»«AaK)mHftcH tJjeoAajibHbift 6bix npoBCA neKOXopyK)

rpaHb MewAy BKycoBWMH rpynnawH npHBHJierHpoBaHHbix

KAaccoB H npocxoro napoAa— b axo BpeMH, noBHAWMOMy, sa-

poacAaexcH h npHMHXHBHbiA npocHjeccHOHajiifSM b MysbiKe—cocAOBHe AKJAeft, nocBHinatoiUHX ce6si yBeceAeHHio ApyrHX.

HapoAHan MyswKa, noBHAHMOMy, yHce 6biAa Bnoane pasBHxaBO BpeMH BbicxynjieHHS raAAO-repMaHCKHX n^e-MBH Ha MwpoByK) apcHy, ho npHo6meHHe Bcex axHx

HapoAOB K xpHCXHaHCKOM Kyjibxype c ee HacAeAnew saahhh-

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HOCXH, BHAHMO, CHAbHO SaAepMCaAO paSBHXHe 3X0H MySblKH.

TeM He Mence yme c VII bbkb mw Ha6jiK)AaeM b a h a h h e

BKyca HOBbix HapoAHbix Mace naajiJiHHHcxHHe-CKyio KyAbxypy uepKOBHoft MysbiKH. IlepBbie bbcx-

HHKH aXOrO BAHSHHJI UIJIH H3 KeJIbXHHeCKHX CXpaH (CeB.

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HXO HapoAHbift BKyc ynopHO cxpeMHJicH npHAaxbMBororoAOCHue

saiaTKH B KeAk-

THieCKHX cTpaHax.

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XHn, BHAHMO, cpoAHHBuiHHCsi c ec BKycoM HyxeMAJIHXeJIbHOA yHCe npWBblHKH K nOAH(|30HHH

B napoAHbix MHCxpyMenxax h xopoBbix necnnx. 3rox nepBO-

6bixHbifl BHA MHororojiocHH (BepHee, noKa „AByxrojiocHsi"),

cooxBexcxBOBaBiuHfl nepBbiM po6khm nonbixKaM ocosHaHHS!

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.HHJICH B uepKOBHofl MysbiKe B (JjopMe opranyMa, T.-e. flByx-

rojiocHoro neHHH, npH KOTopoM oahh rojioc HcnoJiHHJi cantus

firmus, a flpyroft— MejioflHK) caMOCTonTejibHyio, Toro>Ke pHTMa, HO o6pa30BbiBaBuiyK> c nepBbiM pasHbie HHTepsajibi,

MHOPAa CJiHBaBiuyiocsi c nepebiM (b KOHuax cjiob, b kohuc Bcero

necHoneHHJi). 3tot opraHyM, o 6ojiee noApo6Hbix jterajinix

KOToporo MHeHHH pacxoflHTCH (hc ycTaHOBJieHO,6biJi nvi oh hhcto-

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noBCCMecTHO, a nanajio ero bocxoaht, bhahmo, k VI BCKy.

ripHJIHB HapOflHO-MySblKaJIbHOft SHepTHH B flyXOBHyK)

MysbiKy BbipawajicH h b hhwx ^'opMax. 9jiJiHHncTHMecKajj

ocHOBa aHTn4)OHapHH Bce BpcMsi noflBeprajiacb nanafleHHAMHapoflHoro MysbiKajibHoro coBHaHwa to co cxopoHbi BocTOKa(Chphh, EoArapKsi, Ohhhkh»), to co dxopoHbi SanaAa. FlepBO-

HanajibHoe acKCTHMecKoe cTpoeHHC xpHCTHancKoft o6mHHbinpMBOAHJIO K SaTyUieBblBaHHK) SCTCTHHeCKHX 9Jie-

MCHTOB, B THMHc H necHoneHHH ucKHJiocb „HacTpoeHHe"

AyiuH, a He BHeuiHHH Kpacoxa,— sto HanpaBJienne c ApeBHeA-uiHX BpcMen BCTynacT b 6opb6y c 6onee MyBCTseKHbiM,McxoAfliUHM H3 nepH(|)epMH xpucTHaHCKoro MHpa. B uejiflx

arHTauHOHHbix, KaK MCTOA nponaraHAbi hoboR

"™™"„*!!f™ pe-iiMrHH, xpucTHancTBO BpeMa OT BpeMCHHACJiajio ycTynKH, BbipaacaBiiiHecsi b accHMM-

AHgHH BaneBOB

HapOAHOCTblO.;i5iUMH uepKOBHOM cjiyac6oft napoA-

Hbix HancBOB. SanacTyK) TaKoro poAa accHMHjiauHa nponc-

xoAHJia caMonpoHBBOJibHO, HepeAKO CBsisbmasicb c cena-

paTHMeCKHMH CTpeMJieHHHMH OTAe;ibHbIX HaUnA H MeCTHOCTeft

OTAejiaTbCH OT rercMOHHH Phmb, b kotopom xpHCTHaHCKanuepKOBb BSflJia Ha ce6a npeeMCTBennocTb hach MnpoBororocyAapcTBa. 3th asTOHOMHwe npocanHBanHa napoAHoroMCJioca 6ojibiiieK> nacxbio ne KaHOHHsnpoBajiHcb ucHTpajibHoft

BJiaCTbK) UepKBH, paCCMaTpHBaJIHCb KaK epeCb H OTKJIOHCHHe

OT MHCTOTbl, nOABeprajIHCb rOHeHHflM, HO npaKTHHeCKH TaKMjiH HHaMe, nyTCM HacTHMHWx ycTynoK, npviBHBaAHCb. EmeapHancKaa epecb (IV bck) na BocTOKe 6biJia cBHsanaC arHTaUHOHHbIM MCTOAOM BOSAefiCTBHH nyTCM HapOAHblX Ha-

nesoB Ha uepKOBb, a na 3anaAe caMaa <|)opMa H>6MJinuHH6bijia B cymHocTH ycTynKoft napoAHOMy rcHHio, bwxoaom

B HeKOTOpbIM npOCTOp TBOpHeCTBa M B TO JKC BpCMfl C03Aa-

aacb noA HBHbiM BJiMHHHeM CBpcftcKoro cHHaroraJib-Horo neHHa. CBo6oAa „ajiJiHJiyMHbix" K)6MJiau,Mi) BbisbisacT

HeMCAJieHHO onaceHne uepKOBHHKOB, AJia KOTopwx KpacoTa

SByKa M 3MOUHH HHMCB JlOFOCa, CMblCJia, H HOTOMy HOBAHHe

ceKBeHUHH, B KOTopbix K)6HJiauHa nojiynaeT tckct, AO,nM<-

Hbi paccMaTpuBaTbca, KaK neKOTopoe peTporpaAHOesiBJieHHe, KaK CTpcMJieHHe k AeMy3biKajiH3auHH necHonenna.

Pannee cpeAHeseKOBbe Bce npoHHKHyToHapOABafl wysMKa g^^g KapTHHOft 6opb6bI, KOHTypw KOTOpoflnpoTBB gepKOB

^jinBaiOTCH c 6opb6ofl HauHOHajibHoroHanaAa npoTHB Phmb, npn «ieM to Ta,

TO Apyraa CTopona AOCTHrajia MacTHMHbix ycnexOB. Mhofo-

MHCJicHHwe e p e c H^ BosHHKaBiuMe H pasBMBaBiuHeca Ha na-

UHonaJibHoft noHBe, 6biJiH npHCTanHmeM una 6onee apbix

BcnbimeK HapoAHOro MCJioca b peJiHrHOSHOM pwTyajie. Ho6opb6a 3Ta npoAOJi«aeTca Aaace h b nosAHCM cpeAneseKOBbe

H saxoAHT B anoxy BoBpoacACHHa. FlecHa h Aa»<e njiacKa

BTopraeTca b pHTyan, k yHcacy opTOAOKcajiHCTOB, h ne hchc-

3aeT OTTyAa, Aawe noAseprnyTaa anacJjeMe, a TOJibKO npn-

cnoco6jiaeTca. OoaBJiaroTca naneBbi, b KOTopbix 6e3

TpyAa MOMCHO yjiOBHTb MCJiOAHH HonyjiapHbix napoAHbix necen,

TaHueB H npoH. B pHTyan MCCTaMH npoHHKaiOT h h c t p y-

MCHTbi, Hapyuiaa nepBo6biTHyK) BOKajibnyK) HHCTOTy cTwaa.

OAHOBpeMCHHO pasBHBaeTca, b mhcto -

npo(})eccHOHajibHofi cpeAe ncBuoB-cneuHajJH-

CTOB, cneun4)HMecKoe CTpeMAenHe k BHpTy-

03H0CTH, K MCeJiaHHK) 6jieCHyTb He TOJIbKO HyB-

CTBOM, HO H TeXHHKOft.

K)6H;iau,HH h MHoro4HcJieHHbie MeJiOAWMHbie yKpamenHa

HaneBOB (MejiHSMbi), pacnpocTpanHBuiHeca yme b VIII—IX Be-

Kax, aBMJiHCb B TaKoft me mepe ycTynKoft cBo6oAHOMy TBop-

MecTBy H HapoAHOMy reHHH), KaK h nopoHCAeHwe BHpTyoBHO-

CTH ncBuoB— npoaBJieHHeM HWCTO-MysbiKaJibHoro na-

MaJia, npo4>eccHOHajibHoro acTeTHHecKoro SBy-

KOCosepuaHHa, OAwnaKOBO OTKjionaiomeroca h ot Kyab-

TOBblX SaAaHHfi, H OT HapOAHOFO MyBCTBa H paccMHTaHHoro

Ha BKyc He6o;ibmoft rpynnbi npo4)eccHOHa;ibHbix uenHTeflefi.

SaMena deccJioBecHO-BMpryosHoft K)6HJiauHH nosAHCHUieft ce-

KBenuHeft c tckctom 6bina HMeHHO peaKUHen BKyca na-

IIpo^ieccBOHa-

AH3M. BHpTyOS-

BOCTb.

I 9— vy

poflHOM Maccbi npoTHBBKycanpo4)eccHOHajiOB.

PaHHHH noAH<bo-PaHHMM nOJlHC|)OHH3M HJIH O p r a H y M 6bIJI

HHH. OpraHVM, HeCOMHeHHO TOHCe HC HCM HHbIM, KaK (^OpMOM

KaK peaKgHH npo- HCKaHMH MOHyMCHTaJlbHblX, BeJlHMeCTBCHHblX,

THB HSMCAbHa- cOOTBeTCTByHJmHX KyjlbTy 4)OpM, HO OflHOBpe-HHH CTHAH. mchho mcm - TO dojicc BneHaTJiHK)mnx, 6ojiee

CJIOHCHbIM, HCM yjKC npHeBlUHftcH yHHCOH (m O H O fl H Si). MySbl"

KajibHasr CTHXHH HHCTHHKTHBHO HLUCT paSBHTHH, BnHTbiBaex B

ce6a Bce bosmomchoc, ho npn stom neMHHyeMO coBpamaeTcji

c MOHyMeHxajibHofi npocTOTbi CTHJifl. B XI seKe b cbsish c

paSBHTHCM KpeCTOBblX nOXOflOB, C OM<HBJieHHeM B CBH3H

c 3THM opHeHTajibHoro BJ1H5IHHH, 3 OTHacTH M 6jiaroflap5i Mas-

pMTaHHSaUHH McnaHHH Mbl BHflHM CHJIbHbie B03fleMCTBHSI

apa6cKOH MejiHSMaxHKH (cxHJib neHHH c yKpaiiieHH5iMn) Ha

MysbiKy uepKBH, KOTopan sapaMcaexcH cHjibHeMiuHM ycnoM<He-

HHeM CHCXCMbl yKpaUieHHft B MeJIOJIHH, H 3XO HSMCJIbMaeXcxHJib, fl,ejia5i ero BbinypHbiM, He cooxBexcxByiomuM pejinrH-

03HbiM HacxpoeHHSM. OflHOBpcMeHHO HBJiHexcji H opraHyM,flaiOmHM HeMTO HOBOe B MySblKaJIbHOM OXHOUieHHH,HO He o6najiaK>mv[Pi MnrKOcxbio scxexwHecKoro BneMaxjieHUH.

JI,Ba xeMeHHH— Menv(3MaxH4ecKoe h nojiH4)OHHHecKoe—napaji-

JiejibHo pasBHBajoxcH, see 6ojiee h 6ojiee ycjiOMCHHqcb, Ka>Kfloe b

CBoeM ayxe, c IX no XIV bbk., h o6a Bce BpeMsi noflBeprawxca

nocxoHHHbiM nonbixKaM uepKBH o6y3flaxb hx pocx h pasBuxne.

9xox see pocx HauHOHajibHoro XBopnecxBa,apoABan mysbi- xBopnecxBa B HCflpax Mace, npHBOflHx k xowy,

Ka B IX—XII BE.Mxo HapoflHaH MysbiKa, cHanajia npecJie-

flyenas!, KaK rpexoBHoe 3aHaxHe, see we nocxenenno Kpen-Hex H pasBHBaexcH. Ecjih uepKOBHaa nysbiKa pa6oxajia

Ha Maccbi, HO c H3BecxHbiM KyjibxoBbiM orpaHHMeHHeM, xo Hapofl-

Ha» MysbiKa, oxKOJioBuiasicsi ox uepKOBHOH, pa6oxajia hckjikjmh-

xejibHO flJiH caMoro lUHpoKoro noxpe6;ieHH5i 6e3 orpaHHHCHnft.

BKycoBbie pasjinHHH BnyxpH napoaa b xy nopy paHHero

c|)eoaajiH3Ma 6biJiH BbipasceHbi aoBOJibno cjia6o: Kopojib h Kpe-

cxbstHHH B cymnocxH HMejiH xox Mce XHH MysbiKajibHoro BKyca,

H nOHBHBlllHeCH B VIII B. 6pOflHMHe CKOMOpOXH H >KOH-

r ji e p bi -~npo4>eccHOHaJibHbie My3biKaHXbi, xaH-

UOpW H (fOKyCHHKH—B CyiJUHOCXH yflOBJICXBO-

pHJiH BKycy xex h apyrHx. O cymecxBe hx

MySbIKH MXO - HH6yflb CKBBaXb XpyflHO, HO HCCOMHeHHO, MXO

i

HioHrAepu h

CKOMOpOXH.

oHa cHJibHO sanenaxjiejiacb h b uepKOBHbix Mejioflwax — >koh-

rjiepcKHH HaneB npoHHKaji b uepKOBb. B axy anoxy, momcho

;;yMaxb, saKJiaabiBaexcH cfjyHflaMeHx Mawop-MHHop-Horo MysbiKajibHoro BOcnpHHxwH, KOxopoMy cy-

>Kfl,eHO 6biJio no3nHee HecKOJibKHMUBCKaMH HaflOJiro

oKpacHXb MysbiKy CBOHM KOJiopHXOM, npoxHBonojiowHbiM B cyinc-

CTBe JianOBOMy SJIJIHHHCXHHeCKOMy SByKOCOSepuaHHK), H OflHO-

BpeMeHHO npaBHJibHoro, CMMMexpH4Horo, „xaKxoBoro" nocxpo-

eHHH MeJIOflHH, C SIBHOft nepHOftHHHOCXblO (KynJieXHOCTbK))

nancBa, HMeiomeft KopHH b xaHuoBajibHoft MysbiKe Hapofla.

To o6cXOHXeJIbCTBO, MXO npOHCXOJKfleHHe MajKop-MHHopa

recHeftiuMM o6pa30M cBsisaHO c HajiHMHeM HHcxpyMenxaJib-Horo conpoBOHCAeHHa necHH h mxo ero pasBHXHe

cHJibHeftiuHM o6pa30M 3axopM03HJiocb B cxpaHax, rfle HHcxpy-

MeHxapwft He sacjiOHHJi MHCxyro necHvo (nanp., b pyccKOH

paBHHHe), yKasbiBaex Ha npnMHHbi ero B03HHKH0BeHHH. 9xhnpHMHHbl CBOflHXCfl K XOHaJIbHOMy SByKOOmyiUeHHH),K npH3HaHHK) OAHOTO BByKB (xohhkh) rjiaBHbiM, ueHxpajib"

HbiM, H apyrax rpynnHpyromnxca KpyroM Hero b nopHflKe

cpoflcxBa. Bce ssyKH KaK 6bi 6oJiee hjih Menee „xHroxeK)x"

K axoft xoHHKe, caMaa Hflesi Koeft no bcbh BeponxHOcxH aana

npHMHTHBHblM nOCTOSIHHbIM HHCXpyMeHXaJIbHblM 6acoM(opraHHbiM nyHKXOM). flexajiwsauHH HHCxpyMCHxajibHoro conpo-

BOWfleHHJi flo „rapMOHHH", npoHcuiefluiaH, bhahmo, nosflnee,

nOpOflHJia HHeK) 06 OCHOBHOft rapMOHHH (MamopHOfl HJIH

MHHOpHOH, KaK HaH6oJiee npOCXblx) XOHHMeCKOfi, H HeH36eM<-

HbiM pesyjibxaxaM 3xo ro 6bi.;io noHBJieHHe BBOflHbix xohob,KaK HaH6oJiee JipKO XHroxeiomHX k xoHHKe.

„ - MaHCOpHMHHOppaSBHBaJIHCbnOKaHCKJHOMH-iffllHHC3IIHreDbl

H Tpy6aflypM.^ejibHO B ccjDepe HapoflHofl MysbiKH, b xo bpcmhKaK CBexcKoe XBopnecxBO, ho npw-

HaflflCMcamee 6ojiee npHBHJierHpoBaHHbiM KJiac-c a M, 6o;iee cBHsaHHoe c sjiJiHHHCxHMecKoA Ky;ibxypoft uepKBHH MeHee — c napoAHbiMH HHCxpyMenxaMH, odHapywHBajioCKJIOHHOCXb K TOpl HCflxpajIbHOM B CMblCJie 0603HaMeHHn XOHHKHMy3biKe, KaKOK) «Bjisjjiacb uepKOBHaH. 3xo TBopMecxBO pbma-pefi-no3xoB (MHHHesHHrepw b FepMaHUH, xpy6afl ypwBO OpaHUHH H MenecxpeJiH b AnrjinH), pasBMBiueecaK XI BeKy, oflHOBpeMeHHO o6Hapy}KHBaex, Bwecxe c MejiH3MaxH-HecKoft Mejioaweft uepKBH, siBHoe BJiHsiHHe ceMHXHMecKoro

80

(apa6cKoro) BocTOKa (spoTHKa b noasHH, HHCTpyMCHTapHfi—jiHJTHSi, BSHTaa y apa6oB. n t. n.)- HaH6ojiee 6biCTpo npo-

rpeccHpyer pasBHTHe Ma>Kop - MHHopa b crpanax c o6biHHbiM

CXpyHHblM H flyXOBbIM HHCTpyMeHTapHeM M B njiqcoBoft

TaHUOBaJIbHOfl. MySblKe. TaKHMH HBHJlHCb FepMaHHSI

M HrajiMH B nepByK) onepeab, saxcM rorocjiaBsiHCKHe h cKan-

AHHaBCKHe cxpaHbi (riojibiiia, HopBerHfl). B boctomhoSE B p o n e (b Pocchm) Ma>Kop-MHHop pasBHBaercsi xyro h mc-

AJieHHO, H pasBHTHe HapoflHoro MCJioca, CHanajia coBnaaaiomee

c o6mecJiaBHHCKHM, BCKope MBHsieT HanpaBJieHHe, hto ctomt

B cBasH c HSOJiHUHeft PoccHH OT Sanafta, kbk o6menojiHTHHe-

CKOM, TaK H pejIMrHOSHOft H 3KOHOMHHeCKOft, nocjic OTpesaHHH

ToproBbix npsMbix nyrcM KOieBWMH MonrojibCKHMH nneMeHaMH.

nojin(})OHHH, HanaBuiajicH c flByxroJiocHoroPasBHTHe MHoro-

^ ^^^ ^^ (VIII Ben). xapaKTepMsyercH cna-roAOCHH. OpraHVM. '^ ^ ^

najia ynoTpeojieHneM, b KanecTBe BToporo ro-

jioca, MejioflHM, odpasyiomeft c nepsofl (cantus firmus) kohco-

HHpyiomHe wHTepBajibi b npeftenax oKxaBbi h jiajia. B Ahfjihh

OH B OflHO BpCMH BbipOflHJICSI B THMCJIb — neHHC napajijiejib"

HbiMH ceKcxaMH (hjih xepuHaMH), Hxo ynasbiBaex ysce Ha oco-

3HaHne B 3xy nopy xaM xepuHw, KaK KOHconaHca. Ha kohxh-

HCHxe flOJiroe speMH xepuHH flonycKajiacb xo;ibKO nopoft na

nojiOMceHHH npoxoflsimero co3By4HJi, mxo 6bmo cjienoM apes-

Hero aHXHMHOrO B033peHHH Ha XepUHK) KaK AHCCOHaHC. CpeflH

flpypHX 4)opM opranyMa mojkho oxMexHXb napaajiejibHwe,

noHBHBUiHecsi B X BeKe h BwpaJKaBiiiHecH b napajiJiejibHOM

CJieflOBaHHH HHCXblX KBHHX H KBapX (xaK Ha3. KBHHXOBaHHe),

H saxeM 3M6pHOHa;ibHbie 4'<!'PMbi MHororoJiocHa, BaKJitonaB-

uiHecn B npM6aBJieHHn eme k KBHHxoBaHMio BepxHeft OKxaBbi,

XaK MXO nOJiynaiOXCH XOflbl nyCXWMH COSSyHUHMH H3 KBVIHXbl

H oKxaBbi. Hpyrasi c|)opMa 3M6pnoHajibHoro MHororojiocHSi noa-

BHJiacb xoM<e B AnrjiHH— sxo 6biJi 4>o6ypflOH(DoeypAOH H AHc-

(XI— XII B.). o6pa30BaBmHft xoflbi napajiJiejib-KaHT. -,

HbiMH ceKcxaKKopaaMH. 1 locxeneHHO coBepuien-

cxByjicb, opranyM Bbipa6oxajicsi b AHCKanx (XI bbk), bko-

TopoM BepxHHft roJioc nepBOHanajibHo HMnpoBH3npoBajiCH nes-

UOM, npH HeM B xaK Ha3. cxporoM AMCKanxe aosBOJiajiHCb

XOJIbKO COSByHHH OKXaBbI H KBHHXbl. BhAHMO, yM<e B XII BeKB

AHCKanx BHUXbiBaex b ce6ji HCKOxopwe cBOftcxBa MejiviBMaxH-

MecKoro neHHH; oh yMce HMnpoBHBHpyexca He „HOxa npoxHB

^Hoxbi", a xaK, Hxo Ha OAHy Hoxy cantus firmus npHxoAHXcnHecKOJibKO Hox, o6pa3yK>mHX 6ojiee CBodoAHbie (cHanajia

xojibKO npHxojtHmHe H BcnoMoraxejibHbie, KaK 6bi mcjihs-

MaxHHecKHe) HHxepeajibi. FIpoHcxoacAeHHe xpexbero rojioca

noBneKJio Heo6xoflHMOcxb 3 a n h c h bwgox 6ojiee xomhoA, HCMcejiH

xa, Koxopasr Kasajiacb neBMaMH h sacxaBUJia Bbipa6oxaxb

nocxencHHO MensypaJibHyK) cucxeMy 3anncH, b KoxopoMyM<e H Bbicoxa h fljiHxeJibHocxb xoHHO o6o3HaHeHbi. SjieMenxbi

3XOH sanHCH BocxoflHX K X BeKy, nepBbiiR onwx 6biJi cAeJiaH

ryK6ajibAOM'^) H3 OjiaHApHH (840— 930), KOxopwM bbcji

JlMHefifKH AJIH 0603HaHeHHJI BblCOX, SaMBHHB HMHHanaBuine 6biJio BBOAHXbCJi, b noMomb neBMaM, 6yKBeHHbie

o6o3HaMeHHH sByKOB noMoinbK) JiaxHHCKoro aA4)aBHxa. Cjibaw

€yKBeHHo& cHcxeMbi ocxajiHCb b MysbiKe ao chx nop b bhacHaHMeHOBaHHft xoHOB (c. d, e, f, g, a, h, b h x. a.), b BHAesHaKOB 6eKapa h 6eMOJiH, Koxopwe nepBOHananbHo 03Ha-

MajiH cH-6eKap h cH-6eMOJib, pasjinHaBuiHecsi eme rpene-

cKoft Teopneft, npMneM nepsbiA oSoBHanajicfl KBaApaxHWMuipH(|)xoM (b-carre) a Bxopoft KpyrjibiM (b-molle— MarKHfl).

HeBMaxHHecKHe cjieAbi coxpaHHJiHCb b BHAe BnaKOB rpynexxoM MopAeHxoB, xpeAeft h npoM. ByKBeHHoe o6o3HaHeHHe 6biA0

HenpaKTHHHO, nOXOMy mxo He 6bIAO HarJIJlAHO, HCBMbl 6bIAH

HarAHAHbi, HO He xoMHbi, xoxH, c Apyroft cxopoHbi, AonycKaAMoMBHb xoHKHe oxxeHKH (Aa»<e MexBepxH xoHa). FlepBOHaMaAbHo

jimhcAkh nooiywHAH xoAbKO AJifl 4)HKcaunH onpeAeAeHHbix

xoHOB, H Ha HHX HaHOCHACH HeBMaxHMecKHfl pHcyHOK. Flep-

BOHaMaAbHbie ycoBepuieHcxBOBaHHfl b sanHCb 6biAH sBeAenbi

aBxopoM xpaKxaxa „Musica Enchiriadis" (X bck), xaK Has. JIw e-

PyKdaAbAaH saxeM Fbhao A'Apeuuo^)OanHCb 3BVK0B. /nnr ^ ncns

{995— 1050), KoxopbiH Bce we eme ne aouibji

AO sanHCH AJiHxeAbHocxefi. —') ryK6anbA—MOHax MOHacTupji C- AMaH^a 6jih3 TypHa (poA. oKOno 840 r

yMep B 930 r.), asTop HecKonbKHx ipaKTaTOB o MyawKC, KOTopwe HBnaioTcn,

HBHSonee cymecTBeHHWMH HCTOHHHKaMH HauiHx cBeACHMH 06 „opraHyMe".r. npHnHcbiBaeicfl HsoSpeTCHHe napannenbHoro opranyMa (ABHweHHe napaji-

^enbHbiMH KsapTaMH h KSHHiaMH), HO BepHee, mto stot npweM 6bin Ha caMOMABJie TOJTbKO OlIIH60MHbIM BblBOAOM nOCnCAyiOIHeH npaKTHKH H3 TCopeTHie-cKHx nocTpoeHHH F. Ewy we npHnHCbiBaercn ipaKiaT „lViusica Enchiriadis",B noAnHHHOcTH KOToporo cymecTByei pnA coMHeHHft.

')rBHAo A'Apeuuo — SeHeAHKTHHCKHft MOHax (poA. OK. 995 r., yn.-OK. 1050 r.), BbiAaiomnficn MyawKaji'.HbiH y^eHbifl, npocnaBMBuiHAcn MCHtAy

UcTOpHW wyriHffH. fi

CHcxeMa sanHCH bwcot npoBejia pesKyio rpaHb MejKAy

TCMH 3ByKaMH, KOTopbie nonajiH B nane a,efi[dTBHH aanwcH,

H TCMH, KOTopbie BbinajiH H3 Hce, HO cymecTBOBajiH Ha npaK-

THKe B HCBMeHHOM o6o3Ha'ieHHH. PaSBHBaBUiaHCa CHJIbHO BnjIOTb

flo XIV" BBKa MCJioflHH c MejiHSMaMH flouijia flo ynoTpe6jieHHH

HeTBepxeft h rpereft tohob, b mcm HCJibSH He ycMorpexb bjim-

saHHH apa6cKoft xyjibxypw (kslk m b cxasuieM b axo bpcmh,

nonyjinpHoft Ji k) x h e, saBeseHHoft c BocxoKa), k see 3thMejiKHe yKpameHHH cxajiH xeM caMbiM b HHyio nJiocKocxb,.

HCM ocHOBHbie „3anHcaHHbie". Ohh 6bijiH OKpemeHbi o6mHMMMeHe^f „jio}khoPi MyswKH" (musica falsa hah ficta), ho neKO-

xopwe nojiyxoHOBbie noBbiiiieHHH ochobhwx SByKOB nbixajiHCb.

c|)HKCHpoBaxbcsi nyxeM snanoB b-carre h b-molle. CaKoesHaieHHC oxflCJibHbix jiHHeeK ycxaHOBJiHJiocb SHaKaMH, h3-

Koxopbix noxoM Bbipa6oxajiHCb coBpeMCHHbie „KJiK5Mn" nyxeM;

MX HCKa}KeHH» H yKpauieHHH (opHaMeHXHpoBaHHsr) nepe-

nHCHHKaMH;• ii;.

<

'

\ .,

• -^ ... .'.-'.^

V.— McHsypajibHaji iviysbiKa h crporHM cthjib.

'1 / KpynHaa petfJopMa sanHCH npoHsouiJia, Ko-SanBCfc AAHTeAb-

j,^^^^ cxaJIO B03M0JKH0 XOMHO OnpejieflHTb }i,3in-

xejibHOcxb 3ByKa. 3xo 6biJio caejiano b XII Be-

Ke napHKCCKHMH OpraHHCXaMH (flHCKaHXMCXaMn) JleOHHHOMMriepoxHHOM, Koxopbie ycxanoEHJiH snaKH PAarpex o

c

h o b-

Hbix flJiHxejibHOcxefi: longaXcaMaH ffJiMHHafl), brevis (baboc

Kopone) H semibrevis (eme BflBoe Kopone), h cooxBCxcxBeHHO

snaKH fljia nays— MOJinaHMM. 3xo 6biJi orpoMHwfl mar Bnepefl,.

xoxfl B nojibsy xohhocxh aanHCH npHuiJiocb nepBOHaMajibHO

nowepxBOBaxb HCKOxopoff ywe jiocxHrHyxoft b HCKyccxBC cbo-

6ofloK pHXMa. Phxm nanesa 6biJi HopMnpoBan b AOBOJibHO

ysKHe paMKH b uejisix y;io6cxBa sanncH, npw mbm oxnacxHB ocHOBy npaBHJi nerjia aHXMHHaa nosxHHCcKaa pHx-MHKa. rioBHflHMOMy, HepBOHaHajibHO MensypajibHaH cHCxeMa.

npOHKM M306peTeHHeM HMHeftHOH CHCTeMbI fljia 0603HaHeHHH BblCOrW TOHOB.:

r. ynoTpe6nnH neibipe flHHe&KM BuecTo ynoTpefiMHBiuHxcfl yme k ero spe-

MeHH AByx nmiMS; oh nojibsoBanca fiyKseHHUM TOHonHcaHMeM. Eny we npH-riHCbiBaioT H3o5peTeHHe „conbMH3auHM" H yieHHe o MyiauHH. HaHMeHOBanMnTOHOB, npHnHCbSBaeMwe o6m<jho F. (uf, re, mi h t. n.), Ha cbmom flene spsA.

nw npeflCTaBJiHKiT ero HaoSpeTCHHe. .,,• •. .

1^-

-i^^jujM^uuJ^^-^-e/^Ct4<^_

He npexeH;ioBaJia Ha nonnyK) xoMHOcxb sanHCH AJiHxejibHOCXH,

a xojibKO Ha npH6iiiH3MxejibHoe o6o3HaHeHHe. flosxoMy

CKOpO 6bIJIH BBeflCHbl HOBblC o6o3HaMeHHJ!: C O^HOft CXOpOHbl, '

rpynnnpoBKa MoxHBa na nepHOAHHecKHC fljiHxejibHocxH (xaK Has.

modi), H3 Koxopwx noxoM o6pa30Bajmcb nauiH xaKxw, a c

flpyroft eme 6ojiee flexajibHwe SHaKH njmxejibHocxeA (maxima=

ase longae, minima, semiminima, fusa h semifusa, Bce

6ojiee H 6oJiee MSJiKHe). Modi 6braH crpynnHpoBaHbi b abc

6ojibmHe o6jiacxH—flByAOJibHwe (tempus imperfactum)

V. xpexjtojibHbie (t. perfectum

—

b cbhsh c flornaxoM o xpoHM-

HOCXH 6oHcecxBa). HaH6ojibmero pacuBcxa MeHsypajibHan CH-

cxeMa flocxHFJia B uiKOJie MeHsypajiHcxoB hjih c

x

a

p

o-

4>paHuy3CKOM (Xll—Xlll bbk), npH hcm h3 hhx M

o

a h

h

fte FapjiaHflHa^) (XII b.) nepBwft ocjjJHUHaJibHO npHsnafl

xepuHK) sa KOHCOHaHca ^paHKon CxapuiHK^)(XIIb.) H <I>paHKOH KeJIbHCKMM*) (XIIIb.)

i(j[)opMyjiHpoBajiH xoHHO npaBHJia MCHsypaJibHoft

sanwcH H HHCbMa. XlBHHceHHe MBHsypajiHSMa, BOSHHKUiee us

opraHyMa, 6biJio b cymnocxH cymecxBCHHo hojih^'O"^^®'CKHM HBneHHeM, HanpaBJieHHbiM b cxopony npoxuBOflcftcxBHH

MejiHSMaxHMecKofl mohojihh. B cbhsh c 3XHM xapaKxepHO xo,

Hxo b axoft uiKOJie Bnepswe HaHHHaiox ocosHaBaxbca ycxoH

nOflH^JOHHH, KaK rapMOHHHeCKOMHeaaBHCHMOCXHr o fl o c o B. ^paHKOHbi ywe b XII seKe sanpeinanjT KBHHxoBwe

H oKxaBHbie napajijrejiHSMbi, sanoBCflH, coxpaHUBUiHeca ao no-

ciieflHero BpeMCHH b KaxexHSHce nojiHtfjOHHH, a MapKexriaayaHCKHfi (XIII b.) peKoweHAyex pas-

peUieHHJI flHCCOHaHCOB B KOHCOHaH-cbi, HXO Aaex xojimok k ocosnaHHKJ scxexHHe-

CKoro SHaneHHSf xex h Apyrnx. ;..'<;'*

d[>paHKOBU.

Bupa6oTKa9AeineHT0B CTpO-

roro CTHAH.

HodHH fle TapnaHflHa (po«. b 1190 r., ro« cwepTH neHS-

BecTCH) — OAHH H3 cTapeftiUHX MCHsypanbHbix nHcaieneM, ponHnca b AurnHH,

WHH fiojibuieS HacTbK) bo OpanuHH, ero coMHHeHHfl coRepwai ueHHwe cbc--

fleHHn o MysbiKe ero BpeMeHH.

-) OpaHKOH CiaprnHH Him IlapHVKCKHH— o«HH M3 nepBhix

ycTBHOBHTenea npasHJi fliisi MeHsypanbHoft MysbiKM, eMy npHnHCWBaioTca ipaK-

TaTbi „Ars oantus mensurabilis" h Hpyroft, KOTopbift npescTaBjraeT ko«h4>h-

KauHK) Bcex npaBHn MyawKanbHoro HCKyccTBa b ero BpCMH.

'O't'paHKOH MnaAuiHfl umi KejibHCKHft— asrop yieHHa o6

HHTepBanax, CHnbHO flBMHyBiuHft Bnepefl MyawKanbHyio TeopHK); whji hc-

cKOJibKO noajiHee nepsoro.

.fu

84

HapoAHan Mysbtna h MysuKa cBercKasiHapoAHOH B cBex-g mnpoKOM cMbicjie B 3T0 speMS HaHHHaexCKBH MVSUKa B _

X—xn BBynopHo BbicTynaTb Ha nepBbiH njiaH h cMeiuH-

BacTCH c uepKOBHoA. KoMnosHTopw yme He pas-

jiHHatOTCH Tax TOHHO: OHH pa6oTaH)T sapas h na uepKOBb, h Ha

HapoA. H Ha (})eoflajibHyio SHaxb b oco6eHHOCTH. OeoaajiHSM Tpe-

6yeT MysbiKH, kbk aTpH6yTa nbiuinocTH npH ABopax BaacTHTe-

jiefi— OH Tpe6yeT necen, KaK BbipasHTeneA jiccth m yBaaceHHH.

rioHBJiHeTCfl H npoMeacyroHHbift thh— MysbiKa pejiHrno3Horo

coAep^aHHn, ho hc paccHHTaHHan Ha uepKOBHbi:^ pwryaji,

npocTO 6jiaroMecTHBaH MysbiKa, Koropaa ne npcTeHAycT na

KynbTOBoe SHaneHHe. B 3thx nonbixKax cKJiaAWBaioTcs ajie-

MeHTbi MOHyMeHxaJibHoro pejiHrHOsnoro HCKyccTBa, KoxopoMy,

6oJiee cBo6oAHOMy, hcm uepKOBHoe, cyMCAeno 6biJio bhocjica-

CTBHH Aaxb HaH6ojiee apKHe AOCTnaceHHSj. B aro speMn

saKJiaAbiBatoTCH ajieMeHTw hobmx (i)opM: MOTexra, poHAO

H Ap., caMoe coAepacaHHC kohx AOSOJibHO HenocroHHHO

H MCHHCTCH BO BpeMeHH, HO o6mee b hhx jih6o n o ji y-

peJIHTHOSHblK, flH6o BOBCC CBeTCKHlM CK)HCeT TCKCTa.

06paTHo, HapoAHbie wysbiKaHTbi, h b oco6eH-" HocTH Hapo»<AaH>ii(Hecn npn cjpeoAajibHbix abo-

pax AHJieraHTbi, TO«e ne npoHb HHorAa

OT pejiHraosHbix doacexoB. PbiuapcKaa noasHS MCHecxpejieft,

xpy6aAypoB h MHHHesHHrepoB opraHHnecKH AHJiexanxcKoro

npoHcxoMCAeHHH H noxoMy oxjiHHaexcsr snaHMxejibHoft cBo6oAoft

cxHJia MysbiKH. Tyx xoace siBJiHK)xcfl noHCMHory xpaAHUHH

H cJ)OpMbI npHBblHHOrO BOHJIOmeHMH. [MyBblKa 3XHX AHJlSXaH-

xoB, hoa! BnHHHueM HapoAHOFO Mcjioca H apa6cKofi[ Kyjibxypbi,

saneceHHofi h3 KpecxoBbix hoxoaob, cymecxBCHHO roMo-

(|)OHH>iHa, ona— b npoxHBonojioacHOcxb naHHHaiomeMy pasBU-

Baxbcsi B uepKBax h b npyrax cneuviajiHcxoB noflH(|)OHHMecKOMy

cxHJiK)— pacnaAaexc« Ha mcjioahk) h conpoBoacAe-HHC na HHCxpyMCHxe h xcm saKJiaAbi-

^ Baex ajieMCHXbi qpopM oyAymeM roMoqpoHHH.

MMeHHO 3xa ee cxpyKxypa AeJiaex ee, b cbhsh

c csexcKocxbK) xcKcxoB, OC060 jik»6hmoS[ h nonyA^pHoft,

—

ona pa6oxaex Ha uiHpoKHft Kpyr noxpe6HxejiH, xorAa KaK

sapoHCAaroiuMAcsi npo(|)eccHOHajin3M pa6oxaex ajih nocxencHHO

o6pa3yiomerocH Kpyra cneuHaAbHbix ueHHxejieft MysbiKH—SByKOBbix rypwanoB cBoero poAa. MnorHe pwitapH - ncBUW

Tpy6aAypuH HHHHeSHHrepU.

85

ocxaBHJiH KpynHbie anHMecKne npoHSseAeHHa, ynoAo6jiHflCb

xyx ApeBHMM 6apAaM, ho 6ojibuia« nacxb orpaHH4HBajiacb

xBopnecxBOM necen KynjiexHoro cxpoeHWH, c HecpaBHeHHOapne, hbm b cneuHajibHoft MyswKe, sbipaaceHHbiM nepHOAHS-MOM MCxpHHecKoro c X p o e H H H H xeHAenuHeft K Mawop-MHHopy. XlHJiexaHxcKoe xeneHwe 4'eoAajioB co3Aajio (j[)opMbi

KaHUOHbi, — JiH>6oBHoro coAepacaHHn hjih MHCXHHecKoro,

cepeHbi, 6ajiAaxbi h x. n. CpeAH axHx

My3biKaHXOB BbiAejiHJiHcb BwjibrejibM ac Flyaxbe

(XII B.), UlaxejicH Ae KycH (XII), Kopojib HaBapp-ckhhTh6o(XIII), AAaa Ae Jia rajib(XIII), FHJibOM Maiuo (XIV)

BO <l>paHUHH h rox4)pHA Cxpac6yprcKnfi[ (aaxop „TpHcxaHaH MsojibAbi"), Bajibxep (|)oh Aep OorejibBeftAe, Bojib^jpaM

(|)OH-3iiieH6ax (aaxop „napcH(|)aAa") b FepMaHHH. HaH6o;iee

o6pa30BaHHbie xpydaAypw noAbsosajiHCb h ncKoxopbiMH

THnaMH MHororojiocHH h cocxaBAsjiM KaK 6bi nepexoA k npo-

t|)eccHOHajiaM. i.

rioMHMO AHJiexaHxcxBa BbicuiHx KJiaccoB (pbiuapeS),

My3biKa, BOSHHKaBUian b caMoft HapoAHoft Macce, ecxe-

CXBCHHO XO»Ce CKJIOHHJiaCb K r0M04>0HHH, MHcxpy-MCHxajibHOMy conpoBoaKACHHio. nepHOAH'ieckofl4)opMe. MnorHe necHH xpy6aAypoB cxaHOBHjiHcb, mnpoKononyanpusHpysicb, napoAHbiMW naneBaMH, noABeprasfCb hcko-

xopwM nocxeneHHbiM HMnpoBHsauHOHHbiM H3MeHeHHsiM B npo-

uecce HcnoAHCHMH. CocJioBMe npotjjeccHonajiOB - MysbiKanxoB,

nocxaBJiHK>mHx MysbiKy ajih lUHpoKnx Mace, B03pacxaex, oco-

6eHHO B MecxHOcxax, yAajiennbix ox bjihshmsi phmckofo npe-

C rOJia, H B MeCXHOCXHX, OXBaMCHHblX e p e C H M H, MHOrOMHCJieH-

HblMH B Xy SnOXy H o6bIHHO HMeBlUHMH HauHonaAbHyio,

cenapaxHcxcKyK) noAKJiaAKy. FlofloaceHHe MyawKanxoB hs

- HenpHBHJierHpoBaHHoro cocjiobha 6biJio Becb-OpraHHaannn mv-

aMKaAl.lH..x gexOB. "^ yHMSHXeJIbHbIM — B CyUtHOCXH OHH6biJiH noHXH 6ecnpaBHbi, xoxh axo 6ecnpa-

Bwe 6bmo o6mHM aB;ieHHeM ajih napoAHWx Mace. Oho6biJio npHHHHoft xoro, mxo y>Ke c XII seKa mw bhahm, hxonpo4>eecHOHajibHbie HcnojiHHxejiH h 6poAHHHe MysbiKanxwHaHHHaiox copraHHsoBbiBaxbcji b cboh ucxhB uejiflx oxpaHbi cBOHx npo4)eecHOHajibHbixHHxepecoB. 3xo cnocoScxsyex hx cnjioHCHHio h noAHHXHKJcpeAHero xyAoatecxseHHoro ypoBHH, npH hcm oAHOBpeMeHHo

mkim tan,^:11i^'^:-'^':M^t^''^''^'i^

— S(3 —.

CHJIbHO COKpaTHflOCb H CaMOC „6pOflHJKHHHeCTBO" CpCflM 3TOrO

COCJIOBMH MySblKaHTbl CTaHOBSITCJ! n p HK p 6 n JI 6 H H bl M H

K oMHoft MecTHOcTH, CTporo H peBHHBO o6eperaK)T CBOft

nOTpe6HTeJIbCKHft pWHOK OT BTOpJKeHHa HHOpOflHblX SJICMCH-

TOB. C flpyrdft CTopoHW, opraHHsauHH HapoflHbix MysbiKaw-

TOB OTaejiHna Hx OT Hapofla h cjiHJia hx c npo(|)eccHOHaJiaMM,

pa6oTaBuiHMH Ha BHCuiHe KJiaccbi, BCJieflCTBHe Hero yMce

c XIV BeKa Mbi Ha6jiK)flaeM b HapoflHofi: wysbiKe, b oco6eH-

HOCTH bo 4>paHU,HH H FepMaHHH, cHJibHoc noHHH<eHMe TBopne-

CKoro nyjibca. CHjibHoe cocjiobhc npoc|[)eccHOHajiOB, nocra-

Bji5iK)iu;ee wyawKy Ha see BKycw, yHHMTOMcaex KycxapHoe

npoHBBOflCTBO MysbiKH H odpaiuacT HapoflHyK) MysbiKy b arjio-

Mepax HCKaHceHHbix BJiHsiHuft „ropoflCKo8 My3biKn",— aBJienwe,

pano HJiH no3ftHO OKasbiearomeecfl bo bccx cxpaHax.

AHJiexaHTHSM, paaBHBiuHflcH B 4'eoAaflb-

HOM Kjiacce B BHjte Tpy6aflypoB, cKopo nepe-

KHflbiBaexcH H B flpyrHC cocjiobhh— npewne

^AeTaHTbl B

6ypHtya3HoM cpeAe.

MeMcTepsHHrepu.Bcero b ropoMcaH, HaMHnaiomHx, a cbhsm c po-

cxoM xoproBJiH, 3KOHOMHHecKH KpeHHyxb bo Bceft EBpone. KaK

o6biHHO B xHnH4HO-6ypa«ya3Hoft cpeae, yBJieMCHHe HCKyccxsoM

HOCMAO HecKo;ibKo noKasHoA xapaKxep h pasBiixMe caMoro

HCKyCCTBa BblJIHflOCb B (jjJOpMbl BHpTyOSHbie, XeXHHMeCKHC.

MecxaMH, b FepMaHHH, axH flMJiexanxw hs mcjiko^ h KpynHoft 6yp-

jKyasHH o6'eAHHHnHCb B cBoero pojia uexn, HMeauiHe ywe He

npocjjeccHOHaabHoe, a MHcxo-pHxyajibHoe, noKaaaxejibHoe ana-

MeHHe, HO HMejiH BHft H noflo6He HacxoHiuHx uexoB. B PepMa-

HMH OHH nojiyHHflH HasBaHHe McflcxepsHHrepoB h paa-

BHflHCb npeHMymecxBCHHO B Cxpac6ypre, Ayrc6ypre, MioHxeHe

H HropeHfiepre. Hanesbi MeflcxepsHHrepoB 6biJiH noAo6Hbi

MOHOflHMecKOMy MejiH3MaxHHecKOMy neHHK), HO conpoBOJKaa-

jiHCb HHcxpyMCHxajibHbiM aKKOMnaHCMenxoM. HaH6ojiee 3Ha-

MCHHTbiM MeftcxepsHHrepoM 6bia Pane CaKC hs HiopeH6epra

(1494— 1576), cano>KHHK no npo4)eccHH.

CyAb6bi My3biKH B BocxoHHOM EBpone 6bUiMMysuKa Boctoh- ^HoS Eb I

HecKOJibKO HHbie. dJiflHHHcxHHecKaH Kyjibxypa,

BnHxaHHaH uepKOBHWM pHxyajiOM, 3Aecb nocxe-

ncHHo Bbipo»:AaJiacb h oxMHpajia, ne nafiAfl onjiofloxBopHxejib-

Hux coKOB B HOBbix pacax, KaK 6bi;io Ha Sana^e. UepKOBHuflpwrOpHSM BOCXOHHOft UCpKBH 6bIJII CHJIbHCe BbipaJKCH, MCM

i

-B PHMe. Ho MHorwe Mepxw pasBHBajiwcb noflo6HO roMy, KaKHa 3anaja;e. npoHUKHOBeHHe opMCHxajibHbix (chphhckofo,

•eBpeftcKoro, apa6cKoro h ap-) mcjiocob b pHxyaji uepkBH 6biJio

Tyx CHJIbHO 3aMexHO, HO nepBoe BpeMs eny npoxHBocxosiJi emeHe CAaBuiHAcsi ajiJiHHHcxHMecKMiS Ayx uepKBH. BojiHa apa6H3Ma,BOSHHKUiaH B VI! BBKC 6jiaroAapH pejiHrHOSHOMy cABHry Maro-

MexaHCTBa, OKaaajia cHJibHoe BJiHHHHe KaK HenocpeACXBen-HbiM BOSAeftcxBHCM cBoero MeJioca b cxpanax, noAnaBuiHxHCJiaMHSMy (ErHnex, Cupvia, HajiecxMHa, FlepcHsi, KasKas, Cea.

A^jpuKa, McnaHHs), xaK h KOCBeHHbiM, h6o nepepesKa capa-UHHaMH MopcKoro xpaHSHxa MewAy BMsanxHeft h Phmom h30-

jiHpoaajia hx Apyr ox Apyra h napyuiHaa cahhcxbo uepKBH,pacnaauieAcsi Ha socxoMHyK) h sanaAnyio.

_ ^ BocxoMHaa uepKOBb, pacnpocxpanHBUiancsiBAHflBHe ooArap - JH MOHroAOB. "fepea 6 o JI r a p ao pyccKOH paBHHHw, xyx

HauiJia nojie ajih pasBHXHH nysbiKH Kyjibxa.

nepaoHanajibHO pyccKoe npaaocjiaBHe cjieAoaano 6ojirapo-

BHSaHXHflCKMM o6pa3UaM, B3$1B OXXyAB HaneBbI OKXOHXa((.ocMorjiacHa") h cwcxeMy HeaMcnHbix sanHcefi, nojiyHHBuiHx

HasaaHHe „KpK)KOBoro nncbMa", ho onenb CKopo, a BHAy

nepepwBa cHomeHHii c BHsanxHeft BCJiCAcxBHe xaxapcKoro

HauiecxBHH H sanojiHeHHH cxenefl nojiOBuaMH, pyccKoe uep-KOBHoe ncHHe o6pamaexcH a cBoero poaa „ocxpoaHoft", h30-

jiHpoaaHHbiA BHA H HaHHHaex pasBHBaxbca caMocxoaxcjibHO.

noAaepraacb cHAbHcAmeMy h y>Ke ne KOHxpojinpyeMOMy apa-

,AeflcTBHK) HapoAHoro MCJioca, Koxopbift caM noABepraexcH

a 9XO JKe apeMH bjihahhio xaxapcKofl mcjioahkh w ^vm-CKMX HaneBOB. r

OxpeaaHHaa ox o6meHH5i c 3anaAOM uep-PaSDblB T-v

'

c San H KOBHafl MyabiKa PoccHH eiue noAMcpKHBaex

ary oxopaaHHOcxb cbohm npeACxasjieHHeM

-o SanaAe, kbk o epexHHCCKofi cxpane („JiaxHHCKaH epecb"),

noHCMy OHa ocxaexcH, npn caoftcxaeHHOM uepKan KOHcepaa-

*H3Me, MOHOAHHeCKOft (yHHCOHHOfl) TOpaaAO AOJIb-

uie, HBM Ha SanaAe (ao XVI b e k a), h npn cHJibHOM

aaxopHxexe uepKan AaMce cana bjihhcx na napoAHoexaopiecxBO (AyxoBHue cthxh), nero na 3anaAe He Ha6jKo-

Aaexca. IIoTOMy axox nepHOA pasBHTHH aoace ne hmcct mh-

pOBOe, a JiHinb MecxHoe HcxopHnecKoe snaMeHHe.

II III HI '11 Mil liaMlMifc^jaM*^

88 89 '\'

BupoacAeaae

MySUKH B BHSaH-

THH B BOCTOHBOM

./ Espane.

Apa6cKaa

MysbiKa.

CaMa we BHsaHXHa 6bicTpo opHeHTajiHSH-

PyCTCH B MySblKaJIbHOM CMblCae H BbipOJKflaeTCH^

B xyAowecTBeHHOM, oco6eHHO c XI seKa. UeHxpMySblKM eCTeCTBCHHO nepeHOCHTCH B MysbiKy-CBeTCKyK), KOTopaa bo bccm Boctokc paa-

BHBaeTCH noff apa6cKHM BJiHaHweM. HauHOHajibHwe

oco6eHHOcTH apadcKOi^ nysbiKH, cyiuecTBCHHO roMo4)OHHHe-

cKoft H He 4y>KflaBmeficH HHCTpyMeHxajibHoro conpoBoacAC-

HHa, CBOAaTCH K paHHCMy 0C03HaHHK)xpoMaTH3Ma. HsbicKaHHbiA cxHJib apadcKHxHaneBOB, C MHOrOMHCJieHHblMH MeJI03MaTHMe-

CKHMH yKpauieHHHMH, oKasaji poKOBoe BJiKaHHe Ha Becb Ha-

UHOHajibHbii^ Mejioc BocTOKa—eny noAnajiH h eBpeM, h apMane,

H TiopKCKHe naeMCHa, h erHnTHHe, h nepcbi. MysbiKa a HCJia-

MHTCKHx cTpanax, He bkjiiomhbuihx ee b pejinrHOSHbiA KyjibT.

paSBHBaJiaCb HGK;iK)4HTeJlbHO B CBeTCKOft o6jiacTH. KaK:

necHa h Taneu. OflHOBpeMCHHo nadjiioflaeTca b cTpanax

MCJiaMa (npeHMym. b ApaBHH h FlepcHH) 6ojibmoe pasBHTHe

reopHH MysbiKH, cosAaBuieAca ne 6e3 BJiHaniia sjijiHHHSMa.

TonajibHaa cucxeMa apa6oB (raK. Has. Meccejib), pasBHraa

Ca4)H3flAHHOM, Ajib(j[)apa6H(XB.)H nos^Hee M a

x

m y

-

AOM lUHpasH H A6AyJi KaAHpoM (JCIY B.), saKJironajia

B ce6e17 tohob b oKxaBe h nojibsyexca HHTepBaJiaMH Menb-

uiHMH nojiyxoHa, b p6iueM »e ona noiuJia no jihhhh passHXHa

Aexajieft MCJioAHH m ne Morjia cosAaxb hh pamoJi npeAnocbuiKH

MHororojiocua, noneMy nocjie pasjionceHHa McjiaMHSMa wysbiKa

3xa ocxajiacb na bcbm Bocxokc b sxHorpacJjHiecKoft cxaflHw.

/

HOHBAeHHe HOBUX4aCXHMHblft xawecTHnepeHoc uenxpa

b MHcxpyMCHxaabHyK) MyBWKy Bbisbisaex naTHDOB HHCTOVMeH- </TT VTTT «." rpaHHue All— XllI BeKos SHaMHxejibHbiH n p o-

rpecc caMoro HHCxpyMCHxapHH. yM<e

B IX BCKe noaBflfllOXCH XHnbl CXpyHHblX CMblHKOBblXMHCxpyMeHXOB, BHOflbi (violla, vielle), Koxopwe OAHaKapa3BHBaK)xca xojibKO K XVI BBKy nojiHocxbK) H npapoAHxe-

JieM Koxopbix aBJiaexcfl repMancKaa cjj h a y ji a h KejibXHMecKaa

K p o X X a. C XIII BBKa 3aHeceHHaa apa6aMM Ji lo x h a cxaHO-

BHxca HaH6ojiee nonyjiapnbiM HHcxpyMenxoM b CBexcKofi Mysbme.

OAHOBpeMCHHO pa3BHBaexcH opraH, Koxopu^ a o IX b e k a..

He AonycKaexca k uepKOBHofl MysbiKCH cJiyjKHx

xoJibKO AJia paBBJieneHHa h AJia odyneHna nenHio. HepBHHHbie

opraHbi 6biJiH c HedojibiuuM hhcjiom (|)jieMXOBbix xpy6 h onenb

npHMHXHBHbiM MexaHH3M0M, Hxo saxpyAHajio Hrpy H ACJiaJio hc-

B03MOH<HbIMM HH HMnpOBHBaUHK), HH nOJIHtJjOHHHeCKOe 3ByKO-

HSBJieneHHe. HannHaiox b cbsi3h c paccJioeHHCM o6inecxBeHHbix

BKycoB Ha pasHbie xohw naMenaxbca HHCxpyMeHXbi Bwciuero

Kpyra (jiioXHa, opran) h AeMOKpaxHHecKHe, bhojihc napoAHwe

MHCxpyMenxbi (^wpyna, opranHcxpyM h ap-). np^ ^©m ajih

nepBbix cosAaexca jiHxepaxypa, a Bxopbie AOJiMCHbi

AOBOflbcxBOBaxbca HapoAHbiM penepxyapoM. B npouecce 0x60-

pa H cneuH4)HMecKoii 6opb6bi sa cymecxBOBanHe BbiwHsaiox

xe xHnbi HHCxpyMenxoB, Koxopbie cnoco6Hbi k 6ojibuiHM ssy-

KOBbiM pecypcaM h npome HsroxoBJiaicxca, a xaK»ce xe,

cymecxBOBaHHe Koxopwx noAKpenjiaexca cosHAaHHeMMysbiKH AJia HHX. XIV H XV BeKa aB-naioxca apenoii HandoJiee

aneprHMHofl 6opb6bi 3a cymecxBOBaHne xnnoB, ho b npeAe-

jiax XIII Beica axa 6opb6a eme ne Aocxuraex BHanHxejibHofi

cHJibi. CaMaa MysbiKa eme ne HacxojibKO pasBHxa, Hxo6bi

cosAaxb caMOCXoaxeJibHbift HHCxpyMenxajibHbift cxhab— HHcxpy-

MCHx eme He wMeex cawoAOBJieiomero sHaneHHa. . ,

„7\rs nova''

H CTpOrilfi CTHAfc.

PaBBHXHe MeHBypajibHoft cHcxewbi He 3a-

MeA^HJio cKasaxbca. Ee orpoMHoe BHaneHHe

6biJio B xoM, Mxo nocJie xonnoft (|)HKca-

UHH BByKOBoro o6pa3a aBHJiacb BOSMownocxbOCOSHaHHH SByKOBblX OXHOmeHHft, npHHUHnOB H

peuenxoB 6jiaro3ByMHa. M mw bhahm AeHcxBHxeAbHo

c XIII BCKa KOJioccaAbHyH) pa6oxy b 3xom oxhouichmh — My-

sbiKa KaK 6bi BbipBajiacb b o6jiacxb, tac ona Morjia Hsyiaxb

cbok> co6cxBeHHyK> npHpoAy. Ha nepBbix nopax axo 6biJio

ocosHaHHe npHHunnoB nojiH4)OHHHecKoro 6;iaro3ByMHa, h xyx

nepcneKXMBbi 6biJiH Hacxo;ibKO 6jiecxamH, hxo sacJioHHJiH Bce

ApyrHC cxopoHbi MysbiKH (xeBXOHHHecKyio, ^JOpMajibHyio h

npoH.). B 3XO BpewH BbiKOBWBaioxca npHHUnnbi xaK HaBbiBa-

eMoro cxpororo cxHjia, o6ecneMHBaK)iUHe 6;iaro3ByHHe

CaMbIM CJIOaCHbIM COMexaHHHM.

HoBoe HanpaBJiCHMe nojiynaex HasBaHMC ars nova—HOBoe HCKyccxBO. HoBocxb arc b xom, hto oco3HaHHbifi 3By-

immt mk mmttm

yu

KOBofi MaxepHaji noayMHJi BOSMOScHOCTb o{|)opMJieHHsi. SsyKcxaji rH6KHM h noAaxjiHBbiM, pecypcw ero BoajtePiCTBwsi 6ec-

KOHeHHO yMHO«HflHCb, TaK HTO OrpOMHaH, AeftCTBHTCJIbHO,

nponacTb JiewHT Meacfly SByKocosepuaHHCM npouijioro h sthmars nova. B 3to speMH o6pa3yK)TCH npHHUnnw KOHTpanynKraH ero 4)opMbi— HMHTauHH, KaHOH (HasbieaeMbifl Toraa c})y-

rofl)— noaBJiHCTca h caMoe cjiobo „KOHTpanyHKT". CaMaa ho-BM3Ha H M306MJIMe BOSMOMSHOCTCft HaCTOflbKO OCJienjKMH MySbl-

KaHTa, MTO eCTeCTBeHHbIM HEJIHCTCH TOT CflBHP B CXewaTUHHOCTbM MaTCMaTHHHocTb, KOTopbiJ^ xapaKTepHsyeT nocjieayiomeeHCKyccTBO. Mach HHTyHUHH no6;ieKJia nepeji owyiueHHCM peaflb-

Horo xeopeTHHecKoro nosHaHHH saKOHoe djiarossyMHH h cjie-

AOsaHHH HM. OocjieflyiomaH snoxa xapaKTepwayeTCJi SHanHTejib-

HOft HCKyCCTBeHHOCTbKJ, yBJieneHHeM, XWTpOCTblO KOM6HHaUHfi,

o6pamaK)mHx MyswKajibHyio KOMnosHUHio b poA uiaxMaTHofi

saAaMM. havi6onee BbiAatouiHMHca KOMnoHHcxaMH SToro Bpe-MCHH, C03HAaiOU(HMH COCJIOBMe BbICOKO-KBajIH(|)HUHpOBaHHbIX

npo(J)eccHOHajioB. HBflHKJTCH OwjiHnn ac Bhtph (1270—1330), MoaHH Ae MypHc^) (1300 — 1370) h THJibOMMauio (1284— 1369).

Crapo-aHrA. nncoAa. ^^°^ nepBbifl pacuBCT ars nova, HflH

MHororojiocHoe npo4)eccMOHajibHoe TBop-MecTBO, o6pejio b rajiJio-KenbTHMCCKHx cTpanax h hochtc-JISIMHerO 6bIAH npeHMymeCTBCHHO aHPAHACKHe KOMn03HTOpbI(tbk Has. cTapo-aHrjiHflcKas! lUKOJia), mto cBflsaHo

c BospacxaHMeM nbiuiHocTH npHABopHoA skhshh h c pacuse-TOM aHrjiHftcKoro MorymecTBa. npo4}eccHOHajibHoe MyswKajib-

Hoe HCKyccTBO, KaK BcerAa, ckjiohho KOHueHTpHpoBaTbCHB KpynHblX 3KOHOMHHeCKHX H nOJIHTHHCCKHX UCHTpaX, HO paC"

UBBT CTapo-anrjiHficKofi uikojiu 6biJi o6«3aH eme h TOMyocjia6jieHHK> ucHTpajiHsyiomero m uensypyio-meroBAHflHHflpHMCKoro npecTOJia, KOTopoe cTaaoCKa3bIBaTbCH C XIV BCKa, B CBH3H C yKpenJICHHeM nOSHUHft

Kpynnoro 4)eoAajiH3Ma. UepKOBb yace He b cHjiax, Aawe ecjiH

6bi xoTejia. npoTHBOCTOHTb Hanopy see ocjioacnaiomerocsi My-sbiKa^bHoro TBopnecTBa. B TBopnecTBe CTapo-anrflHftcKoft

iDKOJibi xapaKxepHO uiHpoKoe yjKe h oTKpwToe npHMe-

^) MoaHH AC MypHC (1300—1370) — aHrnwHCKMa TeopeTHK, asasi-

ioiuhSch b cyiHHocTH ocHOBaieneM yneHun o „KOHTpanyHKTe". Ero TpaKiaTwcoaepjKaT 3HUHKJionejiHio MyawKajibHtix npencTaBneHHji ero BpeMCHH.

91

HeHHCHapoAHbix HanesoB, b KanecTBe cantus firmus,

M BKJiK)HeHHe HHCTpyMBHTOB B aHcaM6;ib (o p r a H a) yBJieHCHMe

nojiH(|)OHHeK h rapMOHHeft, ecTecTBCHHoe BCJieACTBne HOBHSHbi

H HenoMaTOCTH 3Toft o6jiacTH, saTyiueBbiBaeT BpeMeaHO y

KOMHOSHTOpOB HHTepeC KaK KSByKOBOS 3MOUMH, TaK ^

AajKe KcaMOMy TCKCTy. MacTO Aaa«e tckct hc pacnpe-

ACJIHJICSI K0Mn03HT0p0M HO HOTaM, 3 3TO npCAOCTaBJIHJIOCb

HcnojiHHTejiflM. riepeHoc uenxpa THJKecTH b TCXHHKy kom-

nosHUHH nopo«AaeT cneuHcfjHMecKyK) KOMnosHTopcKyio b h p-

TyosHOCTb, KOTopaa, c oahoK cTopoHbi, o6oramaeT MysbiKy

H ycKopHCT TeMH saBOCBaHHsi o6flacTH nojiH(|)OHHH, h6o kom-

no3HTopbi KOHKypHpyiOT Apyr c ApyroM b npeoAOJiCHHH caomc-

HefluiHX saAaHHfl, c ApyroS cTopoHw, Boo6me cooTBeTCTByex

Tony sByKOomymeHMH y Kpynno-tl'eoAaAbHoroKflacca, KoxopbiA, BbiABunyxbift na BepxH noJiHXHHecKOH

»H3HH, CKAOHCH ywc MBueHaxcTBOBaTb H nooiupaxb paSBHXHe

nbiuiHOcxH cjbopMbi, He acHO pa36Hpaacb b coAepaoHHH h ne

MHxepecyacb hm. KoMno3Hxopbi aHrjinflcKoA uikoaw, Handojiee

BbiAaiomMMHca H3 KOHx 6biJiH JtcHcxenjib^) (yM. 1458) h

BcHuiya^) (1400—1478), a xaKHce pa6oTaBiiiHfl bo OpanuHM

JXk)4)3^), 6bIAH nOCTaSUtHKaMH MySblKH (uepKOBHOft H KOH-

uepxHofl) B eBponeflcKOM MacmTa6e. B vw pyKax o^opMHJica

M cosAaJica cTporHfl cTHflb, BbiKOBaaacb Macxepcnaa, BHp-

xyosnaa xexHHKa coHHHeHHa, co3Aaflncb HOBbie (j|) o p m bi,

MacxbK) uepKOBHbie (Mecca, m o x e x), nacxbio CBexcKHe

(waApuraji c flK)6oBHbiM ciOMcexoM), h o6pa30BaAacb

uiKOJia npocJjeccHOHajiHSMa: KOMnosHxopbi-Macxepa

cosAaBaAH yieHHKOB no cBoeMy o6pa3y h noAo6HK), noaBAe-

Hwe KOMnosHxopoB nepecxaAo 6bixb cnacxjiHBoft cjiynafl-

HOCTbK).

fl ') H c T e n n b (yM. b 1453 r.) — aHrnHHCKHii KOHTpanyHKTMCT, aaiop

MHoroMHcneHHbix KOMnosHUHM CTpororo CTHnfl, MHorHC H3 KOTopwx npeA-

cTaanaioT Sonbmoe coBepmcHCTBO c tohkh spcHHji cnowHOCTM KOHipa-

nyHKTMMecKoro nHCbita. Bonbiuaa MacTb mx flsnaiOTCH bobcc HeHanenaTaH-

HHMH H xpaHHTcn B cnHCKax B pasHbix xpaHHHHmax Esponbi.

-) BeHuiya (pofl. ok. 1400 r.) — KOMnosHTOp crpororo CTHns, MacTb

ero COMMHCHMH HancMaxaHa b caMoe nocneflHee BpeMsi, npH mcm 6onbmaa

nacTb oTHOCHTcs K THny MHororonocKbix neceH (uiaHCOHbi, poHflo), ho cpcAH

HHX eCTb H uepKOBHbie K0Mn03HUHH.

") JXio^3 (1400—1474)— MnaBiuHM h3 nnenflbi ciapiuHx KOHTpanyHKiH-

CTOB (J^eHCTennb-^-BeHiuya—JI,io(})3), jkhii 6oiibiiieH MacTbK) bo <t>paHUMH.

i

93

XtajibHeMuiee pasBMTue nepeHOCHT ucHxpHHAepAaBACKas u ^

TsijKecTH B riHAepjiaHflbi, ObiBuiHe Tor;taCHJIbHblMH SKOHOMHMeCKM H llOaVt-

THMCCKH. Mhcto - reorpa(|3H4ecKaH no3HuHH ryx Morjia

6bITb B CyiUHOCTH CJiyHaftHa, h6o to HflH HHOe MeCTO-

HaxoMCflCHHe MysbiKajibHoro uenrpa o6ycJiOBJiHBajiocb o6biH-

Ho MecTOHaxowaeHHCM Kpynnoro MacTepa-yHHTCJiH,KpyroM KOToporo ecTecTBCHHO rpynnnposajiacb uiKOJia.

B flaHHOM cjiynae raKHM ynviTeJieM HBunca Moxhm Okch-reflM (1430—1520)^), npw KoxopoM BHpTyosHOCTb tcxhhkm

noJiH(|)OHHH flouifla ao Bbicmero npeflCJia h Hanajia ywe sna-

AaTb B KapHKarypHbie (jjJopMbi, OTHromaHCb coBepuieHHO ny-

>KflbiMH HCKyccTBy noflpo6HOCTHMn (nanp., KanoHbi c saraaKaMM,

6ecKOHeHHbie, paKOxoAHbie h sepKajibHbie h t. n.). MyswKaOKOHHaTCJIbHO CTaHOBHTCfl paccyflOMHOM, HO 6jiaro3ByMHofi

Hrpoft SByKOBblX KOM6HHaUHfl, nOAHHHeHHblX HCKOTOpblM BHeUI-

HHM nojiyMaTCMaTHMecKHM sa^aHHaM. B stom CTHne, Haiuea-

iiieM ce6e lUHpoHaAuiuft cnpoc b t|)eofla;ibHo-KJiepHKajibHbix

Kpyrax OpaHUHH, AnrjiHW, McnaHHH, Mtsjimh h BnojiHe coox-

BexcTBOBaBuieM BonjiomeHHK) hach nbiuiHocxH KopojieB-cKoro ABopa, ocBo6oAHBmeroca ox puropHcxHHecKHx

npwxjisaHHfl uepKBH, nHcajiM MHorHe aaxopw^).

rioHBJieHHe B XV" Bene neHaxaHHH h rpaBHpo-

BaHMH Ha AocKax Aajio hoboa k H3o6pexeHHK) Hoxonena-

HoTonenaTaHBe.

HanHcan oneHb MHOro KOMnosHUHH, h3 KOTopbix flomno flo Hac CBWUie 150,

B TOM iHcne Meccbi, MarHHcJjHKaTbi, MOTeibi, luaHcoHbi. H. cnenan MHoroMHC-

jierfHbie ycoBepuieHCTBOBaHHsi b hothom nHCbMe, b tom MHcjie bbbji hotuc denbiMH ronoBKaMH, ynoTpe6nHK)iuHecsj noHWHe.

^) OKeHrCHM (1430— 1520), nposBaHHUit „naTpMapxoM MyauKH",

—

oflHH H3 KpyiiHeftuiHx npeflCTaBHTeneft HHflepjiaHflCKoft lUKonbi. B ero komho-

3HUHSIX paSBHBaiOTCn ^lOPMW HMHTaUHOHHbie, B TOM HHCJIC KaHOH, HHOrfla B

Bn«e KaHOHHHecKoft aaraflKH („3araflOHHbiH KaHOH"), rue BCTynneHHn rojiocoB

He oSosHaHeHbi m hx Hano yraaaTb; jkhii fioiibuieft Macxbio bo OpaHUHH,asTOp MHOrOHMCneHHblX KOMnOBHUHH, MeCC, MOTBTOB, lUaHCOH, KaHOHOB. EroIIOnHlflOHHHeCKHft CTHHb OTHHiaeTCSI fionblllOft CJIOaCHOCTbK) M SanyTaHHOCTbK),

OH ynoTpe6nan MHorococTaBHwe xopu (36-ronocHbifl kbhoh), HeKOTopue hs

HHx HanenaTaHbi b nosAHeftmee BpcMs.

^) K MHcny flpyrHX KOMnosHTopoB FHAepnaHACKoft luKoiibi, KOTopweBbiflejjHJiHCb CBOHMH TpyAaMH, Haflo OTHecTH: 5lKOBa 06pexTa (1430—1505), AflaMa

(J). -<l)ynb«a (1440—1495), BBCfliiiero noMemeuHe „C a n t u s

f i r m u s" B BepxHHH ronoc, FenpHxa HcaaKa (yM. b 1517 r,), F e m p h x a

0MHKa, BwHya (1440—1492), Hoanna THHKTopHca (1435—1510),

xaHHSl, HTO OXpaSHJIOCb MpeSBblMaMHO CHAbHO Ha MaCCOBOM

pacnpocxpaHeHHH HHAepwaHACKHx KOMnosHUHfl: ohh cxajiH

npoH3BOAHxejiHMH MHpoBoro Macmxa6a. Ho oAHOBpeMCHHo

B caMoft cpcAe noxpe6Hxejiefl, (jjeoAaJibHoft snaxH, aotojic

OTHOCHBUieftCH K HCKyCCXBy XOJlbKO C XOHKH SpCHHS HblUI-

HOCXH, KBK K ACXaJIH npHABOpHO-UepKOBHOPO 6bixa, HaHHHaex

npo6yH<AaTbCH kbk 6bi HHAHBHAyajibHbiA BKyc, ecxecTBeHHO

npHMblKaBUIHft K TOMy AHJiexaHXCKOMy, KOXOpbIM OXMCHeHO

TBOpHeCXBO Tpy6aAypOB H MHHHeSHHrepOB. BjIHHHHe HapoA-

Horo MCJioca h npHMHXHBHbix acxexHHecKHX BosspeHHfi Hajia-

raexcfl na nwuiHoe sAaHwe nojiH(|)OHHH h cKasbiBaexcsi npewAeBcero B peaKUHH npoxHB cjiomchocxh h 6e3AyiiiH0cxH 9thx

nbiuiHbix SByKOBblX apxHxeKxyp. Ox wyBbiKH naMMHaiox xpe-

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^HHHCCKOrO paSBHXHfl, OCXaJIOCb npH HOBOft, MHCXpyMeHXaflb-

Mofl^anoxe: oxhwhc jiwthh aKKoMnaHHpyex MeaoAMH ne npwMH-THBHQ]^ Hoxofi HJiH yHHcoHOM, a papMOHHeA, B Koxopyio pyAH-MeHXHpooajiHCb BxopocxeneHHbie rojioca MaAPHraaa. OrpoMnaHnonyaapHQcxb MaApnrajiOB sacxasAajia lacxo xpaHcnoHH-poBaxb Hx AJiH rojioca cojio c JiioxHeSf, npw nen3TH nepeAeJiKH o6jierHMJiM nepexoA k roMotjboHHw, k aKKopAO-BOMy conpoBOJKACHHK), y«e KaK caMOcxoaxejibHOMy xBopie-

CKOMy flBJieHHK). B CBSSM C 3XHM paSBHXHeM aKKopAOBoroconpoBOSKAeHHH xeopexHK UapjiHHO^) (1517—1590), hah aa-

Bcxpeny xpe6oBaHHK> »<h3hh, cosAaex yseHHe o rap-HOHHH, nOHaXHe O KOXOpoft BblKpHCXaJIJIHSOBblBaeXCH H3

ocosHaHHH noJiH(|}OHHHecKHx coMexannft, h HOBaa Teopwa hact

Ha CMeny ywe coBceM ycxapeBuieft h 6e3HaAeMCHO oxcxasmeft

ox MysbiKaAbHOft npaKXHKM rpenecKoft xeopnH, a BHaAana(poA. 1564) BBOAHT ywe nenne c onpeAeJieHHWM rapMOHKMC-

CKHM aKKOMnaHeMCHxoM op ran a. AajibHeftiUHe uiara Aejiaex

xaK hQb- (j[}JiopeHXHftcKaa pe({)opMa, sapoAHBiuaaca,

KaK V caeAyex o»<HAaxb, b AHJiexaHxcKoft MejiKo-4>eo-AaabHoft cpeAe h nepenecuiaa uenxp xawecxH h3 koh-

xpanyHKxoB a xopoBux MaccHBOB b nenne cojio c

aKKOMnancMenxoM, KaK 6oAee ecxecxBeHHoe, 6ojiee

BbipaBHxejibHoe H Menee cBaBannoe c uepKOBHoft xpaAMUHeft,

a KpoMe xoro, 6onee Aocxynnoe nacxHbiM AHuaM. s k o h o m h-

»iecKH 6oAee HCHSHCHHoe. B hhcab AexaaeiR hobofo

HanpaBACHHa, 6bicxpO pacnpocxpanaroiueroca,. h6o oho KaK

pas cooxBexcTBOBaao uiHpOKOMy arodnxeAbCKOMy BKycy Maccbi,

npcAnoHHxaiomeft CBo6oAHyK) necHio, libi naxoAHM waApM-

rajiHcxoB JlyKy MapenuHo, nesuos FaMeaeHa, KaHHHHM.

n03Xa PHHyHHHHH H ApyrHX, Xpe6oBaBUIHX ox MySblKM, B CBflSM

c BanpocaMH CBoeft cpeAbi, BbipasHxeabHocxH h bobmojkhoA

npocxoxbi conpoBOJKAeHHa, npH Koxopoft raaBHaa MeaOAHa He

J:

UapjiHHo (1517—1590) — BbTAaiomHftcn TeopeTiiK, MTajibJiHeu. no

npoHcxomAeHHK); co3Aan yMeHHe o rapMOHHH, HBHBiueecn Ha cMewy nojiHijjtmH-

MeCKOwy Bsrnsifly Ha aKKopA, kbk Ha peaynbTax CTeneHHn Me.iio«H»«ecKHX

.hhhhh. Oh BnepBbie ycraHOBHn ^HaiypanbHWH" cTpofi, ocHOBaHHwiS wa HHiep-

najie ,6onbiHoft TepuHM*. UapnHHO uonbaoBancH MaieMaTHHecKHMH npeflno-

cbinKaMH aKycTHKH b cboux nocTpoeHHflx. Ewy me npMnHCWBaioT ynpOHCHHe

noHKTHH „reHepan-6aca" hbh uH4>poBaHHoro 6aca, xotji aro MHCHHe ocnapH-

BSCTCn MHOrHMH.t

7*.

ifHkWMMBI iMiilM

— 100 —

aarjiymainacb 6bi ApyrHMw rojiocanH. 06ihhhho - uepKOBHoeHanajio, rocnoacTBOBasmee s scKa cpeAHeseKOBoft xeoKpaTHMH orpasHBUieecH CHawajia b paBHonpasHH fojiocob yHHcoHa,a noTOM B paBCHCTBe SHaneHHst rojiocoB nojiHtfjoHHH, ycry-

nacT MecTO 6ypHOMy HHflHBHAyajiKCTHHecKOMy Hanajiy, oxo-

6pa>KaKJmeMyC$I B npHCBOCHHH UCHXpa BHHMaHHH K OflHOMy

MeJioAHHecKowy rojiocy h saTyuieBbiBaHHW Bcex ocxajibHbix,

OAHOBpeMCHHO TeKCT HaMHHaex Hajiaraxb na MyawKyTpe6oBaHHe cooxBexcxBHsi c co6oft, hxo . yace jiofh-

HecKH BbixeKajio h3 Kyjibxa BbipasHxejibHOcxH. HoKaMysbiKa, cocxaBJisBuias! nacxb pnxyajia, flOJiHcna 6biJia BwcKa-

sbiBaxb xojibKO a6cTpaKXHoe BOSBbiiueHHoe nyBcxBO, KorAa

MyBCTBCHHOCXb MBJlOCa CMHXaJiaCb nOSOpOM,— BbipaSHXeJIbHOCXb

He Morjia pasBHXbcw, m HyMtHO 6biJio Jina axoro KpymeHHe

TeoKpaxHHecKoro MwpocosepuaHHfl. B cbsish c xpe6oBaHHHMH

Bbjpa3Hxe;ibHOcxH b mcjioamh nosiBJiHioxcH 3KcnpeccHBHbie

oxxeHKH AHHaMHKH H cnoco6cxByK>maH 6ojiee JiernoMy ycBoe-

HHK) MOXHBa nepHOAH'iecKaH cxpyKxypa h3 nepBHHHbix phxmh-

necKHX aneeK—xaKxoB. MyawKa pHXMHSupyexcH, nepe-

HOCH UCHXp HHXepeca H3 OpraHH3aUHH H OCOSHaHHSI C03ByHHft

B opraHHsauHK) h ocosnaHMe speMeHHoro xeneHHsi (4>opMbi.

MeJIOflHw) SByKOB.

riafleHHe HHxepeca k conpoBOWAaromuM MeJionviK) rojio-

caM He 3aMeAJiHflo Bbipaanxbca BHemne b xom, mxo Tpe6o-BaHHe xoHHocxH Hx sanMCH noHHSHJiocb, B conpo-

BWKfteHHH saMceH 6bm thh rapMOHHH, a hcl|H4>poBaaHi.iH ac.

j^g^gjjj, ee rojiocoBeAeHHH. 3xo BwcKasajiocb

B nosiBJieHHH bXVI BeKeuH<|)poBaHHoro 6aca (xaKHas.

reHepaji-6aca), x.-e. coKpauxeHHoA sanHcii xHna rapMOHHw

(o6o3HaHaJic9 xojibKO hhjkhhA rojioc h xhh rapMOHHH

—

mh4>-

paMM), coxpaHHBiueftcH B MysbiKc BHJioxb Ao xoro BpeMCHH,

Koraa pasBHXHe a AexajiHsauwH rapMOHHHecKofii 4)HrypauHH

no6yAHjiH BHOBb K xoMHoS 3anMCM aKKOMnaneMeHxa (XVIII bck).

UM(J)poB&HHbifii 6ac B03HHK, BHAHMO, B npoijiecce npaKXHKH,

Korfla noxpe6oBa;iacb noAAepncKa opranoM aHca,M-6 ji e ft xopoBbix H 3apo»Aatoii(Mxcsi HHcxpyweHxaAbMbix. OapxHaaxoro noAAepacHBaBiuerb H nrpaBiuero pojib AvipHM«HpyK)mero

HHcxpyMeHxa oprana (hjih nosdHee— KflaBecHHa) nHcaAacb,

KaK pa6oHafl. xexHHHecKaa napxHa, coKpaiueHHO, uyii^-

paMM, H axo o6biKHOBeHHe ocxajiocb, KorAa ysKe He 6biJio HaAO^r

r

OpaTopBH.

— 101 —

HOcxH B noAAepiKKe aHcanSna, ho Korna noHMMceHHbifl hhxc-

pec K nojiHcj[)OHHH HaBOAHJi Ha Mbicjib o coKpaiueHHOM sanMCHaKKOMnaHCMCHxa.

Pa3BHXHe HOBbix sfleMCHXdB B MysbiKC nopoAHJio pasBK-

xHe xoAa HOBbix (jjJopM MysbiKajibHoro BonjiomeHmaH HOBbix HHCxpyMenxoB. B o6jiacxH ncjiyuepKOBuofi

MysbiKH poHCAaexcH opaxopHs?, nponctueA-

uiaa H3 6jiaroMecxHBbix pasBJieneHMft b bhacMxeHHH „cBHmeHHoro HHcaHHa". fljiH 6ojibmero BnenaxjieHMa

paccKas noAarajica nacxbK) na MysbiKy. FlepBOHaHajibHaa

opaxopHa He BbixoAHAa h3 axorp xHna. OAHOBpcMeHHo no-

HBJiaexca onepa, KaK ApaMaxHMecKoe npeAcxasAe-HHe c MysbiKoft, BOSHHKUiaa H3 HapoAHbix H nojiyHapoA-

Hbix ApaM (comoedia del arte, BOACBHAb h npon.), pasBHXwxeme panee, b XIII eeKe, h xoM<e conpoBO»<AaBuiHxca oxAeAb-

HblMH MySblKaAbHblMH HOMepaMH (neCHBMH, HAaCKaMH). Ha4>opMOBaHHe onepbi He ocxaAocb 6e3 BAHSHHa yBAencHHexoro BpeMCHH aHXHMHWM MHpOM H B MaCXHOCXH aHXHHHOftxpareAHeft, peKoncxpyKUHK) Koxopofl AyMasH BHAexb b

onepe, mxo noBAeKAO odocHOBanne raaBHux SACMenxoBonepHoro ucAoro (apvift. o6pa30BaBUiHxca hs mohoao-roB, H xopoB, saMecxHBiiiHx xop aHXHMHoA xpareAHw); hoHpKa»ceHHoe npcAcxaBJieHHe XVI BCKa o cymecxBe anxMnnoft

xpareAHH h camuikom xecnaa npeeMcxBennocxb ox cpeAHe-

BCKOBbix 4>opM ApaMaxHMecKoro AeflcxBua (comoedia del arte.

„BOAeBHAH" xpy6aAypoB, MHcxepHw) o6paxHAH onepy nepBwxBeKOB PenecaHca b MysbiKaAbnyio ACKAaMauHio, hjih

peMHxaxHB, nepBOHanaAbHoe HasHaneHHe Koxopoft 6biJio

npocxo HaH6oAee xonnaa 3ByKOBaa nepeAana ecxecxBennbix

HHxoHauHft pcMH. SapoAHBuiaaca b ABopancKHX caAonax nanoMBe MHcxo-xeopexHMecKoro nceAanna peKOHcxpyHpoBaxb b

4)eoAaAbHbix ycAOBwax XVI BeKa xyAOHcecxBeHHyio nwuiHocxb

SjiAaAbi, onepa, Koxopaa nepBOHanaAbHO HMenoBaAacb melo-

drama, drama per musica h drama lyrica, poAHJiacb b cy-

XHX H a6cxpaKXHbix {|)opMax, He npeAcxaBJinBuiHX cnanaAa

xyAOMcecxBeHHOcxH. 3xo o6'acHHJiocb KaK xeopexHHecKHM ee

npoHcxoMCAeHHCM B nojiyjiHxepaxypHofl cpeAe, xaK h oxcyx-

„ cxBHCM apKoro AaposaHHa b o6jiacxH Mejio-UOHBAeHiie onepu. . n _AHH y nepBbix ee npcAcxaBHxejieM. llepsaa

onepa noaBHAacb b 1594 r.— axo 6biJia „flatj[)Ha" c wysbiKoft

HobmM HHCTpy-

steBTapuB.

102

riepH, H Bbissaaa rpoMa;tHbift sHTysHasM b tom cjioe, koto-

pwft B anoxy B03po»<aeHHfl 4)opMHpoBaa o6mecTBeHHO-xyjto-

McecTBeHHoe MHeHwe,

—

b MCflKoft ^JeoflajibHoS apHcxoKpaTHM.

OftHOBpeMeHHo nojiynaeT cH^y h BHpTyosHoe TeneHMe,

roHHMoe B uepKBH pHxyajioM h ysHfleBuiee b onepe noAxo-

AHUiyio apeHy una pasBHTHH BOSMOHiHOCxeft 6jiecxHmero ne-

HHH, mo 6biJio o6ycjiOBJieHo HajiHMneM SHanHxejibHoroKaApa neBuoB, HCKaBuiHx cjiynaa npoHBWXb cBoe BHeuiHee

HCKyccxBO. PeHHxaxHBHbift cxHJib ycxynaex Mecxo KOJiopa-

xypHO-BHpxyosHOMy h apHOSHOMy, b Koxopwx Ha nepsoM Mecxe

y»«e HHCxo-3ByKOBoe OHapoBaHwe, a He ApaMaxHHecKwe aaaa-

HMH— neseu HanHHaex nojiyHaxb npeo6flaji,aHHe naa aKxepoM.

HoBbie xpe6oBaHHH k MysbiKe cosftaiOT

HOBbie HHcxpyMCHXH, pasBMBatouiHecsi

H3 npeJKHHx xHnoB nyxcM nocxeneHHoro ycaow-

HeHHsi M ycoBepuieHcxBOBaHHH. B opraHe, ywe AasHo yno-

xpedjiflBuieMCfl Ana noAAep»cKH xopoBoro aHcaM6jiH b uepKBM,

BBOAHTCH xexHHHecKHe ycoBepiiieHcxBOBaHHH (yMeHbuieHMe

pasMepa KJiaBMUi, 6onhmaa jierKocxb yAapa), o6jierMaK)-

mHCHrpy Ha hcm h xcm cnoco6cxByH)mHe ero pacnpo-

CXpaHeHMK}. B hcm HaHWHaexCH paSBMTHe KOJIHMCCXBapasHbix perHcxpoB h yBejiMHCHMe ero SByKOBoro Bne-

MaXJieHHH. B CBHSH C 3XHM HCMCAJieHHO yBejIHMHBaeXCa MHCJIO

opraHHCxoB-BHpxyosoB H noHBaaexcH cneuwajibHaji

JiHxepaxypa Jina oprana. OrpoMHoe SHaneHHe nonynun opraH,

KaK MHCxpyMCHx, cnoco6Hbift K peajiMsauHH nonvi^o-

HHH CHJiaMH OAHOrO flHLia H xeM cnoco6cxBOBaBUiHM

paSBMXHK) HMnpOBHSaUHH B nOJlH^JOHMHCCKHX 4)OpMaX M

rpoMaAHOMy uiary BnepcA b cosnaHMH My'swKajibHofl

npHpOAbI aKKOpAOB H SByKOBblX coHexaHHfi, He-

BOSMOJKHOi^, nOKa KOMnOSHXOp JIHlUeH 6bIJI a«HBoro WMnpOBH-

sauHOHHoro conpHKOCHOBeHWH c nonvK^OHwePi-

TpoMaAHoe sHaHeHne opran h poAcxBeHHbift

CMy no noJiH(J)OHHHecKHM cnoco6HOCxaM KJiaBHKopA noJiyHHJi

H3-3a xoro. Mxo eMy npHuiaocb nrpaxb ecxecxBennyio pojib

OpraHHCT-flnpaaiep AHpMJKHpyiomero HHCXpyMCHXa.—OH noA-

H KAaBecHHHCT- Aep»<MBaji ncBUOB H aHcaM6jib HHcxpyMenxoBAHpH^ep. cAMHoft BOJieft apxHcxa m hc Aasaji hm pa-

aoftxHCb. OxcHJAa »:e— xa 6ojibuiaa poab, Koxopyro o p r a-

HHCX H KJiaBCCHHHCX CXaJl Hrpaxb B MySblKe, KaK TMP

PasBHTMe opraaa. i

JOS — "'^^W

k

v,QV(6oaee KyabxypHoro h npo(j[)eccHOHajibHO pasBHxoro wy-sbiKaHxa. ^riepBonaMajibHoe ynpasjiCHHe eiHcaM6jieM n y x e mycjiOBHbix ABMM«eHHfi pyK (xeApoHOMHn), pacnpo-cxpaneHHoe b snoxy hcbm h b nepHdA MyawKajibHoft 6e3rpa-MOXHOcxM, ycxynaex wecxo ynpaBJieHHio nyxeM Hrpw HaKjiaBHuiHOM MHcxpyMCHxe. XefipoHOMHa, cjiywHBiuaH B cym-HocxH »<HBofi HeBMaxHMecKoii sanncbH), paccHHxaH-Hoft Ha caMyio HHSKyro sByKOByio cosHaxeabHocxb b cpeAe:«opa M HcnojiHHxeae^ HHcxpyMCHxanbHbix napxHiB, cxaHOBHXCHHeHyscHoft H ox Hee ocxaroxca b npaKxwKe ynpaBaenHa „op-KecxpoM" xojibKO ycjiOBHbie abhwchmh rojiosbi h pyK (wnorAa30opy»eHHbix najiKoi^ hjih CBasKoi^ hox), o6jierHaK)mMe ecxy-njieHHC roflocoB h Aaromne o6mHfi xenn h phxm. JXo BasaBKJiK>HHxeabHO noAAep»HBaH>iuHA opran (KaasecHH) 6bm ne-

o6xoAHMbiM aacMenxoM aHcaM6flH, h xojibKO XVIII BeK BbiBo-

jtHx ero H3 axofi pojiH. B axo BpcMH cosAaexca cBo6oAHbiM[cxHJib KOHxpanyHKxa, b CHabHoK cxencHH CBa3aHHbil^

c KJiaBHUiHofii xexHHKoft oprana, necpaBneHHO 6oJiee

nOABHHSHblfl, HCM BOKaJIbHblfi, CBa3aHHblfl B HOABHMCHOCXH

CBo6oABuScTiiAb, ycjiOBHaMH rojiocoBoro annapaxa h hmhpobh-o6ycADBAeBHu% sauHOHHbiM nyxeM AocxHruiHfi snaMnxeJibHOHBcrpyMeHTaAHs- 5ojibiuefl uiHpHHbi B saKOHax 6aaro3ByHHa.

'"'"• B o6jiacxM oprana BHpxyoanocxb cosAaexca

ywe K XVI BCKy, npH mcm OAHOBpeMenHO pasBHsaMsxca MMwxa-

iiHOHHbie c|)opMbi B HHcxo-HHcxpyMeHxaJibHofl o6aacxH— (jj) y T a

H KaHOH. PaaBHXHe opraHHoft KOHcxpyKuwH cosAajioMHCXO-HHCXpyMeHXajlbHblfi CXHflb, o6xoAHBmHAc«

yM«e BOBce 6e3 BOKajibHoro aaeMCHxa h 6e3 cjiOBa, ao xex

nop opraHH^ecKH cJiHxoro c MyswKoft. MHcxo-npo4)eccHOHaAb-

Moe cxpewJieHHe k ycJiOMCHCHHK) cxhjm h k yMHOJKeHHJo

B03MO«Hocxeft TexHHKH, y»<e He naxoAHBuiee onopu b Kano-

HHHecKOM uepKOBHOM pHxyajie, HaroHaewoe hs cBexcKofl ny-

sbiKH xeneHHeM roMOc|)OHH3Ma h MejiOAHsna, Koxopwe c hhm

He 6biaH coBMecxHMbi, nauiao ce6e npHrox b HHcxpyMenxeuib-

Hoft noflH(|)OHHH, cHanana b opraHHoft jiHxepaxype. B MxajiMM

3XOX cxHJib pasBHBaexca 6ojiee cbo6oaho, b FepMaHHW ace,

TAe peflHraosHaa pe(|)opManHa HaAOMcuaa neKOxopwi^ acKexM-

HecKMft oxxcHOK Ha HanpaBJieHHe HCKyccxBa, pa3BHXHe npo-

<|}eccHOHaAbHoA KOMnosHxopcKoft BHpxyosHOcxH o6jieKaexcM

B 6ojiee cxporiite paMKH h npoxcKaex ne 6e3 bjihhhhh xpaAHUHft

-^ iiii'iiiM'

104 — 105

npewHero MysbiKajibHoro npocj[)eccHOHanH3Ma, BbiJiHBaacb b(^opny no;iH4'OHMMecKofl o6pa6oTKH xopajia, Koropbifi saMe-HHex npeacHHft KarojiMMecKHft cantus firmus. FIpeACTaBHTejiewHTajibHHCKoro opraHHO-nojiHcf)OHHMecKoro npo(|)eccHOHaflH3MaHBJiHercH reHHanbHbifl OpecKo6ajibfl,H ^), KOMnosHTop vt

BHpTyoa, cosflaBiUMft lUKOJiy opraHHon HMnpoBHsauHH; b Pep-MaHHH— ULIeftfliT H ero vhchmk Opo6eprep.KAaBHmHMe THUM OpraH He Mor, KaK HHcrpyMeHT nepec-BBCTpyMCHTOB. Myp TpoMosAKHft, BnojiHc yflOBjiexBO-

pwTb cnpocy yMHO»«aK)mHxcfl npo(J)eccHOHa^noB, — Tpe6oBajiocb HacTOHxejibHo noHBJieHHe iracTpyMeHTa,

KOTOpblft, COXpaHHH BOSMOHCHOCTb HMnpOBHSaUHH H nO-

HHtJjOHHHecKHe pccypcbi, Mor yMemaxbCfl b MCHbuieM o6'eMe

H 6bixb nopxaxHBHee. 3xoMy xexHHMecKOMy saAaHHia

yAOBJiexBopHJi KJiaBHKopA, H3o6pexeHHbift B Hanajie XVIBCKa, npH HCM ero npewMymecxBO nepcA opranoM eme6biJio B cnoco6HOcxH Aasaxb oxxchkh chjiu , hxo naxo-

AHJiocb H B CBSI3H c xpe6oBaHHeM BCKa ox 3KcnpeccHH.

BmCCXC C KJiaBHKOpAOM n09BflHK)XCH MHOrOHHCACHHWe XHHbr

BHpHCHHaJieft, CnHHeXOB H KJiaBMUHXepHeB, Koxopbie Bce Bbipa-

»caK)T OAHO H xo ace cxpeMJieHMe—cosAaxb He6ojibuioft, nop-

xaxHBHbift, HO noJiH4)OHHMecKHft HHCxpyMCHX. B nocfleflyto-

meS 6opb6e sa cymecxBosaHHC Bbi»<HBaK>x hs axoft nopoAwHHcxpyMenxoB xe xMnw, Koxopwe o6Hapy»cHBajiH Han6oAee

3aAaxKM K 6erjiocxH h aKcnpeccHH. Eme 6oJiee AerKasi, new

y oprana, KAaBwaxypa KAasHiuHbix cxpyHHWx HHCxpyMCHXOB

nocAyjKHAa npnHHHOM AaAbHefiuiero o6Aer4eHHS[ cxhah komho-

3HU,HH H npOHBAeHHKJ SJlCMeHXa XeXHHMeCKOS BHpXyOBHOCXH

(6erA0Cxn). KaK h CACAyex o»:HAaxb, KAaBHUiHbie HHCxpy-

MeHXbi pacnpocxpaHHK>xca CHa^ajia b mcjiko - (|)eoAaAbHbix h

6ypM<ya3Hbix CAonx 6AaroAapH CBoeft cpaBHHxeAbHO AerKoK

xexHHKC H roxoBofi: nacxpoflKe, ne xpe6oBaBmeft ox HcnoA-

HHxeAM CAyxa b xaKoft cxenenH, KaK rpH(|)OBbie HHCxpyMenxw.

OnaroM hx noHBAeHHH 6biJia A h r a h «, mxo CKasaAOCb na xom,

HXO nepBOHanaAbHoe pacnpocxpaneHHe hx apMe Bcero cKa-

O'l'pecKoeajibflH (1588—1653)— ocHoaaTejib opraHHoft TexHHKH

H nepBbiH B CBoe BpeMsi BHpTyos Ha stom HHCTpyMeHre. Oh cymecTseHHO-

paaBHJi ({lopMy (J)yrH h HanHcan MHoro cohhhchhh, h3 KOTOpwx BOKajibHue

HMeioT cpaBHHxenbHO MeHbiuee 3Ha>!eHHe, a rnasHoe sHaMe'HHC npHHaflner-

MtiiT opraHHbiM KOMnosHKHSM H coHMHeHHaM Ansi 4>opTenHaHOj

f

sanocb HMeHHO xaM, H npH ABope EAHcaBexbi (1558—1603)BHpHCHHaAH HOAbsoBajiHCb yMce orpoMHoft nonyASpHOCXbK) H

cosABAH cneitM^JHMecKyio Awxepaxypy (BepA, Mop a eft,

XI, 3K. ByAAb XVI B.). OocxeneHHO akjxhh, 6biBuiaH b na^

HaAe PenecaHca MOAHbiM HHcxpyMeHXOM, ycxynaex MecxoKJiaBHiuHbiM XHnaM, 6ojiee noJiHOSByHHWM h cnoco6HbiM

K 6oAee AexaAHsoBaHHoft BupxyosHocxH, h, BbixecHeHHaa hs

npoc|)ecGHOHaAbHofi MysbiKaAbHofi AHxepaxypbi, oxxoahx

B HAocKOcxb AeMOKpaxHHecKHx HHcxpyMeHxoB, o6cAywHBaio-

lUHX B CBOHX BapHexexax (rHxapa, ManAOAHHa) napoAHbie

Maccbi, He CKAOHHbie K HHcxoMy HHcxpyMeHxaAMSMy H noxoMy

He BaHHxepecoBaHHbie b KAaBnuiHbix HHcxpyMeHxax.

B 3xy me snoxy pasBHBaioxcH xmhw cMWMKOBbix (bhoa).

Koxopbie yace b XV Bene BbiAeAsroxcH cpeAH HHcxpyMenxoB

HaH6oAbuieft sKcnpeccHBHOCTbK), 6AH30cxbK> K roAocy H CH-

AOM SBynaHHa, Tnnbi ckphokh h ApyrHX cxpyHHbix BbiKpH-

CXaAAH30BbIBaK)XCfl K XVI BeKy, KOPAa nosBAHioxca BeAHHafi-

uiHe, AO CHX nop He npeB3oflAeHHbie Macxepa KoncxpyKUHH

(xHpoAeu Tn(f)eH6pK)Kep, HxaAbflHuw Ambxh h CxpaAHBapH

XVI—XVII BBKa).

C noflBACHHeM KAaBHUiHbix HHcxpyMeHxoB Hacxynaex

cymecxBeHHbift cabhf b 3ByKOBOM cosepuaHHH, saKAioHaio-

lUHftca B xoM, Mxo nocxeneHHO ocosHaroxcsi xpoMaxH-MecKHe cxyneHH, ywe He b nopnAKe onopbi na xOHbi

OCHOBHbie (BBOAHbie XOHa) H He B nopSAKe MOAyAHUHOHHblX

cKBHroB. Kojib cKopo 3ByK cxaA cooxBexcxBOBaxb K A a B Hm e

H CXaA Cn0C06HbIM BbI3bIBaXbCH KOHAa yrOAHO C XOMHOCXbK)

H 6e3 HanpnaceHHH cjiyxa, co6Aa3H 6oAee cBo6<3AHoroynoxpe6AeHHfl xpoMaxHMecKHX 3ByKOB, hjih »mu-sica ficta", cxaA ropa3AO 6oAbme. OAHOBpeMCHHO BwnAbiAa

npo6jieMa ynopjiAOHeHHH noAyHHBiueroca b paenopawe-hmh xpoMaxHHecKoro SByKOBoro MaxepwaAa, Koxopwfl cyanaAa

6bIA aKyCXHHeCKH KOOpAHHUpOBaH XOJlbKO C OCHOBHOH XaMMOS

AO-Ma»;op (6ejibie KAaBHUiH). B 6opb6e MCJKAy HceAaHweM co-

xpaHHXb MaKCHMyM xpoMaxHHecKHX cxynenefl h xeXHHHecKHMM

HeyAo6cxBaMH xaKoro MHorosByMHfl Bbipa6oxaAacb nocxeneHHO

xcMnepauHa, nanajio Koeft oxhochxchcHnepagHH.

^ ^^qq roAy. KorAa xeopexHMecKH 6biAa oco-

snana BOSMpJKHOcxb orpaHHHHXbca 12-k) sByKamw a oKxase

AJiH odcAyMCHBaHHa 6AHJKaflmHX xoHajibHocxefl. h saBepuieHne

y^M itiii&iki

106

Koelt cBepuiHJiocb B 1700 roay, Koraa 6biji Bbipa6oTaH pasHO-

MepHbiA crpofs h3 1 2 n o ji y t o h o b, npH6jiK3MTejibHO coot-

seTCTByiomHX HaH6ojiee nacTO ynoTpe6n$ieMbiM 3ByKa*i. Toraa3Ke c^'^P'^iJPOBajica h coBpeMeHHbift tsm KaaBHaTypw c 5 Mep-

nbiMH IH 7^5enbiMH KnaBnm&nvi. noaBJieHHe KJiaBHuiHbix HHCTpy-

MeHTOB cnoco6cTBOBajio b BbicuieA cTencHti nposrcHCHHio

noHHTHH TOHaJibHOCTH M HACH MOflyjiHUHH, T.-e. nepe-

HeceHHsi cxpoa na flpyrwe Bbicoxbi. OflHOBpeMCHHO 6bm Ha-

HeceH peiuHTejibHbifl y^ap uepKOBHbiM jiajiaM, OKpeniuHM

B c^epe TeopeTH3HpoBaHHH, m b MyswKe HaMMHaexca peuiM-

TCJIbHOe TOpMCeCTBO ..eBponefiCKHX" JiaAOB C TOHWHeCKOft

OpMBHTHpOBKOft H BBOAHblMH TOHaMH, HaXOAHMblMH HHTyHTHBHO

H panee, ho b Gt|)epe nojiH4)OHHHecKoR HMnpoBHsauwoHHOft

B03M0MCH0CTH Ha KJiaBHUIHblX MHCTpyMCHTaX Cpasy OKpeniUHMH.

riepBOHaMajibHO, BnpoHeM, c MasKopoM m mhhopom ne CBsisbi-

SaCTCH COBpeMCHHblX HBM HaCTpOCHMfl (MaM«op— paftOCTb

MHHop — nenajib), m mx BBeAeHHe xapaKTcpno TOJibKo kslk

BbipaMceHMe TfliroTeHHa k rapMOHWMecKOMy cossyKy (MawopHbiii

M MHHOpHbIM aKKOpA)< TaKHM o6pa30M MHCTO-TeXHMleCKHft

MOMeHT H3o6peTeHHH KJiaBHarypHbix HHcxpyMeHTOB nopoAHJi pflA

xyAOHCeCTBCHHblX CABHrOB B 06jiaCTH npOHCHeHHfl SByKOBOrO

cosHaHHH H yTBepa<AeHHH coBpeMeHHoro rapMOriHHecKOro cTpoa.

TeM He Menee BHpryosHOCTb b axofl c(|)epe pasBMBaexcH

nosAHee (XVII b.), a nepBOHavtajibHO ckphhkh h bhojiw, nopo-

AHBui^e nosAHefiuiHe thhw BMOAOHMejiH h 6aca, npewMy-

meCTBCHHO npHMCHHiOTCfl B HHCTpyMCHTaJIbHOM BH"

caM6«e, noflB«eHne Koroporo b MysbiKe othochtch k

XV—^XVI Beny h KoxopwA annncsi kbk oaho hs BbipaaceHHfi

Toro cxpeMJieHHa k HaMBbicme^ nbiiiiHocxH cxhjih, Koxopoe

80o6M^e xapaKxepHO ma HCKyccxBa BoapoacAeHHsi h pacuse-

xoM o6H3aHO pasBHXHK) npocBeiueHHoro MeueHaxcxsa b cpeAe

4)eoAajioB, BHAeBuiHx b sxom yKpenjieHHe cBoeft KjiaccoBoft

no3HUMM B npoxHBOBec KjiepuKaJiHSMy, pasrpoMfleHHOMy b

6opb6e M ocfladeBuiewy ox aKOHOMWMecKHX npHHMH, nopoAHB-

lUHX n pecJjopMauHK). MHCxpyMenxajifaHbie aHcaM6flM nepBoro

BpeMeHH He pacnpeAejiJiiox MCJKAy oxAejibHWMHHHcxpyMeHxawM napxHt AexajibHO — nHcxpyMeHXbi

yiacxByiox „en masse", nnea uejibK) ne KOJiopHcxHHecKne

aaAaHHH, a npocxoe yBejiMHeHue MomHOCXH SBywa. OcHOBHyio

Maccy HHCxpyMCHxcB cocxaBJiHrox BHanajie cMbiHKOBwe, HHorAa

•MkMiaiMaiiikitedlia..•f^r/VH' ^

197

jiHJTHH, K HHM npH6aBJisiK)xcH BCK<3tpe «i,ep€BHH«bie AyxoBwe((|)jiafixbi8 c|)aroxbi, CBvipeflH), noxoM— xpoMSoHia m n^jsSiri.

pasBHsaioutHecH k XVI BCKy. '

,

;^ '

C 3XHMH HHCXpyMeHXajIbHblMH H tfjOpMajlb-PasBHTHe paHHeii HbiMH pecypcaMH wysbiKa onepbi, nepBona-

"^ HajibHO ocHOBaHHaa Ha hphmmxhehom peMwxa-THBe H cKyAHOM HHcxpyMCHxajibHOM aKKOMnaHeMCHxe, nocxe-

neHHO ycjioJKHHexcH, BmaxbiBaa b c&6a npe»(HHe t|jopMbi MaA-

pHrajia m xopoByio xexHUKy nojivi(|>OHHH. Vme nepBoe noKO-

jieHHe onepHbix aBxopoB (FlepH, KaHMHHH) HMeex c|}opMbi

peHHxaxHBa, apwoso— a«h nepeAanw ahphmcckhx Ha-

cxpoeHHft, xopoB, Koxopbie MMCJiH eme roMOc|)OHHbiii cKjiaA.

CHMCxoAfl K nojiyjiio6HxeAbCKOMy ypoBHio nepBbix onepnuxHcnoAHMxejieft. MoHxeBepAe ^) (1561—1613) Aaex sna-MHxeabHbifl CABMT oncpc H MysbiKe Boo6me.BBOAH 6oJIb]IiyK> CBo6oAy rapMOHMH (cB060AHbIJA

AOMHHaHxcKHft axKopA). pacuiHpHB npHMeHCHHe opKecxpa,

H3o6pexH HeKoxopbie KOJiopHcxn^ecKne aclj^JeKXbi ApaMaxH-

SMpoBaHMoA 3By4HocxH (xpeMOJio B cxpyHHbix), a rjiaBHoe—

CyMBB BflHXb HCXHHHO BAOXHOBeHHOe COACpHCaHHC B AOXOJie

MepxBwe, B cvmHocxH xoAbKO xeopexHMecKHe cxeMW dramaper musica. Bwecxe c xpoMaxHKaMH b poAe BHieHXHHO h A»:e-

syaabAO, pasdnBaBuiMMM nocAeAHHMH yAapaMw BeKOBwe xsep-

AbiHH uepKOBHbix JiaAOB, MoHxeBepAC KJiaAex nepBbie cojiha^

Hbie KaMHH SAaHMH Mawop-MHHopHoro JiaAa. Ero nocJieAOsa-

xejiH (KaBajMH, KapMccHMn, Mccxh) coBAaiox HacxoaiuHft cxHJib

onepHoro npeACxaBJieHH». Koxopoe, kbk Bnojine oxBCHaBUiee

daiipocaM BeKa h hobum KJiaccan, BHABwraeMbiM Ha asaH-

cueny HcxopHMtecKoro npouecca—ropowaHaM, HaMHHaex,

')1^0HTeBepfle (1588—1613) —^ aaMenaTenbHWH HOBaxop CBOfiro

BpeMCHH, BBe«uiHft CBoSoflHoe ynoTpe6neHHe jnoMHHaHTcenTaKKop«a, panee

ynoTpe6nHBUieroca TortbKO KaK npHroTOBjieHHwK aKKopH, M3o5peTmnH paa

opKecTpoBMx 34)4>eKTOB (xpcMono, nonb30BaHne TeM6paMH owenbHbix

HHCTpyMCHTOB H T. fl.). MoHTeBepfle poMHncH B KpeMOHC; mtin b MrajiMH bckj

>KH3Hb. Ero coMHueHHSi— rnaBHbiM oSpaaoM onepbi („0p4)eM" 1609, „ApHaHHa"

1609, MyawKa k flpawe ^MaflftajieHa" 1627, „AHaioMefla" 1618, „11 combatti-

meato del Taacredo e Cloriuda", 1624, nbeca HanojioBHHy npawa, HanonosHHy

paccKas, „noxMmeHne npoaepnHHw" 1630, dajieTW „Ballo delle ingrate" h

„Tirsi et Clori*). Ma Sonee no3«HHx onep M. p.o Mac floinnH ..Ulysses" m

,Poppea'' (1641). KpoMe Toro, M. HanHcan pan mccc, motctob, ncaJiMOB,

nHTaHHR.

108

c^JopMvrpoBaBuiHCb B HrajiMH, coeepmaTb nodejjHoe ujecTBHe

no Bceft Espone.

HBHWCHne PeHecaHca, cBsisaHHoe o bw-Pe^topmagBH h aBHraHHCM MejiKoro jpeoAajia h ToproBoftee BOSAeHCTBHC. ^

6 y p JK y a 3 H H, BO Bcex cTpanax hmcjio npHMepHoTOT Mce npo(|)Hflb pasBHTHH, KBK H Ha pojiHHe y ce6si B

HTajiHH. B TepMaHHH h OpaHUHH pejiHrHosnan pecfiopMauKH

M CBnsaHHaa c Heu) 6opb6a Ha upnroe speMa 3aAep»<ajiH

paSBHTHC HCKyCCTBa B TOft CTCneHH, KaK OHO pasBHBajiocb B

MTajiHH. Pe(|)opMHpoBaHHaH uepKOBb 6bijia nopofl nacTpoenasecbMa aHTaroHHCTHHecKH k cBCTCKOMy HCKyccTBy, HHoraaAOXOAfl AO npnMoro roHenHH (nypviTaHe), b o6,nacTH ace Kyjib-

TOBOft MySbIKH OHd HC MBHCe KaTOJIHUH3Ma HaKJiaAbiBajia pH-

TyajibHoe cTecneHHe na cBo6oAy TBopnecTBa. rioMHMO Toro.

pe(|)opMHpoBaHHan uepKOBb 6biJia HOCHTCJibHHuefi MAeoJiorHH

HHbix KJiaccbs, h6o b KopHe cBoeM 6biJia AeMOwpaTHHecKviM

ABHWCHHeM, HanpaBAeHHbiM npoTHB 4>€0AaJibHbix ycToeB. 3thHOBbie KJiaccbi He MorjiH He hccth KyjibTypw Menee yTOHMeH-'

HoS, Sojiee rpy6oA, neM b cbobm poAe HSbicKaHnaa (|)eoAajib-

HaH KyjibTypa. fleMOKpaTHHecKasi uepKOBbflemoKpaTHiecKHe coSAaJia H AeMOKpaTHMeCKHe HaneBblAJIH CBO-

BAHflHHH. ,

ero pHTyajia, npw MeM 3to cBepiUHJiocb b qpopMe

npflMOrO 3aHMCTBOBaHHfl HapOAHblX mothbobAJiH HywA uepKBH, K necHsiM 6biJi noACTasJieH AyxosHbiA tckct,

H CABa jiH 3TO He 6bijio cAenaHO B arHTauHOHHbix uensix. Ta-

KHM o6pa30M cosAajica npoTecTanTCKHft xopaji, HweB-

uiHft Bce o6mHe nepTW c HapoAHWM mbjiocom,

B TOM MHCJie KynjieTHoe cTpoeHwe. IlpoTe-

CTaHTCKaa uepKOBb, ne HMeBuiaa BHaiajie npoc|)eccHOHajibHbix

ncBMHX, Bcefi o6iitHHoA neBiuaa xopajibi, cnoco6cTBOBaJia TOMy.

MTO OMCHb cKopo xopaji npoTecTaHTCKHfl nocTHFJia Ta ace

ynacTb. kbk h ApeBHne rperopnaHCKHe nancBbi — hx phtmh-

MecKoe pa3Hoo6pa3He, ne OTpajKennoe b sanHCH (nejiHCb

6oabiuefi nacTbio no cjiyxy, npw ycjiOBHn MajiOH My3biKajibHoA

KyflbTypHOCTH ynacTHMKOB), nocTencHHO yTpanHBajiocb, h ot-

AeJibHbie sByKH HweJiH TeHACHUHK) cTaTb paBHbiMH no A o JI-

roTe. B Hiore k XVII BeKy xopaji BbipoAHJica b nocJiCAO-

BaHHa pa3HbIX no AJlHTeJIbHOCTH TpHOB, HTO

XopaA.

PHTMHHeCKOe BU-poacfleBHe xopaAa.

Aenajio ero yAo6Hee ajih HcnojineHna Majio-My-

BbiKajibHoi^ TOJinoft, cjieAHBuieft TOJibKO sa

!

- -' "

TeKCTOM H Majio saHHTepecoBaHHOH B KpacoTe SBynaHMa. HoB CBasM c nojiH{|)OHHMecKHMH AocTHWCHHaMH npcAbiAymeft

My3biKajibHoS KyjibTypbi npoTecTaHTCKHH xopaji aBHJica cyme-

CTBCHHO MHOrorOJIOCbIM H npHTOM rapMOHHHeCKOTOCTHJia, h6o HapoAHaa necna yace ycBOHJia ce6e k XV BeKy

rapMOHHKO-MeJiOAHHeGKHft CKJiaA. OpraH, KaK pHTyajibHbift hh-

CTpyMeHT, nepemeji b npoTecTaHTCKyio uepKOBb, n6o HMenHo

OH AOJiHcen 6biJi AaBaTb rapMOHHMecKHft dpon MejiOAHw xopajia,

nesuieftca npHXOHcanaMH yHHCOHOM. OpraHHCT cTaji b uepKSH

eCTCCTBeHHO eAHHCTBeHHbIM My3bIKajIbHbIM npotjjjeccHOHajioM

CpeAM BCeX, H Mbl BHAHM (|) O p M H p O B aH H 6 UI K O JI My-

SbIKH (nenna, Hrpu na oprane) hmohho KpyroM opra-H H c T a, nojiynaiomero orpoMHbift MopaJibHbift aBTopHTeT, h, c

Apyroft CTOpOHbl, Mbl BHAHM, HTO eCTCCTBeHHOe B npo(|)eccHO-

Hajie cTpeMJieHHe k BHpTyosHOCTH, ne Morymee OTpasHTbca

B jiK)6HTejibCKoS cpcAB npHxoHcaH, BbmHBaeTca B 4>opMy pas-

BHTHa xopajibHbix HMnpoBH3auHM H Boo6me BHpTyosHoro

opraHHoro cTH^a, b kotopom pHTyajibHaa vinea, ojiHueTBopae'

Maa xopajioM, noABepraeTca npotfieccHOHajibHoft nepepa6oTKe.

9tot cTHJib, o6ycjioBaeHHbi0 cneuH(i)HHecKHM SHaneHHeM opra-

HHCTa B npoTecTaHTCKOM KyjibTe, (|)opMHpyeTca b XVI h

XVII BCKax (^po6eprep, Kepjib, naxe6ejib) h cosAaeT cJiasy

repMancKOMy opranHOMy MacTepcTsy, b to me BpeMa o6pa-

soBbisaa rtocTcneHHO ochobhwc jihhhh cBo6oAHoro koh-T p a n y H K t H M e c K o r o e t h Ji a, cymecTBenHO cBasaHHoro

•c KflaBHiuHbiMH HHCTpyMCHTaMH (opraHOM). >^ - ;.• *t-". .';.» i;

'

B cBasH c noBbiuieHHeM pejiHrnosHoro nyjibca, BbiSBaHHbiM

pe^JopMauHeA, nojiynaroT pa3BHTHe (})opMbi nojiyuep-KOBHO^A My3bIKH My3bIKa K HCasHMaM, O p a T O p H H, KO-

Topbie K 3TOMy BpcMeHM BaHMCTBOBajiH OT OHcpbi paA ApaMa-

THMeCKHX HepT H HOHTH BCK) MySblKaJlbHyiO (|)OpMy, H a C G H-

OHw— HacTHbifi BHA opaTopHft, pasBHBuiHilca H3 cpcAHeBe-

KOBblX MHCTepWH, SaHMCTBOBaBUlHft H3 OpaTOpHH cJjOpMy, a H3

pMTyajia uepKBH -^ yiacTHe xopajia. nepBOHaMajibHbie rep-

waHCKHe KOMHOsHTopw nocjiepe^opMauHOHHoro BpeMeHH na-

xoAHTca noA cHJibHeftmwM BJiHanneM HHAepjiaHACKoftliiKO'flbi, c OAHofl CTopoHbi, OTKyAa OHH 6epyT npo4)eccHO-

HajIbHyK) BHpTy03H0CTb. nO;iH(|)OHHH, a C ApyrOfl CTOpOHW,

pOACTBeHkblx HHAepjiaHAUaM HTajibaHues phmckoK uiKoabi m

CTapo-BeHeuHaHCKoft, yneHHKaMH KOTopoft ohh asjiaJiHCb. Ms

^^^^^^^^_^i^ii_,i_,^^

aXHX paHHHX KOMnOSHTOpOB HaH60Jiee SHaHHTCJieH FcHpHxllIioTU (1585— 1672), cosHAaioutiig (fiopMbi naccHOH h opa-TOpHft. B TO «e BpCMH M B^HAHHe H O JI H 4l O H HI ec KO AMysbiKH, sapoAHBuieflca b MraaHH, CKasbmaeTca b cosHAaHHHtJiopMw KyjibTypHofi! necHH (poManca), Hflymefi na cMCHyycTapcBuieMy KaMepHOMy MaflpHraay, Koropbift b FepMaHHH,rfle nocjie pe(j[)opMauHH BKycbi cHJibHo AeMOKpaTHSHpyroxcH,He Mor pasBHTbCH, a poMaHC (Lied) ycneiuHo npHBHEaexcH.HaxoflH xyjxoHcecTBeHHbifi c6biT nawe b HapoflHofi Macce. Co-saarejieM axoro acanpa Lied, HMeBiawM h hotom raKoe cyme-cTBeHHoe sHaneHHe b repMaHCKOw MCKyccTBe, HBjiaeTCfl TeH-pHx Ajib6epT (1604— 1668), 6biBuinft h noaxoM, xan ixoero flenxejibHocxb kbk 6bi npoAOJixcaex jimhhk} xBopnecxBaMHHHesHHrepoB, HO y«e 6e3 4)eoKajibHO-KJiaccoBoro xapaK-xepa, cBoftcxBCHHoro nocneAHHM.

« . V ; .

'VI, — CBoSoAHblil CTHJIb.

CHAbBoe pa3BHTBe fla/ibHefiuiee pasBHXwe onepw o6ycJio-

npofeccH0BaAB3i)ia BJieHO orpOMHblMcnpocOM, pOAHBUIHM-B XVII Bexe. cfl Ha 3XOX BHA HCKyCCXBa, COeflHHHB-

uiHft B ce6e Bce bhau npHBaexaxejibHOCTH: h SByKOByio bw-pasHxeabHocxb, h ApawaxMHecKHfi MHxepec AeScxBHa hcMbicJia, H cnexxaKjiH. CpeAH KpynnoA xoproBO^ 6yp7Kya3wnM (|>eoAaabHoft 3HaxH onepa cxaJia HaK6onee nonyjiapHbiMTHnoM MysbiKajibHoro xBopnecxBa, npH mcm to SHaHHTejibHoe

_ pacnpocxpaneHH e BOKajibHoro npo-qpeccHOHajiHSMa, Koxopoe MMeJio mcgxo

B MxajiHH, eiue ycHJiHJio ee sHaneHHe: b onepe neseu noay-Maa B03M09KHocTb HdHdoJiee pejibe(|}Horo h MHorocTopoHnerocaMonpo9BAeHHa. 3to npeMMyutecxBO CKopo sacxaBHao ne-penecxH uenxp HHxepeca b onepe HMenno k nesuy, ero ro*aocy, ero BHpxyosHOcxH. XVII aen oxMeneH hmchho sthm xe-MCHHeM, rHnepxpc^JHefl BOKaabHoro npocfjeccMOHanHSMa hBJiHflHMeM ero na onepy. CaMuS npo(|)eccHOHajm3M npH cboA-cxBeHHOM BeKy »ecxoKocxH npaBOB npHo6pexaji MyAOBHUiHbiAxapaKxep h KapHxaTypHbie 4)opMbi. VBJieMeHHe BOKaabMoftBHpTyosHocxbK), B cBasH c xeM, 1XO ateHu^MHaMi B cneKxaK-aax He cHHxaaocb npHAHHHbiM Bbicxynaxb, noBaexao saposKAe-

HMC HBJieHHH KaCTpaTOB-neBUOB, Bbipa6aTbIBaBmHX

B ce6e BbicoKHe (wencKHe) roaoca orpoMHoA choiw h TexHHKw.

FlepBOHaHaabHoe cxpeMneHHe b onepe k CHae ApaMaTHiecKOro

BOSAei^cxBHsi ycxynaex Mecxo cxpeMaeHHto k HaH6oaee noa-

HOMy npoflBaeHHK) BHpTyosHOCTH neBua. flpaMaTHMecKHfl aae-

weHT H CMbica OTTecH$iK)xcH Ha saAHHA naan, h BOKaabnaa Bnp-

xyosHOcxb, saBaaAeBaiomaa MyswKaabHWM pbiHKOM c6bixa, Aep-

WHX KOMno3HxopoB B noAHHHeHMH CBOHM Tpe6oBaHHaM. Aae-KcaHAP CKapaaTTH'^) (1659— 1725) siBa»-

HeaBOABTaacKaa^^^^ nepBbIM npOBOSBeCXHHKOM HOBOFO xeneHMH.

mKOAa. "^ "^

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caajKAeHHH, Hoy nero xyAoacecxBeHHbiK xaKx sacTaBaaa

eme AepacaTb b nexoxopoM paBHOBecHH oxAeabHwe sacMeHxw

onepHoro ueaoro. Y ero yneHUKOB h nocaeAOBaxeaefl, o6pa-

aoBaBuiHX xaK Ha3biBaeMyK> HeanoaHxaHCKyn) uiKoay,

flypaHxe^), JTeo. Hopnopa^) h Tleproaeae*) BHp-

xyosHOCXb Bce 6oaee BbinHpaex, sacaonaa cMWca h

nacTO Aawe MysbiKaabHyio KpacoTy. MysbiKaabHoe pas-

BHTwe, noMHMO MeaoAHH, cBOAHTca AO MHHHMyMa. Hea-

OAncKcaHAp CKapnaiTH (1 659—1 725) - - ocHOBareja. Heano-

JiHTaHCKOH uiKonw, poannca b Chuhjthh, jkhb bcc BpcMfl b MxanHH, ywep b

Heanojie; MpeaBbiHaSno nnoaoBHTwft KOMnosHTop, HanHCaBuiHii 106 onep,

oKono 200 Mecc h mhofo KaHiax ana ronoca cono c conpoBOJKHenweM h co

cKpHnKoS, opaxopHH, naccHOHbi, ncanMW, MOTexbi, ManpHranw, cepcHaAW, 14

KaMcpHwx ayaTOB, lOKKaTw una opraHa h 4)opTenMaHo. JiHuib HeaHaMHienb-

Hoe KonHMecTBo H3 3Toro HeMMOBcpHoro MHcna 6bino HaneMaxoHO. Ha ero

onep aacnyjKHBaiox ynoMHHaHHn „Po3aypa" (1690), jTeoAopa", (.FlMpp m

JleMeTpHft", „THrpaH° (b Hcft BBCflCH noMXH KjiaccHHecKHfl y»te cocxaa op-

KCcxpa), „rpHaenbfla".

^) JlypaHxe (1684—1755)— aaiop onep, b Koxopwx cxHJib Hcano-

jiHxaHCKoft onepw (CKapnaxxn) coHcxaeica c KOHxpanyHKXBsecKHM HCKyc-

cxBOM pMMCKott uiKonbi. Jl. HanHcan 13 Mecc, 16 ncanMOB, 16 moxctob, MaA-

pHranw, rMMHbi h (|)opienHaHHbie coHaxbi.

») Hopnopa (1686 — 1766) — aaxop onep „BepeHHca*,4„EBMeHa",

„<}>apaMOHAo'", „A«enaHfla", ,AHHH6an" h .MHTpHflax"; Bcero onep on Hanu-

can 46. KpoMe hhx, hm HanHcaHbi uepKOBHwe coHHHeHHa h opaxopHM,

HHCxpyMeHTajibHbie KOMnoaHUHH (conaxbi «njt cKpHnKH c 6acoM, KaMepnaB

cHM<J)OHHn ana flayx cKpHnoK, (jjyrH ajih 4)opxenHaHo). FI. HaaecxeH, Kan oahm

Ma KpynHefluiHX conepHHKOB FeHAena b JIoHAOHe, Ky«a oh 6bin npwrna-

uiCH, KaK npeacTaBHxenb HxanbSHCKOft onepbi.

*) rieproneae (1710--1 736)— 6eBBpeMeHH0 cKOHHaBUiHiicn kompo-

sHTop, aBTOp 13 KOMHHecKHX oncp H npocnaBncHHOH Ha Becb MHp „Stal3at

mater'', . ,' .

,..,,.-..

jiul.ljdM-il^lM&i <&«tf^v

nojiHTaHCKHe KOMnosHxopbi, npoflyuHpyromvre cneuwajibHOBHpTyosHyio onepy. pa6oTaK)T b KOHxaKTe co BKycoMBeKa H (j[)eoflajibHO - apMCTOKpaxHHecKofl cpeaw, b mh-poBOM MacuiTa6e. nocTaBJina onepHyio MysbiKy bo BcecrpaHbi Esponw (OpaHUHH, PepMaHHfl, Ahfjihsi, Pocchh), kbkHeo6xoAHMbifl HHrpejiHeHT nbiuiHocxH ^BopoB Kopojieft, Be/ib-

MOJK H 6ypacya3Hbix xyaoB (raM6yprcKaji onepa), npH nen^ocxe^eHHO BbipoMCflaroxca b KanecxBe csoeS MyawKajibHoft

npojiyKinHH. Mx cxMjib sanexHo He MeHjiexcH AaM<e ao noporaXIX BCKa, Koraa yMepjiH nocJie^HHe npeflcxaBHxe;iH axoroHanpaBJieHHH, oKaaaBuiero orpoMHoe BJiHHHHe Ha MysbiKynoHXH Bcex cxpan, BKJuo^HxejibHO ao Pocchh.

06paxHoe BOSAeftcxBue onepw na uepKOB-Hyio MysbiKy ne saMCAJiMJio cwasaxbCH b xofl jkb MxajinH,

TAe cepbesHbift cxHjib MysbiKH, BocnHxaBiunficH b npo(})eccHO-

HajibHbix xpaAMUMMx nojiM4)OHH3Ma, Bsaxoro no HacJieAHio

pHMCKofi lUKOJibi, npexepneji CHjibHbiK cabhp b nojibsy 6ojib-

meft MeJiOAHHHOcxH h ApaMaxHsauHH. Ox onepbiciOAa nepexoAnx AOcxM*eHHJ? b c(|)epe SKcnpeccHH h kojio-

PHCXHKH. C OAHOft CXOpOHbl, 3X0 CnOCo6cXBOBaJTO yCHfleHHK)

xyAOJKecxBCHHbix pecypcoB BOSAeficxBHH, c -ApyroS we—„ AHUiajio cxporocxH cxhjih. KownosHxopbi sxoro

mKOAa. HanpaBflCHMJi cdpasyiox tbk HasbiBaeMyio h o-

BOBCHeuHaHCKyio uiKOJiy, h cpeAH hhxHaH6ojibuiee SHaneHHe noflyMHAH JIoxxh ^) (1667— 17-40),

M a p H e Ji Ji o (1 686— 1 739), ."^K aji/b a a p a ^i (1 671 — 1 763)H FajiynnH ^) (1 706—1 784),- HacaAHBuiHM axox cxH^bB PoCCHH.

"11

— 114 — — 1];-)

'^f^V',T'

c Tofl 3KOHOi^HHecKofi paspyxoft, KOTopaa nocTHrjia (|)eoAaflb-

Hbie KpyrH nocJie pecjjopMauHH. B raM6ypre. b cpcAe KpynHoS:

TbproBofl 6yp«ya3HH, sapojKnaeTcsi onepHoe acjio (1678),

KOTOpoe noMTH Ha noJiseKa KOHueHTpupyer a 3tom mcctc

nyjibc MysbiKaJibHofl mchshh BceA crpaHbi. raM6yprcKaH onepapasBHJiacb Ha noApaM^aHnn MTajibancKoA onepe, ho BKyc

noTpe6HTejiefi-rGpoM«aH najioacHJi Ha nee kojiopht 6ojibuieft

npocTOBaTOCTH, rpy6ocTH cthah. HauHonajiHCTHHecKHe

TCHfleHUHH repMancKoft MyswKH ne saMCAJinJiH npoHBHTbcH

H tyT Mce CKasajiHCb b ciojKeTax h b thhc MCJioca. KeflsepH MaxTccoH' 6biJiH Handojiee SHaMMxejibHwe hs nocTaBUXH-

KOB MySblKH AJIH 3TOS CUCHbl, KOTOpafl, EnpoMCM, 6bi;ia o6-

ycJiOBAeHa cjihuikom cjiynaAHbiM h HenpoHHbiM orroro Mcue-

HaXCTBOM H CKOpO yxpaXHJia CBOfl nepBHHHblft HaUHOHaJIbHbI&

oxnenaxoK, ycxynwB Mecxo HxajibsiHCKofl onepe, cooxBex-

cxBOBaBuieA BKycy 6ojiee o6iiiHpHbix Mace h eme paHbuie cbhb-

iiieft ce6e ocejiJiocxb h o6ecneMHBuieft c6biT cbohx npo;iyKxoB

b ApyrHx ropojiax PepMaHHH. HocxeneHHO KpennyiUHft repMan-

CKHft MenKHM (]|)eofl,ajiH3M, xflHyBiuHflca sa mhpobwmh asopaMH

EBponbi, He oneHb ckjiohhwA k nauHOHaflHSMy, odHapyacMBaa

60JIbUiyiO CKJIOHHOCXb k MOftHOfl BO BceM MHpC HCanOJlHXaHCKOfll

BHpxyosHofi onepe. no6eAa HxajibHHCKoft onepw Hafl HauHO-

HajibHoA— raM6yprcKofl—6biJia oxpa»;eHHeM no6eflbi ^^^OAa-

jiHSMa nafl KpaxKOBpeMeHHbiM nojiHXHMecKHM sHaneHHeM xop-

roBoA 6ypM<ya3HH. HauHonajibHoe we xeneHHe, onHpasuieecH

Ha HapoAHbie npoxecxaHxcKwe Maccw, nauiJio ce6e BbipajKenwe

B MoryncM pacuBexe nepKOBHoro cxmjia h ero oxBexBJieHHA^

B AnrjiHH onepa KyjibXHBHpyexcfl cnaMaaa

reHwajibHbiM IlepcejiJieM (1 658—1 695) h

6jiaroAap9 eMy aocxwraex HauHonajibHoro 3Ha-

leHHH: OH HHUiex onepbi na aHraHflcKOM jiSbiKe h Ha anrjiMfi-

CKHe CKWKexbi. FlocJie KJiaBecHHwcxoB BepAa, Mopjiea h Bynjia

OH aBjinexcn HaH6ojiee npKHM h ywe nocncAHHM npeACxaBH-

xencM caMo6bixHoro anrjiMflcKoro MysbiKajibHoro rcHMH. Pcjih-

THOSHaH pe(|)opMau,HH, HajiOMCHBiuaa cbokj nenaxb na anrJiHS-

ckhA xhh HyBcxBOBaHHH, 3Aecb He Morjia, KaK b FepMaHHii,

b 9xy anoxy cosAaxb MonyMeHxaJibHoe AyxosHoe ncKyccxBO,

HXO o6'flCHHeTCH B paBHOA Mepe KaK npOHHblM (|)eOAaJIbHbIM

6bIXOM, XaK H CpaBHHXeJlbHO HeSHaHHXeJIbHblM HanpsiJKeHHeM

caMoro XBopnecxBa. Ho o6iumA BKyc MysbiKajibHoro noxpe6H-

AarABiicKan onepa

XVII B.

\x

-,Mi

EsponM nocAe Bo3-

poacAeHHH.

HexHH. BenrpHfl.

Xejia, BHAHMO, CKJIOHSTJICfl, KBK H B FepMaHHH, HC B nOJIbSyHauHOHajibHoA onepw, a cKopee b noJibsy HauMonanb-Horo noAyuepKOBHoro HCKyccxBa, oxBeMaHDmeroHCXopHHecKOMy cMbicAy pe^iopMHpoBaHHoA UepKBH, H B cxo-

poHy noAy-yBeceAHxeAbHoA, noAy-sxHKexHoA HxajibHHCKoAonepw, Koxopaa 6biAa „npHHHxa" bo Bcex ABopax EBponw.ywe HeMCAJieHHo nocjie RepcejiJia HxajibancKaa onepa saxBa-

XbiBaex aHFAHAcKyH) cueny, ocxaBaacb Ha neA noHXH ao Ha-

uiero BpeMCHH.

B BOcxoHHoA Espone xenn wysbiKaAbHoro pasBHXHJi

cHAbHO oxcxaA. SanaAHo-CAaBHHCKaa o6Aacxb (FloAbuia, MexHsi),

HaxoAHBiuaflcsi b HSBecxnoM KonxaKxe c Eapo-

El!™!fr!y!T.*!f "°"' npoxoAHAa snHroHHHecKH npH6AH3HxeAb-

Ho xe we cxaAHH pa3BHXH9. npH neM b MexHH,

npH 6oAbuioA MysbiKaAbHOcxH nauHH, odna-

pywHBaexcH BecbMa bwcokmA cpeAHwA yposcHbnpo(|)eccHOHaAbHoro pa3BHXHH Aawe b XVI Bene.

Pe(|)opMauHH, saxBaxHBuiasi Mexwio (rycHxw),

nopoAHAa xyx mhofo xapaKxepnwx My3WKaAb-Hbix HBAeHHA, npH HeM MHorne cosAannwe rycHxaMH naneBwnepeuiAH, b Ka*iecxBe xopajios, b repwaHCKyio MyswKy. B na-

poAHoA MyswKe CAaBSJH SanaAHoro Kpan nadAiOAaexcji b 9xo

we BpeMa pha cneuH^JHMecKHX nepx, pasAejiaiouiHx hx oxBocxoHHoK rpynnw (pyccKwx) h ox iowhwx (6oArapw, cep-

6bi). riocAeAHHe nonxn BOBce ne o6pa3yK)x KyAb-xypHoA MysbiKH, HXO o6'flCHHexcH 6eAHOcxbK) cxpaH HrnexoM HaBOAHHBUiHX KpaA xiopKCKHX HAeMeH saBoe-BaxeAeA BHsanxHH; HapoAHwA hx mcjioc oSnapywHBaexBAHSHHe HxaAbSHCKoro. HanpoxHB, y Me«xoB H no-AaKOB cHAbHee repMancKHe h BenrepcKHe BAHflHHH.

riepBwe cKasbiBaioxcH b ynnnxowenHH napoAHUx AaAOB c

AHaXOHHMeCKHM yKJIOHOM H B BOABOpeHMH MaWOp-MHHOpac npasHAbHbiMH nepHOAHSMaMH, Bxopwe— B 6oAee ocxpoA

pHXMHKe H B npeAnOHXHXCAbHO XaHUOBaAbHO-HHCXpyMCHXaAb-

HOM yKAOHe cxHAH. CaMa BeHrpHH, cxonBuiaa b c(|)epe

eBponeAcKHX KyflbxypHwx bosacAcxbhA, ho BecbMa oxAHnnaa

ox coceAeA axHorpa^HHecKH (opnenxajibHwA pacoBwA xhh)

H oieHb MysbiKaAbHaa no xwny, wMejia xy BwroAy b npo-

4>HJie cBoero My3biKaAbHoro pasBHXHa, mxo uepKOBHOCxb,cxoAb cHJibHO OKasbiBaBuiaa BJiwaHHe Ha MyswKy SanaAa,

8*

X16 — 117 —

coBepmeHHO He Kocnyjiacb ee, h noxoMy ee MysbiKa pasBHBa-

Jiacb B npe^ejiax roMO(|)OHHH h HHcxpyMeHTajiHSMa. no jihhhh

HapoAHofi, BnMTbiBafl B ce6a see, mto nosiBjisjiocb Ha 3a-

naae, ho He TopMosa cBoe pasBHTHe florwaMH,MyatjibiMH HCKyccTBy. 3thm o6'scHneTCfl to, hto ywe k XVI Be-

Ky BenrepcKaH MyswKa npeflcxaBJiJieTCH oneHb cneuHcfjHHHoi^

KaK no xpoMaxMHecKOMy KOJiopHxy MCJioca, b hcm nejibssi He

BHflexb BJiHSHHe BOcxoHHoro MysbiKajibHoro HCKyccxBa (apa-

6oB H eBpeeB), xaw h no aaxefijiHBofl h cHHKonHpoBaHHoA pHX-

MMKe, CBOHM paSBHXHCM o6fl3aHHOft 6oJIbUIOMy SHaMCHHK)

xanua b Hapojie. Boaee Bcero bjihhhhc sxofl CBodoAHoi^i

pHXMHKH H MCJioAHH cKasajiocb B HOJibCKoA HapoAHoA MysbiKe,

KOTopaa saHMcxByex y BenrpoB h HHcxpyMeHxapHfl (b tom

MHCJie cKpwnKy) h o6mH^ thh cBo6oAbi ox uepKOB-HOCXM.

B 3XO JKe BpCMH B PoCCHH Mbl Ha6jI10-PoccBH. 3acHAi»e

AaeM, nanpoxHB, CHJibHeHuiee sacHJibe B H 3 a H-

XHAcKOA uepKOBHOCTH (cHCXCMa OKXO-

Hxa HJiH ocMorjiacHn), Koxopoe HaHHHaexcH c MOMenxa sko-

HOMMHecKorp H pejiHrH03Horo bjihakhm KoHcxaHXHHonojia. 9xo

npe>KAe Bcero saAepwusaex pasBHXwe napoAHoro MCJioca,

KoxopbiA nopofl noABcpraexcH npHMbiM roneHHaM co cxopoHW

AyxoBencxBa, 6epymero My3biKy b noAHoe o6jiaAaHHe Kyjibxa

H cxporo BbiAepjKHBaioiuero ee b npHMHTHBHO-MeJiOAwHecKOM cocToaHHH. PyccKaa MysbiKa b uepKBH b axo

BpeMa ycBaHBaex ox BHsanxHn ne xojibKO ochobhwc HaneBw,

HO H 6ojiee acKexHHCCKoe oxHomeHHe k HCKyc-cxBy, HCM Ha 3anaAe, h 6ojibiiiyH> pa3o6meHHOcxb c hohxh

sarflymeHHbiM napoAHbiM poahhkom. Tcm hc Menee yjKe k

XII BBKy pyccKaa napoAHOcxb owasbiBaexca b cocxoanHH

HaaojKHXb HeKOTopwfi cboA cneuM(j()HHecKMfl oxtbhok Ha uep-KOBHbie HancBbi. JljiHrejibHoe sacHJibe mcjioahh, KOxopoeB PoccHH AJiHTca Ao XVI BeKd, o6'acHaexca eme MajiwM

pasBMXHeM Kyjibxypbi b cxpane, pa3o6meHHoft ox EBponwHauiecTBHeM cxenHwx njieMen h oxnacxH co6-CXBCHHOft HaUHOHaJIbHO-pejlHrHOSHOSl saMKHy-X o c X b K), MeuiaBUiMMH odMBHy KyjibxypHbix ueHHOcxefl c Sana-

AOM, 3to 2Ke o6ycjiOBJiHBaex xo, hto b Pocchh uepKOB-

Haa MysbiKa pesKO oxpwBaexca ox HapoAHofl h

oSpasyex BnoAHe aBXQHOMHyio jihhhk) pasBHXHS, Koxopaa ao

V.

XVII BCKa rjiyuiHx HapoAHoe xBopnecxBo, a nocjie naAeHHnuepKOBHoro sacHJiba h odpascBaHna cbssh c EBponoft neHMeex cHJibi BAHaxb Ha HapoAHyK) h na Kyjib-

xypnyK) MyswKy hh b KaKoft cxeneHH, oxnero h Kyab-

xypHbie SHaMCHMa caMOft uepKOBHci^ MysbiKH cBOAaxca k mh-

HHMyMy. :}' •'..,,''' :' ^ .';! :'"';'.f-,

-

BARHHne ^HBcico- OxxecHaeMaa KoneBHHKaMH Ha ccBep, pyc-

ro a TarapcKoro CKaa necHa B nepHOA XI— XIII BCKOB noABep-MCAoca. raexca cMAbHOMy B03AeftcxBH}o xaxap-

cKoro H (|)HHCKoro MejiocoB, coo6iixaK)ii;Hx BejiHKopyccKoA

necHe ee 6ojiee sayHbiBHbiA h MexpHnecKH cBo6oAHbifl, He»<ejiH

y sanaAHbix cjiaBaH, Konopnx. noAo6HO MysbiKe Apyrwx espo-

neAcKHX njieMCH, pyccKaa necHa c ApesHHX BpcMen o6Hapy-

MCHBaex aanaxKH cneuH4)HMecKoro nojiH(K)OHH3Ma (xaK

„ Ha3biBaeMbie noArojiocKH), Koxopbiii nanHHaexUOABdlOHHSM B OVC-

-„„» _,r.^.Jl npOHHKaXb H B UepKOBHOCXb HOA HMBHeMCKOH MySnlKC

yxjx nrcxpoHHoro neHHa (XVI seK). Ho MeAJieH-

Hbift xcMn pasBHXHa xapaKxepcH AJia pyccKOfl MysbiKH Bnjioxb

AO XVII BBKa, KorAa paA npenoH, oxAejiaBuiHx Pocchk) ox

SanaAa, naAaex, b xom MHCJie cHJibHoe BJinaHMe pejiHrwos-Hoft yHHH c KaxoAHKaMH H HajiaAHBUiaaca xoproBO-

3KOHOMHHecKaa cBa3b c Oojibmefi o6jierHaKJT nocxynjieHne

B PoccHK) HBKOxopbix MysbiKaJibHbix npoAyKxoB SanaAa.

Cnanajia BJiHaHHe EBponu cKasbmaexca b VKpaHHe(XVI— XVII BeK), 6ojiee xecno conpHKOcHyBUieAca c Ebpo-

nofi— xyAa npoHHKaex Mensypajibnaa Hoxnaa rpa-Moxa H nojiHtjfjOHHHecKoe uepKOBHoe neHwe(napxecHoe neHHe— ox cjiOBa partes— napxHH, no koxo-

pwM neAH\ AeJiaK)iueeca cKopo 66meynoxpe6nxeAbHbiMK XVII BeKy no Bceft Pocchh h JiHuib b cxapoo6paAHecKHxceKxax He npHHaxoe, kbk oxMeneHHoe BJiHaHweM KaxojiHu,H3Ma.

B 3XOM cocxoHHHH PoccHH> sacxaex eme 6ojiee xecHoe skoho-^

Cbhsi. c EBponoK MHHecKoe coo6meHHe c SanaAOM npH Flexpe I.

B XVllBeKeHBM-KorAa MysbiKa c SanaAa HanHnaex ya<enopT sarpaanqHoS H C K y C C X B e H H O H OXMacXH HaCHVIb-

iwysMicn. cxBeHHO BBOSHXbca K pyccKHM B uejiax

o6cJiyM<HBaHHa noxpe6Hocxeft h BKycoB cxpeMHBiuHXca

K eBponeHsauHH ABopancKHX c(|>ep. flepsbie MysbiKaHxw

H nepsaa My3biKa, BBesennaa b Pocchk), 6biJiH b cbash c hhcxo-

XeXHHieCKHMH yCJlOBHftMH—^^rOJiaaHACKMC H UIBeACKHe.

118

B pojiH HacaAHTejiefi aanaanoft MyswKajibHoft Kyjibxypbi ^JHrypw-

pyiOT nepBoe BpeMsi lUBeACKMe njicHHbie h cjiynaflHo 3ae3»<HerocTH. 3to pasposHeHHoe BJiHSHHe ycxynaer mccto b XVIII BeneCHcreMaTHMecKOMy bjihhhhk) HeanojiHraHCKoflonepHofl uiKOJibi, BseaeHHOft b 1735 r. b neTep6yprB jTHue 4) p. A p a ft a ^), no npwMepy cflCJiaBiUHx to ace

HecKOJibKO panee flpyrnx CBponeflcKHx ABopoB, a hotomna33H3JlJ10^)HCapTH.

HsMCAbiaBHe^iopM Hpouecc npoHMKHOBCHHS! MysbiKajibHoro

B KpHGTaAAHsagHfl HCKyccTBa B cjioH 6ojiee mcjikmx 4}eoAajiOB"X- H 3a>KHT0MHbIX TpaWflaH, CMeHMBUIHX, B KaHC"

CTse noTpe6nTejiefl, Kpyr uepKOBHoro pHTyajia, h saxcMKpynHbix BejibMO»t-(})eOAajiOB HeMor He OTpasHTbCH Ha H3Mejib-

MaHHH caMblX (^OpM MySblKajIbHOTO TBOpMBCTBa.

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Boro aKKOMnaHeMCHTa h jiiOTHeBoft Hrpw, a hotom, c H3o6pe-

TCHHCM KJiaBHKOpAa, KOTOpblft OTBCHaA nOAHcfjOHMHeCKHM B03-

MoasHocTHM, CTaA npcHMymecTBeHHo BbipaacaTbca b ^JopMe

pa3HOo6pa3HoA KAaBnuiHoA MysbiKH, K HanaAy XVIII Bewa

nbiuiHO pacuBeriueft bo Bcefl EBpone, h b (Jjopne npocTefliuHx

HHCTpyMCHTaAbHblX H HOAyBOKaAbKblX aHCaM6Aeft. B 3TO BpeMH

C03AaeTCH PJIA HOBblX' HHCTpyMeHXaAbHblX CJf)OpM,

npcHMymecTBeHHO BbipacxaromMx hs xaHuoBaAbHux (|)opM,

panee 6bIBllIHX CAHHCTBeHHblM BHAOM HHCTO-HHCXPyMeHTaJIb-

Hofl MysbiKM. Tanubi, oTHacxH MHcxo-HapoAHwe, oxnacxH

^eoAajiH3npoBaHHbie („pbmapcKHe")i noAynHBuiHe HSBCcxHweH3MeHeHHa bo BKycax ABopsiHCKoA H 6yp«ya3H0ft cpeAbi,

6biAH nepBbiMM xHnaMH MHcxpyMenxanbHoft My3biKH h h3 hhx

- - .r.'V

A p a fi H (1700 ~ 1767) — KOMno3HTep, niodonbiTHbift tcm, hto HMen6onbmoe BnHSHMe Ha cyflb6bi paasHTHSi pyccKoft MyawKn, tbk kbk npHrjiamcH6biji K pyccKOMy AEOpy b 1737 rofly h, npoBCfluiH b neTep6ypre 24 ro«a,

HanHcan ran pas, onep, MHOnie Ha pyccKHe ciojKeTbi h flawe leKCTU.

-) nassHsnno (1741—1816) — 6bin npHflEopHbm KOMnosHTopoM npH

pyccKOM flBope EKaTepuHW II tbk we, kbk Cap™ (1729—1802). 06a ohhMMenH CHnbHoe BjTHaHHe iia pasBHTiie pyccKoro onepHoro h uepKOBHoro

HCKycCTBa.

II

i:

liy

pasBvr'AHCb (|jopMbi CO Max H CHJHT (napxHx). CoHaxa nepBO-

^anajibHO o6o3HaMajia npo6HyK) HHcxpyMCHxajibHyio nbecy,

JkJIH: KOTOpblX CymCCTBOBajIH XaK»<e H HaMMeHOBaHMH „CMM(J)0-

hhh" h „KaHUOHbi". CioHxa npeAcxaBJiHAa cepnio xanueBAAH HHCXpyMeHTOB. CxHJIb 3XHX K0Mn03HU,Vlft 6bIA CMeUianHblS,

MacxbK) noAH(|)OHHHecKMft (ajih 6ojiee Kpynnbix aHcaM6jiefi

M AJIH KJiaBHIIIHblX HHCXpyMeHTOB). MaCXbK) TMnMMHO POMO-

<|)OHHHecKHfl, B KOxopOM Asace rapMOHHH He BbinncbmaAacb,

a xoflbKo HaMenajiacb („reHepaA-6ac")- B XVI BeKe mw MMeeM

ywe CHJibHo pasBHxyro cwcxcMy HHcxpyMen-xaJibHbix (|)opM. CK)Hxa, nocxencHHo SBOAWUHOHHpyfl

)/i ycjioa<Hasicb, Aaex nepBOXHn UHKJiHHecKHX (mhofo-

"^aCXHblx) KOMnOSHUMM, COCXaBJieHHblX M3 pSIAa OXAeAbHblX

nbec, conocxaBJiHeMbix no npHHUHny scxexHHecKoro KOHxpacxa.

Ms Hee noxoM pasBHAacb nosAHefluiaa (MHoronacxHaji' coHaxa.

KpynHbie ancaMdAH, cwHMasicb ao MWHHMyMa b npouecce

npHcnoco6AeHHH k KaMepnwM ycAOBHHM, AaAH HanaAO cKpH-

nHMHbiM coHaxaM H coHaxaM-xpMO, TAe oahh hah ABa raaB-

;HbIX rOAOCa SBAJIAHCb KOHUepXHpyiOmHMH, a KAaBHUIHblfi

HHcxpyMCHX HrpaA poAb axKOMnaHHaxopa. KAaBHiiiHbie wHcxpy-

MeHXbi npH cBoefl cnoco6HocxH k MHororoAOCHio cyneAH yAep-

MCaXb B HHCXpyMBHXaAbHblX 4)opMax KaK Ha-BBpTyosBocTfc B

cjigjiHe HOAHcJjOHHH, xaK H npeHMyuiecxBa

I' roMocpoHHMecKoro cAoweHHji. L> aVI Bena,BOB MysuKe. ^

B CBH3H C paSBHXHeM BWpxyOSHOCXH BO BCB

pacxymefl npotjjjeccHOHaAbHofl cpeAe, axa BnpxyoBHOcxb naMH-

Haex 3apaMcaxb h HHcxpyMCHxaAbHyH) ccjjjepy, b bhab

CKpnnKH H KAdBHKopAa TAaBHbiM o6pa30M, H 3XOH pacxymcfl

BHpxy03H0CXH o6H3aHbI Mbl nOflBACHHeM XHOa KOHUepXOB(cocxHsaHMfl) H KOHuepxHpyromHx conax b XVI h XVII

BCKax. MncxpyMeHxaAbHbie (|)opMbi KaMepnoro xHna, BcioAy

BblSBaHHbie K a<H3HH CXOAKblMH yCAOBHJlMH (yMHOJKCHHe H H3-

MCAbHaHHe onaroB HcnojiHeHHH MysbiKn), pasBHsaioxca BcioAy

B EBpone noHXH OAWHaKOBO, npn neM b cxpanax c npeo6AaAa-

HHew KaxojiHUHSMa (OpanuHH, HxaAHH) sxo pa3BHXHe

aacAOHflex pasBHXHe opranHoft iwysbiKH, 6ojiee Heno-

AaTAHBoft K nporpeccy b ycAOBUHX KaTO.nHHecKoro pHTyaAa,

H B repMaHHH, HanpoTHB, nepBoe Bpena mw Ha6jiK)AaeM

orpoMHbift pocx HMeHHO opraHHoft jiHxepaxypbi, npouBexaBUieft

noA rocTcnpHHMHOM ceHbK) nporecxaHTCKoro xopajia. B MTajiHH

^.JilB^

KAaBeCRHHCTM.

— 120 —

HoMCHHKO CKapjiaTTH^) (1685— 1757), cwhAjicKcaHjtpa CKapjiaxTH.BrepMaHHvi— Ky nay,

BO OpaHUHH— C>p. KynepeH (1668—1733), a Ampjihh emepanee Toro BepA, Mopjieft h flac. By;ijib (1563— 1628)

C03HflaK)T HHCXpyMeHTaJIbHblfi MHTHMHblfi CTHJIb, B TO BpCMSI

KaK BHpTyosbi Ha cKpwnKe TaprwHw h Kopeji^H cosh-

AaiOT BHpTyOSHblft CTHJIb CMblMKOBblX HHCTpyMeH-TOB. CTpCMJieHHC K BHpTyOSHOCTH BbTSblBaeX HOSiBJieHMe

B MysbiKe 6bicTpbix nacca»<efi, a npeeMCTBCHHocTb ox

jHOTHeaoro cxhjih wrpw b cbrsh c o6mHMH npHHHHaMH, xpe-

6oBaBimiMH KaK ot jiwthh, xaK hox KjiasHKopjia c MXKpaT-

KHM 3ByKOM KaKofl-jiH6o xyflOMcecxBCHHoS KOMneHcauHH sa

axy KpaxKOcxb, BbisBajia k mchshh pacuBex MejiMSMaxHMecKHX

yKpauieHHA (MopfleHTw, TpejiH. rpyneTbi), Koxopwe jiejiaioxcH

xapaKxepHbiM axpH6yxoM KJiaBecHHHO-KJiaBUKOpAHoro cxMJin

Bnjioxb no KOHua XVIII seKa.

MysbiKa B 3xy anoxy BbtpaBHHBaexcnnOA BflHAHMCM TOPO, MTO, HaHHHaH C AV 1 BCKa,

uepKOBHasi KOMnosHUHsi B cxporoMCMbic;ie cjiOBa (x.-e. wyabiKa jiJin uepKOBHoro ynoxpe6jTe-

HHjj) oxpbiBaexcfl oxocxaJibHofl MyawKHH KaK 6hsaMbiKaexcji b cbok> c(|)epy, tac noABepraexcH ywe xonbKo

BJIH5IHH5IM xpe6oBaHHft pHxyajia HcpejiHero BKyca KJiepMKaJib-

HoA Maccbi. NysbiKa xe b 6onee cneuHa;ibHOM cMucjie cjioBa,

BKjitoMasi cioAa h MyswKy BnoflHe cBexcKyio (HHCxpyMeHxaflb-

HaJi, BOKajibHan, onepa) h noflyayxoBHyK) ((JjopMbi, BOSHHKUiHe

B jiOHe pHxyajia, ho b hbm He yTKHBuiHecn), b xom MHcyie

opaxopMH, naccHOKbi, AyxoBHbie apHU, accHMHJiHpysi b ce6a

y>Ke 6e3 Konxpojia co cxopOHw uepKBH Bce flocxHMcenHH

xexHHKH H BbipasHxejibHoc I H, Bbipa6axbiBaexcH b neKoxopbiK

cpeflHHfl CTHJIb, Koxopbifl efl,HHoo6pa3eH B npeftcjiax

Ka>KAOA H3 BHOBb OXKpHCXaJIJlHSOBaBUIHXCH 4'OPM (spHH, CO-

HaTa, TaHuoBajibHbie TMnw, nojiHcJjOHHHecKHe <|)opMbi), ho He

OAoMCHMKO CKapnaTTK (1685— 1757) snaMeHHT rnaBHhJM

06pa30M CBOHMH (})OpTenHaHHbIMH KOMnOSHUHSIMH, B MaCTHOaTH COHaiaMH

(OflHOHaCTHblMH), KOXOpblC npeABapSIJIH n03«HeKLUHa KnaCCHHeCKHB CTKHb

MHCTpyMeHTanbHOH MyawKH. 06mee mhjko ero coHHHeHHH npojTHpacTCH cbw-

lue 400. KpoMe 4>opi'enHaHHbix KOMno3HUHfl, oh HanHcaji opraHHwe h raKwe

onepbi (HSBecTHefluiaa— „HapuHcc").

— 1-21 --

a

MenneTCJi cymecTBCHHO npn nepcMene cBCTCKoro cioweTa Ha

AyxoBHbiA H o6paTHo. He Ha6jiK)flaeTCH b STy anoxy h CKOJibKO-

HH6yAb cymecTBeHHbix HauHonajibHux otjimmhA b o6jia-

CTH KyjibTypHofl MyBbiKH, MTO o6'sicHneTCH 6ojiee hjih McneeHHTepnauHOHajibHbiM xapaKTepoM ABopsiHCKoroK Ji a c c a, jjBJijiBiiieroca BaKOHOAaTCJicM BKyca h noTpe6HTejieM.

OopMbi pbmapcKHX xaHues (capa6aHAa, acwra, rasoT, MenysT.

ajiJieMaHAa), BXOAHBiuHe b ciOHTbi, xoth h 6biJiH o6ycjiOBJieHbi

BOSHMKHOBCHHeM H3 HapOAHblX TdHUeB, HO OHM 6bIJIH HaCTOJIbKO

aCCHMHJIHpOBaHbl H npeodpaJKCHbl BKyCOM apHCTOKpaTHH, MTO

coBepuieHHO yxpaTHJiH h HCKasHJiH nepBOTHnbi. PaBHCHHe

BKycoB npoHcxoAHJio B c4)epe onepu na MTajibsnueB, b c(|)epe

ace HHCTpyMeHTajibHofl Bbipa6oTajicH HCKOTopbifl HHTepnauHO"

HaJIbHbiA CIHJlb KyjIbTypHOfl MyBblKM, KOTOpblft TOJIbKO B Fep-MaHHH noABcprajicsi HesHannTejibHOMy nauHOHajiHCTHHecKOMy

BOSAeAcTBHK) B o6jiacTH pejiHrHOBHoro xopaJibHoro Hanesa.

B BOKaJIbHOA MyBbIKe JIHUIb TCKCT H TCXHHKa npOCOAHH npH"

AasajiH HCKOTopoe pasjinnne Manepe BOKajibHoro MSJio^KeHHn

B pasHbix cTpaHax (naTCTHMecKaH HaneBHOCTb b MxajiHH,

ACKjiaMauHOHHocTb BO ^panuHH). TaKHM o6pa30M nojiyMHJiocb.

HTO H OnepHblft CTHJIb BbIKpHCTajIJIH30BbIBaeTC» B MHCTO-

MySblKajIbHOM OTHOUieHHH B HCKOTOpwe TpaAHUHOHHWC (jJOpMbI

H Manepbi, cxanoBsimHecsi KaK 6bi o6H3axejibHbiMH. TaKHMcxHJicM HHcajiHCb onepbi PajiJie m FpaynoM (1701—1759)

B FepMaHHH, B Manepe h xpaAHunax HeanojiHTancKoft lUKOJibi,

CKapjiaTTH, FcHAejieM b Ahpjihh, tac oh cTaji npeeMHHKOMcosASTejia nauHonajibHoA onepbi flepcejiJin.

CymecTBeHHbiM MOMeHTOM anoxH siBJiaeTca npncBoeHHe

3MOUHOHajibHbix xapaKTepHCTHK Maacopy m MHHopy, koto-

pwe AO Tofl nopbi ne 6biJiH onpeAeJienbi. Ma«op CTanoBHTca

CMMBOJiOM 6oAporo HacTpoeHHJi, MHHop ace— nenajibHoro.

riepBoe BpeMsi npoBeAeHwe bthx xapaKTepHCTHK eme He ot-

jiHMaeTCH nocjieAOBaTCJibHOCTbio,— nojiHoe nponcneHHe cthjih

B 9TOM OTHOUieHHH coBepiuaeTCH JiHuib B KJiaccHHecKyio anoxy.

Pacgser MysbiKH To oco6oe noJioaceHHe, b KOTopoe nonajia

B TepMaBBH nocAc FepMaHHH c CHJibHO saxBaTHBUicft ee peJiH-

SO-ACTBeH BOHBu. THOSHOM 6opb6oA, cnoco6cTBOBaBiiieA npo-

ueccy ACMOKpaTHBauHH h o6MeHy MyBWKajibHbix BemecTB

c HapoAHbiMH MaccaMH, c ee OKpenuieA b 6opb6e h xyAO-

acecTBCHHO TepnHMoft npoTecxaHTCKoA uepKOBbio, HaKoneu,,

•MMMiMMlaMl m

— 122 — '^S

c ee cjia6oft GpaBHHTejibHo 4>^<^AajibHoA BjiacTbio, Heo6bi-

HaflHO cnoco6cTBOBajio yKpenjicHHio Morynero MysbiKajibHoro

npo^JeccMOHajiMSMa. FlpeKpameHHe 30-JieTHeH Boi^Hbi nocfly-

MVinO KBK 6bl CMFHajIOM paCUBCTa, H B FepMaHMH Mbl HCMe-AJieHHO BHflHM 3apO»<AeHHe BCJIMKHX OpraHHCTOB H MacTepoBopraHHO-uepKOBHOM KOMnosHUHH,—PeftHKena (1623—1722)

H ByKCTeryAe^) (1669—1707), KOTopwe cosMaiOT tmr hcTHJib xopajibHbix opraHHbix o6pa6oTOK H CB060AH0A nojiH-

tJjOHHHeCKOfl OpraHHOft K0Mn03HUHH, He CMOrmeft paSBHTbCSI

B poMaHCKHX CTpanax, rfle opraHHCT He HMeji raKoro npo-

4)eccHOHajibHoro aHaneHHsi. 9th aBTopbi-BHpxyoabi npe^Ba-

pHiOT noaB;ieHHe Baxa ^) (1685 — 1750) h FeHAejia '^)

(1685—1759), EHHTaBlUHX B Ce6a BCe AOCTHaKeHHH nOJIH(j|)OHHH uroMO(j[)OHHH, Bbipa6oTaHHbie HxajibsiHCKHM, repwaHCKHM H HHjuep-

jiaHACKHM HCKyccTBOM npoiujioro, H KaK 6bi saBepuiaroinHxOTToro anoxy pasBHTHJi cthjih My sbiKajibHoro

*) ByKCTeryfle (166B-—1707) — oahh h3 BenHsattuiHx npefluiecTBeH-

HHKOB Baxa, KOMnosMTop, Bbipa6oTaBuiHS opraHHbift ctHnb H opraHHyK) BHp-

xyosHOCTb. Ero coMHHeHHst B o6u],Hx nepiax roxo^kh Ha 6axoBCKHe, ho othh-

HaiOTcn 6ojibmHM flHaTOHHSMOM H HeKOTOpoft rpy6ocTbio cTpyKiypbi. Oh Hann-

can MHoro KOMno3HUHft, b tom nucne h BOKanbHbie, ho coxpaHHJiHCb TonbKo

5 CBaAe6Hbix neceH, coHaTw ^na cKpHnKH, opraHHwe KOMnoauuHH h

KaHTaTbl.

2)Bax, HoraHH-Ce6acTHaH (1685—1750)

—

jkhh see speMH b

repMaHHH. KonHMCCTEO ero npoHSBefleHHH orpoMHo. Mm nanHcaHbi una

(jjopTenHaHO „AVohltempi'riertes Clavier" m pHA cfiopHHKOB cioht, napiHT h

ApyrHX KOMnosHUHii, opraHHbie o6pa6oTKH xopanoB, opraHHwe npenioflHH,

TOKKaxbi H (i>ym (h3 hhx naHfionee sHaMeHHTW dpaHTasua h (fj""^ c-moll,

npenioflHa h 4'yra a-moll, „naccKanna" h TOKKaxa d-moll), naccHOHbi no

MaTtJjew H no MoaHHy (apyrHe naccHOHU ero, noBHflHMOMy, noiepaHbi),

MHoro Mecc (HaHfionee sHaMeHHiaa—-h-moll-as!), pup. Kpynnux uepKOBHUx

coMHHeHHft (cpeflH HHX HSBecTHw „PowflecTBeHCKaa opaTopHa" H „MarHH-

(i)HKaT"), orpoMHoe mhcho KanTai (cBwme 200). 06mee coSpaHHe ero co-

«iHHeHHft HSflano cnanana „06mecTB0M Baxa" („Bach-Gesellschaft"), a nosfl-

Hee— BpeftTKoneJjOM.

") FeHflenb (1685—1759) ponnncsi b Panne, >khji 6onbmeft Hacibw

B JIoHflOHe, rfle h ynep, npH mbm anrnHHane CMHiaiOT ero sa CBoero nauHO-

HanbHoro KOMnosHTopa. CoMHHeHHa FeHjiena onenb MHoroHHcneHHu, ohm

OTHOcaTca k THny onep (b HCTopH«!ecKOM acncKie HMerox MeHbiuee sHane-

HHe) H opaiopHH (b hhx — ueHTp ero komhobhuhh). Ero onepw, b ko-

Topbix OH npoAonJKan nnHKK> TEOpMecTsa HTajibaHCKoro nncbMa,— ..PaflaMHCi".

^Cuesona", „<DnopHflaHTe", „Ue3aph", „TaMepnaH", „[oflenHHfla", ..Aamct",

„PHKKapflo I", „ToneMeo", „JloTapHo", „napTeHone", „CocapMa", „OpnaHao"

Mb

123

penecaHca. 06a — h Bax h FeHnejib — poBecHHKH no

jieraM, npe>KAe Bcero BbicoKO-KBajiH4)HUHpoBaHHbie npoijiec-

cHonaJibi MacTepa b ccjjepe MyawKH (06a— nepBOKjiaccHwe

OpraHHCTbl H KJiaBeCHHHCTbl) H 06a Heo6bIMaAHO njlOAOBHTbie

TBopubi. FeHACJib HBJineTCH MacxepoM 6ojiee HnxepHauHonajib-

Horo KOJiopHxa h cBJiaaH b c4>epe CBoero MyswKajibHoro xBop-

MecxBa c uiHpoKHM cBponeficKHM pbiHKOM cBexcKoro noxpe-

dnxejin MySbIKH, ABOpOB KOpOHOBaHHblX JIHU, BeJIbMOHC H

MarHaxoB. Oh nacxo Menaex cBoe nojiOMccHHe b EBpone,

nepecejiaacb hs cxpaHbi b cxpany m BCK>Ay B6Hpafl b CBoe

TBopnecTBO nocJieAHMC AOcxHweHHsi MysuKajibHux pecypcoB,

npoAyuHpyn npeHMymecxBCHHo onepy, kbk nandojiee moa-

Hbift npoAyKx, npH Men xyx oh naxoAHxca b npeHMymecxBeHHofi

c4)epe BJiHsiHHa HeanojiHxaHCKoA uikojiw, — xopMcecxBCH-HyK) KaHxaxy, cosAasaeMyK) cnpocoM Ha axox xhh MysbiKH

B BbicoKoapHcxoKpaTHMecKOM Kpyry, HopaxopHK>, B KOXO-

pyK) nepcHocHX Bce onepHwe MysbiKajibHwe pecypcw. He-

pecejiHBUiHCb B Ahtjihio, FeHACJib HacaacAaex xaM onepnbiit

cxHJib, oxBeHaiouiH^ cnpocy Bwcmero Kpyra, a noA Koneu»<H3HH—MOHyMCHxajibHbiA cxHjib opaxopHH, pasBHXHe H cnpoc

Ha Koxopbift o6ycjiOBJieH pe(|)opMauHOHHbiM cABwroM b Ahfjimh

H xcM 6flaroHecxHBbiM H xop>KecxBeHHbiM HacxpoeHMBM, KOXO-

poe b 3XO BpeMH pacnpocxpaHHJiocb b aHrjinflcKOM BwcuieM

o6mecxBe h coxpannjiocb hohxh ao naiuHx Anefl. MmchhoBopaxopHaflbHOM cxHjie, TAB M MBJioAHKa H csexjiaH,

xop«ecTBeHHaH, CBoi^cxBenHasi FeHAejiK>, nojiH4>OHHii mofjih

naflxH nojiHoe CBoe npHMeneHHe, FeHACJib aocxhf cBoero

KyjibMHHauHOHHoro nyHKxa xBopnecxBa, xoxh h ne MywAajica

M HHXHMHblX, KdMepHblX (|)OpM (ciOHXbl, COHaXbl, KOHUepXbl) M

MHcxo - HHcxpyMeyxajibHofl opKccxpoBoft c4)epbi (concerti

grossi). Ero KOJioccajibHaa cjiaBa mhopo o6ji3aHa h xomv, hxo

OH nonaji b cxpany, tab oxcyxcxBHe Kpynnoro MysbiKajibHoro

TBopnecKoro Aapa omyiuajiocb xeM 6oAe3HeHHee, hxo B03pa-

M flp. Ero opaTopHH oneHb MHoroHHCJieHHM M HanHcaHbi npeHMymecTBCHHo

B nocJieaHHH, HaHfionee apenbiK nepnos ero hshshh. Ma hhx caMbiMH anaMe-

HHTbiMH aBnawTCfl „MeccHa", „CaMC0H", ^Hncyc HaBHH*, „MeB(j|)aa". Kpone

Toro, MM HanHcaHo MHoro HHCxpyMeHTanbHwx coMHHeHHfl flHH 4)opTenHaHo,

O rana h cTpyHHWx, b tom MHcne eio opKCTpoBbie KOHuepibi, oprannbie koh-

uepiH, <j|)aHTa3Hii h $yrH, 6 „KOHuepTH rpoccn", cKpnnHMHbie coHaiH h (Ipop-

TennaHHbie bcuih. 3th coMHHeHHH fionbiueii HacTbio HanHcaHw ao 1740 roAa.

124

craiomaH nwiiiHOCTb ahhbcthh h KpennymaH b (|)eoflaJibHbix

Kpyrax HauHOHajibHaa vinen HacTosTejibHo Tpe6oBajiH oTpaMte-

HHH B TOpWeCTByiOineM H TOpMCeCTBeHHOM HCKyCCTBe. B COOT-

BCTCTBHH c 3THM Ahfjihsi npHSHaJia repMaHua PeHflejtH cbohmKOMn03HTOpOM C TCM 6oJIbUIHM npaBOM, MTO OH flefiCTBHTCJlbHO

oTflaji ePi 6ojibmyio MacTb jkmshh h noHTw Bce tbopmcctbo. Ho3TO npn3HaHMe He ycxpansieT xapaKTepHoro HHTepnauHO-Ha;iH3Ma PeHflejia, KOTopwft, KaK yKaaano 6biJio ywe Bbiuie,

o6ycjioBJiHBajica BOo6me cthjicm anoxM h MajiwM pasjiHHHeM

TnnoB cnpoca b pasHbix crpaHax h TOJibKO b HCKJiiOMHTejibHbix

cjiynanx AaBaji saMexHbie HauHonajiHCTHHecKHe peayflbTaTbi.

B npoTHBonojiWKHOcTb FeHAejiK), pa6oTaBiueMy Ha cnpoc

uivipoKoro eBponeAcKoro pwHKa, MoraHH-Ce6acTbaHB a X pa6oTaeT BsaMKHyroM pbiHKe pejiHrHOSHoroHCKyccTBa, MspeAKa buxoasi h3 Hero ana npoAyKUHH na cxpo-

ro npO(|)eCCHOHaJIbHbIJ% pblHOK KBa;iM4)HUHpOBaHHbIX

MysbiKaHTOB, B BHAy Toro, MTO caMbifii pbiHOK noAo6Horo poAa6biJi HacbimeH BnojiHe, orpoMHaa nacca TBopeHHfl Baxa hbh-

jiacb KaK 6bi nepenpoHSBOACTBOM, KOTopoe He hmcjio

SHaneHHa ajih coBpeMCHHOCTH h mopjio Aaxb nacbimeHHe

pbiHKa flHuib pacmnpeHHoro, 6ojiee uiHpoKoro, pbiHKa 6y-

A ym e r o. OrpoMnaa npoAyKuwa Baxa c H36biTKOM noKpuBanaTO, MTO Tpe6oBa;iH ox nero pejiHrHOSHbift KyjibT h neSojibuiaa

npo(|)eccHOHaJibHaa cpeAa, ottopo Bax OKasajica oahhm h3

nepBblX KOMHOSHTOpOB, COSHaTCJIbHO pa6oTaBmHxAJia 6yAymero, Aaa<e 6e3 HaAe»cAbi na nojiHyro oucHKyTBopMecTBa npw }kh3hh. TaKoro poAa opweHTauHa na 6yAy-

mee, npw KOJioccajibHcA TexHHKe Baxa, no3BOflHJia eny pas-

BHTb B CHJIbHOK CTenCHH XpOMaTH3M H 3HrapMOHH3M,BblTCKaBIIlM H3 XyAOWeCTBCHHO HCnOJlbSOBaHHOrO npH6jIH-

»<eHHoro cTpoa KJiaBecMHHbix HHCTpymeHTOB (opraHa hKjnaBecHHa), KOTopbift He3aAOJiro nepeA tbm (b 1700) 6b«i

npHHUHnnajibHO ycTanoBJien BepKMeftcTepoM noA HawMe-

HOBaHHCM paBHOMepHofl TewnepauHH. FlaMaTHMKOM aroPi cjjaaw

aBHJiHCb 48 npejiJOAHft h 4>y^ Baxa bo Bcex Tonax, cocTa-

BMBiuMX TaK Has. „Wohltemperiertes Clavier" (xopouio

HacTpocHHoe (j[)-nHaHo), KaK 6bi onwT xyAowiecTseHHoro

aancMaTjieHHa hobofo CTpoa, AaBaBuiero BosMOMCHOCTb hhto-

HHpOBaHHa C AOCTaTOMHOft TOMHOCTblO BO BCCX TOHaflb-

HOCTax, MTO panee 6buio hcbosmojkho. PasHbiM o6pa30M

:. i^iliS)iiitl)^i'M

~ 125 —

Bax oTMeTHJi h xyAOMsecTBCHHo saneMaTJieji „3 h r a p m ohm m e-

CKHe bosmojkhocth", OTKpbiBaBuiHeca b hobom CTpoe, npn

nepcMene BsrjiaAa na cosByMne. HaH6ojibmee BHHManMe Bax

yACJiHJi KOHTpanyHKTHMecKMM (JjopMaM — (jjjyre, KanoHy m6ojiee cBo6oAHOMy MMHTauHOHHOMy cthjik), xoTa ohHe MywAajica h MHCTbix roMo4)OHHMecKHX saAanHit. Ctfjepw.

B KOTopbix OH pa6oTaji, 6biJiH npeAonpeAejieHbi ero pojibio

uepKOBHoro opraHwcTa h cBOAvuiwcb k KanepnoMy cthjho

(cOHaThI, ClOHTbl, TAB OH npOAOAHOeX CTHflb HTaJIbaHCKHX

ocHOBaTejieft HHCTpyMeHTa^HSMa h Kynay), KOHuepTaM AJia

KpynHbix aHcawdjieft, opraHHbiM coMHHeHHaM h npo-

MSBeAeHHaM MOHyMenTaabHoro peJiwrHOBHoro ctmjih (naccHOHbi:

„Matthaus-Passion" h „Johannes-Passion", Meccw, b tomMHCJie reHHajibHaa h-moll-naa, KanTaTW h opaTopHw). BMecTec FcHAejieM Bax aBnaeTca saBepuiHTejiCM CBo6oAHoronoJiH(|)OHHMecKoro cTHaa. Ocjia6jieHHe uepKOBHOCTHB cpeAe npoTecTaHTMSMa, pasBHTwe wejiKoro (|)eoAaflH3Ma

B TepMaHHH H cBasaHHbii^ c nocjieAnefl tjjopMauHeft (jjjeoAa-

flHSMa BKyc K MysbiKC yBeceJiHTejibHofl, npHaTHOft, Herfly6oKoft,

Menee BO^Hyiomeft, MeM ycjiajKAaHJiueft,— BKyc, o6yc;iOBJieHHbift

KJiaccoBOH scTeTHKofl (J)eoAaflbHbix rpynn, Tpe6oBaBmHx yro-

MCAeHHa H yBeceJieHHa co cToponw HCKyccTBa,—Bce 3to Mpes-

BbiMafiHO cHJibHO HOBJiHajio Ha cyAb6y 6axoBCKoro TBopMecTBa

nocjie ero CMepTH. Oho bobcb He paccMHTaHo 6biJio na 3Ty

aerKyK) scTCTMKy, h noTOMy cnpoc Ha Hero cpasy naji,—BaxB nOKOJieHHH. K0Mn03HT0p0B BTOpOft nOJlOBHHbl XVIII BQKSl

BOBce He BBJineTca bwcoko ueHHMoft (jj)Hrypofi[. Bojiee sna-

MBHHa coxpanaeT FeHAejib, pa6oTaBmnft b KOHTaKTC c BKy-

caMH BBKa, OTMcro H ^JiHanwe ero na 6jin«afliiiee noKOJieHwe

KOMnOSHTOpOB (KJiaCCMKH) 6ojibuie 6axoBCKoro. BospoMCACHHe

Baxa, KaK npHsnaHHoro BJiacTHTejia MysbiKajibHbix AyM, mo^

a<eT cocTOHTbca SHUib ropasAO nosAHee, ysce b BeK poMaHTHSMa,

KOPAa cosAaioTca HOBbie BKycoBwe rpynnw b cpeAe HHTeji;ieK-

TyajibHoft 6ypH<ya3MH (XIX bbk). BjiMMcafiiUHe M<e k mchshh

Baxa H FeHAejiH roAW npoxoAaT noA SHaKOM jiHKBHAauMM

'mhctoS nojiH(|)OHHH, KOTopaa peiuHTejibHO BbiTecnaeTca hs

CB3TCK0ft My3bIKH H COXpaHaCTCa (h to He nOJIHOCTblo)

JIMlUb B UepKOBHO-OpaTOpwaJIbHOM CTMfle.

flajibHefiiuee ocseMceHHe cthjib nacTynHJio b cymnocTH

noA BJiHaHHeM pasBHTwa caMoft habh onepw. Onepa, HaMas-

V\

'^:^4i^' .v.lvv

— 126 — - A

uiasicH KaK pecraBpauHH aHTHHHoft xpareflHH, coxpaHHJia

B cBoefl oKOHHaTejibHofl ^'op'^fi HpesBbiMaftHO Majio o6mero

c nocJieftHeft. CsHsyKJiUHM sbchom 6biJi npeHMymecTBCHHO

jiereHAapH o-r epoHMecKufi ciOMceT, Koropbifl CHanaJia

6paJICSI MS aHTHMHOfl MHCJJOJlOrHH, a nOTOM B BMfly My»CflOCTH

nocJieflHeft BKycaM noTpe6MTejiH craJi ycxynaTb mccto nauH-

OHaJibHoft JiereHfl,e, aaBaBiuefl, npoMe Toro, nHiuy h nauHOHajib-

HOMynyBCTBy. BoBJieneHHeB Kpyr noTpe6nTejieft onepw MCJiKoro

flBopHHHHa H 6ypM<ya-ropo>KaHHHa, jteMOKpaTHSHpoBaBuiee

onepy, sbisBajio cMemcHvie BKyca b CTopony or repoMHecKoft

aercHflbi, Koropaa n He Mor;ia BbisBaxb oco6oro coHyBCTBHH

B-cpeae ropowaH, HacTpoeHHbix 6oJiee peajibHO, aa h y 4)eoAajib-

Hbix rpynn ona, cjiynaHHO BOSHHKiuan Ha noHBe BOcnoMHHaHHfi

06 aHTHHHofl TpareflHH, 6ojiee cyiuecxBOBaaa no HnepuHH.

C apyrofl cTopoHbi, a6cTpaKTHOCTb jiereHAW h JKaM«fla wMCTb

B onepe hcmto 6ojiee 6jiH3Koe k mchshh BbisbiBaer k mcmshh

KOMHHecKyK) onepy. o6Hapya«MBaK>myK>KoMH^ecKaH npeeMCTBeHHOCTb He CTOJibKO or anTHMHOft

onepa. «« »KOMeAHH, CKOJlbKO OT „BOAeBHJieH HapOAHOH

flpaMbi. Kojibi6ejibK> KOMHHecKoft onepw 6bijia Ta »ce MTaJiHsi.

H ee ocHOBaTeJiHMH 6biJiH KOMnoanTopw neanojiHTaHCKoS

uiKOJibi (rieprojiese h JlorpoiuHHo), npn new nepBOHanaJib-

HbiM HMnyjibcoM K ee cosAaHMK) 6biJia BeceJian napoflwa

Ha cepbesHyio onepy, BbiAepwaHHaa b ronax napoAHbix cuenH-

MecKHX npeACTaBJieHMfi[. HoBan onepa c BecejiwM ciomcctom

H 6ofiKoft MysbiKoft, 6ojiee 6jiH3Kofl k npocTWM napoAHbiM

HanesaM, 6biCTpo saBoeBbiBaex cHMnaTHH ny6jiHKH, noHHMa-

HHK) cpeflHcro ypoBHa KoropoiS ropasflo 6jinM<e, neM TopjKe-

CTBeHHO-ycJioBHaa cepbeanaa onepa. KoMnnecKaa onepa npoHH-

KaeT B cpeAHHe XVIII Bewa bo OpaHUHio, rue OHa nopow^aer

HCMefljieHHO noApawaHHa, npH mbm MysbiKajibHwe noTpe6HTeJiH

pacnaflaroTca na abc spaatAyiomHe rpynnw— eytJjtIJOHHCTOB

(CTOPOHHHKOB KOMHHCCKOA Onepbl) M aHTM6yCJJ3CJ|30HHCTv B (ijpH-

BepaceHueB cepbesHoro cthjir). He yflHBMTejibHO, hto komh-

MecKaa onepa OAepacajia b urore Bepx, h6o, BO-nepBbix,

cepbesHaa onepa k TOMy BpeMeHH ycnejia cnjibHO ebipo-'

AHTbca— OHa, HaBOAHeHHaa h HCKawceHHaa BHpxyosHbiMH

TeHAeHunaMH nesuoB, coBepmeHHO nepecrajia 6biTb TearpoM

H ApaMOfl, o6paTHBmHCb B KOCTKJMHpOBaHHblft KOHUepT, FAe

CKJJKeT H3 aHTHHHOfl HJIH MHOfl repOHMeCKOfl H<M3HH 6bia JIHUIb

— J27 —. J^- '

BHeiuHHM H cJia6biM npeAJioroM AJia npoaBjienHa BHpxyosHbixKanecTB hcbuob. <l>paHuy3bi c hx jno6oBbK) k Apane h k cJiOByecrecTBeHHO npeAnoMJiH 6ojiee ApaMaxHHecKH h jiophh iCKVt

o6ocHOBaHHyK) KOMHiecKyK) onepy, ren Conee, hto OHa wMejianpeAKOB B caMofi OpanuHH b BHAe nojiynapoAHbix ..BOAeBHJieft"

c BcraBHbiMH neceHKaMH h mto o6umPi BKyc anoxH (cospeBaHwe(|)eoAaflH3Ma) KJiOHHjica k neBeacecTBy pa3BJieKaTejibHOMy,a He cepbesHOMy, m xora onepa y«e CAejiajia ycTynKH aroMy,cTaB apenoA BRpxyosHocTH h npcAaB 3a6BeHHK) crower h jio-

FHKy, HO KOMHMecKaa onepa 6biJia 6ojiee paAHKajibHWM peuie-HHCM. OepBOHaMajibHaa (j()paHuy3CKaa KOMHHecnaa onepa, homh-MO THna cjojKera, noAarajia cBoe paBJiHHHe ox cepbesHoftB xoM, Hxo peHHxaxHB B Hefi ycxynHJi Mecxo npo-CTOMy Awajiory, ixo npH6jiHJKajio ee k cxapowy BOAeBHjno.B 3T0M xoHe HHcajiH onepw Hynw (1709—1775), Ohjihaop ^)

(1 726—1 795). r p e X p H (1 741 —1 81 3) 2) h M o h-cDpaHgyacKaH ko- ^.j,„^j^ ,-,721 -1817). H B HX pyKax kommhc-

XVIII H.^^^^ onepa oopaxHJiacb b paA apwM h ancaM-6jieft, pasAejieHHbix pasroBopnbiM AnajioroM.

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uiHCb 6oJiee no Bxycy caMoft ny6jiMKe, cosAaBuieft raM6yprcKyK>cueHy, x.-e. xoproBoft 6ypM«ya3HJn:. HeneAJieHHO coBAaroxcanoApa^Kanna na nauHOHajibHoA noMBe, noJiynaiomHe HasBaHHeSingspiel, xoace c AwajioroM BMecxo penHxaxuBa. Ha repMan-cKoft noHBe OMCHb cKopo Singspiel xepaex cBofl nepBOHanaAb-Hbifl xapaKxep KOMeAHH h naHHHaex npocxo o6o3HaHaxb(|)opMy onepbl c AwaJioroM. no3AHeflmHe KOMHHecKneonepw repMancKHx KOMnosHxopoB (A. P h jiji e p a, Xt h x x e p c-

Aop{J)a, BeHAa h np.) Aa^eKO ne BcerAa 6biAH KOMeAHaMw,a Hacxo 3aKjiK)iajiH b ce6e xparHHecKHfi h JiereHAapHwft AaJKeCK)»«eT.

MAeojiorwHecKaa nenpoHHOcxb nosMUHH cepbe3Hoft onepwHeMCAJieHHO AOJiJKHa 6wjia Bbissaxb nonwxKH ee pea6H-

') OHHHflop (1726 -1795) — SHaMeHMTbiH eme KaK maxMaxHCT, asTop

MHorHX KOMHiecKHx onep, cpeflH KOTOpbix ny<iuiHe „Le marcchal ferrant" (1761>

H „3pHenHHfla" (1767), Bcero hx 23.

^) FpeTpH (1741—1813) - asiop mhophx onep, npH6nH}KaiomHXCH yjKe

K nosflHeftmcMy inny onepeTTW. Cpe^H hhx HaH6ojibuiyK) nonynjipHocTb.

HMeeT „PHHapfl JlbSHHoe Cep«iie".

4;,«a.-.-i**.-.p^*^4\V :V>> ^ ;.iw.-^vii

- 128JL'9 —

Ji H T a u H H, KaK AocToflHoro Tuna MyawKajibHoro npoHSBefleHHH.

BnpTyosHOCTb H npespcHHe k CMWcJiy cnosaTparHHCCKaH onepa

g^^^^ rflaBHblMH npMMHHaMH BbipOMCflCHMHBO paHSHH. AyK.

^^gpj^j ^ g^j^ HMeHHO KanecTBa jiojiacHbi 6biJiH

6biTb napajiHSOBaHbi h oT6poiiieHw. PeaKUHH b c4)epe cepbes-

Hoil onepw b noflbsy ee peKOHCTpyKUHH b Kpamy Bon;iOTVi;iacb

a 4)Hrype T Ji y k a ^) (1 714—1 787), KOTopwfl, HanaB nwcaTb b cth-

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jie HcanojiHTaHCKoft uiKOJibi, cKopo BbiHyscAeH 6biji nocxaBHTb

nepefl onepofl npo6jieMbi cooTBeTCTBHH c xeKCTOM

M nOAHHHCHHOCTH M y 3 bl K H fl p a M aXHH 6 C K O M y 3 a-

jiaHHK). Cboh BsrjijJAbi OH BonjioTHJi B onepe „Op(jf)eft"

M „AflbuecTa" (1767), o6HapyM{HBaiomeM B^HAHHe cthjis FeH-

X e Ji n. TjiyK nepsbiA cTasMX coBHarejibHO Bonpoc o cootbct-

CTBHHX HaCTpOCHHH MySbIKH C TeKCTyaJIbHblMH MOMeHTaMH,

nofliepKHBasi tcm H3o6pa3HTeflbHbia momcht wysbiKH.

BsrjisiAbi FjiyKa, mbjio uieauiwe ko BKycaM aBcrpHflcKHx 4)eofla-

^OB, rfle OH no naMajiy pasBepnyji cbok> nesnenbHOCTh, sacTa-

BHJiH ero HCKBTb npHMCHeHMH CBOHX HAeft B llapHJKe, rfle

onepbi JliojiJiH H PaMO yace mmcjih cKJioHHOCTb k "npH6jiHM<e-

HHK) K flpaMC H K nOAMMHCHHlO My3bIKH TeKCXy. M flCfiCTBH-

lejibHO, ero onepa „HdpHreHwa b ABJiMne" (1 774) HMC^a orpoM-

Hbifl ycnex h BwsBajia o6ocTpeHHe 6opb6bi flsyx yme panee

HaMeHaBuiMXCH rpynn— CTopoHHHKOBMTajibflHHSMa h EHpryos-

HOCTH H CTOpOHHHKOB nCCBJlOKJiaCCHHeCKOrO HanpaBJieHHH

cepbesHoR onepw— JIiojijih h PaMO. riepBbie BbinHcajiH Aawe

cneuHaJibHO HxajibflHua IImhhhhh^) b npoTHBOBec PjiyKy, ox-

Mero 3xa 6opb6a b flanHoft cxaflHw nojiynmia HaHMCHOBaHHe

pacnpH „rjiyKHCXOB h nuMHHHHCXOB". B cocxHsawMH Ha

HanHcaHHC onepw „W^Hremn b TaBpwfle" T^yK nojiynHJi npH-

sHaHHe no6eAnxeji5i, mto. BnponeM, 6ojiee o6'flCHSflOCb npeBOc-

xoacxBOM ero jiMHHoro jxapoBanvtH. Bo bcskom cjiynae TayKy

r n y K (1714—1787) ponHnca b TepMaHMH, ho ftenTenbHocTb ero rnaB-

MbiM oSpasoM cBflsaHa c OpaHUHeft, r«e oh npoflonwan hkhhio cepbesHoft

onepw sanoaceHHoa JlwnnH. Ero naHSonee BbwaiomHeca npoH3BeAeHHa —„0p4)eV', „AnbuecTaV(1767), „M<})HreHHa b Abjihac" (1774), „M4)HreHHH

B TaapHrte" (177^0- ^ „2) riHMHHHM (1728— 1800) H3BecTeH, KaK conepHHK TjiyKa b ua-

pMase, asTO? MHorHX komhhcckhx onep, b KOTopbix oh CHnbHO pacmH?Hn

<|opMy. MeHee yflanHW ero onwTbi b oSnacTH cepbesHoa onepw („PonaHfl,

„M(j)HreHH5i").

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^11.—9noxa KJiaccHu,H3Ma.

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cugHSMa.Koxopaa npoflHKxoBana 6bijia saMKHyxocxbioBKyca noxpe6Hxejia b (JieoAajibHwe paMKH,

B cBasH c nepenocoM xexHHMecKH npo4)eccHOHajibHoroBHMMaHHfl Ha SByKOBoe OMapoBaHHe, BWBBajia aBJiCHHC Kjiac-CHUHSMa, cymecxBeHHO CBasaHHoro c npo(|)eccHOHajibHbiM6bjxoM MysbiKanxa b anoxy nepeA (J)paHuy3CKofl peBOjnounefi.Oahh h3 HH31UHX cjiyHCHxeJieft npHABopHoro mxaxa, npo4)ec-CHOHaji-MysbiKaHx, aojukch Chia nocxaBjiaxb onpeaeJieHHoeMHCJio npoHBBefleHHfi, yflOBjiexBopaioinHx xpe6oBaHHaM apwcxo-KpaxHHecKoro Kpyra. 9xh ycJiOBwa HHBejiHpoBajiH BKyc, npo-HHKaJlH C03HaHHe H OAHOBpeMeHHO 4>OpCHpOBajIH KOMnOSHXOp-cKyio xexHHKy. B cBaaw c sxhm naaaex uepKOBHwA h opaxopnajib-

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McTopna MysfaiicH. 9

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— 130 —

OTTOro npcHMymecTBeHHoe pasBHTwe MHCTO-HHCTpyMeHfaJib-

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lai —

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T04HO TaftAHOM; AO Hero 3THM HMeHCM Hasbi-BajiHCb caMbie pasjiHiHbie (j[)opMbi. BnjioTb ao opxecTpoBbixHHTepjiwAHft B onepax). O. 3. Bax cosHAaer cthjib msjio-weHHH a;ih 4>opTenHaHO. HannHaiomero KOHKypHposaTbc KjiasecHHOM H BbiTecHfliomero hs o6HxoAa MyawKH rpoMosA-khA opraH. Oh nepBbift, KaK HBoKKepHHH, HanHHaer tomhoBbinHCbJBaTb (JjHrypaTHBHbie sjiCMeHTbi rapMOHHMecKoro conpo-BOHiAeHHH. cTaBuiHe y>Ke cymecTBCHHbiMH npH pasBHBuieMcapa3Hoo6pa3HH (j[)HrypagHft h ycjiowHCHHH rapMOHHiecKoflTKaHH, MTO CTOHT B CBSISH C noCTCneHHblM HCHeSHOBeHHeMnpHCMa H MeroAa continuo, T.-e. oprana hjih KjiaBecHHa,nocTOHHHO noAAepwHsaiomero aHcaM6jib. •

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B CBJI3H C 3THM COSHAaHHCM (JjOpMOBblX TMHOB H3 HHCTpy-MeHTajibHofi MysbiKH HCMe3aeT cnjiouiHoft HMHTauwoH-Hbifl cTHjib, ocTaBaacb TOJibKo AJia OTAejibHwx momchtob-BKyc anoxH AHKTyeT npHHTHoe pa3Hoo6pa3He. cMeny nacTpoe-HHH, pHTMOB. He AOHyCKaBUiyiOCa npw MMHTaUHOHHOM CTHJieKyjIbTypy KOHTpaCTOB. H B CBa3H C 3THM BblABHraeT CTpoft-HOCTb TeKTOHHKH H aCHOCTb BOCnpHflTHH UCJIOft (JjOpMbl. pa3-Jio>KeHHofi Ha pHAbi aHajioroB h KOHTpacTOB. CxpeMjicHHeK TOHHOCTH H flCHocTH cTHfla H Bcc pacTymec pa3Hoo6pa3weB (i)HrypauHHx noHCMHory BbiTecnaeT CHCTeMy uH4)po-BaHHoro 6aca, 3aMeHaK)meroca ACTajibHO BbinncaHHbiMHrapMOHHHMH H (|)HrypauHaMH. 3Ta snoxa bo mhofom anajio-rwMHa anoxe npoacHeHHa nojiHc{)OHHHecKoro cxHjia npw Ilajie-CTpHHe H BbiSBana cxoahwmh HSMeHCHHaMH BKycoBbix rpynn(h TyT H TaM cMena KJiepnKajibHO-uepKOBHbix BKycoB na 4)eo-AajibHbve).

FafiAH ^), KOTopbift rjiasHbiM o6pa30MraSflH. HBHJICa C03HAaTeJieM BCeX 3THX KpHCTaJIJlH30-

BaHHblX H npOHCHCKHblX (j[)OpM, KOCHyjICa, KpOMe TOrO, H a UHO-

HCMHorHe. Ero 6poASi4HA o6pa3 jkhbhh 6bin npHMHHofl Toro, mto TEopMecTBO eroHe Aajio Tex pesyjibxaTOB, na KOTOpwe Morno 6bi paccwTbiEaTb no CEoeMyKanpnaccHHio h AaposaHHio.

) Tafl^iH (1732— 1809), npojKHBUiHfl 6onbiiiyio nacTb ?kh3hh b Bene, honosemaBiuHa m AnrnHio, ocTasHn KonoccajibHoe KonHiecTEo npoHSBeAeHHfi,nepBbie h3 Koropwx npeABapaioT Mouapia no cthhio, ho b nocneAHHX oh

^ 9*

MaaMiM

— 132 —

HaJibHO-HCMeuKoro neceHHoro poflHHKa. 3to npo-

M3011IJI0 Towe He 6e3 caHKunH npHflBopHwx BKycoB, o6Hapy-

JKHSaBlUHX BO BTOpoft nOJIOBMHC BBKa THry K HaUHOHajlH3My,

HO H He 6es BOSfleflcTBUsi HenocpeflCTBeHHOft napoflHoft cth-

XHH, WHBlUeft B BblUieflUieM H3 npOCTOrO BBaHHH KOMHOSM-

Tope. CBeacecTb MyswKH TaftflHa, ero lOMop h pHTMHMecKaji

noflBMMCHOCTb o6Hapy»:HBaK)T caMoe 6flH3KoepoACTBO

c HauHonajibHO-HeMeuKHM (bbhckhm) xnnoM necen-

H o c T H. a cawoe nposicHeHHe 4>opMbi h cthjih, AerpaaauHH hmh-

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JKaHUieM paCCMOTpeHHH OKa3bIBaK>TCH TOJKe pOflCTBeHHbIMM

c HapoAHbiMM npneMaMH TBopnecTBa. PasBHTwe opwe-

cTpa y TaftflHa b KOJiHMecTeeHHOM OTHomeHHn ne cxojib 3Ha-

MHTeJibHO,— ropasflo BaMcnee to npoHCHeHwe CTHJia h to ncHoe

MecTO, KOTopoe OH flaji KaacflOMy HHCTpyMenxy b aHcaM6jie.

3to oSycJioBJieHo tbm, mto cBeTCKHfl kojiopht hobo^

opKCCxpoBoft My3biKH, pa3BHBaK)meflcJi KaK 6bi H3 KaMep-

Hoft CTMXHH nyxeM nocTeneHHoro ywHOweHHa aHcaM6ji«,

yHHHTOJKacT o6jiHraTHyK) napTHK) noA«epM«M-

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6ojibUiefl cosHaTejibHOCTH ancaMdnHCTOB, TaK h HeyAo6HyH3,

; m6o uepKOBHbifl MHCTpyMCHT, opraH, ne 6biJi pacnpocTpaneH

B MacTHbix AOMax, me sapoflHJica opKecxpoBbifl cTHJib chm-

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BaBUiHxcn MoryHHM tohom oprana. PoJib raftfl.Ha— npo-

flCHHiomaH cTHJib. flaace npHKOcnyBuiHCb k o6jiacTH

opaTopHH („CoTBopeHHe MHpa", „BpeMeHa rofl.a"). oh

ywe caM OTHacTH cneflyeT no cTonaM paHce ero CKOHMaBUierocn MouapTa h

Aaace paHHero BeTxoseHa. Oh imcan npewMymecTBeHno HHCTpyMeHxanbHyw

MysbiKy, B TOM MHcne CBWuie 120 cHM(})OHHft, 83 KBapTera, okojio 70 rpHo,

33 4)opTenHaHHbie coHaxh! h mhofo MenKHx HHCTpyMCHTanbHbix nbec (b tom

MHcne MHoro Bemeft snn 6apHT0HH0H BHonbi, na KOtopofl Mrpan ero noKpo-

Btrrenb KHsab ScrepraaH). KpoMe Toro, hm HanHcaHW 24 onepu, He MMeiomHe

cepbCBHoro sHaHeHHsi, h ase opaxopHH— „BpeMeHa rofla" h „CoTEopeHHe

MHpa", KOTopwe OTHOCHTCH K jiyMiueMy B ero TBopiecTBe, a TaKJKe HecKOflbKo

uepKOBHbix co>iHHeHHfi. Ero HeKOTopbie chm4)ohhh no cHx nop coxpanHnHCb

B penepTyape (b oco6eHHO=TH „OKc<i)opflCKaH", Es-dur'naa ..Meflseflb",

C-dur'Hasi h np.), a ero KBapxeTW flo chx nop nocTOHHHO HcnonHnwTcsi bkoh-

uepTax B KaMCCTBe ocHOSHoro KBapTCTHoro penepxyapa.

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MouapT^) fliBHJicH 6ojiee nopowfleHHCMMogapT. KyjibTypHbix BsrjiHAOB Ha MysbiKy h HMecT

MeHbmee conpHKocHOBCHHe c Hapoanoft cth-xHeft. B cooxBexcxBHH c 3XHM oh 6ojiee HHxepHauHo-H a Ji e H. Oh He nyw^ hh BJiHHHMft HxajibHHCKWx onepnux aaxo-poB, HH nojiH(|)OHHH FeHftejifl. Oh snanHxejibHo ycjiojKHsiex

cnoco6 My3biKajibHoro HSJioacenHfl, aonycKaa CBo6o;ty rapMO-HHft, CMejiocxb nocjieaoBaHnS, ho ero ycjio»«HeHHe BcerAaHflex no JIHHHH yxOHHCHHa. Oh JtOBOflHX MeJIOAHH) flO

orpoMHoft BbipasHxejibHocxH, ocxaBnna ee b co3jiaHHoft Faflfl-

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—

ao orpoM-Hofl H3biCKaHHocTn. UeHxpajibHafl ero pa6oxa— b onepe,rfle OH cHana^a cjie^yex HxajibancKHM odpasuaM, saxeM o6Ha-pyacHBaex neKoxopyio nyxKOcxb k hachm fjiyKa. Ho fljia

Mouapxa Boo6me xapaKxepHo oxcyxcxBHe H^eojiorH-HecKHx npeflnocbijioK xBopnecxBa— oho npH npe-

^IMouapx (1756—1791) poflHacfl b 3ajibu6ypre, npowHn gonbuiyioMacTb HtH3HH B BcHe, OMeHb paHO BHKaaaji MyswKanbHbie cnocofiHocxH (yase

Mexbipex nex, a nepsbie ero KOMnoBHUHH oxKocaxca k 6-neTHeMy Boapaciy),BbiflBHHyncH, KaK nnaHHcx-BHpxyoa h ksk KOMnoanxop, cHanana npeHMyme-cxBCHHO B ccjiepe onepw. TBopMecxBo Mouapxa Hocnno oneHb paanocxopoH-HHfl xapaKxep, hm HanHcaHbi 19 cueHHiecKHx npoHSBeflCHMfl (EOAeBHJiefi honep, 3HaHHxenbHeflmHe h3 Koxopwx: „Xl,OH-^yaH", „Bonuie6HaH 4)neftxa"H „CBaAb6a Onrapo"; Bce HanncaHbi b Konue ero KpaxKoft mhshh). Meuee3HaMeHHa hmciox ero paHHHe onepw, cpeflH Koxopbix sbiflaioxca „noxHiueHHeH3 Cepana" h nHflOMeHefl". Jl,anee oh nanHcan MHoro uepKosHbix comhhc-HHfi, KOTOpbie, oahbko, He xapaKxepHbi b ero xBopMecxBe h Hocax o6biHHo3aKa3Hofl xapaKxep. SHaMHTenbHO gonbiuee SHaMCHHe npHHafljiewMx ero chm-(})0HHaM (Bcero 49), h3 Koxopbix xpH nooneflHHe (C-dur, Es-dm-, G-moll)

no CHX nop MacTO HcnonHaraxca, a CHMtJjOHHa C („K)nHxep") no mhophmsneMeHxaM (j)aKxypbr npcflBapaex BexxoBena b ero CHMtjjoHHHecKOM cxhjtc.

Bojibmoe snaneHHe HMeex KaMepnaa My3biKa Mouapxa (7 cxpynnbix kbhhxc-TOB, H3 KOTopbix HaHfioMce SHaMCHHx HCKnwHHxenbHbiH no Kpacoxe MenoflHHO-moU-HbiH, 26 KBapxexoB, b xom MHcne H3BecxHbifl C-dur'Hbift, saMCMaxenbHbiHno HBbicKaHHOcxH rapMOHHft BCxynjieHHa, pan komhoshuhh ana KEapxexa h^opxenHaHO

,CKpHnn^Hbie h (jjopxenHaHHwe KOHuepxw, MHOrne h3 Koxopbix

noHWHe yKpamarox penepxyap ((})opxenHaHHbia KOHuepx D), 17 (JjopxenHaH-Hbix coHax, MHoro BapnauHH una sxoro HHCxpyMCHxa, MenKHe bciuh, npoHs-BeacHHa fljia (JjopxenHaHo b Meibipe pyKn). Oco5HaKOM cioht ero snaMCHH-xeflmee coMHHeHHe „PeKBHeM'', KoxopuM oh ne ycnen saKOHMHTb h KOXopbiROKOHMCH ero yvenHKOM SioccMafiepoM.

134

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TO npH6flHMcaHcb K THny Singspiera COoxHiueHHe hs Cepann",

„XI.HpeKTOp Tearpa"). to k HTajibHHCKoft opera-seria („Mflo-

Meneft", „MHJiocepflHe TuTa"). to k opera-buffa („CBaflb6a

OHrapo", „II,OH-?KyaH"). FIpH oTcyTCTBHM pyKOBoaamHx BHeui-

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HaMHHawT HaKJiaflbiBaxbCH HecoMHCHHbie bjihhhhsi aapo-

H«aaiomerocJi poMaHTvisMa, noKa eme TOJibKo Kan

jiHTepaTypHoro TenenHH. 3tot poManTHSM sapowAaeTCSi, kbk

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caMH Toro p6mero yKjiona, KOTopwA npoHBJineTCH b 3to BpeMji

B TaK nasbiBacMOM „o6pa30BaHHOM" Kpyre, T.-e. b cpeae

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name b (|jaKType My3biKH MouapTa; bo bcsikom cjiynae aocto-

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BnocjieACTBHH 4)aKTypy „poMaHTHHecKoft" uikojim— xpoMa-

TH3M, KyJlbT Heo6bI4HOCTH, H0BH3HbI rapMOHHfi, JKejiaHHC

^i^viH--

— i;35

co3AaTb HeBeflOMwe npeMcae 3ByMaHHH. B stom othouichhhMouapx HBJiHCTcfl cKopee ocHOBaTeneM Hoeoro MHpocoBep-uaHHa B SByKax (b nocjieanefl 4>a3e CBoero pa3BHTHJi), mcm3aBepiiiHTeJieM KJiaccHnecKoro cthjih, KaKHM ero o6biHHO npw-HSTTO -CHHTaTb.

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BaHHio HHCTpyMCHTajibHbix pecypcoB (4)opTenHaHHO-BHpTy03-

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JiHUib B o6jiacTH onepbi, rae oh CHHTe3HpoBaji MysbiKajibno-

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spiel'H, opera-buffa h rjiyKOBCKoS TpariiMecKOH onepw. Hoaero BJinnuHeM OMyxHJicH noA Koneu mchshh m FafiAH, aawM-CTBOBaBuinA y Hero uiHpHHy pa3pa6oTKH h MeJiOAHHCCKyK)

rH6KOCTb B CBOMX UOCJieAHMX KOMn03HUHHX.HoBan KOHCTpyKUHH 4>opTenHaHO cosAajia HOBbift thu tbx-

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MeHHbifii 6ojiee onepofl h cHMc})OHHeft. 3Ta pojib Bbina^a K a e-

MeuTH (1752—1832), 3aMeHaTeAbHOMy kom-KAexenTH. no3MTopy, noAo6HO MouapTy, OTMeneHHOMy

nenaTbH) poMauTHHecKHx bsfjisiaob na MyawKy.

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HOTbi 3ByKop$iAa, ABTajiHaoBaHHwe (JjurypauHw), Koxopwe

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— 136 —

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T137 M w :~v>--

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npo^iecGBORaAb- TaKHMH 6biJiH OTKpbiTaa B FlapHMcc B 1794 ro-

Hbix niKOA HCKy- ay „KopojieBCKaa uiKOJia nenwa h ACKJiaMauHH"cTapaoro rana.

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HyacA MysbiKH npHc6peTaeT b cbhsh c sthm 6ojiee opraHH30-

BaHHbiA, KaK 6bi (|)a6pH4Hbift xapaKTep. PocKOuib coAepwaHHa

XOpOB H OpKCCTpOB, Heo6xOflHMbIX fl,Jia npOAyUHpOBaHMfl My-

SblKH, BblXOHfllUeft 3a npCACJIbl HHTHMHO-KaMepHOrO CTHJIH, MOrjIH

nosBOJiHTb ce6e TOJibKO 6oraTbie KHasba-ijjeoAajibi, npw abo-

paX KOTOpblX M KOHUCHTpHpOBaJiaCb MysbiKa CHMC|)OHHHeCKaa.

OosTOMy poKAaromHflca Ha HOBbie thhw wysbiKH cnpoc b

iiiHpoKHX cjioax AOJiMcen 6biJi HeMMHyewo o6paTHTbca k o n e p-

HbiM npeAnpHaTHaM, KaK eAHHCTBennbiM, KOTopwe mofjih

COAepMOTb OpKeCTp, COJIHCTOB H npOAyU^pOBaTb CHM^JOHHHe-

cKyH) MysbiKy, kbk noAco6Hoe npH npoAyKUHH onepbi npon3-

BOACTBO. M Mbl, AeftCTBKTCJlbHO, BHAHM, MTO HMCHHO BOKpyr

onepHbix TeaTpoB saposcAaiOTca nepsbie lUHpoKO-ny-

6jiHMHbie cHM4)0HHMecKHe H KOHuepTHbie Boo6ii;e ueHTpw,

paccHHTaHHbie cbocm npoAyKuaefl Ha o6myK) Maccy MHTeaJiH-

reHTHbix ropoMcan. 3Ta wacca HaMHHaeT 4>opMHpoBaTbca b

KOHue XVII H B XVIII BeKax, cocTasjiaa rAaBHoro noTpeCnTeJia

OnepHOVl CHM4)OHHMeCKOfl MySblKH. PaspOSHeHHbie JIK)6HTeJIH

H (^opMa „Kpy>KKOBmHHbi" c opraHH3au,Heft H3HyTpH ycTynawT

MecTO MaccoBOMy co6HpaHHK> ny6jiHKH Hsene nyTeM Mbefl-

TO BHeuineft HHHUHaTUBbi. 3to Bnojine cooTBeTCTByeT nepe-

xoAy c KycTapHbix (j[)opM npoHSBOACTBa na npoMbiuiJieHHwe,

xapaKTepHOMy AJia XVIII BeKa h b ApyrHX o6AacTflx hchshm.

B AnrjiMH, pac Toprosaa h ropoACKaa jKH3Hb pasBH^acb panee

H FAe npoMbiuiJieHHaa HHAycTpna OKpenjia eme k XVH BeKy,

Mb! COOTBeTCTBCHHO TOMy BMAHM SapO^KACHHC ^^OP^ "V"

6jlHHHOfl KOHUCpTHOfi JKH3HH BHaMHTCJIbHO B 6ojiee paHHCC

cpoKH. TaM eme b kohuc XVII BCKa 6biAH oJiaTHwe KonuepTW

B ny6AHMHbIX MCCTaX, paCCHHTaHHbIC Ha MySblKaJIbHyK)

opraHHsauHK) cSbiTa. Ha kohthhchtc ny6j(M4Haa MysbiKajib-

Haa }KM3Hb saKJiaAbiBacTca TOJibKO K KOHuy XVIII BCKa (koh-

UcpTbi FcBaHAxaysa b BepjiHHc b 1798 r., KonuepTW b Bene

B 1782 r., KOHucpTbi FocccKa b TlapHMce b 1770 r.).

138 139 —

3to HOBoe HBJieHne He Morjio He noBm/iarbHsBfleHGHHe TBna ^

Ha KaHCCTBO THna noTpeojienHJi MvsbiKH h na

caMbie pecypcbi ee. C oahoh cxopoHbi, HOBa»

nydjinKa BHOCHJia, HecoMHenHO, HOBwe BKycbi, ne coBnaAaBUiMe

c BKycaMH npasflHHMHOfl abopuoboA TOflnw npw MeuenaTCKHX

4)eoflajibHbix ueHxpax, b Koxopbix aTHKcr ABopa h TpaflHUHH

6jiaroBocnHTaHHoro Bwyca AHKTOBajiH cxporHe KanoHUHecKHe

paMKH HacTpoeHHft H 4)opM. HoBafl ny6jiHKa hs pasHOHHHucB

H HHTejiJiHreHTHoft MejiKO-6yp»;ya3HOH Maccbi 6biJia HOCHTCJib-

HHUefi HACOJIOrHH OCBo6o>KfleHHfl, CBOftCTBeHHOfi Bbl-

cxynaHJiueMy Ha nojiMXHiecKyio apeny xpexbCMy cocjiobhk).

M B c4)epe BKyca axa yijieonorvia „ocBo6oa«fleHHJi" He Morjia

HO BbipaSHXbCH B CXpeMJICHMH K yHHHXOJKeHHK) XOft XHnHHHOft

AJiH MarHaxcKHx C(|)ep rcAOHHCxMHecKoA 3cxexnKH, Koxopan

nopoa^flajia MysbiKy HapoMHXo npHrjiaTKCHHyK), 6oflB-

uiyrocsi BbiGKasaxb xawBuiyiocH b Heft rfly6HHy h cnjiy 3mo-

UHonajibHoro BOSAeficxBMH, MyswKy, sacxaBJieHHyio Maccofi

MeJiKHX noApo6Hocxefl h acxexunecKHX npusHaKOS, hmcbiuhx

6ojiee reAOHHCXH*iecKoe, neMcejiH sMOUHOHajibHoe sHaMeHne.

HoaaH Hfleojioras! h HOBbift BKyc nanpaBJiajicH, HanpoxHB, ox

4)opMbi M ee acxexHHecKoft npwJixHocxH k rjiydwHe mwcjih

M HyBcxBa, ; BbicKasbiBaxb Koxopbie wysbiKa xenepb npHsna-

Bajiacb cnoco6HOM h AOJiJKHoft. OaHOBpeMeHHO MaccoaaH npo-

AyKuvia MysbiKH b bmac ny6jiHHHbix KOHu,epxoB, na Koxopbix

co6HpajiHCb ywe ne coxhh, a xwchmh jironefi, BbiawBajia paa-

BMXHe SByKOBbix pecypcoB. KaMepHwfl ancaMdjib h HHXMMHasi

CHN(J)OHHH. npeAHaSHaMeHHElH AJIH 3By4aHHft B ABOpUOBblX

aaaax, 6biJia ywe HeflOCxaxoMHO MOiUHa Jiaa BOSfleftcxBHH na

xbicHMHyK) xojiny b 6oJibmoft KOHuepxHofi sajie. M mw bhahm

Ha nepejiOMC XVIII BeKa onpeaejieHHoe cxpeMJieHne k ycw-

JieHHK) SByKOBblX pecypCOB MySWKH, KyMHOMCeHHlO

OpKCCXpOBblX COCXaBOB, K OSByMHCHMK) OXfl,eJlbHbIX MHCXpy-

MCHXOB.

OpannyacKaH peBOJiHJUHH HBHJiacb xcmBAHflHHe pcBOAio- cflBHroM, Koxopwft npoHSBCJiH B o6mecxBeHHoft

gHH 178!> r.< r «

>KH3HH BbiflBHHyBmMecH HOBbie rpynnbi. UrpoM-

Hoe couHanbHoe noxpacenne, ncnbixaHHoe OpaHUHefl.oxAajiocb

TTo Bceft Espone, h bcjih b caMofl OpanuHH BOSfleftcxBHe

peBOJlK)UHH B CymHOCXH 6bIJIO nepBOe BpeMH XOJlbKO MHCXO-

oTpHuaxenbHbiM H BbipaHcajiocb B npocxoft aajtepMCKe xeMna

ncKyccxaa

—

hxo h noHHxno, xaK kbk OpanuHH 6bijia caMaonaroM co6bixnM, aacjiOHHBUiHx ajih nee Bce ocxajibHoe,

—

xo B ocxajibHOM Espone rjiaBHbiM o6pa30M noHyBCXBOBaacji

HMCHHO HAeojiorHMecKHft cflBHr, npoH3Bea,eHHbift peBOjiMJUHefi,

H 3XO oxpasMJiocb nbiuiHbiM pacuBexoM TBopnecxBa, KoxopoeHHCXHHKXHBHO yMJIO HOBbie CBo6oflHbie HyBCXBOBaHHH H BOnjIO"

xHflo Hx B 3ByKOBoft ccjfjepe. .

HoBbiM cjiyuiaxejib h3 HHxejiJiHreHuWH

^T^^^op^^' " MeJiKoft 6yp?Kya3HH h noBbift XBopeu, yweHe CB^saHHbift HAeoJiorHMecKH c BKycoM Marna-

xa-MeucHaxa, He saMeflJiHji npoHBHXbca. Ecjih ao pcBOJiioutHH

MAeojiorHH xyAOM<HHKa-xBopua jiBJisiJiacb npHHusceHHofi, b cym-HocxH 6ecco3HaxejibHo pa6cKoio, KOMnosHxop HanBHo npocJia-

Bxiflji cBoero 6naroAexejiH h cxapaJicn nncaxb My3biKy b ero BKyce,

xoxst 6bi H yflOBJiexBopHBiuyK) xyAOM<ecxBeHHbiM xpe6oBa-HHHM— xBopnecxBO 6biJio pesyjibxaxoM CBoeo6pa3Horo kom-

npoMHcca Meacfly xpedoBaHHSMH xyAowecxBCHHoro HHCxHHKxaH MescAy BKycoM noxpe6flHK)mero, xo nocjie peBOJiiouHH

Mbi BHAHM npewAe Bcero npo6yMCAeHHe xyAoacHnnecKoft rop-

AOCXH. XyAOMiHHK co3Haex ce6fl HecymHM b mhp HOBbie,

B c e M HyMCHbie ueHHocxH. PoManxHMecKaH HAeoAorHw, bwabh-Hyxasi HOBbiM KJiaccoM, HarpaJKAaex xyAOM<HHKa opeoflOM

xaHHcxBeHHoft MHccHH, OH AejiaexcR B npeAcxaBJieHHH cBoeMH B npeAcxaBJiCHHH Kpyra noxpe6HxeAeft ero xBopMecxsaJTHUOM oco6eHHbiM HO 3HaHeHHK). 3xo npeMiAe Bcero Bwsbi-

Baex xo, HXO oh Menee cMMxaexca c ochobhwm aaKasHHKOM,

Koxopwfi caM B cyuxHOcxH yjKe HanojioBHHy xepaex CBOeSHaHeHne. Taopeu yate HyscxByex, mxo oh pa6oxaex xenepbHe AJi« MarHaxa, a una KaKoro-xo Kpyra, 6ojiee uiHpoKoro,

8ojiee SHaMHxejibHoro, Kpyra He cBn3aHHoro xaK xecHO c flH4-

HocxbK), He cxojib HHAMBHAyajiHSHpoBaHHOFo. 9xo n03B0flfleX

«My Aaxb 6ojibuiyK) cBo6oAy JiHHHOMy oxhouichmk) k HCKyc-

cxBy. 3TO nosBOJinex eity, KaK neKorAa uepKOBHOMy komoo-sHxopy npoxecxanxcKoro nepwoAa, saMKHyxbcJi BHyxpH CBoero

TBopnecxBa h xBopwxb js.jia 6yAymero noxpe6HxejiH,HrHopHpyw Hacxojimero, o6pa3 Koxoporo jihuihjich hhahbm-

AyaJibHoft OKpacKH h pacnjibiJica b noHsixHH uejtoro Kaacca.

HoBblft XBOpeU H HOBblfl cJiyuiaxcjibPosKflOTire^9MOgiao- 3 CBOBM XeCHOM opraHHHecKOM KOHXaKXe

yjKC cMOxpejiH na Mysbiny npewMyinecxBeHHOisaAHSiaa.

140

KaK Ha 3MOUMOHaJlbHOe HCKyCCTBO. OhBl AOJlMCHa

6bijia npesKAe Bcero BbicKaaarb re HyBCTBa, KOTopbie Bbipw-

BajiMCb Tenepb Ha CBo6ofly c KpyuieHHCM Mwpa (JjeoaajibHbix

STHKCTOB. C flpyrOft CTOpOHbl, 3TH HyBCTBa, BblHOUieHHbie

B HCflpax flpyroro, 6ojiee AeMOKpaTHnecKoro, Kflacca, hcmh-

KyeMo flOJiMCHbi 6biJiM 6biTb MeHee yTOHMeHHbiMH, Menee

„3CTeTHbiMH", ecJiH yroflHO 6ojiee rpy6oBaTbiMH h cootbct-

CTBCHHO 6ojiee cHJibHWMH. YiKS FaflflH 6ecco3HaTejibHO npM-

BHBaa apHCTOKpaTHMecKOMy Kpyry 6oflpbie h npocTwe napofl-

Hbie MOTHBbI, HO HaCTOHlUHM BbipaSHTCJieM BKyca HOBOPO

noTpedwTeJiH 6biJi poflUBUiHflcH b Bohhc, rojiJiaHAeu no npo-

HCxowAeHHK), HO repMaHCu no Kyjibrype, JljoftBHr b a h-

BeTxoBen^) (1 770—1 827), cbohm TBopnecTBOM OTBeTHBiuHfi

Ha Bce sanpocbi hoboho noxpedHTejifl.

ripewAe Bcero mw BwauM b hbm poMaHTHMCCKyioHAeojioTHio, xapaKTepnyK) AJifl MeJiKO-6yp»<ya3Hoft hhtcji-

1) BeTxoBCH (1770—1827) po^Hncfl b BoHue, ynep b BeHe, r^e npo-

?KHn 6ojibmyK3 nacTb whshh. Ero TEopMecTso 6Horpac()aMH pasflejinerca na rpM

nepMOAa ine snonHe MOTHBHpoBaHHO, ho o6menpHH5iTO. riepBbiH nepHoa

„no«paJKaTenbHbift" noA BnHaHHeM npeHMymecTseHHO raa«Ha, b sHaHHxenbHo

MeHbuiefi Mcpe MouapTa: k sTOMy nepHOfly othochtch ero nepswe flse chm-

(})OHHH, paHHHe 4)opTenHaHHbie coHaTw (b tom Hucne HaHfionee sHaMCHHTbie

„naTeTHHecKaa" h „Quasi-faiitasi<a" op. 26, c noxopoHHbiM MapmeM op. 26),

nepBbie cipynHbie KBapTCTw (op. 18), BOo6me npoHSBeAeHHH npH6nH3HTejibHO

Ao 40 op. BTOpofl nepHOA nBiineTcsi eronHe caMOCTOHTenbHbiM (xoxa Hccne-

AosaHHe oSHapyjKHBacT paA y«e inonHe caMoSbUHbix wepT h b nepEOM

nepHOAe, pasHO h ocTaxKH BnHaHHft Aawe b nocneAHCM nepHOAe). K HCMy

OTHOCHTca chm4)ohhh „repoHHecKaa" (3-a), 4-a, 5-a (HaMSonee nonynapHaa),

„nacTopanbHaa" {6-a\ onepa „OHAejiHo", paA ysepTiop, b tom iHcne naa-

donee SHaMCHHTbie ^KopHonaH" h „JIeoHopa" cnywamaa kbk ysepxiopa

K onepe „cI)HAenno"), Mysbina k „3rM0HTy", abb ero HaH6onee SHaMeHHTwx

tjjopTenHaHHbix icoHuepTa (4-h h 5-h) h reHHanbHwR CKpHnHHHwfl KOHuepT,

cjjopTenHaHHwe conaTbi ao op. 90, b tom MHcne „ippassionatii"Ana (J)-n.H „Kpeflue-

posa coHaxa" Ana CKpwnKH h (JjopxenHaHO. TpexHft nepviOA oxKOCHTca k tomv

BpeMCHH, KOFAa BexxoBBH yase coBepmenHO noxepan cnyx; b 3to BpeMa ahs

Hero xapaKxepKO MHCXHHecKoe HacxpoeHHe h cKnoHHOCXb k anHBHwaM apxaw-

necKOH MysbiKH (Baxa, TeHAena h oxnacxH Jiame KOHxpanyHKXHCTOB npewHMx

snox). K 3T0My nepnoAy oxHOcaxca 7-a, 8-a chmcjjohhh, 9-a CHM4)0HHfl

c sopoM, CHHxaioiuaaca ero BenHMaHuiKM coHMHCHHeM, ..TopwecTseHHasi

Mecca", KOTopyio oh caM cHHTan 3a CEoe caMoe BWAaiomeeca npoHaseAeHHe,

nocJieAHHe KBapxexbi (HanwHaa c op. 95\ Koxopbie npcACxaBnaiOT EOoSwe

ero nocneAHHe npoKsseAeHHa, ero nooneAHwe (JjopxenHaHHbie coHaxw. KpoMe

xoro, OH HanHcan MHoro necen h MejiKHx ^jopxenHaHHwx seiueS, hs Koxopwx

HaHfionbuiee SHaneHHe hmbiot BapnaiiMH Ana 4'opTenHaKO. . ^

jiHreauHH. BbiABHHyToft peBOjiiounefl. Xoth BerxoBena npwHHTOo6biHHO cMHxaTb „3aBepuiHTejieM" KJiaccHMecKoro nysbiKajib-

Horo coaepuaHHSj, ho b cymnocTH sto He Bepno, h6o eropasjiHHHe OT KJiaccMKOB no jiyxy h Aa»ce no (|)opMaM 6ojiee

SHaMHxeflbHO, HejKCJm ero pasjiMMwe ot nosAHeflmefl poManTM-MecKoft uiKOJibi. Oh nepBbiA onpeAeaeHHo KyjibTHBHpyer crpacT-Hyto AHHaMHKy b MyawKe, KOTopofl ao rex nop BOBce He 6biJio

TaM MecTa, h6o MonyMeHTaJibHaH KonuenuHsi h BwcoKHfl 3mouho-HaflbHblft CTpoft 6bIJIH CBOftCTBeHHbl TOJIbKO UCpKOBHOfi MySblKe,

B KOTopoft cTpacTHocTb 6bijia opraHHiecKH HeyMecTHa, —TaM 6biJio uapcTBo cnoKOHHoft cosepuaTejibHOCTH, a b cbbt-

CKOA MySblKe 6bIJ10 UapCTBO reAOHHCTHMeCKOft 3CTeTHKH.Ho HacjieACTBy ot uepKOBHoft snoxw nepeAaHHbift TsiJKeJibift

H MaJlOnOBOpOTJIHBblfl pWTM paHee CMeHHflCfl TOJIbKO BHpTyOSHO-6paBypHbIM, HO He AHHaMHMeCKH-CTpeMHTeJIbHWM. BeTXOBeHnepBbift ocBo6ojKAaeT AHHaMHMecKyio h pHTMHHecKyioCTHXHio B MysbiKe OT ee BenoBbix okob h sthm coBepuiacTKOJioccaflSHbift uiar, KOTopbifl onpaBAbiBacT npHCBoennoe eMyMeCTO B HCTOpHM H KOTOpblfi o6'jICHHeT AJIH MHOrHX TCnepbHenocpeACTBeHHO ywe yTpanennoe to orpoMHoe BneMaTflCHHe,

KOTopoe ero MysuKa, nojinaa necjibixaHHOft cH.nbi Bbipa»{eHH$i,

npoHSBeJia na cOBpeMennHKOB. Oh bboaht HOBbie pecypcw

—

AHHaMHHecKHe SMOUHOHajibHbie aKueHTbi, HapacTaHHH, oh sane-HHeT rocnoACTBOBaBiuee panee nncbMO nocpeACTSOM Konxpa-cTHpyHJiuHx AHHaMH4ecKHx HHTeH (cMeHa i|)opTe— nuaHo)nHCbMOM, B KOTopoM Macca sByKOB npo6eraeT Bce HioaHCbi

AHHaMHKH, HTO COOTBeTCTByeT 6oJiee JKHBOMy BOCnpHHTHlO3M0UHH. Oh coo6maeT phtmhkc cBo6oAy h sbipasHTejibHOCTb,

ocBo6o^Aasi ee.OT n-nena b cxenax h BomeAuiHx b o6biKHb-

BeHHe TpaAHUHOHHbix 4)opMyji. B TO Mce BpcMH He npHAaBan3TOft HOBOA nOABHMCHOCTH KOJIOpHTa BHpTy03H0H 6paBypbI.

BeTXOBeH Boo6me cosHAaeT MysbiKy BbipasHxejib-Hyio, 3KcnpeccHBHyK) no npewMymecTBy.Ero nepBasi (^ynKUHH 6biJia b cyiUHOCTH OHHCTHTejibHoft: ohAOJi»ceH 6biJi ocBo6oAHTb MysbiKaJibHoe HHCbMO, npeAHasHa-HeHHoe OTHbine ywe ajih hhofo KJiacca, ot Bcex MejiKHx

noApo6HocTefi: MysbiKajibHoro STHKCTa npouiJioro, KOTopbiM

OHO sacTaBHJiocb Ha npoTHMceHHH XVIII BBKa. riosTOMy

MysbiKa ero OKasbiBaexcsi b HeKOTopwx oxHoiueHHax 6ofleenpocTOM, MBM, Hanp., MOuapTOBCKasi, AOCTHruiasi b CBoeM

142 1,43' —

pofl,e npeAeJibHofl cxeneHH yTOHMeHHOcxH h aexajiHSHpo-

BaHHOCTH. BerXOBCH, CXpeMHCb K BOflBOpeHHK) B MySblKC

HyBCTB npOCTblX, rJiy60KHX H UIMPOKMX, nReMOKpaTHMeCKHx",

BbiKHAbiBaex H3 MysbiKajibHoro jieKcuKona pflftbi 4'opMyJi

KJiaccHUHSMa, npeHMymecTBCHHO xe, Koxopwe opraHnnecKH

6bi^H cBHsaHbi c AyxoM npHABopHoro sxHKexa. B xo jkc bpcmh

OH cxpewHxcH K ycHJicHHK) caMOH sByHHOCXH, peajibHoro flHHa-

MH3Ma, ycHJiHsaH opKecxp, o6oramaH ero hobwmh HKCxpy-

MeHxaMH. TexHHHecKHii nporpecc nomen HaBcxpeny sanpo-

caM rcHHa BexxoBeHa h BKycy hoboR ny6jiHKH, cosjiaBaH

6oflee ssyHHbie nHcxpyMenxbi; b axo speMa poacaaexca Haine

coBpeMeHHoe ^JopxennaHO, c nojiHbiM SBynoM m 6ojibmnM

o6'eMOM, yxe jimueHHoe xoS hhxmmhocxh, Koxopyio HMejiM

cxapHHHbie KJiaBHKopAbi H nepBo6bixHbie (|)opxenHaHO,

—

HHCxpyMeHx, paccMHxaHHbift xoMce Ha SBynaHHe b dojtbuiHX

aaaax una MHoroHHCJieHHbix cjiymaxejiefl. ynpomeHne MysbiKH,

flOcxHrHyxoe BexxoBCHOM, h AeMOKpaxHsauHH ee, orpy6jieHHe

BMecxe c ycHfleHneM o6ycjiOBJiHBaiomHX ee SMOUHfl

c K36bixKOM KOMncHCHpyexcfl pasBHXHeM ee B flpyrax na-

npaBfleHHHX, HeHcnoflbsoBaHHbix npewHefii MysbiKoft. Ynpo-

maa rapMOHHK), BexxoseH AeJiaex ee 6ojiee BbipasHxejibHoft,

AHHaMHHHOft H peSKOft. JlHlUafl MeJIOAHH) HSblCKaHHOCXH H npM-

msaa efi jianHftapno-'cypoBbift oxxeHOK. — oh BKJiaflbiBaex

B Hee rjiy6oKoe h cxpacxnoe nyBCXBO. Tox o6mHft BoeHHwfii

KOJiopHx anoxH, Koxopwft sacxnr acHSHb BexxoBena,— apa

HanojieoHOBCKHX boAh, Kor^a bca Espona 6biJia o6'axa noaca-

poM 6hxb,— HajioMiHJi Ha MysbiKy BexxoBena xhh BOHHcxBeH-

HOcxH, cypoBofl npocxoxbi vl repoHHHOCXH, OH >Ke sapasHJi

ero MysbiKy Mapmeo6pa3HbiMH, pesKO oHepMeHHWMH pnxMaMvi.

rjiy6oKoe cooxBexcxBHe ero pe(|)opMaxopcKHX njianoB h ero

HosaxopcKHX HAeft HapojKAaiomeMyca BKycy HOBoro uinpo-

Koro noxpe6Hxejia o6ycjiOBHjio ero 6bicxpoe cpaBHHxeJibHO

H 6e3ycJiOBHoe npHsnaHHe kbk pas xeMH cJioaMH, KOxopwe

BHOBb BblABHHyXbl Ha HCXOpHHeCKHfl TOpHSOHX, XOFAa KaK

KpyrH npeacHHe, MejiKO-([|)eoAaJibHbie, noBHAHMOMy, AOJiro eme

OGxaBajiHCb noA BJiacxbio CBoero npeacHero KJiaccunecKoro

BKycoBoro xHna. npHsnaBaa Bexxosena sa AHKoro KOMnosH-

xopa, HapyiuHBLuero 6jiaronpHcxoflHoe xeMCHHe HCKyccxBa.

BoABopeHHe sByKOBOro AHHawHSMa h noJinoxw SBynaHuft

6biJio xapaKxepHO AJia BexxoBeHa c nepBbix MowenxoB ero

irt«">

nyxH, xaK tkc KaK » o6mvifi xparHMCCKHft h repoHMecKMftxapaKxep ero XBopnecxBa, npoAHKxoBaHHbifi b paBHoS MepeycjiOBHaMH snoxH h ero jimmhoA HHAHBHAyajibHocxbio, npn-uieAuiefica kbk pas no anoxe. flynaxb, hxo BexxoBCH peajibKOH cosHaxejibHO Bonjiomaji b wysbiKe habh cfjpaHuyscKoft peso-Jiiou,HH, dbijio 6bi HaHBHO H HeMOXHBHpoBaHHo: B HeM oxpa-3HJ1CH Boo6me xoH snoxH, coTKaHHbift cxojibKo ace H3 HAeiipeBoarouHH. cKOJibKo H3 HanojieoHOBCKoro MH^HxapHSMa,KoxopoMy BexxoBen xo«e oxAaa Aanb noKfloneHHa, cKOJibKoH3 poManxHMecKHX npeAcxaBjieHHfi o cymHocxH nysbiKH, koxo-pbie HanajiH cBoe BOSAeficxBHe y«e b MysbiKe Mouapxa.TsopMecxBo BexxoBena oSwmho hcxophkh pasAejiaiox HaxpH nepHOAa, h3 Koxopbix nepBbift— noApaacaxeflb-h bi fl, B ropoA—c a M o 6 bi X H b! fl, a xpexHft—pojKAen n o ji h bi moxpemeHHeM ox MHpa. BwsBaHHbiM 6ojie3Hbio xyAOw-HHKa (ero rjiyxoxofi). Bepnee, noacajiyft, paccMaxpuBaxb abbraaBHMX nepHOAa y BexxoBena: nepHOA. KorAa oh 6bia euteBo BflacxH KjiaccHHecKHx (j3opM H cQBepuiaji npouecc hx pas-pymeHHa. h nepnoA. KorAa oh yace paspyuiHa sxh ^jopMbi(naHHHaa npH6jiH3HxejibHO c 1802 r.). B cMbicjie pasBMXHR4> o p M BonjioiueHHa BexxoBen aBJiaexca b cymnocxH xhohh-HbiM roMO(|)OHHcxoM, He BHOJiHC ysepeHHo onepHpyto-lUHM c nojiH(|)OHHMecKoft o6;iacxbK), b Koxopoft OH nojiynaerTOJibKO SHaMHxejibHO no3AHee (ne 6e3 BJiwaHHa HsyienHaPeHAejia h Baxa, peneccaHC Koxopwx Hacxynnji b axyanoxy) no;iHoe MacxepcxBO, h b xo ace BpeMa xHnHHHWHHHcxpyMenxajiHcxoM, njioxo npHMHpaiomnMca c BOKajib-HoS o6jiacxbio. B axoM nocjieAneM cKasajiacb peaKunanpoxMB onepno-BOKajibHoro sacmiba npeacneA snoxH h b xo aceBpeMa axo 6bij]o npoAHKxosaHo MHcxo-xexHHHecKHMH coo6pa-aceHHaMH, h6o BonjiomeHHe npeAejibHoro AHnaMHSMa h cbo-6oAbi pHXMHKH, xapaKxepHoe AJia BexxoBena, Morjio c dojibuiuM

yAo6cxBOM 6bixb peajiHSOBannbiM nMenno b HHcxpyMeHxajib-HoA c(|)epe, a ne b BOKaJibHoA, sacopennoA MHoacecxBOM xpa-AHUMM H BHpxyosHoA saKBacKOH HcnojiHHXcJieA. OxCHJAa H eroecxecxBeHHoe npHcxpacxwe k 4'opxenHaHO, b KoxopoKOHHameji rojioc cxhxhAhoA HHAHBHAyajibHocxH, BnepBbie nojiy-

MaiomeA CBo6oAy BbipaacewHa cbohx Heo6y3AaHHbix nyBcxB,

y K opKecxpy, B KoxopoM OH BHAeji njian AJia npoeKXHpo-BSHHa repoHKO-anHHecKHX HacxpoeHwA. Ero KawepHbie npo-

Ji||g^g|^d|fe^

— 144 —

H3BefleHH« noTOMy m6o npk6™«aK)Tc« k THny (J)opTenHaH-

hukCtpmo. *opTenHaHHB,e KsapTe™). m;ih >Ke k THoy opKecTpa

(cTpVHHbie KBapreTbi. y>Ke yrpaTHBiiiMe hhctwh raHAHO-MOuap

TOBCKMft HHTOMHblfl CTH«b H CTaHOBSimHeCJI KaK 6bl HeAOpaS-

BHBiiiHMHCH chm(|)OHH«mm). Bbicuice «e BbipaHceHHe ero Momn

HacrynaeT b c*epe 4)opTenHaHHoft coHaxbi h b c*^P«"^J^

<|,ohhh; h -ryr. h ran oh cosAaex coBepmeHHO ho-"-^^-^^J^^

Bon«outeHH«. CMM*oHHMecKa«-coHaTHas, c|,opMa y "^^-oPf

^uiHp«eTc« H cxaHOBHTC^ BonjiomeHHeM

^y^^'^^J'''"^^^^^""^^

MHSMa. Ka.K HeycxaHHoro ABH«eHH« Bnepe^. ^^ neceHHOCxb^

Koxopaa erne 6biJia cBoftcxBeHHa KJiaccHMecKon coHaxe h

cm4)0HHH. Koxopas, B Hea no^B^acb. KaK »^<=^««"^^ JJ'

UOBa.bHoro npoHcxoHCAeHHH. y BexxoBena«--«-^fJ/^^;^:

M OAHOBpeMeHHO 9xa 4)opMa no^ynaex y Hero Bbicmee Kyfto

«cecxBeHHoepa3BHXHe.KaKBonJiomeHHe eAHHoro nopbiBa

MenyBX-nepe^HxoK npeHCHefl cvouxbi-oH saMemaex capKa

cxhLckhm cKepuo. nepBbift bboa« b MysHKy V-; -™HOBCKyK, MH.yK, myx.HBOcxb. a 3-yH>HacMemKy^Henp«H.xy^

B npLneM Kpyre MysbiKa^bHoro noxpe6Hxe.s. ne-e»«^'«

AopMbi B coHaxe (awHCHO, poHAo) HcnesaKJx y "ero npe

Bpama«cb on«xb-xaKH b A«HaMHHecKHe coHaxHoro xMna o6pa

^LTru OAHOBpcMeHHO Ha™Haexc« cxpeM.eKKe K 3M u„^^^^

HaflbHoa cnaflHHOCXH Macxefl. Koxopan BbixpaBJiaex y coHaxbi

Z:Z::cn..u c..xHOcx« H Koxopa. --/^"P-f--iia«e B npflMoft cjihxhocxm Macxeft (nanp.. b 5-fl chm^ohhh

vanaKXeOHO BBeftCHHe XeMaXMHCCKOM HO"xapaKxepnu i^dca

„_„„„„ _^to cxohx b npHMoft cbhsh-rna TBODHSCKOrO npHJIOHCeHHH, 3TO Ciuni f

c HreeTe«HHcxBa m cna«HHOcxH.- Bce npoK3Be;;eH«e

o6"er«H«exc. o6mH0CXb>o xenaxMHecKoro naxepMa^a. Te

^acxHAopMb,. Koxopbie aaK,x MaKcma.bHoe yK.OHeHHe ox

neceHHOCTH h MaKCviMa^bHyu, cbo6ow m^ *aHxa3HM (paapa-

6oxr KOAb" B coHaxax). no.yna^ox „aH6o.bmee pas-

BHXH e OrpOMHOe KO^HCCXBO HOBHX XBOpMeCKHX B03MOHC-

HOCxe^BC^epe AHHanuKH. phxm^kh. *opMbi. Koxopbie Bexxo-

BLTnpH-ocbXBopMecKH npeo.o.eBaxb. e-ecxBeHHO o,k.o^

Ivum ero ox Kyjibxa cjiohchocxh rapMO^H. h b axofl c(J)epe

SoBCH ocxL« npHMHXHBCH B 6o.bmeA cxe-H« Hen

ero K^accMHecKMe npefluiecxBeHHHKH. He roBop« y«e o Baxe.

- 145 —

H KoxoDbrJ '"^'" "°^"" c^yinaxe^ieM. Koxopbift Hapo;tH;,cH

LnJe Zn ''^''°^™ '''"'""^ ^^'^''°^«"«' npoHcxoaHx Kpy-meHMe *eoAa;,bHofl reAOHHcxMHecKofi scxexHKH. ycxynaKJiueftMecxo , , „ ,,p npe.cxaB.eH;ro7Hryc-<:TBe. 3to cKasbiBaexcsi y BexxoBena b xpaPHHecKofiKOHuenuHH 6o.bmHHcxBa ero npoH3Be;,eHHfi.'KoxopHe ne"CMoxpH Ha npeo6;,aflaHHe b ero MysHKe BHeuiHe-paAoc^oroMa«<opa. npoH^KHyxbi Bcer^a 6o;;pocxbK>. ho HeTo^Bece;iocxbio. Koxopofi 6jiHcxa;io HcnyccxBO KjiaccHKOB

.ZVrT' '"^f"""''

"^^-^ -^ ^°^^P^^ BexxoBeH pa";:4«eT C rafiflHOM J,H)60Bb K OCXpblM H rpy6oBaXb.M HaOOJlHMMMOXHBaM. KoxopbiMH Hacxo no.b3yexcs,/H 3XOT ^MOKpaxZy«e He npHKpHTbift. Kaw y Tafl^^Ha. a Bno.He OTKpoBeHHB,fteme CH.bHee no;iHepKHBaex npoMcxo;^«u,y„, cxaBKy Ha „oBrflKpyr My3b,Ka.bHoro noxpe6Mxe.H. Bb,pocLero ne h3 ^eoZ"«oft a h3 HapoflHoft cpe^b,. CxpeM^envfe k acxexHKeBe^HHecTBeHHoro. xapanxepnoe m^ hoboA apb- hLh!HyeMo sacxaBH^o o6paxMxb B3opbi BexxoBena k npom'biMspaM My3b,Ka.bHoro HCKyccxea. k anoxe npoxecraHxcKo^o

BplMeHH t\ "°''""'""° 3a6blX MySMKaKXaMH KSTOMyBpeMeHH. He roBopn y«e o *eoflajibHb.x Kpyrax. 3xhmo6yc;iOB.eHo xo HB^ieHHe. hxo BexxoBen noM KOHeu CBoeftKH3HH. KOPAa o6mHfi xoH snoxH H MpaMHb,e HacxpoeHHrrn •

Horo npoHcxo«.eHH«. Bb,3BaHHb,e ero r.yxoxofl. nZ"™ eroK MHCXHHeCKOMy MHpOC03epuaHHK>. 06pamaexCH K Ky.bXHBH^pOBaHHK, BCBOeft My3b,Ke 6aXHHeCKHX nO.K*OHHHeCKHX JopM(ero 9.« cHM(f,oHHH, Mecca. noceAHne coHaxbi h KBapxL^)HepeAKO yB.eKa«cbxyx He xo.bKo MOHyMeHxa.bHocxbK> cx^^h.cxo^b HenoxoKero Ha K.accnwecKHft reA0HH3M. ho «aKe h™CXO.B„p.yo3Hb,MH KOMn03HropCKHMH 3a«aHHHM„ (6^^?p 102Tr °^- '''• ^*^''""P- ''' " ^ ^-'^^^•'"o^ <=OHaxe

7'jf' " ''• '"'^^ '^""^e^Hpys, CBOft AHHaMH3M Mb.C;iHc Hy«Ab.MH eMy npe«cAe no;iH4>oHH.ecKHMH bo3mo«hocxhmh.HO M xyx ocxaBaacb. b npoxHBono;io>KHocxb Baxy. HHcxbiMJlHaTOHHKOM. HXO CXOHT R rROQw ^ ^^»IMCXbIM

rxnTna r,o*^ ^°^ MSHanajibHofl npo-

ZZ .T'"''' ''°''°''^" "^^"^ xapaKxepna A;rH Bexxo-

leHHoTT"'"^''"HAeo^orHH AeMOKpaxHHecKoro K;,acca c ycH-JICHHOH, HO ynpomeHHOft nCHXHKOfi.

B CBexe Aeaxe/ibHocxH BexxoBena nysbiKa cxano^HxcHHciVpHJEI tiJSUKB

10

J.^ J

— 146 -

B noflo«eHHe HCKyccTsa Bbicuieft aKcnpeccHBHOcra. KOTopoe

crtoco6HO BonJiomaTb b SByKOBbix o6pa3ax caMbie OTBiieneH-

Hbie H BbicoKHe noHflTHa h ao caMbix peaflbHbix. KaK Heco-

MHeHHO npOHHKHyTblft pOMaHTHHeCKMMH BSPJISIAaMH. BeTXOBeH

flBMJICfl CaM CTOPOHHHKOM MySblKH. HTO-fO BblCKaSbl-

B a JOwe a. 6yflb to HacTpoeHne KapTHH npHpoflbi (nacxo-

pajibHaH chm*ohhh). :.h6o ;iHHHbie TparHMecKHe owymeHHH

(coHara op. 27). j,h6o repoHMecKaa anoneH (3-fl h 7-si chm-

Aohhm). m6o TpareAHH (5-h chm4)ohhh. ..KopHonaH", „9rM0HT ).

m6o cTOJib cBHsaHHaa c peBOJiiouHOHHbiM MMpocosepuaHHCM

wefl 6paTCTBa h cjiwnHHH Bcero HejioBenecTfea (9-ji chmc|)0-

Hua) B 3TOM CMbicjie Mbi BHflHM TyT HC npocTofi nepexoft ot

reflOHHCTMHeCKOft aCTCTHKH KJiaCCHUHSMa K HfleanHCTHMeCKOM

scxeTHKe XIX BCKa, HO oflHOBpeMeHHoe yxBepacfleHHe coftep-

waHHfl MysbiKajibHoro TBopnecTBa. KaK 6bi OTJiHHHoro or

(bopMbi. x0T« eK> norjioweHHoro, h nepenoc uenrpa HHxepeca

B 3TO coAepjKaHHe c caMHX sByKOB. B 3tom nyHKxe b jiesixejib-

HOCTH BexxoBeHa 6e3 xpy^a mojkho npocjiewxb 3M6pHOHbi

nosAHeftuiero poMaHXHMecKoroxeMeHHfl..nporpaMMHoft MysbiKH .

BexxoBeH nocxaBHJi *opMy coHaxbi h chm*ohhh Ha He^o-

c»raeMyK> sbicoxy. B chm(})Ohhh oh npoflo^iacHfl nanaxyK) eme

KiiaccHKaMH ;.HHHK> pasBHXHS, KO^iopHxa. xoxaxexHHHecKHe

B03M0HCH0CXH BBKa xyx cxa^H MacxbK) Ha ny™^«''° ^^rrr(oTcyxcxBue xpoMaxHHecKHX xpy6 h Ba^xopn). B c^epe c})op-

xenHaHO oh AeftcxBOBan ne 6e3 BflHaHH« cthjia KjieMCHXH.

pacuiHpHB ero bosmojkhocth h coB^aB HacxosmyK) JiHxepa-

Typy Am KOHuepxHoro ^opxenHano, npHMCM cawoe HB^eHHe

ero cxh;ih b 6onbmeft Mepe o6yc;ioBJieHO bo3MO«hoct«mh

HOBbix KOHcxpyKUMft HHCxpyMeHxoB. 3xox cxHiib yH<e BOBCe

AHUieH HHXHMHOft KaMepHOCXH. CBOKcXBeHHOft K^aCCHKaM. OH

paccHHxaH Ha CHflbnyK). apwyHJ sBynHocxb. Ha npefteabHbiM

LnaMHSM. OwoBpeMeHHO BexxoBCH b cbobm nvim cosAaex

H XHH HOBoro HcnoflHHxeaflAJiH 4>opxen«aHO.-HcnojiHH-

rem ne MsamHoro. He HSbicKaHHoro, a Morynero. cxhxhmho-

KHHaMHMHoro. npoHHKHyxoro apKHM xeMnepaMeHxoM, ao xoro

BpeneHH HrpaBuiHM b HcnoJinenHH 4,opxenHaHHOM caMynj

BxopoGxeneHHyH) pojib. Menee snaMHxejibHa pojib BexxoseHa

K BOKanbHoa MysbiKe h b onepe. rAe oh. BnponeM. ocxaBHn

naM«xHHK BBHAC ^OnAeflHo". Ero BOKaJiHBM ueneH JiHiiib,

nocKOflbKy oh oxpaacaex ero chm^ohhsm (b ^OnAeJiHO .b mbc-

— 147 -

IIpoMeffiyToiBaH

CTAfffttt noTpe6H-

TCAH HySUKH BHSH. XIX B.

BCH

eme He yK;iaAbiBa;,HCb y "ero b paMKH xexHHHecKHx pecvpcoBcaMoro opraHa.^^-^n* pecypcoB

BexxoBCH HBJinexcfl norpaHHHHoft cbHrypofiMe«Ay MysbiKoft XVII h XIX BeKOB. npH newnocjieAHflfl. npoHHKHyxaa HHAHBHAyajiHSMOMpOMaHXH3MOM H ApyPHMH nopOJKAeHHHMH HABO-JiorHH. BcnjibiBuieA nocjie peBojiiouHH 1789 rpasBHJiacb H3 HM sajioweHHMx H BnepBbie

B o n ;i om e H H bi X 3 a e M e H T o B. Ero KOMno3HxopcKa« pa6oTaewjia paccHMxana Ha HHxe;ijiHreHXHbifl, AeMokpaxHHecKHft hoKy:ibxypHo bwcokhS xHn noxpe6HTejiH. uieAuiHft Ha cMeHv(|)eoAajibHbMy KyjibxypnoMy Maraaxy. B cbhsh c xcm htoBero BpeMHKpyrsTOTxojibKo hxo Hapo«Aa;icjinojiHoe npH3HaHHe ero MysbiKH Morjio HacxynHXbxojibKO no3AHee, hxo h npoH30in:io ynce. HpHMepHo.B 30-40-x roAax XIX BeKa. a ao xoro BpeMenn mh HMeeMnpoMe>KyxoHHoe cocxosHHe, KorAa y«e 6biJi paspymen KPyrnpewHHX noTpe6Hxejiefi. ho eme He ycxoHjica xHn hobopoKpyra, cosHAacMbifl hs MejiKoft ropoACKofl dypwyasHH h HHxeji-JIH^eH^HH. Te cjioh nocacAHero. Koxopwe co3HAa;incb emeB npeAbiAymwe snoxw. 6bijiH BocnHxaHw eme b 6ojiee hphmh-xHBHbix KyabxypHbix paMKax, b hhcxo - MyswKajibHofl cdbepeOhh eme He mofjih 6bixb nacxojibKo MysbmajibHo cosHaxeL-HblMH. MX06bI pa36HpaXbCH B MHCXOft HHCXpyMeHXaJIbHOAMysbiKe. oco6eHHo b cHMc|)OHHHecKofl. OHHflbHyjiH K onepeb Koxopoft OHH wienvi MysbiKy, KaK xojibKO noAcnopbeK X e K c X y H c n e K X a K Ji K). hxo 6bmo. KonenHo. jier^e ajihycBoeHHH. HecoMHeHHo. mxo h b KOMnosHxopax-KJiaccHKax(Nouapxe. oxnacxH AajKe b caMOM Bexxo^eHe) HyBcxBO MajioftnoHflTocxH B c*epe cHM(j[)OHH3Ma sacxaBjiHjio pa6oTaxb b o6jia-exH onepbi c BooAyuiesjieHHeM. nacxo sonpeKH CBoficxBaMAapoBaHHfl H cKflOHHOcxH. B oco6eHHocTH B xex cxpaHax •

BKOxopbix o6cxoflxe;ibcxBa xaK h^h Hnane npensrcxBOBajiHC03HAaHHK> cnanHHoro h npoHHoro Kjiacca coswaxejibHoftB HCKyccTBe HHTeji;iHreHUHH. onepHoe BonjiomeHHe aojimcho6bijio Hrpaxb caMym saaMHxe^ibHyK) po^b. TaKMMH cxpanaMHOpaBgyackM aBHAHCb npewAc Bcero Ta caMaa OpanuHH.MysuKa noicAe KoxopaH coBepuiHJia peBOJirouHK), h6o onaptBOAMBBH. saxBaMeHHan co6biTHflMH h b oco6eHHocxH Boft-

10»

148 —

HaMH, nocjieflOBaBuiHMM sa pcBOJiiouvreft, He CMorjia o6pa-

soBaTb HOBoro MysbiKajibHoro c^nyuiaxejiJi a c^Jepe chm(|)0-

HKSMa, KOTopbift KaK-HHKaK 6biji opraHMHecKw CBflsan c ^eo-

naflbHbiMH ueHTpaMH, h saxeM MTajiHa. Koropaa tojkc

6biJia cHJibHO saxBaMCHa HanojieoHOBmHHOft h, KpoMe Toro,

no caMOMy cBoflcTBy cBoero HacejieHHH, ckjiohhopo k bokb-

jiHSMy, He HMCJia flocxaTOMHo uiaHcoB coa^aTb ny6jiHKy AJia

MaccoBoro nHcxpyMeHTajiHBMa. B sthx cxpanax b xo apeMM.

KaK B PepMaHHH spejio HBJieHMC BexxoBena, npoflo;i«a-

jiacb cxapaa atHSHb MyswKHB 4)opMe npeHMyme-

cxBeHHO onepw, xoxa a npouecc cJiymaHUH axofi onepw

BOBJieKajiHCb Bce 6ojiee h 6oJiee KOMnJieKCHbie Maccw napofta.

PasBHXMe onepbi a pcBOJiiouHOHHofl <l)paHU>iH uijio no jihhhh,

HaMeneHHoft y»e panee JIkjajih h TjiyKOM, c oflHoft cxopoHW

(xparHMecKaH onepa). h <l>njinfl,opoM h Tpexpn— c apyrofi

(KOMHMecKaH onepa). B cymnocxH ona pasBHBaexcsi xoJibKO

KOJIHHeCXBeHHO, WajlO HSMCHJISlCb KaMeCXBeHHO H He Bbwe-

jiflH yjKe cxoJib KpynHbix hmbh, hxo c6'5icHJiexcH peBOJiK)-

UHOHHo-BoeHHoft axMOC(]|)eFoft. He6jiaronpHJixHoa rah (})opmh-

poBaHHH AapoaaHMft. fl'AjieflpaK i). Msyap 2), AftaM »),

Byajibftbe*) KyflbXHBwpoBaAH jihhhk) KOMHuecKoft onepw.

Meriojib 5) (1763—1817) h HxaJibSHCu Kepy6HHH «)

1) A' A n e ft p a K (1753—1809)—KOMnosHXOp EO«eBHneS, skhh b HapHMe,

oTnHHancfl.KpaftHefi 6biCTpoToft pafioTbi; MHorne ero coMHHeHHn 6MnH b CBOe

BpeMJi oneHb nonynnpHbi. -

2) M 3 y a p (1 775—1 818)—HTanbHHeu no npoHCXowReHHio, asHn b napHwe,

TKC cocTaBHJi ce6e cnasy, KaK KOMnosHTO? nerKoS onepw. Ms ero MHoroMHC-

aeHHbix onep HaH^onee nposJiaEnnacb ^CaHspHnbOHa" (1810).

s) ByanbAbe (1 775—1 834)— SHaMCHHTbia aBTop okhhmcckhx onep,

B CBoe BpcMS! ogouiefliDHX Bce cueHH MHpa. B. JKHH B napH^e H netep.

6ypre, me hc ocianca 6e3 Bnnmm Ha cyHb6y pyccKOft wysbiKH. Ha ero onep

HaH6onee npocjiaBHnacb b CEoe BpeMsi ..Benan aaMa" (1825).

*) A H a H (A H a m) (1803—1 856)— o«hh h3 nepawx cosAaxenett jierKoro

asaupa KOMHHCCKoR onepw, npH6nHasaK)ineftcsr yase KonepexKe, HanHcanMaccy

onep, H3 KOTopwx HaH6onee HSBecTna ..RoiTanbOH h3 JIohhswmo". Bcero hn

HanucaHO 53 onepw.

OMerwJib (1763—1817) — aBTO? MHorHX onep, npeHMymecTBeHHo

cepbesHoro cTMna, cpeflH Koxopwx HaHSonbinHft ycnes h nnHxenbHaa cnasa

BbinanH Ha «onio „Ho3H4)a" (1807).

«)Kepy6HHH(l 769—1 842)—KpynHwii komhoshto?, yEasKaBiuHMCst na-

jKe BeixoseHOM, Hannoan MHOro uepKOBHWx KOMnosHUHii, b xom MHCne 11 Mecc,

aaa peKBHeMa, opaxopHio, mho.o MOiexoa h rHMHoa, pw K?ynHWX KanepHbix

H opKecxpoBMx Bemefl (b xom MHcne Ksapxexw h chm^ohha), (JjopienHaHHwe

CnoHTHHH.raAeBH. (1769-1842). a no3flHee xoMce »ranbmeumerioAB. C noHXHHH i) (1774-1851) h TajieBH 2)

(1799—1862)— xparHHecKyH) onepy. Te afleMenxw. KoxopwenpHBHeceHw a MysbiKy BexxoBeHOM, pa6oxaBuiHM OAHoape-MCHHO, a HacTbK) panee h hx, 6biAH b o6meM wajio hmycBocHbi H npexBopeHbi, xoxa HeKOxopaH dojibuiaji rH6KocxbBbipaaceHHa, 6ojibuia5i CBo6oAa phxmhkh h flHHaMHKH aawexHa3Aecb, HO e^aa jih ne 6bijia ona npoAHKroBana o6mHMHacxpoeHHeM snoxH— cxpeMJieHweM k ocBo6o2{AeHHK)3KCnpeCCHBHOfl CXHXHH B MySblKe. CnOHXHHH H FaJieBH BBO-AHx a MysbiKy opKecxpoBbie 3(|)(|)eKXbi, HanpasneHnbie k 6ojib-uieft SKcnpeccHH („xaM-TaM" a „BecTajiKe" Chohxhhh), bbo-AHx rH6KyK) MejioflHio, cMenaiomyio cypoaue h ycjiOBHweKOHxypw rjiyKOBCKoro Mejioca. B MxajiHH onepa pasBH-BaexcH oflHOBpeMeHHo KaK b HanpaafleHHw CBoAcxaeHHOfiHxajibSHCKofl ny6flHKe BHpxyosHocxH, xaK h b ApyroM,He Menee oxaeMaBuieM BKycy noxpe6nTeAH, HanpaBJieHHH.Koxopoe Ao M3BecxHoft cxeneHH ripoxHBonojiarajiocb nep-BOMy,— a HanpaafleHHH oxKpwToft h hchoS MenoAHiHocxH.Menee acero BKyc Maccw 6biJi Ha cxopone nojiH4)OHHH hcepbesHocxH, xaK qxo ne 6bijio HHKaKHx uiancoa o6pa3o-aaxbcn CHMcJjOHHHecKOMy cthjik). BonjioxHxejieM >KeaaHHfl hoacHAaHHfl noxpeSHxejiH sbhjich Pocchhh ^) (1792—1868).

GOHaxw M 29 onep, 4)paHuy3CKHx h HxanbancKHx, cpem Koxopwx HaH6ojieerionynnpHw 6wnH ..Mesea", „Bo«oeo3" h „JloflOHCKa".

') CnoHXHHH(1 774—1 851 )—onepHwfl KOMnosHxop, oxMaciM cneflOEas-uiHfl HanpaBneHHK) FjiyKa.Ero HaHSonee HssecxHoe npon3Be;ieHHe—„BecTanKa"KOTopaa o«HO spcMa 6bma HpesBbiMaftHO nonynapna. Apyrwe onepw CnoH-THHH SHaHHienbHO yciynaioi aiOMy npoH3Be«eHHio („<I)epflHHaHfl Kopxeu",„OjiHMnHa'').

^) TaneBH (1799—1862) (coSciBenHO npasHnbHee—AneEw)-({jpanuys-CKHft KOMnosHxop, no npoHcxoMcfleHHio espefi. Cpefln MHoroMHjneHHWx eroonep BWflBHHynacb „?KHflOBKa" (1835), b Koxopoft HaHSojiee apKo CKasajiacbero CKjiOHHOjXb k cypoEOMy cihjik) h k fl-iaMaxHMecKHM KOHxpaciaM. 06meeHHcno ero onep— 25, KpoMC xoro, hm HanncaHO neMano Kanxax, xopoB h flaace(JJopiennaHHaa coHaxa.

Pocchhh (1792—1868) nanHcan 53 onepw b npoMeacyroK BpeMCHMor 1810 Ao 1829 r. Ms sxoro orpoMHoro KonHMecxEa HaHfionee SHaHHienbHwH osianHCb B noioMcxBe flo chx nop— „CeBHnbCKHR ubipiojibKHK" (1816) h„BHnbrenbM Tenjib" (1829), ocianbHwe xaK hjih HHane npeflanw 3a6BeHHK>.C 1829r. iBop^ecKoe BfloxHOBCHHe noKHnyno Pojchhh, h oh ao KOHua mchshmHe Hanncan Hnnero b xeneHHe 38 jiex, KpoMe He6onbiiiofi BemH„Stubiit mater".

150

HTaA]>flBCKa« one- HanpaBHBUiH^ onepy B pycjio OHaposaTeflbHoApa Ha^. XIX BCKa. MeJlOflHHHOCTH, CBJiaaHHOft c yMepeHHbiM H

XyAOMCeCTBeHHbIM ^JOHOM BHpTyOSHOCTH, ^CM

coBepuieHHO noKopHJi BKycw He tojibko iiTaJibsiHCKoft ny-

6jihkh, ho h Bcefl Esponbi. Oh pa6oTaji kbk b o6jia-

CTH KOMHMCCKOK oncpbl, Tfle CrO KyjIbMHHaUHOHHbIM flOCTHH<e-

HHeM RBJineTCfl „CeBHJIbCKMft UbipHJflbHHK-' (1816), TaK H

B o6jiacTM cepbesHoA onepw („BnJibrejibM TejiJib", 1829). Bjihh-

HHe MCJIOJDIHKH PoCCHHH 6bIflO HeOTpaSHMO H .6a3HpOBaJIOCb

Ha npHSHaHHH MaKCHMajIbHO UIHpOKOfl ayftHTOpHH, nOSTOMy

3KOHOMHMecKH cro MysbiKa OKasaJiacb 6ojiee . Moryme-

CTBeHHoft, HCM Aa»ce MysbiKa reHnajibHoro BexxoaeHa. Te

Kflaccbi, Ha BKyc Koropbix onnpaACH nocJieftHHfi, 6biJiH cpas-

HHxeJibHO ewe cjia6bi, HeopraHjiaoBaHbi h HeMHoroHHCJieHHW,—ero HaACMCflbi 6biaH b cymnocTH b 6yaymeM, a Pocchhh

6paji HacTOHiityio ayAHTopHio. CrHJib MejioanKH Poc-

chhh no CBoefl cyiuHOCTH npoAOJiM<aJi. jihhhk) HTanbHHCKofi

onepu HeanoflHTaHCKofl iukojiw h MouapTa, npn hbm BOSAeS-

CTBMe ero na mnpoKHe naccbi odycjiOBJiHBajiocb cTonbKO jkb

KpaCOTOfl MCJIOftHKH, CKOJIbKO H HenoMepHOft npOCTOTOft H

pyflHMeHTapHOCTbK) conpoBOWflCHHH. Ero npHMep BbisBaji

ecTecTBeHHbie noApaMcaHHa: h mh bhahm HapowjieHHe HMenHO

B MTajiHH uejiofl njiesiAbi asTopoB onep, KOTopue crpeMHTCsi

npoflyuHpoBaxb MejioAHMecKyio MyawKy b THne Pocchhh: Beji-.

jiHHH 1) (1802—1835), HanHcaBiuMft „HopMy",UlKOAa Pocchhh: ^CoMHaM6yjiy" H Ap. Onepbl, J^OHHUeTTH^)BeAAHHH,flo-

(']797_i848), HanHcaBuiHft CBbime 60 onep.H n n fi 1* T H

y 3THX annroHOB Pocchhh MejioAHnecKoe

H3o6peTeHHe yace OTnacTH BbipoacAaexcH b cnamaBOCTb npH

eme 6ojiee yxpHpoBaHHoft hphmhthbhocth Bcero nponero Mysw-

KaJibHoro aHTypawa; cuenHHecKaa xapaKxepHCTHKa, HMero-

mancH y Poccmhh HajiHuo, ywe oTcyTCTByer, a sHpryos-

HocTb He BcerAa ypaBHOBeuiHsaeTcsr BKycoM. TeM He Menee

OHH OCTaiOTCH Ha OHCHb AOJirOe BpeMSt BJiaCTHTeJlHMH AyM

3HaHHTejibHdft MacTH ropoACKoft MejiKO-6ypa<ya3Hoft ny6jiHKM

H Bcex ApyrHX noTpe6HTejiea MysbiKH, Bnjioxb ao apHcxonpa-

BennHHH (1802—1835) HanHcan Bcero 11 onep, H3 KOTopwx npo-

cnasMnHCb h CTann iiiHpoKO nonynnpHw „CoMHaM6yjia" h ..HopMa".

2) jtoHHucTTH (1 797—1 848) HanHcan Bcero 64 onepw, cpeflH KOTop wx

6onee HSBecTHw: „<l)aBopHTKa", „J1iomh5i aH-JlaMepMyp", „AoHb nojiKa".

THH Bcex CTpan. BjiaroAapsr roMy, mto HTajibHHCKaa onepaHMe^a pacnpocrpaneHHe hohth bo Bcex wpynnbrx crojiHuax

Esponbi H PoccHH, BJiHSHHe uiKOJibi PoccHHH pacnpocTpaHH'JlOCb Hpe3BbI4aAHO UIHpOKO H HyBCTBOBaJIOCb OHCHb AOJIFO.

VIII.— POMaHTHSM. \.

PoMaHTHSMB repMaHnB.

B repMaHCKHX crpaHax, ocTaBuiHxcsi cpaB-HHTCJIbHO B CTOpOHe OT peSOJIlOUHOHHblX 6ypbH nOCTHPHyTblX TOJIbKO BOeHHblMH 6ypilMH

TiocflepeBOflH)UHOHHoa snoxH, HMejiHCb Bce AaHHbie una napo-^AeHHH HOBblX 'tHHOB ny6nHKH. CHJIbHO paSBHTO:^ B FepMaHHHMysbiKajibHbiA npo4)eccHOHcijiH3M (My3biKaHTbi-cneuHajiHCTbi,

opKecTpaHTbi H np.) rpynnnpoBaji KpyroM ce6a onpeAeneHHyio,npeHMymecTBeHHo HHTefljiHreHTCKyio Maccy MysbiKajibHbix

ueuHTeAeSi, KOTopue, OTjiHHascb ot roPi cpeAU, KOTopan•ocTaBa^acb no nacjieACTBy ot (|)eoAajibHO-K;iaccHMecKoA 3noxH.

oraHMajiHCb CHJIbHO M OT pflAOBoro ropo»<aHHHa-noTpe6HTeAH,TOMce HHTenjiHreHTHOro b Macce, ho MysbiKajibHo nepasBH-Toro. Mmchho b aTofi cpeAe sapo^KAajiHCb KaApbi Toro, mtonoTOM nojiyHHflo HaMMenoBaHMe cepbesnoi) nyS^HKH.OfiocTpHBiuHeca nocjie HanoJieoHOBCKHx boAh HauHonajibHbie

^yBCTBa B 3TO BpeMs pasBHBajiHCb npeHMymecTBeHHo b 6o;iee

AeMOKpaTHHeCKMX H HHTeJIJIHreHTCKHX CJIOSIX,

llaHBAeHHeHHTeA- TOFAa KaK apHCTOKpaTHMecKHe rpynnbi 6ojieeAHreHgRH BAHTe-

6j,jjjj^ cKJlOHHbl K CBOMCTBeHHOMy HM HHTep-paxypHO-diBAOcoA- tt .

'

CKOe TeneBHe.HaUMOHaflHSMy. npO(}jecCHOHaJIbHO-My3bIKaHT-

CKHe rpynnbi 6biJiH xecHee cBnBanbi h c Kyjib-

xypHoft HHTejiJiHrenuHeft, h c napoAOM, h hx naTpHOTHHecKoe,BsrpeToe BoAnaMH h noA^OApeHHoe tcophsimh poManrHSMaHacipoeHHe sacTasnano hx c ocodeHHofit ;ito6oBbio otho-

cHTbCH Ko BceMy poAHOMy, repMaHCKOMy, HauHonajibHOMy,K cBoeA crapHHe, KOTopasi npeACTaBJisjiacb OKpyMceHHoA jieren-

AapHbiMH HajieTaMH h ottofo Kpafine npHBJieKaTCJibHofi. MAea-jiHCTHMecKan ^uaoco^via Toro BpeMCHH, npoAHKTOBaHHanOTHacTH TeMH «e HacTpoeHHHMH H TecHeAuiHM o6pa30M cna-

siHHasi c poMaHTHSMOM, cmc 6ojiee noAKpenjisiJia 3th nacTpoe-HHH, CHJIbHO pacnpocTpaKeHHbie hmchho b stom Kpyry, koto-

pbiA . HesojibHO H HesaMeTHO AJM ce6» npcACTaBMJi kbhht-

acceHUHK) repMaHM3Ma h ubbt KyjibTypw Toro BpeMeHH

— 152 —

(Ferenb, Uleji^HHr). Fpynna aBTopoB, KOTopux o6'eflMHHK>T

nOA HMeHCM pOMaHTHKOB, B CyUtHOCTH 6bUia HMCHHO

BonjiOTMTeJieM BKycoB aroS rpynnw, KOTopaa, KaK nepeAOBasi,

OKpacHJia H TBopnecTBO cbohx rcHHCB B nepeAOBbie tohb.

PoMaHTHSM nMTajiCH B paBHofl Mepe HacTpoeHHAMH HfteajiH-

CTHHeCKOfl 4>MJ10C04)HH, HaUMOHaJIbHbIM MyBCTBOM H Bpa}KAe6-

HOCTblO K HHOSCMHOMy. ErO o6mMfl TOH 6bIJI npOAHKTOBaH

npeflCTaBJieHHCM o Mysbme, kbk o HaM6ojiee TaHHCTBCHHOM,

o6anTeflbHOM h MoryseM h3 HCKyccTB. PoManTHSM CTasHji

MysbiKy cpeflH Bcex ncKyccxB na HeAocnraeMyio Bbicory, npM-

Aasan efl Meprbi BbicuieK uppauHOHajibHOCTH h mhctmmhoctm.

XoTfl Mepxbl pOMaHTHBMa, B CBH3M C yWC TOrsa HaMeHaBUIH-

MHCH rpynnHpoBKawH b o6mecTBe, aaMCTHbi w y MouapTa.H y BerxoBCHa, ho THnHMHbiM ocHOBareneM HeMeuKoro

MysbiKaAbHoro poMaHTMSMa HBAO CMHTaTb nHcareflJi h KOMno-

3HTopa 3. T. A. r o <J) M a H a 1) (1776 -1 822).

9. ro^MaB. KOTOpbiA H B CBOHX nHCaHHflX nponoBeflbiBatt

B033peHH$I Kpaflneft pOMaHTHKH H 4>aHTacTH«i-

HOCTH H nwrajicH hx »e nposecTH b jKHSHb b My3biKajibHbix

CBOHX onbirax. JlnHHOCTb rot{)MaHa h evo BHaneHHe hmchho

jiJia MysbiKH Ao CHX nop ne 6biJiH AOCTaxoMHO oueneHM.

B ero JiHue npewAe Bcero Heo6biHaflHO xapaKxepen KOHraKT

aHTeparypbi h My3biKH, cTOJib xapaiKTepHbift Boo6me ajim poMan-

TH3Ma, KOTopbifi BccrAB cTpeMHJicH K o6'eAHHeHHio c(i)ep

HCKyccTB. Oh nanncaA MHoro onep, nacTbio KOMHnecKHXi

Hac^bK) <|)aHTacTHMecKHX („yHAHHa", 1816), He Hy»<Aajicfl m

CHMcJjOHHMeCKHX l^OpH H KaMCpHOft MySblKH. BblTb MOKCT,

ero OHCHb paHHee noHBJieHHe na ropH30HTe MysbiKH h ero

cJiHuiKOM pesKafl powaHTHHecKaji ycTaHOBKa, KOTopasi eme

He cospejia b to BpeMH b wyawKe ajih CBoero noflHoro

4)aHTacTHHecKoro acneKTa, cAejiajiH ero TBopnecTBO MCHee

^) 3. PofJjMaH (1776—1822)— sHaMeHHTwR nHcaTejib-^aHxacr m xyAO-

wecTBeHHbift MwcjiHTCnb, HaHHcan MHOro MysbiKajibHbix npoHSseAeHHA h 6bta

KanejibMeflcxepoM. Ehiy npHHannewaT 4 BOAeeHnn h 7 onep, h3 KOiopux

„yHflHHa" HpesBbiiaftHO HHiepecHa h sadbira HcaacnyaseHHO (1816), ojoSea-

HO ecHH npHMsiTb Eo BKHMaHHC BpcMsi cc noaBncHHsi. KpOMB TOrO, OH HanM-

caji Meccy, chm4)Ohhio, ({lopTenHaHHwe coHaTU h MHoro McnKHX Bcmeft. Ero

jiHTepaTypHbie nHcaHHsi coflepwai Maccy saMeMaHHft o MyswKe, h nacto-

ClOlKeTbl HX HaBeSIHbl MySblKOfi.

saMeTHbiM a.na cospeMeHHHKOB, HewejiH oho 6bi roroCTOHJio. Bo BCSTKOM cJiyHac ero pa6oTbi Bnon^e npeA-BapnioT H 6e6epa, h llIy6epTa, h caworo LUyManac BarnepoM. HecMorpH na KpaflnioK) opHrHHa^bMocTb cbohxMbicjiefl o MysbiKe h na ocxpyH) ycTanoBKy Bcex sonpocoB,FocfJMaH B MysbiKe-CBoeft ne BbiAaercn snaMH-TejibHo hba KjiaccHHecKMM TOHoomymeHHeM,Bpamancb b c(|)epe npexcHHX 4)opM h rapMOHHfl h phtmobH Aawe noAABBaflcb Bnnanviio BerxoBena b cbmoA cjia6oA cre-neHH. Ero noTpe6HTejieM 6biJia b cymwocTH apTHCTHHe-c K a SI 6 o r e M a, cnaHBatoiiian bocahho npcAcxaBHTejiefl JiHxe-

paxypbi, xeaxpa, JKHBonwcH h MysbiKH, h npHMbiKasmaaK HHM npojiexapHSHpoBaHHaa HHxejuiHreHitHji npo4)eccHOHajiOB.

B 3X0M ace Kpyry boshhk h 111 y 6 e p x ^), Menee.

HeM TocJjMaH, MblCJIHBUIHft B o6jiacxH

pOManxHSMa, ho HaiueAuiHft b cBoeM HCKfljoMHxejibHO rcHHajib-

HOM AaposaHHH cHJibi AJIH BonjiomeHHfl poMaHXHHecKMx nacxpoe-HHft B MysbiKajibHbie SByKH. LUy6epx ywe onpeAejieHHO habxno cxonaM BexxoBena, coeAHHsin ero AHHaMHnecKHe aocxh-MceHsin c orpoMHbiM Hanp5i}KeHHeM MeJioAHnecKoro AapoBaHHsr

H C HOBblMH rapMOHHSIMH, KOXOpbie HpOAOJlWaHSX JIHHHIO

ycjiOMCHeHHfl ncHxoAorHH rapMOHHA, HanaxyK) MouapxoM. 3xhHOBbie rapMOHHHeCKHe MHpW AaJlH My3bIKe B03M0>KH0CXb JKHBO-

nHcanna 6ojiee yxoHHeHHwx, 6o;iee msfkhx h M3bicKaHHbix

nepeMCKBaHMA, cpaBHHxejibHO c xeMH, Koxopue 6bi;iH eAxocxynHbi AO xex nop. Illy6epx nepBbift npoxHBonocxaBjinex

niy6epT.

') lIIy6epT (1797—1828) poflMncH h npownn bck) atHSHb sBeHe, Bpa-

uiancb B Kpyry apiHCTHHecKofl fioreMW h CTy«eHT03; Sojibuiasi nacTb ero npo-

HSBeAeHHft He 6bina npH khshh HSAaHa, a Kpynnue coHHHeHHs h ne Hcnon-

HflnHCb. Oh HanMcan HsyMHTenbHoe una ero KpaxKofl h<h3Hh KonHvecTBo

0O<IHHeHMS, B TOM HHSJIC HeCKOHbKO CHM4)0HHft (HaHOOnee HSBeCTHbl CHM({)0-

HHn C, HaftAeHHaa yme no^ne ero CMepTH, h „HeoKOHMeHHaa chm(J)ohhh"),

MHOro KaMepHbix npoHSBeAeHHft (KBapTCTOB, kbhhtctob, TpHo), paA onep(HMeioT BTOpojTeneHHoe snaieHHe), xoposbie coHHHeHHH, (])opTenHaHHbie

semH. HaH5onbmee SHaneHKe sce-TaKH osTaeica sa necHHMH III., KOTOpuxOH HanHzan CBbiuie 400 h KoropueAO chx nop cosTaBnaioT ochoshoS penep-

Tyap KanepHoro neHHsi; HanSonee HSBecTHu: „JIecHoA uapb", „necHa Map-rapHTM.', necHH MnHbOHW, „^anoda AesymKH", „J1,bohhhk", uhkh jFIpeKpac-

Han MenbHHMHxa" h ap-

— 154 - •>

no6eAOHOCHOMy poccHHweBCKOMy MCJioflHSMyHagHOHaAbHaa me- ^ g Q ^ H CM e UKO-se Hre p C KHft HaUHO-jiOAHKa H "*•=*

H a jj b H bl fl MeJIOAHSM, KOTOpblSl OKaSbl'HOCTb. PomaHTH-

lecxaH necHH. BacTCfl He MCHee HTajibHHCKoro KpacHBbiM,

HO B 3HaMHTejibHO 6ojibuiefl cTeneHH rfly6oKHM

H HauHOHajibHo jieficTBeHHbiM. MflH no cTonaM Fa^AHa h Bct-

xoBCHa, HO yMce fiojiee cosHarejibHO, hcm ohh o6a, llIy6epT

onpefleneHHO cxanoBHTCJi Ha HauHonajibHyH) ycraHOBKy

TBopnecTBa— oh cosAaer HCMeuKyK) necnio, MCJioAHHe-

CKH pOACTBCHHyK) HapOflHOft, HO B3HBUiyK) y KyjibxypHbix

AOCTHHceHHS MysbiKH cHJiy rapMOHHHCCKoro cpnpoBoacfleHHH h

*[3bicKaHHOCTb MCJioca. llIy6epT ne o6jiaflaJi Mombio Berxo-

aena b flCJie cxpoeHHfl uejibHbix, jihtwx (|>opM, oxroro oh He

MMejI CKJIOHHOCTH paCUIHpflTb (|}0pMbl, OTTOPO OH npeAnoHHTaii

neceHHbie, MHHiiaTiopHbie ^JopMbi, b KOTopux h HanHcana

6onhmaa nacTb ero coMMHCHHfl, oxroro oh Aa>Ke b chm4>o-

HHHX H B coHaxax cAeJiaJi mhofo uiaroa nasaA ox nyHKxa.

AOCxHPHyxoro BexxoBCHOM, a cmhcjic paspyiueHHJi uejibHOcxH

4)opMbi conaxbi h BKnioMCHHa B nee neccHHbix anHsoAOB, paa-

pymaromHX ee AHHaMHHHOcxb. Ero xBopnecxBO, Hocnmee oaho-

BpcMCHHO nenaxb npeAeabHofl reHwajibHocxH h Kpafinefi cneui-

HocxH pa6oxbi. 6biJio HeodbinafiHO npoAyKXHBHo: aa cbok)

OMCHb KpaxKyK) JKH3Hb OH HaHHcaji 6ojibme mhofhx ApyrHx

KOMnosHxopoB. Kpyr ero noxpe6Hxejiefl 6bin b cyiuHocxH He

AOcxaxoMHO umpoK, oh 6bi;i no Heo6xoAHMOcxH HHXHMeH, hxo

H o6ycjiOBH;io ero opranHnecKoe npucxpacTwe k necne h

K HHXHMHOMy cxHJiK). Bojiee MOHyMCHxajibHbie npoM3BeAe-

KHH lJLIy6epxa (ero cmm(J)ohhh, onepbi) xaK h ne yBHAeJiH

CBexa npH ero m«h3Hh— ohh AOMCHAajiHCb xoro apeMeHH, kopab

pacusexaiomaH KOHuepxHaa }KH3Hb cACJiaex h hx AocxynnbiMH

AJiH HcnoJiHeHHJi BO Bce lUHpameMcsi Kpyre hobux cjiyuiaxejieft-

llJy6epx, noAo6HO panneMy BexxoseHy h b cooxBexcxBHH

c BOKaflbHbiM xapaKxepoM, neceHHocxbio cBoero XBOpnecxBa,

iiBJiHexca xHnHHHbiM H y6eHCAeHHbiM fomo^JOhhcxom;pecxaBpauHflf „6axH3Ma", nponBHsiuancsi b nosAweM Bexxo-

Bene, ero ne Kocnyjiacb bobcc h ne Morjia Kocnyxbcfl, KaK

BpamaiomerocH b Kpyre, AaJieKOM ox 6axoBCKHX HacxpoenHfi.

Ta jiHHHH HeMeuKoro HauHOHajiH3Ma h xanuoBaflbHofl necen-

HocxH, Koxopan sajioMcena 6bijia b llly6epxe, ocBo6oM<AeHHaH

or ApyrHX CBOHX OKpyMceHHfl, nojiynnjia AajibHcflmee pasBH-

THe B JiK)6onbixHOM h BwcoKO-xajiaHx^HBOM xBopnecxBe JI a h-

Hepa (1801—1842), Koxopbifi cyMeji BAOxnyxbAhbbh eoreMBve- aCMByiO MeJIOAHHeCKyiO JIHHHK) B HaUHOHaJlb-cKoro inyeepxHaH-

„j,,g HeMCUKHft xaneu-Bajibc. JIaHHep naHH-CTBa—nAerKaaMV- ^ _

'^

3HKa«. AaHHep.^^^"^ COOOK) Mpe3BbIMaHHO BajKHyro JIHHHK)

UlTpaycCbi. paSBHXHH MySbIKH, HMeHHO flHHHK) XaK Ha3bl-

BaeMoft „jierKOfii My3biKH", ocHoaaHHofl nacxbH)Ha xanuoBajibHbix (|)opMax, nacxbio na ^'opMax KOMHnecKoftonepbi, no cymecxBy 6jih3khx K xaHuoBajibHbiM. flo nanajia

XIX BBKa pasAeJieHHsi jierKoft h cepbe3HoA MysbiKH eme necymecXBOBajio, ohh o6e cymecxBOBajiH BMCcxe, coBMemaacbHepcAKO B OAHHX AajKc asxopax. KoMHHecKaa onepa h cepbes-HaH onepa uijih phaom, xaK we KaKHxaneu h cHM(j|}OHHa. HoCKopo HaMenaioxcfl paccJiosnouinecsi BKycoBbie rpynnw, h3Koxopbix OAHa, 6ojiee AeMOKpaxHiecKaa h 6o;iee mhofohhc-jieHHaR, B cymnocxH Menee MyswKajibHo pasBHxasi h noxoMyCKflOHHaH K npOCXblM nepHOAHHeCKHM, XaHUOBaJIbHbIM pHXMaMH K npocxoMy BOKa;ibHOMy cxhjiio c npocxefiiUHM aKKOMnane-MenxoM, cxaHOBHxcH npeHMymecxBeHHbiM h n.a»te hckjiiohh-

xeabHbiM noxpe6HxejieM „jierKoro wanpa", ocBo6o»<Aaa Apyryiorpynny, koxopaa cxanosHxcH Aame b HssecxHbiiH aHxaroHH3MK nepBoft, oxpHuaa 3a neft xyAOwecxBCHHoe SHanenHe. 3xarpynna noxpe6Hxe;ieM jierKoft MysbiKH neMeAJienno co3Aaexcnpoc H Ha KOMno3HxopoB HMeHHO xaKoro poAa cneunajiH-

cxoB B 3xoS o6nacxH. JIaHHep HBjiHexcsi hx nepBbiM npeACxa-BHxeJieM, eme npHMbiKaiomHM k o6meMy pycjiy pannero Heweu-Koro poMaHXH3Ma. Ilocjie nero HAyx ywe 6ojiee cneuH4)HMe-CKHe, HO eme cansanHbie CHjibHUMH y3aMH c iiiy6epxOBCKOi^

MeaoAHKofl, — MoraHH lllxpaycc^), oxeu h cwh, co^

sAaiomHe cxhjib HeneuKoro ca;iOHHoro xanua h HCMeuKyio

') UI T p a y c, H o r a H H (cTapuiHft) — nonynapHeftiuHft KOMnosHTopBa.TihcoB (1804—1894), nocnyjKHBuiHx ochoeoh Bceft nocneayiomeJi „nerKOH"MysbiKHj KHji B Bciie, oTKyfla coBepmaji KOHuepTHwe noesflKH b HHwe ro-

pofla CO CEOHM canoHHbiM opKCCTpoM, BhiCTynan b KaMCCTBe AHpHwepa. ErpcuH—Towe MoraHH LUrpayc (1825—1899)—npoAonwan jihhhk) TBopnecTBaoTU,a, npH MeM BwcTynan eme b KanecTBe asTopa onepeTOK, KOTopbix oh

HanHcan 17 (h3 hhx HaH6onee nonynnpHbi 6binH b CBoe spcMa „UbiraHCKHii

fiapoH", .jJleiynaa Mwuib" h up.)- HeKOTopwe ero sanbcbi cranH HapoflHWMHB I^epMaHHH H B AecTpirH.

— 156 —

onepcTTy, pasBHBaiomyK) sjieMeBTw, 6ojibuiaa MacTb KOTopbix

HMeercH y Llly6epTa h jiaTKe eiue y MouapTa.Ta jiHHHSi 4'«^"TacTHHecKoro pOMaHTHSMa,

PoMaHTHHecKan KOTopaa HaMBTHJiacb B Tpyflax H TBopnecTBeonepa. Be6ep. reHHajibHoro ro(|)MaHa, nojiynaeT jiajibHeft-

uiee pasBHTHe b pa6oTax K. M. Be6epa ^) (1786—1826),

KOTopbifl OKasbiBaeTca b cHJiax npMAaxb n^OTb h MyawKajib-

HyK) KpoBb MHCTO - JiHTcpaTypHbiM nocTpoeHHJiM TocJjMaHa.

B npoTHBOBec wTaJibJiHCKOfl BHpTyosHo-MejiOMaHHHecKoft onep-

HOft MaHepe, repMaHCKMft poMaHTHSM BbiaejineT poMaHTHMC-

CKyio, (JjaHTacTMHecKyio onepy Ha HauHOHaflbHWH jiereHAap-

Hbift cioweT, B KOTopofl noJiynaiOT npHJioaceHHe h mmcto-

repMaHCKHfl tho neceHHOCTH. h uiHpoKaH CHM(J)OHHMecKdH

4)aKTypa MyawKH, yHacjieAOsaHHan ot KJiaccHKOB m BerxoBCHa.

Sra onepa AOJiwHa oTTHHyxb nacxb KaapoB cJiyuiarejiefi or

HTajibHHCKofl onepbi, mto ona h BbinojiHJieT, kbk Bnojine

cooTBcTCTByiomaH pacxymeMy Ayxy HauHOHanHSMa no Bcefi

EBpone M B TepMaHMH b HacxHOCTH. PoManxMHecKvift neren-

aapHbifl flyx xpe6oBaji ({jaHxacxHMecKHX KpacoK suia cBoero

BonjiomeHKH. Oh bjibcxho xpe6oBaji ocosHaHWH

PoHaHTHSM ^g^ (|)aHxacTHHecKHX KpacoK, Koxopbie noreH-B opKecxpoBOM

m,ajji,„o saKJiioMeHbi b MysbiKajibnoft rapMO-KOAopBTe.

^^^ ^ opKecxpoBbix KOJiopHxax. Eqih T^jiaccH-

necKHft BCK H BexxoBCH ysKe o6paxHJiH BHHMaHHe na Kd^opH-

cxHHecKwe bosmowhocxh opKecxpoBbix xeM6poB, nowa eme

xoJibKO KaK caMOAOBJiewiuHX wysbiKajibHbix ucHHOcxeft. xo

y Be6epa mw bhahm yHce HcnoflbsoBaHHC sxhx

KOJiopHTOB Ma HJijnocxpaxHBHbix, fleKopaxHBHbrx cueHH-

HecKMX uejieft, KaK chmbojiob onpeaejieHHbix nepeacHBaHHft h

o6pa30B. UcHxp xsiMcecxH Be6epoBCKoro xBopnecxBa jicjkhx

B onepe, r^e oh coaaaex cxHJib n HanpaBJieHne h tac oh

pa6oxaex b Bwy xoro hobopo, nauHOHaflHcxHHecKH HacxpoeH-

1) Be6ep (1786-1826) poAHnca H 6onbuiyio 4acTb kh3hh npowMn

B FepMaHHH, nosTOsiHHO MeHfla mbcto acmenbCTBa. B. o:;TaBHn MysbiKanbHoe

Hacne«He npeHMymecTBeHHO b bhab onep, cpenM KOTOpbix HaAO OTMCTHTb:

.OpeflmioTu", .SBpnaHTa" h „06epoH", KaK HawSonee cMnbHwe h cymecTseH-

Hbie Ana HCTopHH MysbiKH. SHaMMTenbHO MCHbuiee SHaieHHC HMceT Be6ep

KaK 4)0?TenHaHHbiH kdmhoshto?, tab oh KyjibTHBHpoEan npCHMymecTBeHHo

BHpiyoaHbift CTunb {nan6onee hsbccthw ero ^TlpHrjiaineHHe k laHuy" m „Koh-

UepTUITlOK" C OpKCCTpOMj.

JiiMm.

— IQi —-

Horo Kpyra nySjiHKH, Koxopwft cosaaexca b snoxy nocjieHanojieoHOBCKMX boAh, Kan peaKuwH npoxHB HanojieoHOBCKorouesapHSMa. ..OpeAunou" (Bo;ime6Hwfi cxpejion), „3BpHaHxa"H „06epoH" cocxaBJiJiiox rJiaBHwe sxanw ero XBopnecKoronyxH, Koxopbift uenen ma HcxopHH eme h xew, hxo ero xBop-HecxBo B cHJibHefluieft cxeneHH o6ycJiOBHJio BnocjieacxBHHTBopnecxBO P. Barnepa. FapMOHHMecKHx o6orameHni1 Be6epHe MHoro BHec b MyawKajibHwA jieKcuKOH, xoxh ero rapMO-HHHecKaji najiHxpa b Hxore CBo6oAHee h Mnrne gexxoseK-CKofi. B 3XOM cMbicjie OH HACx HapasHe c llIy6epxoM, npe-bocxoasi nocJieAHero b ocoswaHMH opKecxpoBoro KOJiopHxa,HO ycxynasi eny b 4)aHxa3HH. SnanHxejibHo Menbuiee SHaneHHeHMeex XBopnecxBo Be6epa b moahoh b ero anoxy 4)opxe-HHaHHoft o6flacxH, B Koxopofi CHHxajiM AOJiroM pa6oxaxb nonxHsee KOMno3Hxopbi. Tyx Be6ep pa6oxaex Ha BKyc ero coBpe-MeHHHKOB, Ha BKyC XOft ny6jIMKH, KOXOpaSI B 3XO BpeMR UeHHX

npeHMymecxBCHHo BHpxyosHocxb, Bbipa»caio-B0pTyo8HaHOToxa myiocH B 6paBypHOcxH naccaweft h b 6jiecKeB oDAacTH ^lopre- _ ^

iraaHo.SByHHOcxH. lojibKO HXO npoHsseAeHbi 6brjiH

BawHbie yflyHuieHHH b MexaHwsMe (jiopxenHaHO;Hs HHcxpyMCHxa cjia6o3ByHHoro, noneBOJie khxhwhopo, ohoo6paXHJIOCb B nOJIHOBByHHbiA KOHUepXHbiA HHCXpyMeHX. 3x0HCMeAJieHHO BbI3BaJIO HOBWe B03M0WH0CXH HCHOJIHeHHSI, HOBbienpeoAOJieHHH xcxkhkh k hobwA BHpxyosHbifi cxHjib, snaMeno-BaBiiiHfl npeoAoaeHHe sxhx hobmx saAaHHfl xexHHnecKorocoBcpiueHcxBa Hrpu. M 3xo Ke HeMCAJienHO cosAaJio cnpocHa BHpxyosHocxb CO cxopoHbi ny6jiHKH, Koxopan b MacceBcerAa b nepsyio onepeAb cnocoSna ucHHXb npoHBJieHMnxexHHHecKoro cosepuieHcxBa h 6jiecKa. Be6ep b pjiAy ApyrnxCBOHX COBpeMCHHHKOB — 4)0pxenHaHHbIX KOMnOSHXOpOB (FyM-Mejib, JlycceK H Ap.) co3Aaex jiHxepaxypy na axox Kpyrnoxpe6MxejiJi, KOxopuA He Mor ouennxb xo, mxo 6biflO y>Ke

coBAano AJiH HOBoro cj[)opxenHaHO, rjiy6oKoro, BexxoBenoMH3-3a orpoMHoft xpyAHOcxH ero nponsBeAeHMft h peAKorooxxoro Hx HcnojiHeHMfl.

Ycnex poMaHXHHecKofl onepu, cosAannoADHTOHu poMan- Be6epoM, H opraHHMHocxb HauHOHa^bHoro na-

TBiHecKoa onepu: ^Mapmnep, npaBfleHHH, ooycJiOBJiCHHoro BanpocaMH anoxH,

ni nop, A op- M'6 MorjiH He BbiBBaxb pjiAa noApawaHMA,HHHr, h6o xBopnecxBO oahofo Be6epa ne mofjio

— 158 -

HacbiTHTb noTpe6HTejibCKorp Kpyra, sKAaBuiero hobwx Ha-

UHOHajibHbix onep. BcJieft aa Be6epoM noHBaaiOTCH ero

nocJienoBaTCJiH, npoflOJiwaiomHe TBopMTb b tcx skc paM-

Kax HCMeuKoro nauHOHajiMSMa. MapuiHep^) (1 795—1861 >

HBHJICfl aBTOpOM MHOrHX OnCp, 060UieflUIHX BCe CUCHbl MHpa

CBaMnHp". „raHC refl;inHr". „XpaMOBHHK h CBpeflKa"). vl

THnHHHbiM noflpaacaxeneM poMaHTHnecKoro cthjih Be6epa.

Ill no p^) (1781—1859) cosnaer npoHSBeAenHfl He TOJifaKO

B o6flaGTH onepw, rae oh aanneTCH KpynHbiM aOHroHOM

Be6epa („MeccoH«a", „<DaycT" h ftp.), ho h KpynHWM HHcrpy-

MCHTaJIMCTOM, npOflOJiacaWmuM OTHaCTW JIHHHK) KJiaCCHKOB H

BexxoBeHa, OTnacTH llly6epta, K stoS a«e jihhhh, ho y»ce

B ee BbipoacflaiouieMca npoftoaweHHH, othochtch h Jlop-

UHHT ^) (1801—1851), KOTopbifi pa6oTaJi y«e b 6onee nosft-

HJOK) snoxy, KOrAa lepTW nepBo6biTHoro poMaHXHSMa yace

HSMeHHJIHCb, H HOXOMy OH HBJlflJlCH CKOpCC nOCXaBlUHKOM

MysbiKH flJiH oxcxaBUiHX cJioeB, Koxopbie erne ne ycnejiM

yrnaxbca aa 6ojiee nepcAOBbiMH BKycoBWMH rpynnaMH. Okojio

20—30-x roflOB XIX BeKa noHEJieHwe orpoMHoro KOJiHHecxBa

JiK)ftefl, HHxepecyHJiUHXCfl MysbiKofl, noBJacKjio

nepenpoHSBOACTBo sa co6oio ^opMCHHoe x ya o m« e c x b e h h o enpo^eccHOBOAOB nepenpoHBBOACXBO wysbiKH. FlpeKpac-BTepMaHBH B30-x^^jg

KjiacGHHecKHe o6pa3Ubi. coxBopeHHbieroAax. ^ 3TOMy BpeMCHH, H MOiUHasi npo4)eccHOHajib-

HSH MysbiKaJibHaa Kyjibxypa FepMaHHW o6ycJiOBHJiH xo, hxo

i)MapmHep (1795—1861)- oahh h3 anHroHOB Be6epa, CHnbHO yciy-

naioiUHft eny b TanaHTC. Ero onep^', 6biBmHe b CBoe BpeMa MpeaBWHaftHo

sHaMeHHTbiMH H nonyiiflpHbiMH, MHcnoM 11, ycTapenH ywe coBcpmeHHO. HaH-

6onee SHaHHTenbHW no MyauKC „XpaMOBHHK" h „'iKmoBKa" 1828, ..BaMnHp*

1828 H .FaHC TeHnHHr" 1833. Ero flOEonbHO MHorowcJieHHwe HHCTpyMCH-

xanbHwe npoHSBeneHHH hc hmbiot SHaMCHHa.

2) lllnop (1781—1859)- o«mh h3 nyninHx CKpHnaneft MHpa h saMCia-

•renbHbift komhoshtop, npHMbiKaromHft b CHnbHofl cxeneHH k Be6epy (b onepe),

HO eme 6nHH«e k my6epTy h MeHnenbcoHy (b KaMepHO-HHCTpyMCHTanbHOM

CTHne). flnn ero npOHSBeReHHft xapaKiepHbi xpOMaTHSMW h HswcKaHHOcTb

yKpauiCHHR. Ero coHHHeHHn: 10 onep (HaH6onee sHaMeHHTa „MeccoHAa"),

ABBSITb CHM(})OHHft, CKpHHHHHbie KOHUCpTW, AO CHX HOp HOnyJISipHbie B repMaHHH,

MHOrO CTpyHHblX KBapiCTOB H AEORhMX KBapTBTOB, 3 TaKHCe KBHHTeiOB H HpO-

H3BeAeHHft Ana pasHbix KaMepHux cocraEOB c yMacxHeM AyxoBWX.

^y JIopuHHr (1801 -1851) ^aBTop onep „U,apb-nnoTHHK", „yHAHMa'V

„BpaRbHbep" ha?., ihohom 17, KOTOpwe korAa-To saHHManH npoMHoe MecTo

B onepHOM penepxyape, Hoceftnac Aaiorcn TonbKO b FepMaHKH.

— 159 -

KOJiHMecxBo npoHBBeaeHMft cepbesHofl MysbiKH cxajio npcBw-uiaxb HopMbi cnpoca, xcm 6oflee. hxo Kanecxso caMofi kom-nosHxopcKofl npoflyKUHH OKasajiocb cH^bHo ocjia6jieHHWKB BAoxHOBCHHH H B opwrHHajibHocxH. 3to 6bijia anoxa xaKHaauBaeMoft ..KanejibMeftcxepcKoft MyawKH", coHHHHBuieficjr6ec«lHCJieHHbIMH npo4)eCCHOHaJiaMH, HaBOJIHHBlIIHMH repMBH-CKwe cxpaHbi. MyawKa, hmh npoflyuHpyeMaa, oxjiHHaaacbrnaftKocxbK) cxpyKxypw h nojiHoft HecaMo6bixHocxbic, Kpaft-HHM 3nHrOHH3MOM CXHJIH, nOflpaMOBUierO KJiaCCMKaM H paHHHMpoManxHKaM. IIohxh bcc axH KOMnoaHxopbi hmbjih mhofomhc-.ncHHwe onepu, chm4)ohhh, KBapxexbi h mp. conHHCHUH. OflHo-BpeMeHHo paaBHBajiocb BHpxyoanoe HanpasjieHHe b 4»opxe-nwaHHoft H CKpMnHHHoA MyabiKC h b neHHH, Koxopoe o6ycJio-BJIHBaJIOCb XCM, MXO UIHpOKHe CJIOH ny6flHKH B MHCXOMHHCxpyMeHxajiH3Me, r^e He 6biJio apejiwma h cnoaa na noA-Mory, oueHHBajiH xojibKo xexHHKy. Te rpynnbi, KoxopweB neHHH ocxaaanHCb sepHbi Hxa;ib«HH3My h ero MejiOAHnecKH-BHpxyoanoMy cxhjih), BnojiHe cooxBexcxaoBajiH h b cymnocxHcoBnaaaJiH co cjiohmh, Koxopwe HBJisijiHCb noxpedHxejiHMw6aecTflmefi BHpxyoaHocxn b od/iacxstx 4>opxenHaHO h ckphukh.^opxenHaHo, flSHHyxoe b cBoeM BHpxyoanoM paaaHXHW CHa-Haaa KjieMenxH, noxoM FyMMejieM h MomejiecoM, KoxopweB cymnocxH HBjisrjiHcb anHroHHiecKHMH sBJieHHJiMH no oxho-meHHK) K noBAHeMy KJiaccHUHany (rjiaBHWM odpaaoM k Bex-xoBeny) h Aaace oxiacxH npHMWKajiH k „KanejibMeflcxepcKofiMysbiKe". Bbipa6oxajio uejiyio njiesiAy BnpxyoaoB, KoxopweSBJIflJIHCb OAHOBpeMCHHO H KOMnOBHXOpaMH, H KyjIbXHBHpOBaflKxe HJiH HHbie BHpxyoaHbie ajieMenxw Mrpw, npn hbm ApyrweKaiecxBa MyawKH—rjiy6HHa h cepbeanocxb, a nacxo h BKyc-ocxaBajiHCb B xeHH. 9xa uiKo;?a BHpxyoaoB rjiaPHbiM o6pa-30M KyjibXHBHpoBajia 6erflocxb h npoBopcxBo najibueBoftXeXHHKH, npH HCM 3JieMeHXbI CXHJIfl 6bmH B cymHocxHHeHBMeHHo xe a«e, KaK h y KJiaccHKOB c BexxosenoM.Tepu H KajibKdpeHHep flSHJiHcb HaH6ojiee bha-

BBpTyosu-iiHaHH- ""MH H3 axHX BHpxyoaoB-KOMnoaHxopoB. npKcTw, o6ycAOBAeB- "^^M xecnaa aKOHOMHHecKasi cBHab hx c BKy-HMc npoMuniAeH- COM noxpe6HxejiH H c 6bixoM Bbipa»«ajiacbflUHH npcAnpHH- gpKo h B XOM (|jaKXe, MXO 6ojIbUiaH MaCXb HX

™rHo» c*ep" (^^Pi^- KajibK6peHHep. rijiefiejib) 6biJiH oaho-' BpeMCHHo jih6o BaaACflbuaMH, flH6o naflmHKaMH

i^MiiMalk

PeaKgHnHHTHMBOCTHB anoxy peaKQHH

nOABTBHeCKOH.

® n A b A-

— 160 —

KpynHbix cJjopTenwaHHbix c!pa6pwK. cjiywa kbk 6bi aKTHBHWMM

pcKJiaMHCTaMH cBoero co6cTBeHHoro jtejia. CsHaaHHOcTb 9thx

KOMnosHTopoB H BHpTyosoB c flpyroft. MeHee nepcAOBoft bo

BKycax, 6oflee oTCTanoft rpynnoM noTpe6HTejieft, KOHrpyeHT-

Hoft c ucHMTejiJiMH HxajibJiHMSMa, Bbipawajiacb h bo BHeuiHeM

cxoflCTBe HXMysbiKH 6ojiee cKJiaccHKaMH (romhmo mhcto-

BHpryosHbix ajieweHTOB). a He c poMaHTHKaMH. pa6oTaBuiviMH na

MHbie. 6ojiee nporpeccHBHbie h HauiioHajiMCTHMecKHe rpynnw.

Oco6HaKOM noflBMJiacb ^wrypa OnJibAa ^),

nHaHHCTa h KOMnosHTopa, poflOM h3 AHrJiHH,

HO 6onbiuyio nacTb mchshh npoMCHBiuero b Poc-

CHH, rue on hmcji orpoMHoe sHaneHHe AJia

pasBHTHH MysbiKH. OviJibfl ncpcHec ueHxp xsMce-

CTH nHaHHSMa BHOBb B HHTMMHblft MMp, C KOH-

uepTHoft 9CTpaAbi— B caflOHbi. Ero noaBfleHwe 6biJio b cym-

HOCTH flBfleHMCM C O UH O Jl O T HM 6 C K H - p 6 a K UH O H H bl M,—

OH BblCKaSblBajI C060K) H CBOMM TBOpMCCTBOM JIHHHtO

pecxaBpHpyiomerocH apMCTOKpaTHBMa, Koropaa

HaMCTHflacb B BbicuiHX Kpyrax o6mecTBa, b ocKOJinax 4)eo-

AajibHbix rpynn, KaK noflMTHHecKuft nporecT npoTHB npoiueft-

uiefi peBonrouHH h ee flCMOKpaTHHecKHX noBynroB. CaMoe

noasjieHHC cDnjibfla cosnajio c pecTaBpauMefl KopojieacKofl

BJiacTH BO OpaHUHH H c peaKUHOHHbiMH BenHHaMH no Bceft

Espone, h He cflyHaflHO Owjibfl boshhk hmchho b apwcTOKpa-

THwecKofl H ocTaBUieflca BCTcpoHe oxpeBOfliouHH h nanofleoHO-

awsMa Ahpjihh h npo>KHfl >KH3Hb B caMOftepMcaBHoA h apwcTO-

KpaTHHecKH-peaKUHOHHoa PoccHH, rae ACMOKpaTMa eme He

ycnejia cxaTb b paftbi HHTejiJiHreHUHw w rjie oh cosaan uiKOJiy.

OHJibfl cosftacT McaHp (jjopxenMaHHoft MMHwaxiopbi, npoHHKny-

xoH xcM ate HsamecxBOM h KyflbxoM HswcKaHHOCXH omyme-

HHft, Koxopbift xapaKxepen una paHHero KJiaccHUHSMa XVII!

seKa. HO, KoneHHo, ywe cHa6weH xexHHHecKH bccmh ao-

CXHWeHHflMH HOBblX, pOMaHXH3MOM H KJiaCCHUHSMOM npH-

o6pexeHHbix rapMOHHnecKHX cosnaHMft h pecypcaMH hobwx.

6oflee SByMHbix HHcxpyMeHxoB. BHpxyosHbift saeMeHx oxcxy-

I

"') <t)HnbH (1782—1837)— aHrjiHHaHHH, npojKHBUiHfl donbuiyio nacxb

3KH3HH B Po3CHH, TflB osTaBMH uiKony H MKOfO yMeHHK03, noJibBOsanca cna-

Boa senHKO-O BHpTyoaa CEoero BpeMCHH: ero wrpa 6bina Hemnaa h neBynafl,

HBhicKaHHaa. Ero KOMnosHUHH: 7 KOHuepT0 3 una (jJOwenHaHO, HOKTwpHbi,

4 coHaTbi, KBHHTCT H ApyrHC 4)opTenHaHHMe npoH3Be«eHH$i.

BMCTynAeHHeKpyDHGHiypxnya -

SHH. M e B A e A b-

COB.

161

Tiaex Ha Bxopoft njian nepejt saaaHHaMH Hsamecxsa h HSbicKan-Hocxw H nepefl npo6jTeMoft BonjiomeHwa jiHpHSMa b (fjopxe-nHaHHoft MysbiKe. OwjibA wbhjich nepsoft JiacxoHKofi xexBeaHHft. Koxopwe oh SHaMenoBaji.— BoccxaHOBjieHHHHSbicKaHHoro Kpyra yxoHHeHHwx uenHxejicH,Ha BpeMa cxyuieBanHbix pcBOJiHJUHeft h sacjioaeHHbix rpyn-naMH npHMHXHBHOft ACMOKpaXHH H ACMOKpaXHW HHTejIJICK-xyajibHOfi. Oh ace 6biJi nepsbiM sHaMeHeM npoxecxa npoxHsxoH aHXHxyAOJKecxBeHHOcxH, KOTopaa BOflBopHJiacb b Mysw-KajibHOM MHpe B <|)opMax KanejibMcftcxepcKoro snHroHHSMa

(„Kane;]bMeHcxepcKoK MysbiKw") h eesyAepas-Hoft BHpxyosHocxH. Ero noflpajKaxejieM, hoB SHaHHxejibHO 6ojiee KpynHwx pasMepax,aBMJica O. MeHAejibcoH-BapxojibAH 1)

(1809-1847), Koxopbifi, 6yflyMH can nopoacfle-HHeM caMOM KpynnoM 6ypM<ya3HoA cpeflw (cwh KpynHeAuiero6aHKnpa Esponw), cbohm asjieHHeM snaMCHyex hobmA cabht—npo6y>KaeHHe aKXHBHoro HHxepeca k HcxyccxBy b He;ipax3xoA 6yp)Kya3HH, Koxopaa xenepb (|)aKXHHecKH aBjiaexcarocnoacxByiomHMi KJiaccoM EBponw. He 6yflyMH HHKaK (jjHHaH-coBO H SKOHOMHHecKM sdHHxepecoBaHa B c6bixe cBoero HCKyc-cxBa, 3xa 6yp?Kya3Ha HMcaa b hcm saxo hhoA HHxepec—HCKyccxBO 6biJio CHMBOJiOM yxBepwfleHHa Kyjibxypnoro Bnaie-HHa 3Toa rpynnbi h 6bijio nyxeM cJiaBbi. Koxopaa Hrpana na

*)MeHAenbooH (1809 -1847) pa6oTaji b pasHooSpasHbix oSnacxaxMysMKanbHOro TBOpHecTBa. B o6nacTM CHM4)0HHMecK0H MyawKH ero npoHSBe-AChha: 4 CHM^OHHH, H3 KOTopbix HaHfionee nonynupHbi ..uioinaHACKaji"(a-moll) H ..HTanbHHCKaa", h HecKonbKO ysepTiop, us KOTOpwx caMan HSBecT-Hasi— „<t>HHraiiOBa nemepa". B oSnacTH BOKanbHO-HHCTpyMeHTajibHwx ^opMMM HanncaHO MHoro flyxoBHbix coHHHeHHft, ncannbi, opaTopwH („XpHCT0c"„naBen'', „MnHsi''), MyawKa k „CHy b neiHioio Hoib" (HaH6onee sipKoe hcaMoa paHHee ero npoHSBBAeHHe, HanHcaHHoe lacTbio b EospacTe 18 nei)MyawKa K „AHTHroHe", „3AHny". B oSnacTH oqepw oh ocTaEwn HCOKOHMeH-Hbie Ha6pocKH onepM ..Jlopenesi". Oh HanHcan MHoro npoHSBefleHHfl una (jjop-

TcnnaHO, h3 KOTopwx nonbsyioTcn MHpoEoS cnaEofl ^FlecHH 6e3 chob"a pauee nonbsoBanHCb 6onbuiMM pacnpocTpaneHHCM m ero „KanpHHHHO° hkoh-uepTbi. Ero cKpHnHMHbift KonuepT flo chx nop MpessbiMaflHO nonynqpeH. MhofonpeKpacHbix semeft HanHcauo mm b oSnacxH KaMepHofl MyswKH (oKTex, abbKEHHTCTa, CeKCTBT C (jJOpTCnHaHO, ABd TpHO, CKpHMMMHasl M ABC B-MCnbHblXcoHaTM H np.). M. bhctophh My3biKH eme 3aMeHaTejjeH, KaK oSmecTBeHHbiftAesTejib, cosAaBuiHfl neflnuHrcKyio KOHcepBaTopHK) h cnocoScxBOBaBuuHfipecTaBpai;HH npoMSBeAeHHfl M. C. Baxa. . .. ,

,

W.V^/CM< «

HcTOpDn MyarJKK. Hi

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— 162 —

9TOT pas. KaK H B pflfte HpyrHX cjiynaee. pojib. coBepmeHHa

aHanorHHHVK) 9KOHOMHMecKHM CBH3«M. Ymcc b CHfly 3Toro McH-

^^ejibcoH He Mor He tbophtb b pacneTe Ha mnpoKoe

npnanaHHe b onpeae^eHHWx rpynnax h. cxano 6b.Tb b coot-

BeTCTBHH c MX BKycaMH. Ho 3TH rpynHbi 6bmH 6o;.ee sa-

MKHyTbi H 6o;iee KBaJiH^HunpoBaHbi b CHny Toro mto k hhm

He npeA'flBJ«.Jiocb sKOHOMOTecKHX Tpe6oBaHHft. Kpynnaa 6yp-

McyasMsi CO cbohm ypaBHOBemeHHbiM h no cymecTBy „3CTeT-

ckhm" MHpocoaepuaHHeM necJia c co6oa cboh BKycbi: BKyc

K scxeTHSMy H K cJjopMajibHofl saKOHHeHHOCTH. 3to o6yciio--

bh:io sapojKjieHMe sBJieHHs. aKaflCMHBMa, KaK KyjibTa *op-

Ma;ibHblX 3CTeTH4eCKHX UeHHOCTCfl. HSBeCTHOrO CnOKOftCTBHW

MHpocoaepuaHHH. npowKTOBanHoro aKOHOMHMecKHM 6jiarono-

WHHeM sToft rpynnbi. B jihmhocth MeHAenbcoHa cKOHuenTpH-

poBajiMCb cH;ibi peaKUHH npcTHB KaneflbMeScTepcKofl MysbiKH

H caMOflOBJieK)meft BvipxyosHOCTH. HHCT0-6yp}Kya3Hbifl npo^

TecT npoTHB aeMOKpaTHMHOCTH BKycoB. BbWBHriyTbix npeftbwy

mefl snoxoft pannero poMaHTvtsMa. h HOBoe TeMenne anafle-

MHSMa, npojiHKTOBaHHoe sByKOOwymeHHeM Kpynnofl 6ypacya-

3HH. Orroro b ReflreabHOCTH MeHjiejibcona

PexpocneKTH- xapaKxepeH mombht peKOHCTpyKTHSHWH h pex-

BHSM. Pecxaspa- pocnCKTHBHblft. Oh BblSblBaeT H3 3a6BeHHH

gHsi Baxa. Ce6acTHaHa Baxa. MacxepcKoe coBepuieHcxBO

TBopeHHft Koxoporo 6bmo HAeaJioM flflfl aKaaeMHSMa. oh Kyjib-

xHBiipyex KnaccHMecKHe 4)opMbi chm^ohhh h KaMepnofl

MVSbiKH H ftOK;iaccHHecKHe 4,opMbi opaxopHH. 3a6bixoft B anoxy

peBonK,UKM; b «opxenHaHHoA nysbiKe °»/^^^-^^^^^Zl

nom6HO (DHJIbfly. HSblCKaHHblft H yXOHMenHblft CXHJIb MHHHa

"Zb. 6e3 pacMexa Ha 6bK,wyK> b rnaaa BHpxyoBHOCxb.

OrpoMHoe .HHHoe ftapoBanne MeH;;e.bcoHa no3BO.H.o eny

;;eLBHxe.bHo cxaxb 4)OKycoM Bon.omeHHH Bcex xex xpe6o-

BaHv.fl. Koxopbie npea'«B«Jia k HeMy anoxa. CxHiib ero b cym

HOcxH «Bn«excs, KaK'6b, ecxecxBennbiM paBBHxneM ^hhhh

K^^LuHSMa H paHHcro poManxnsMa. - ^oro.on, era 06.^0-

H npHHHCJi«K>x, HO cpo aKafteMHSM no6y5K;iaex ero cr;ia«H

aax^B xBopMecxae Bce pesKne yr.bi h bcc ocxpb,e nyHKXbi,

r„e Hosaxop. ho 3bo.k>u.ohhcx. ocxopo«<HO h 3aKO„H

npo6HpaiomHflcH Bnepea b MysbiKaiibHwx pecypcax. 5Icho mxo

c 3THM« 3a;;aHH«MH H cnpHpo;.Hoa M.rK0cxbK> ^^V^^l^^;tapoBaH«H eMy ne no CHJiaM 6bma AHHaMHHecKaH *opMa

163 --" !(f«^i«^",'*'r;ivT'».v»ji(

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CHM*OHMH. H Mbl BHAHM. MXO, AeftcXBHXejIbHO. CHM^OHHH ero3HaMHxejibHo ycxynaiox 6exxdBeHCKHM b flHHaMHSMe h aaeprHHBneMaT;ieHHH. HecMoxpa na to. mTq McHACJibcoH b cymnocxHpacnojiara^i SHanHxejibHo 6ojiee nbiiuHbiMH rapMOHHMecKHMHH MejiOflHMccKHMH pecypcaMH. C;iaBy MeH^ejibcoHa h nony-flHpHocxb ero ;xajieKO sa npeflejiaMH ero 6yp«ya3Horo Kpyrams, KOToporo OH co3AaBa:i. cocxaBHjiH ero ^opxenHaHHbieMHHHaxiopb, („necHH 6e3 cjiob"). b Koxopwx oh npHcnoco-ejiHex. noAo6Ho 0H«bAy. neceHHyro (j[,opMy mh BbipanceHHaHHXHMHoro nepejKHBaHHH H MpesBbinaflHo o6oramaex BbipasH-xe;ibHbie pecypcw 4)opTenHaHo. XapanxepHbiM j^jui awa^e-MH3Ma MeHflejibcoHa npeflcxaBjiHexca HAeajibnaa saKOHnen-HOCTb (j[)OpMbr. B MBM OH npH6;iH«aeTCH K KJiaCCHKaM HsHaMHTejibHo npeBocxoflHx paHHHx poMaHTHKoa- Be6epa.lUinopa H llly6epxa.

MeHAejibcoH BaKaHHHBaex co6oh} cepHw „paHHHx poMan-THKOB

.KaK Hx npHHflxo HasbiBaxb. BnpoHeM. 6e3 oco6oro

ocHOBaHHH. B cymHocxH rpynna Be6ep-UIy6epT-MeHAe;ib-coH H Hx 3nHroHbi HH B KaKOM cjiyHae He Moryx paccMaxpn-BaxbCH. KaK oepasyroiuHe KaKyro-xo HcxopHHecKyio hjihcouHo;iorHHecKyK) ueflocxnocxb. Ohh- cjiy4aftHbie cospeMeH-HHKH H pa6oxa;iH b cymHOcxH wh pasaanHbix BKycoBbixrpynn: my6epx~ ;ijis, 6oreMHHecKofl HHxe;iJiHreHUHH c HauHO-HajIHCXHMeCKHM OXXeHKOM. HO CKJIbHO AeMOKpaXHMeCKOft OKpa^CKOH. Be6ep— Mfl naxpHoxHMecKH HacxpoeHHoft mnpoKofi ny>6JIHKH. He yAOBJiexBopjiBuiefica HxajibancKofl MHuiypHofi onepoftNeHflejibcoH-fljisi ny6jiHKH o6mecxBa npeMen peaKUHH. - ny-6;iHKH y«e acxexHoft. H3bicKaHHofi h He fleMOKpatHnecKoft.xoxH H yjKe He apHcxoKpaxHHecKoft. a xkhmmho 6yp«ya3Hoft.06mHocTb Hx ycMaxpHBaexcfl xo;ibKo b ysKOMacneKxe MysbiKajibHoro crvins,. KaK npHBHeceHHeBCCMH HMH HeKOTopoA. noKa eme oneHb He3HaMHTe;ibHoft hHe OMeHb ocxpofl, aosu paciuHpeHHa rapMOHUMecKHx, mcjiow-HecKHx H pHXMHHecKHx BosMOHCHocxefl B MysbiKe HO cpaBHe-HHK) c KjiaccHKaMH H BexxoBeHOM. Bo BcaKOM cjiynae sxarpynna BbisBana b jKHSHb ycJiOBHHMH. hmcbuihmh mbcxo h^OpMHpOBaBIUHMHCH HMeHHO B CBH3H C nOCJieACXBHHMH H 6^-«aMuiHMH peayjibxaxaMH peBOJiwunoHHoro cABHra. hoBcflCAcxBHe cJio«HocxH H cnyxaHHocxH couHo;iorH4ecKHX caa-rawm„x caMasi rpynna He Mor;ia nojiynHxb HHKaKoft nexKocxH

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anox.

164

o6pa3a, B 3T0M cMwcjie ona peiuHTejibHo OTJiHHaeTca ox

rpynnw noswero poMaHXHSMa, Koxopbift o6Hapy5KV[Baex sna-

HHxeJibHyio cnaflHHOCxb h b cMWCJie xex Kpyros, SKycbi koxo-

PWX OHH 06cJiy>KHBajIH. M B CMblCJie o6mHOCXH HfleOJIOrHH.

^paHuyacKaH MyswKa Hanajia XIX BeKa,

B csasw. c KpaflHeft cnytaHHOCXbio noJiHxme-

CKoro ropHSOHxa <t>paHUMH h c nocxoHHHO

MCHJiioiHviMHca odpasaMM npaBJieHHH, hmccx

necxpyK) h xpyflHO 4)opMyjinpyeMyio (|)H3hoko-

MHK). BKycoBbie rpynnw njioxo HaMeneHbt,

©rpoMHoe 6onbuiHHCxBO npoflOJiJKaex xy Mce jihhhk) pasanxMH,

KaK H XVIII BeK. rjiasHasj Macca noxpe6Hxejiefi— see me

onepHaa ny6jiHKa. ^flymaa MysbiKH xojibKO KaK onpaBbi

K spejiumy h k cjioey. B axoM cKaSbiBaexcH ae cxojibKO hhcxo-

BpeMCHHOe BJIHJlHHe peBOJlKJUHH. CKOJIbKO opraHMMCCKoe HaUHO-

HajibHoe cBoficxBO (|)paHuy30B npHjiaBaxb ssyKy Menbuie SHa-

MCHMH. MBM CflOBy. YjKe OXXOrO MMCXblft HHCXpyMeHXaJIHSM

njioxo pasBHsaexca bo OpawuHH. HnMero noAo6Horo chm(|)o-

HHHecKOMy CTUJiK) He cosflaexca, h6o poahhkh cuM^OHusMa—

XBopubi (|)eoAaJioB— paspymeHbi peBO^iouHeft. a pcbojikjuhoh-

HaH H HanoneoHOBCKaH anaxb. AHKxoBaBuiasi BKycw OJpaHUMM.

6biJia B AOCxaxoHHofi Mepe npuMHXHBHa b cbohx Mysbi-

KanbHbix BKycax h rjiy6oKO acMOKpaxuHHa. Ona MorJia

noanepwHBaxb h (J)aKxnMecKM noflfl,ep«MBajia xojibKO onepy.

XLame xe cjia6bie 3M6pHOHbi nHcxpyMeHxajinsMa, Koxopwe

6biJiH cosjiaHbi MacxepaMH XVIII BCKa bo OpaHUHH (PaMO,

KynepeHOM), ncHesaiox b Bonne peBOJiiouHH h ee nocaen-

cxBHft. ¥i6o He HaxoAHxcH xoft cpe^bi, Koxopaa Morjia Ow

KyflbXHBHpoBaxb 3XOX HHcxpyMenxaJiHSM, xpe6oBaBiiina hsbbcx-

Hofi sHaMHxejibHOft yxoHHeHHOCxH BKycoB. riocjie Henoaa, CnoH-

THHH H FajieBH (|)paHuy3CKaji onepa BWABHraex apKoe HBJienHe

B flHue O 6 e p a 1) (1 782— 1 868), pa6oxaiomero

® * * •*' BceBxofl Mce c4)epe KOMHHecKoft onepw.KaK h ero

'; npeAuiecxBeHHHKH— Msyap, FpexpH, Byajibflbe. CaMan aaaana

axoa MyawKH 6biJia pwHOHHaa— ne cxojibKO ^axb Hosyio MysbiKy,

1) 06ep (1782—1871) — OHHH as naHdoflee flapoBHTWx KOMnosHTopoa

KOMHHecKoa onepw. Mm HanHcano MHOro onep, h3 KOTOpbix HaH6onee «3BecTHbi:

^KaMCHinHKH", „<I>pa-fl,HaEor.o" h cepbeaHan onepa „4)eHenna 0825).

riocneflHHe npoH3BefleHH« O. oSHapyjKHBaiOT b hcm ynanoK AapoBaHHsi h

165

CKOJIbKO HOBbift cneKxaKjib. HOBbie AexajiH. HOBwe ne no cyme-cxBy. a no BHeuiHOcxH, MOXHBbi. Jlejio 6bmo xo;ibKo b 6oJib-uieM HJiH MeHbuieft cxeneHH oflapeHwocxH h jiHHHoro ocxpo-yMHH aBxopoB. oiKpoBeHHo pafioxaBuiHx fljiH ycnexa uiHpoKoftMaccbi. rioAJiHHHaH cxpyfl MyauKanbHoro' XBopMecxsa. bhahmo,MccsjKaex bo OpanuHH. Kojib cKopo nyawKa BcjiCAcxBue couho-JiorHHecKHx ycjioBHft jiHuiaexca xoro HCKatoHHxejibHoro Kane-cxaa. B KoxopoM 4)paHuy3CKHft MyabiKaJibHwfi reHHft 6bijiCHjiea-BKyca. MysbiKajibHaa Kyjibxypa (DpaHUHH MorjiaUBecxH xoflbKo B ycjiOBHsx cnpoca Ha BKyc. Koxopbifi cefinacnocxHrjia peayKUHji, h oh BbipoAHjica b c^epe KOMmecKoftonepM B nHKanxHocxb h ocxpoyMMe. h sxh AeMOKpaxHHecKHeJopMbi, HBH. BepHee, HaBpameHwa axoro noHHXHfl, o6ycJiOBHJiH6bicxpoe aajibHefimee nafleHne ^panuyscKoft KOMHMecKoaonepbi flo panra xan nasbiBaeMofl onepexxw.

3noxa pecxaBpauHH h nocjieayiomHe saxeM noAHXH^ecKneco6biXHH BHOBb BbiABHHyjiH Ha cucHy WH3HH xpe6oBaHHfl nwiu-HOcxH, sjpKocxH; ACMOKpaxuHecKaH B cymnocxH o6cxaHOBKaHOBofl OpanuHH H o6mee naaeHMe BKycoB xpe6oBajiH oxonepw B03MOMCHO 6ojibmero naKonjieHHH 3(j[)(|jeKxoB. HHcxaaHxajibJiHCKaa nejiOAHKa h BHpxyosHocxb roJiocoB ne yaoBnerxBopsiJia (|)paHuyaoB. Koxopbie ne ckjiohhw 6biJiH HMKor^aB Macce npHAaBaxb asyKy dojibuioe sHaneHHe: 3xh KanecxBaHe 6bijm oxBeprnyxbi. ho k hhm npncoeAHHajiHCb xpe6oBaHHHenpeMCHHoft ApaMaxHMecKoft saBHSKH, onepw co cjiojKHoft hApaMaxHMecKofi 4>a6y}ioPi (b sxom cKaaajiocb oxnacxn cneuH-tj[)HHecKM 4)paHuy3CKoe npejiOMjienne poMaHXHSMa), xpe6oBa-HHe ecxecxBCHHOcxH AeKJiaMauHH h BoanoMCHo fiojibuiero Kojm-necxBa cuenHnecKHX 3(|)c|)eKX0B— nuiuHocxH speflnma, mxo, na-BepHoe, oxMacxH AHKXOBajiocb npnBbiMKOM 4)paHuy30B nocJiCBO-eHHOH snoxH K MaccoBbiM xop»ecxBaM. yjKe CnoHXHHH nwxaJiCHyAOBJiexBopnxb sxhm xpe6oBaHHflM, npwMeHasi scHMecKHe34)4(eKXbi B CBOHX onepax, oxpaMcaBuiHx BOHHcxBenHbifl hnbiuiHbift Ayx snoxH HanojieoHHaMa, yjKe Pocchhh (b „Bnjib-rejibMe TejiJie", HanncaHHOM ajih ITapHjKa) nwxajica yroAHXbBKycy napHMccKHX noxpe6nxejieft repoHMecKHM croacexoM hMaccoft BOKajibHbix, ApaMaxHHecKHx h cuennHecKHx 3c|)tJ}eKxoB.Ho nojiHbiM oxpasHxejieM sxoro BKyca h KOMnosHxopoM, Bce-uejio oxBexHBuiHM Ha aanpocbi napnmcKoro noxpe6HxejiHonepw, 6biJi espeft h3 TepMaHMH, npoHcxoAHBiUHa Ha KJiacca

ffleSepSep.

— 166 — .

KpynHoft 6yp>Kya3HH, noflo6HO MeHflejibcoHy —M e fl e p 6 e p ^) (1791-1 864), KOTopbifl. 6yflyHH

BnojiHe JiHuieH aKOHOMHMecKHX sanpocoB ot caoero MCKyc-

eTsa, B Bbicuieft cxeneHH 6biJi saHHTepecoBan b toB; cjiase.

KOTopyro OHO hbcjio c co6oh>. h noTOwy TmaxeJibHO h ynopHO

HCKaji Toro CTHJisi, B KOTopoM ero TBopnecTBO HauiJio 6bi

ce6e MaKCHMajibHbift c6biT m npusHaHne. MeHfleJibcoH 6bm

CHaexjiHsee Meftep6epa b tom cMwcne, hto oh cpasy Hamen

CBOK) JiHHHio aKafteMHSMa. Sxy ace caMyio jihhhk), Bnojine

dcxecTBeHHyK) ana npeflCTaBHTCJiH Kpynnoft 6ypacya3HH. bktmb-

Ho BbicTynaMjmeft k TBopMecTBy. nbixajicji cHanajia bccth h

MeHep6ep, ho ero onbixw b 3tom TpyjiHOM jiejie 6biJiH ne-

yflaMHbi. rioTOM OH nbixaJicH nepenecTH cbok) c^epy b onepbi

HxajibHHCKoro CTHJiH, KaK oTBenaBUiero HaH6oJiee uihpokhm

rpynnaM noTpe6HTejiefii. ho w xyx He Mor BbwepsKaTb koh-

KypeHUHK) c 6ojiee ero MejioflWHecKH oflapennbiMH HraJibSH-

uaMH. Torm oh nepcHec cBofl BKycoBOiR uenxp b FlapHMc h

TyT OKasajicJi KaK pas Ten KOMnosHTopoM, KOTopwft CMor

yroAHTb BKycy 4)paHuy3CKofii TOJinw. Oh flosea nwuiHOCTb

cneKxaKJiJi fto ero norwHecKHX npenejiOB h naace nepecTynHJi

MaCTHHHO MX. Oh COeAMHHJI B CBOeft OHCpe HTaJIb^HCKyK)

KaHTHJieny h sHpTyosHOCTb c 6oJiee cjioacHbiM rapMOHHiecKHM

CTHJieM repMaHCKoro pannero poMaHTH3Ma, oflHOBpeweHHO Aas

MecTO jiK)6HMOMy (IjpaHuysaMH fteKJianauHOHHOMy sjieMeHxy m

saHMCTBOBas y Be6epa h CnoHTHHH hx ApaMaTHMecKwe m

KOflopHTHbie opKecTpoBbie 34)4)eKTbi, KOTopwe OH pacuiHpHJi

i)Meftep6ep (Akob Beep) (1791-1864)

-

h3 6oraToro eBpeftcKoro

ceMcftcTEa 6aHKHpoB, CHa^ana cosflaBan ce6e Kapbepy, KaK nnaHHCT h kbk

KOMnosHTop cepbesHoro aKa«eMHMecKoro HanpaBJiCHHsi. SaxcM, y6eflHBmMCb,

HTO 9T0T CTHflb HB nonbByeTca cHMnaTHaMH mnpoKoft ny6nHKH h He ooemaeT

cnaBbi, OH nepeMeHHn cHaMana cbok) c*epy na onepy HTanbflHCKoro Hanpa-

BjieHHH (TaKHX HM HanHcaHO 7 B 6biTH0CTb ero B MianHH), a nosflHee-Ha

onepy dnecTsimero, noMnesHoro xapaKTepa, cBflsaHHyw opraHHHCCKH c 6onb-

fflOH napHKscKoft onepHoa cueHoft. ;i,iis! aToft cueHb. h Hna napHS^CKOH

ny6nHKH M. HanHcan ceoh nyMUiHe coHHHeHHfl, o6ycnoBHBmHe ero MMpoByw

cjiasy („Po6epT-Ab«Eon« 1831, „ryreH0Tb." 1836 h „npopoK" 1848). Hocne-

flyroiuHe onepw M. HMenw y^^e MeHbuiHfl ycnex h hb^ ornHManMCb renu

HOCTOHHCTEaMH (h3 hhx HaH6onee HssecTHM „J],HHopa" H „A4)pHKaHKa ).

OrpoMHaa nonynapHOCTb onep M. «epasanacb b TeneHHe noHTu Bcero XIX b.

H TonbKO K XX B. cTana c«aBaTb nofl HanopoM hobwx TeHeHBft-«-Ttofl sma-

HHCM rH6enH cTapofl onepHoft EOKanbHoft tcxkhkh.

— 167 —

M yMHOMcnn. Ero HaH6ojibmee sHaneHHe, KaK (t)aKTopa b pas-BHTHH MySblKBJIbHOrO CTHJIH, TJiaBHblM 06pa30M B flpaMaXH"sauHH onepHOM mcjioahh h b KOJiopncTHHecKHx OTKpbiraaxB opKecTpe, r^e OH npeaBapsieT Barnepa. „Po6epT flbjiBOJi",„ryreHOTbi'' H „r[popoK" cocTaBJiHK)T TpH TJiaBHbix STana eroTgopneCTBa, nocjie npoxojKaeHHH Koxopbix b ero TBopnecTBesaMeHaeTCH ocjia6jieHHe, a OAHOspeMeHHO bo BKycax napmn-CKoft ny6jiHKH— cMemeHne BKycoBbix TMnoB, KOTopoe orpasvi-Jiocb Ha npHCMC ero nocjieAHHx KOMno3HUMfl, TBopnecTBoMeaep6epa dwjio KyjibMHHauHOHHbiM nposiBjieHMeM on^pnofixeaTpajibHOCTH, npn neM b noroHe sa nbiuiHOCTbK) o6meroBneMaTJieHHJi, pacciHTaHHoro na BocnpHsiTHe flOBOJibno wajiopa3BHToft Maccbi, ynycKajiHcb sjieMeHTbi noAJiHHHoro ApaMa-TH3Ma. KOTOpuft paCTBOpHJICH B 3(|)4)eKTaX BHpTVOSHOCTH MB TpaAHUHOHHoA MaHcpe onepHoro cthjih. Mefiep6ep HBJijieTCHnoTOMy OTuoM Toro flOMcnoro ApaMaxHSMa, Koxopbift npHBejionepy K KapmcarypHbiM siBJieHHSM h Bbi3Baji b cbok) omc-peAb peaKUHib b nojibsy BoccTanoBJieHMJi HCKOHHofi ApaMaxH-lecKoft npHpoAbi onepHoro cneKraKjin.

B POCCHH, CTOHBlUeM B CTOpOHC OTMyaMKaaPoccHH. co6bi™ft B TCMeHHe XVIII BeKa, Mbl BHAHM

c SanaflOM.cHana^a HCKjiKJHHTejibHo ..MMnopxHbie" HBJie-

HHH, MySblKa BB03HTCJI H3-3a rpaHHUbl B ueflsxynpoHCHMH nwiUHOCTH H HpecTHMca HMnepaxopcKoro ABopa,^TapaBiuerocH He OTCTaBaxb ot sanaAHwx. Ctpofhm abophh-cKO-4)eoAajibHbift 6biT o6ycjioBJiHBaji pasBHTue HcnojiHHTejib-•CKHX. a nOTOM H KOMHOSHTOpCKHX CHJI HCKJIK>HHTejIbHO H3COCJIOBHH KpenOCTHblX HJIH H3 MejIKHX pa3HOMHHUeB, KOTOpbieB nopaAKe MeuenaTCTBa, nacTO, BnpoMeM. AOBOJibHO comhh-xejibHoro, OTnpaBJiajiHcb Ha o6yMeHHe 3a rpaHHuy (npeviMy-meCTBCHHO B MTaJIHK>, nOCTaBJIHBUiyK) B POCCHIO MyBblKyrjiaBHbiM odpasoM) h, nojiynHs Tan TexHHHecKHfi uijiu^, npoAy-UHpOBajiH My3biKy a^h noTpe6jieHHH Bwcuiero Kpyra. KOTopbiftHBJiHJicH njioxHM ueHHTCJieM HO HepasBHTOCTH. HO 3anpocbiKOToporo cBOAHJiHcb K BOSMOJkHO 6ojibmeMy noAo6iiro 3tom4)a6pHKyeMoft b Pocchh nysbiKH sanaAHoft. TaKHM o6pa30MpOAHJIHCb HTaJIbHHOBHAHbie pyCCKHe KOMHOSHUHH XVIII BBKa:MHorae onepbi, KaHTaTbi, poacAeHHbie cnpocoM na sth Tunbi

v,^j-i^^-flf."'V

.

168.—

MysbiKH npH flBopax. KoMnoanTopbi 3TH He

HMCJIH CaMOCTOflTejlbHOrO SHaMCHMH H B cyiU"

HOCTH HBJIHJlHCb 3nHrOHMMeCK«MH 3iieMeHTaMH

KoMIIOSHTOpU-

npo4>eccHOHaAi>i,

BMy^eHHKH^HHo-g^^^g^^^^jj^ ^^^^ npeHMymecTBCHHO neanojiH-

cxpaHBCB.

^g^^^j,^QJ^ (BopTHSHCKHfl. BepeSOBCKHft H flp).

Ohm ace flBJiHJiHCb KOMnoHHcraMH h uepKOBHofl MyawKH, TO>Ke

nHcaBiueflcH b tcx ace sanaflHwx 4)opMax, npHBHeccHHbix

B PoccHK) HTajibHHuaMH (PajiynnH. CapTH h ap.). non™ bch

MCTOpHH MySblKH B PoCCHH B XVIII BCKC npOTCKaeT HOfl 3Ha-

KOM cHJibHeflmero HTajibaHCKoro sacHJiba. npH mcm, OflHaKO.

eflBa JIM BKyc noTpe6HTejieft 6biJi bhojihc b cooxBeTCTBMH

c 3TOM THnoM MysbiKH; cKopee Tyx wrpaji pojib HSBecTHWH

cho6h3m, McejiaHwe 6biTb noAo6HbiM EBpone, cBoficTBeHHbift

9Toft anoxe Pocchh h b apyrHX o6jiacTHx. MctohhwA BKyc

flawe apHCTOKpaTHHecKHx c4)ep b cymHOCTw 6biji 6jih30k

K rany Hapoaa, h HapoflHaH necHH h njiacKa ynoBJieTBopHJiH

eMy B 6ojibiijeH creneHH. OxToro yate bo BTopofl noJiOBHHe

XVIII Beka mw Ha6jiioaaeM cxpeMJieHHe k yxBepacixeHMK)

„HauHOHajiH3Ma" b Mysbixe. k KyjibxusHpoBaHMio wapoAHbix

HaneBOB. 6ojiee noHsixHbix h poflHwx npuMHTHBHbiM BKycaM.

MAeojiorHHecKH 3Xo HaunonanbHoe HanpaBJieHwe dnpasAbiBa-

.nocb pacxymHM nojiHXHHCCKHM sHaMeHneM Pocchh, KaK bcjim-

Koa aepacaBbi. KaK 6bi xo hh 6biJio, ywe b1756 r. nojiBJiHexcfl

onepa - BoaesHJib na HauHonaJibRbifi cK)»ex'

PowAeBHe („TaHK)iua" BojiKOBa) na pyccKOM asbme hBagHOHaAfcHOro ^ pyccKHM 6bIXOBblM CKJHCeXOM, OMeBHflHO,

BOfleBHAH.g^^^^ noHaxHbiM, HeaceJiH ciOHcexbi h3 aHXH4-

Hofi MMfjboJiorHH, panee npHHaxbie b cepbCBHbix HxaJibJiHCKHX

M MxanbHHOBHaHbix onepax. Ho pyccKaa necHH, noABeprHyxaa

no Heo6xoAHMOCxH nepeaejiKe BbiynenHKaMH HxajibHHCKHX

lUKOJi. oxHacxH B 3XHX npoHSBefleHHHX yxpaMHBajia cboh

xapaKxepHbie nauHOHajibHwe . cBoftcxsa h hmchho xe.

KOXOpbie MOrJTIM 6bIXb BaMCHeHW 6oJiee npHMHXHBHblMH H

AocxynHbiMH 4)opMaMH H3 npaKXHKH sanaAHO-eBpone^CKofl

MysbiKH. TaKHM o6pa30M ApeBHHe AHaxoHHHecKHe JiaAbi pyc-

CKofi HapoAHOH necHH H ApeBHsiH accHMexpHHHaa pwxMHKa

BblXeCHHlOXCH eBpOneftCKHM MaaCOp-MHHOpOM H MeXHblMH H

xpoSiHaxbiMH pHXMaMH, B Koxopbie BxecHsexcH KOHxyp pyc-

CKOft MCJIOAHH. TaKHM o6pa30M COSAaCXCfl CXHJlb „HXaJIbSlHO-

pyccKoft" HJiH jfiojKHopyccKoft necHH, KOxopbiA uapHx B MysbiKe

- 169 —

Pocchh AOBOJibHo aojifo, h6o oh b cymnocxH snojiHe yAO-BjiexBopaex AHJiexanxcKHM BKycan noxpe6HxejibCKoi o KpyraapHcxoKpaxoB. B cbhsh c 3anpocaNH npyra h HxajibHHCKHeaaxopw, npHrjiauieHHbie ajih pa6oxbi b Pocchio, nwxajiHCbHHCaXb MCJIOAHH B IlCCBAOpyCCKOM CXHJie, KOXOpblJS HMCJIAOBOJibHO Majio xyAoacecxBeHHbix onpaBAanHfi. Becb kohcilXVIII B. B Pocchh npoxoAHX noA snaKOM CHjibHefliiiero bjihhhhhsanaAHofi MysbiKajibHofi mwcjih h 6opb6b! c 3xhm nyxcM nacajKAe-

KoMnosHTopti-""^ HaUHOHaAbHOM MCJIOAHKH. KoMHOSHXOpaMH

6apw. ^ KOHuy BBKa cxanoBsixcH, b cbhsh c necKOJibKo6oAee CBo6oAHbiMH npaBaMHsnoxH, h cbmh abo-

PHHC. nopoacAaji xnnHHHoe aah Pocchh aBjienne 6apHHa-K0M-nosHxopa, KoxopbiA o6biMHo hbjihach AHAexaHxoM-caMoyHKoft,He jiHiueHHbiM HHorAa Kpynnoft MysbiKajibHOCXH, ho xexHHMe-CKH 6ecnoMomHbiM, Mxo no6ywAajio sxhx komhoshxopob ae-peAKO nopy4aTb AexaAbHyio o6pa6oxKy cbohx cosAaHHft cbohmKpenocxHbiM, o6yMeHHbiM 3a rpaHHuen MysbiKe. XVIII bck AajiPocchh yjKe MHoro hmbh BnpxyosoB h komhoshxopob kslk hsAHJiexaHxcxByiomnx 6ap, xaK h h3 pa3HOHHHueB h Kpenocx-Hbix (nanp., cKpHnan h komhoshxop XaHAOiiiKHH, Thxob h ap-).

ripHMHxHBHbiH BKyc Kpyra noxpe6Hxejieft hobjihsji na xo,MXO paSBHXHK) HOAJlCWajIH B PoCCHH XOJIbKO (J)OpMbI pOMaHCaH onepbi, KaK HaH6ojiee Aocxynnwe Macce, KaK CBsisaHHweCO cjioBOM H BpejiHuieM H oxxoro noHHXHbie. Ha pasBHxnepoManca hobjihsijih caMbie pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie ycjiOBHa h npH-HHHbi: HapoAHaa HxajibsiHHBnpoBaHHaH necHH, uwraHCKHeMOXHBbi, nojibsoBaBuiHecH orpoMHofl nonyjisipHocxbK) b PocchhB ABOpHHCKHX C^^epaX, KaK OXBeHaBIlIHe SpOXHMCCKOMy MO-Menxy, orcyxcxByiomeMy b pyccKoft HapoAHoii necne, 3anaAHa5ipoMancHan hjih neceHHasi jinxepaxypa (IIIy6epx) — c XIXBCKa. 3xox CXHJlb npHMHXHBHoro poManca h onepbi nojlynnji

Thtobm. BepcxoB-P*^^"™^ "^ XBopsecxBe THxoBbix (oxua H

ckkH, AAH6i.eB. *^""^)' BepcxoBCKoro h Aji$i6beBa~XHnHHHblX KOMnOSHXOpOB AHJiexaHXOB, OXJIH-

MaBUlHXCH KpaWHefl npMMHXHBHOCXbK) (JjaKXypbl CBOHX KOM-nosHUHfl. BepcxoBCKHH 1) (1799—1862) HSBecxen, kbk aBxoponepbi „AcKOJibA0Ba Mornjia" h p^Aa Apyrnx Menee yAannbix

') BepcroBCKHH (1799—1862) HanHcan 5 toAesHjiefi, onepw:„AcKoxfbAOBa MorHJia", „naH TEapAOBCKHft", „BaflHM", „TocKa no poflMne",

1 ^u

B KOTOpblX OH KyJlbTHBHpyeX CTHJIb BOAeBHflH C pyCCKHMH M

pyccKoo6pa3HbiMM HancBaMH. An 91 6 la en ^) (1787—1851) 6biJi

KOMnosHTopoM nonyjisipHbix poMancoB. OjiHOBpeMeHHO c hhmh

noxBHsajica K a b o c— HxajibJiHeu, aKKJiHMaTHSHpoBaBiuHficM

Ha pyccKoft noHBe h nbiTaBiuHflcn nHcarb nofl pyccKHft CTHJib

(onepa „MBaH CycaHHH")- BesiHua jmrepaTypHoro poMan-

TH3Ma, saxaaTMBUiMe Pocchk) b Hanajie XIX Bewa h cnjibHo

pacnpocTpaneHHbie b sbiciueM HaH6oJiee KyjibrypHOM cjioe

B CBSI3H C HanOJieOHOBCKOft BOHHOH 1 81 2 rORa. flaJlH CHJlbHblH

HMnyjibc pasBHTi-K) 6ojiee opraHMnecKoro HauHonajiHSMa

B MysbiKC. SnaMeHHe Pocchh, KaK BejiHKOft AepjKaBbi, Bosrjia-

BJintoiueft peaKu,MOHHbifl KOHuepx esponeftcKHx AepHcas nocne

BOHHbl, AOJI»<HO 6bIJIO 6bITb OTo6pa«eHO B C03JtaHHH HaUHO-

HajibHO^ H naxpHOTviHecKofl onepw, npuxoM yace He BOflCBHJiJi,

a cepbesHoft. SIsjicHHe 3to 6biJio Bnojine anajiorHMHo tcm

(J3aKTopaM, KOTopbie b PepMaHHn Bbi3BajiH HBJieHHe Be6epa

c ero poMaHTHHCCKH HauKonaJibHoA onepofl. Mto jiBJieHne

pyccKoro MyswKajibHoro HauHonajiHSMa 6biJio b cyiUHOcTM

fiBJieHMCM pOMaHTHMeCKHM H peaKUHOHHbIM, iiOKaSblBapTCSI KaK

KJiaccoBbiM aHajiHSOM HOCHTejieft 3Toro HanpaBJieHHH (see

—

apHCTOKpaTHHecKHe ^annimn ABopsiHCTBa), xaK h o6iumm

TOHOM HX TBopnecTBa.

r Ji H H K a ^) (1 802—1 857) 6biJi nepsbiM pyc-

CKHM KOMn03HTOpOM H3 JlBOpaH, KOTOpwft AOFAHHKa.

„HypoBa MonHHa" h „rpoMo5oa"; b nocneflHHX oh ywe men sa FnHHKoJi, b

nepBbix oTHacTH ero npeaBapsin. Ma Bcex ero onep ocianacb oTHOCHTenbHO

>KH3HeHH0ft TOHbKO „AcKOnbflOBa MOrHJia".

1) Aa5!6beB (1787—1851) HanHcan MHomecTBO powaHCOB, nacTb koto-

pbix CTana homth Hapo«HbiMH MOTHBaMH. MHpoByio nonynapHOCTb (6naroflapH

HCnOnHeHHSM SHaMeHHTNX KOJlOpaxypHblX neBHU H TpaHCKpHnilHHM JiHCTa)

nonyHHn ero „ConoBeH", ao chx nop eme HcnonHseMwA b KOHuepxax, kbk

BHpTyosHaa semb.

) ruHHKa (1802—1857) BHanajie nHcan komhoshuhh oSiueeBponefl-

CKoro CTHns; b stot paHHHH nepHO« mm HanHcaHw HeHSftaHHwe flo chx nop

cenTyop, chmcJjohhsi, n,Be yBepTiopw, KsapieT h np. FIotom oh yBneKanca

HTanbHHCKHM neHHeM H cTnneM (b 30-x roflax). C „?Kh3hh sa u,apa" naHM-

HaeTca nepHOfl nauHOHajiHSMa b ero wyawKe (1836), OKpenmnft k „Pycnany

H JIwAMHjie" (1842). KpoMe 3thx ceohx (j^yHflaMeHTanbHMx cokhhchhA, npo-

cnaBHBuiHx ero hmsi, FnHHKa Hanncan MyawKy k „KHfl3io XonncKOMy" (1840),

CHMtjjOHMHecKHC ^jaHTasHH: „ApparoHCKaq xoTa", „Hpib b MaflpHfle", „KaMa-

pHHCKaa", „Bajibc-({)aHTa3Ha" h mhofo poMancoB. Flofl KOHeu whshh FnHHKa

pafioTan Haft pyccKHMH iiepKOBHUMH necnoneKHaMH.

MSBCCTHOft CTeneHH OTKasajica ox AHJiexaHXCKoro cmna pa-

6oxbi H peuiHJi npoflxH caM HeKoxopbiS Kypc MyswKaJibHbix

HayK. ^BJiCHHe Pjihhkh, Ha nepsbift pas cxpannoe h Baesan-

Hoe B MajiOKyjibxypHofl Pocchh, o6'jicHHexcH OHCHb jierKO, ccjih

npHHflXb BO BHHMaHHe XO 3HaHHXeJIbHOe 0?KHBJieHHe CHOmeHHHc SanaAOM, Koxopoe oanaMeHOBajio nanajio XIX BCKa. Pyc-

CKHe CXOJIHUbl CXajIH MHpOBblMH TOpOAaMH, B HHX 6bIJIH HMnOp-

xHpoBaHbi caMbie HOBwe h cbc^khc aocxhjkchhh CBponeftcKoro

BKyca. B 3XO BpeMa b EBpone 6biji Pocchhh, KjiaccHKH, Bex-

xoBen. Illy6epx. Be6ep, pyccKyio cxojiwuy nocemajiH He xojibKo

npejicxaBHxejiH HxajibHHCKofl onepw, hohxh hc noKHAaBiiiHe

ee, HO H snaMeHHXbie BHpxyosw, h3 Koxopwx Onjibfl whji

nOMTH BCK> JKHSHb B PoCCHH H XyX COSAaJI lllKO;iy HHaHHCXOB,

H (jjpaHuyscKHC aBxopbi KOMHnecKofl onepw (nanp., ByajibAbe),

Bee 3XH BHesanHO HaxJiwHyBUiHe sjiCMenxw ne mopjih ne

OKasaxb B03fleficXBHa na MysbiKajibnyK) ncHXHKy, m FjiHHKa

6bIJI JIHUIb cJjOKyCOM, B KOXOpOM OXpaSHJIHCb BCe 3XH BJIHSIHHJI.

Ero cxHjib 6bi,ii paBHOfleflcxByromeft cxhjih (j)paHuy3CKHX kom-

, nosHxopoB, Be6epa, oxnacxH BexxoBena h Mouapxa. . HoK axoMy 6biJi npHAan eiue saHMcxBOBaHHwft y Be6epa hpoManxHKOB HauHOnajiHSM, BbipaBMBuiHAcn B Kyjibxype Ha-

poflHoro Mejioca, Koxopaa 6bi;ia Hanaxa ya<e npefluiecTseH-

HHKaMH Fjihhkh. PadoxaBuiHH Ha BKyc xojihko mxo o6pa30Bbi-

BaBiueAcH rpynnw HHxejiJiHrenxHbix nauHOHajiHcxoB (cosep-

uieHHo KaK H Be6ep), FjiHHKa ne Mor He cHHxaxbcn c ypoBHeMH sanpocaMH axoft rpynnw. Oxxoro oh ne Mor poAHXb hh(jjopxenHaHHoro cthjisi, ajih Koxoporo b Pocchh eiue ne 6bi;io

HcnoJiHHxefleft, h Aawe nocxoHHHoft KOHuepxHofl scrpaflw, hhCHM(J)OHH3Ma, Koxopwft 6biJi ciue xpyAeH AJiH nocxHraHHsi.

Ero onepHbiH cxHjib abhjich cymecxBeHHO HauHonajibHWM, mB MexKOM yraAaHHH oco6eHHOcxefl xapaKxepHwx ana pyccKoroMCJioca cocxoHX FJiaBHasi aacjiyra Fjihhkh, onpaBAWBaromanero npHsnaHHoe BHaneHHe b pyccKofi MysbiKajibHOH HcxopHH.

Oh nepBbiA nanocHX yaap JiOM<HopyccKOMy necennoMy cxhjikj.

Ho ero ocxajibHwe KanecxBa KOMnosnuHH AajieKH ox caMO-

6bixHOcxH H o6Hapy>KHBaK>x caMbie pasHoodpasHwe bjihsihhsi,

HcxoAsnuHe h3 SanaAa (BexxoBCH, Mouapx, Be6ep, ByajibAbe.

OnjibA. Meflep6ep), h, cxoah c HauHonajibHofl noMBw, oh hx

o6HapyMCHBaex oco6eHHO sipKO. EcxecxBenHO, mxo ero opKe-

cxpoBaa MyawKa, b Koxopoft oh b cymHocxH hbhjicsi b Pocchh

.jk:iil»0iii^vi-

nwoHepoM, o6HapyM?HBaeT cKjiOHHOCTb k pancoAHMecKHM ^op-

MaM, H OH opraHHMecKH Hywfl, Kyjibxype conaTHbix (Jjopw

MHCxpyMeHTajiHSMa. PyccKaa MysbiKajibHaa KyabTypa, boshhk-

uiaji B HHTHMHbix 6apcKHX Kpyrax, a He npw fl,Bope MarHara,

KaK cHMc|)OHHHecKaH KyjibTypa KJiaccHMCCKOfl anoxH, anejifln-

poBasmasi ko BKycy eme HeycxaHOBUBmeMycH h njioxo pa36H-

paiomeMycH a MHCXoii MysbiKe, h3 MHCTpyMeHTajibHwx 4)opM

Morjia OAo6pHTb Ha nepsbix nopax TOJibKo „H3o6pa3HTe;ib-

Hbie"* (|)opMbi, KOTopbie npH6jiH}KajiHCb K onepe h poMancy,

H ecjiH He flasajiH nojiHocTbio „coAep>KaHHfl" MyswKH, to xoth

6bi HBMeK Ha nee b bhac 3arjiaBHH unvi b bhac TanuoBaflbHofi

npHpoflbi Bcero coHHHeHHa („ApparoHCKafl xora", „HoHb b Maa-

pHAe", ..KaMapHHCKaa", „BaJibc-(|)aHTa3nfl" h npoH.). OnepwFjiHHKH, 6biBiiiMe rjiaBHofl ero MysbiKajibHofl sacjiyrofl, HanwcaHbi:

nepBan—„MH3Hb sa uapn"—no peuenraM Be6epa h HTaJibHH-

ueB.BTopaa—„PycjiaH h JIiOAMHJia"—He 6e3 bjihhhhh wOdepoHa*^

Toro M«e Be6epa, ho eme c cHJibHWM BJiHaHHCM Meflep6epa.

Ho caMo6biTHbiM B FjiMHKe ocraeTCH ero HauHOHajibHbift Me-

jioc, rjiaBHbiM o6pa30M pyccKufi, KOTopbift h npujiaeT ero

TBopnecTBy cseMcecTb h opHrwHajibHOCTb no cpaBHeHHio

c sanaAHbiMH ero o6pa3U,aMH.

B cpeae HHTCJiJiHreHTHOM HauHOHajibHO HacrpoeHHOM

MaCCbl, TOJIbKO HTO pOHCAaBUieftCJI B POCCHH, Onepbl FflKHKH

MMejiH orpoMHbift ycnex, roraa kbk apHcroKpaTHHecKHe BepxH.

MCHee noABMHyxbie b sByKOcosepuannH aa h b o6meM

pasBHTHH, coBepmeHHO KaK h b SanajiHOfi: EBpone, npcAno-

MHxajiH HxajibHHCKyio MysbiKy 6ojiee flCMOKpaxMHecKoft fjimh-

KHHCKOH. TeM He MeHee, xaK Kan nepsaa rpynna 6biJia

MHxeJiJieKxyajibHo Becne, xo npHMep FjinHKH HCMeflJieHHo

BbisBaji anHroHHHecKHe asjieHMa, nacxb Koxopwx najia na ero

npefluiecxBeHHHKOB—BepcxoBCKoro Hfl,p., koxo-

pwe HanajiH nncaxb noA CHJibHbiM ero BflHHHHeM.dDHFOBbi Faiihkh:

^aprOMbiaccKHH.Hawdojiee hpkhm annroHOM Fjihhkm aBHJica

J3,aproMbi»ccKHA ^) (1813—1869), Koxopbift pa6oxafl noff

BJiHHHHeM ^Jpa^uyscKoft onepbi (FajiesH—06ep), sawMcxBOBaB

y nee cxpeMJieHwe k apaMaxMHecKoil aeKJiaMauHH h k peajiHSMy

M ^aproMbiJKCKMM naiiHcan onepw „3cKepanbfla", „TopKecTEO

BaKxa", „PycajiKa" (1855) h „KaMeHHbia rocTb" (1867), KpoMC Toro, MHoro

poMaHCOB, KOTopbie noiOTca no chx nop b Pocchh. Ma ero onep b penep-

Tyape yfl.ep>Kanacb TonbKO „PycajiKa".

• -''"

173

AHKUHH. Ero xBopMecxBO (onepa „PycajiKa", AeKJiaMauHOHHopeHHxaxHBHaa onepa ..KaMeHHbift rocxb" h poMancbi) mmcjio

B BHfly Bce xy Mce cpe^y HauHonajiHcxMHecKH HacxpoeHHbixcjiyiUdxejieft h oxKpwxo npoxHsonojiarajio ce6a HxajibHHHSMy;

B 3XOM CMbicjie flaproMbia<CKHfl npoAOJiMcaJi h yKpenjiHJi aejio

H HanpaBJieHHe Fjihhkh, o6jiHHaa, BnponeM, SHaHnxejibHo

MeHbuiHe pa3Mepbi AapoBanna. FjiHHKa h flaproMbiHccKHH

cocxaBJiaiox paHHHft nepcMCHXOK pyccKoro MysbncajibHoro po-

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.

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— 174 —

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— 1/0

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paBBHJiocb TBopMecxBO KpynHefluiHX reHHeB noBAHero poMan-xn3Ma, M3 Koxopbix xpoe (UlyMaH, llIoneH, JIhcx) b cBoeft

pa6oxe, KaK nHaHHcxbi, 6biJiH opranHnecKH CBsisanbi c 4>op-

xenHaHHbiM MHpoM BBynaHnft. •

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HaHHH. KpaHHHfl^^°^^ JiacxoMKOH HMBAO (fjpaHuysa—F e k x o p a

nporpaMMHocTB. BepjiHosa ^) (1803—1869), y Koxoporo see

EepAHos. cBoftcxBa poMaHXHSMa nocxaBJieHbi naHdojiee

r. BepnMoa (1803—1859) paSoran MCKnioMHTejibHO TOJibKO soSna-CTH KpynHblX OpKeCTpOEO-EOKanbHMX M HHCTO-OpKeCTpOBblX (fiopM- Hm HanH-

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Jiiiiihi

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nyTH, xoTH eny HHKaK nejibsn OTKasarb b xapaKxepHocxH.

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npocoB ero hobofo MysbiKajibHoro KarexHSHca 6biJiH npo-jiBJieHbi rjiaBHbiM o6pa30M b ero aapoBHTbix kphthhcckhxCTaxbHx, rae oh h hbhjich cosHAaxejieM roPi caMofl poMaHXH-MecKOH rpynnbi noxpedHxejieft, yjKe cymecxBOBaBiueft b Pep-

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—

b cxpaHeonepbi H B cxpane, rAe MysbiKa BcerAa cjiywHJia noAcnopbeMK cJiOBy, K MbicjiH—MpesBbiiaflHO ecxecxBeHHo 6biJio noHBJie-

Hue KOMHOSHxopa, cxpeMHBuierocH nepenecxH axy MbicAb bo

Bceft ee JiorHHecKofl KOHKpexnocxH h b njiocKocxb hhcxofoCHM(J)OHH3Ma. Ho nporpaMMHOcxb He Meiuajia BepjiHosyoxnecxHCb neoMCHAaHHO 6epe?KHO k KJiaccHMecKofl c|)opMe

CKHft KapHasan", „rapojibfl b MTanHH", „PoMeo h lOnHq" (neMTO b pofle chm-

(})OHHH c xopaMH H neHHeM); flna cucHbi—„TpoflHUbi", „B3aTHe Tpon", „BeH-

BCHyTO MenjiHHH", „BeaTpHca h BeHeflHKi"; opaiopHH „JI,eTCTBo XpncTa"

K- ^PeKBHew", ApaMaTHHecKan nercHfla „OcyacfleHHe Oaycia" h flpyrne npo-

HSBCAeHMH. Oh pa6oTan h KaK BbiflawiuHHCJi AHpnasep, h KaK MyawKanbHWHnHcaiejib, ocTaBHB newfly npoMHM ueHHbm „Kypc HHCTpyMeHTOBKn" h pyKO-

BOflCTEO „J3,MpHJKep OpKCCTpa".

179

CMMqpoHHH H Hc paspyuiaxb ee: ero KpynHbie nporpaMMHweK0Mn03HUHH HanHCaHbl n04XH B BblAepMOHHOM CHM(|)OHH4eCKOft

(BHeuiHHM o6pa30M) (jjopMe („4>aHxacxHMecKaH chm4)Ohmh",

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cxHjicM Meiiep6epoBCKOM onepbi, m b opaxopnH („JI,excxBO

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noHBe, OH pa3BMBajic5i HenpaBHJibHO, m oxAejibHwe sjieMenxbi

ero MysbiKajibHofl oAapeHHOcxH ne OKasa^Hcb y Hero b naAAe-

>Kamefl rapMOHHH. Majio cnoco6HbiH k MCJiOAHKe, oh OKasw-

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nyxeft b rapMOHHH h eme 6oJiee b opKecxpoBOM KOJiopwxe,

nxe OH cosAaex coBepmeHHO nosbift noAxoA k opKecxpoBOMy

Maxepwajiy. CweJiocxb yl AeKopaxMBHaa rpaHAHOSHOcxb ero

nocxpoeHHfii— ero caMbie xapaKxepHwe cBoftcxBa: oh aneji-

JlMpyeX K OrpOMHbIM MaCCaM, oh, BHOCSI B My3bIKy HOBbie

aaeMenxbi, xonex cACJiaxb hx AOCxynHWMH ajih uiHpo-

KHX Mace HCKJIH)MHXejIbHO MOHyMeHXajlbHblM, KOJIOCCaJIbHHM

Macuixa6oM hx BbinoJineHUH. B sxom cKasbiBaexcH He

XOJIbKO XO, MXO BepJlHOS B cymHOCXH HBHJICa aBXO"

poM, pa6oxaBii]HM ajih coBepuieHHo HeBWJicHeHHoro una

Hero caMoro Kpyra noxpe6HxejieM, ho k xo, hxo

B ero acxexHKy npoKpaAwsajiHCb rommmo ero bojih MHorwe

xapaKxepHbie ajieMcnxbi MHcxo-(|)paHuy3CKoro MyswKajibHoro

MHponoHHMaHHH, yHacjiCAOBaHHwe ox roAOB peBOJiiouHW,

BoeHHbix 6ypb, BeHHwx nepeBopoxoB h ox BKycoB napHMccKoft

xoAHbi. K axoMy naAO oxnecxH ero rpaHAHOSHwe nonbixKH,

ero cxpeMJieHHe saAaBHXb cflymaxejiH He cxojibKo KanecxBOM,

cKOJibKO KOJiHMecxBOM MysbiKajibHbix 3JieMeHxoB, epo npo-

rpaMMHan acxexHKa, paccHHxaHHan b Hxore Ha cpaBHHxeJibHO

Majibift MysbiKajibHbifl ypoBCHb BOcnpHHHMaiomeft ayAHTopiw.

HecMoxpsi Ha Bce nonbixKn xaK hjih HHane cKJiewxb cBoe

XBOpnecxBO c sanpocaMK KaKoro-HH6yAb Kpyra, xBop-

MecxBO BepjiHosa bo OpanuHH peiuHxejibHo He npHBH-

jiocb H MMejio 3HaHHxejibHo dojibiiiee BJiHMHHe 3a npeAejiaMH

ero cxpaHbi, b FepMaHUH h b Pocchh, rAe oho AeflcxBHxejibHO

OKasajiocb cnoco6HbiM cosAaxb HanpaBJienwe rJiy6oKoe h

OpraHMHCCKOe. FlpHHHHbl 3XH KpblflHCb, OMeBHAHO, B XOM, HXO

B 3XHX cxpaHax yace hmcjich c;io>KHBiiinftcH Kpyr noxpe-

12»

L j^.....^..^^^^.

6HTejiH Ha MysbiKy HOBaxopcKoro HanpasjieHMsi c nopbiBOM

K HOBbiM 6eperaM— HMenHO HHTejiJiMreHTCKwe rpynnbi. Hanpo-

THB, BO $paHU,HH BBCb XOA .MySblKaJIbHOFO paSBHTHH lUeJI

B CTopoHy OT Hjieft BepjiHOsa vi HaMenaJica b HanpaBjieHHH

K AsrpaflauHH MysbiKH b poa yBecenenmi, c oahoA CTopoHw,

a c Apyroft—K HapoM^AeHHKJ aKaAeMHswa, cxoAb npoTHBono-

jiOHCHoro depjiHOSOBCKMM ycTpeMJieHHHM H AHKTyeMoro Bbicry-

njieHHCM Ha couHOJiorHMecKyK) apeny rpynn npoMbiuiAeHHofl

6ypM<ya3HH c ee acTeTHMecKHMn MHpoomymeHHHMH.

MysbiKa BepjiHoaa b cyiUHocTH xaK h He nauijia HHKorAa

umpoKoro noTpe6HTejifl, OHa wajio npHiujiacb KOMy no BKycy,

sa MCKAK>HeHHeM HesnaMHTeAbHbix rpynn MysbiKanxoB-cne-

UHajiHCTOB PepMaHHH H PoccHH, FAB OHa HocjiyMCHAa 6ojiee

onjioAOTBopjnomHM ^JepMSHTOM AJiH co6cTBeHHoro TBopnecTBa

npeACTaBUxejiefl axHX rpynn, a ne aji« pacnpocxpaHeHHH

B uiHpoKHX Maccax. H^ea KpaftHefl nporpaMMHOcxn ne MorJia

cpasy HaMXH Aocxyn b cjioe HHxejiJiHreHXHoro cjiymaxeAH,

h6o cBoefl npHMOAHHeftHocxbK) BbisbiBajia na acxexHMecKHe

BOspajKeHHH. Ho xcm He Menee HHxepec k MysbiKe, oxmc-

HeHHOH KaKMM-xo „onpeAejieHHbiM coAepMcaHneM". noHUMa-

CMbiM B MHCxo-HAeoAorHHecKOM AHXcpaxyp-HoBaTopcTBo pwt-

j^Qf^ acncKxe, poc m uiHpMJicsi. Ha mhcto-

repMaHCKOH noHse axox HHxepec ewsBan

K JKH3HH rcHHaAbHoe wBAeHHe III y M a H a ')

(1810—1856), Koxoporo MOM<Ho cMUxaxb ecxecxBeHHbiM npo-

AOJiJKaxejieM sjienenxoB, sajioaceHHbix LQydepxoM h Bexxo-

BeHOM. EcJiH BepjiHOS b cymHOcxH He hmcji HHKaKoro oxho-

meHHH K HCxopnH pasBHXHflf xexHHKH HOBoro c|)opxenHaHO M

CKopee 6bm cBHsan c onepHbiMn kophhmh, xo lllyMaH, nanpo-

IIIyMaH.

1) lllyMaH (1810— 1856) SHaMCHHTHKaK KOMnosHTOp, h kbk MyswKanb-

Hbift MbicHHTenb H KpHTHK, OflHH MS nepBbix cosHflaTeneS cepbesHOH xyflOs«e-

CTBCHHOH npeccbi. liiyMaH nanHoan 4 chmcjjohhm, KOTOpwe, OflHaKO, cnnbHO

yMe ycTapenH, hSo oh He oSnanan cnocoSnocTbio k opKecipoBOMy KOJiopHiy,

MysbiKy K „MaHq()peHy" BaflpoHa, opaTopMM (HanSonee HSBecTHaa „Paft m

riepH"), KOHuepTbi RHH BHOHOHHejiH H flna cjiopTenHano c opKeoTpoM, OKono

300 necen una ronoca (naHfiojiee HSEecTHH nuKnu „MHpTbi", „JlK)6oBb n03Ta"

H „JIw6oBb H jKHSHb jKeHinHHbi"), MKoro (jjopienHaKHbix npoHSBefleHHit, Meji-

KHX H itpynHbix, H3 KOTopbix iiaHSonee Kpynnoe sHaMeHHe HMeiOT flne conaTbi

(fis-moll H g-moU), „KpeficnepHaHa", „CHM(|)OHHHecKHe sTroflbi", „KapHa-

Ban°, (fiaHTasHn C-dur, „Papillons". nooneRHHe roflbi jkhshh LUyMaH 6biji

ncHXHMecKH 6oneH h ywep b ncHXHaxpHMecKoB SonbHHue.

.

— 181 — .

XHB, B cymHocxH Bccb cBsisaH c (|)opTenMaHo: Aa»ceB cBoeM opKecxpe h b KawepHOM aHcaM6jie oh— cKpbixwfl

(|)opxennaHHCx, rAy6oKO nonyBCXBOBaBiUHH khxhmhwh Ayxaxoro HHcxpyMeHxa. PoManxuMecKaH xeHAenuHH y BepjiHosaBbipaMOJiaCb B CXpeMJieHHH K HMnOHHpOBaHHK) rpaHAHOS-HocxbK) EonjiomeHHH, y LUyMaHa ona BbicKasajiacb b o6pax-HOM B CXpCMJieHMH K HHXHMHOfl MHHHaXK)pHOCXH,H 3XO HaxoAnJiocb B sHaHHxejibHo 6ojiee xcchom KOHxaKxec HacxpoeHHCM xex KpyroB, k KoxopbiM anejiJiHpoBajio xBop-

HecxBO IlIyMaHa. Ysce oaho xo, mxo KOJioccajibHbie Hcnoji-

HeHHH xpe6oBajiH cpeACXBAJia cbohx ocymecxBJieHHM, Koxopbie

xpyAHO 6bi;!o Aocxaxb, xorAa KaK HHXHMHbiH cxnAb (|)opxe-

HHaHO 6biJi BcerAa Aocxynen h AeroK, xaK me Kan h hb MeneeHHXHMHaH c£|)epa BOKajibHoft MHKHaxropbi - necHH, TAe llly-

MaH c xaKoA Hce saeprHefi pa6oxaji, — oaho axo AejiaAo

MysbiKy LUyMaHa, nanHcaHHyio b pacMexe na bosmomchocxhMacxbix HcnojTHeHHM, 6ojiee AOcxynnoH h noxoMy 6ojiee

npoHHO oucHHBaeMoft, AajKe ecjiH 6bi ona OKaaajiacb b Mysbi-

KajibHOM oxHouieHHH 6ojiee xpyAHoS h cjiowho^, kbk axo h6biJio. lllyMaH BMecxe c MeHACJibcoHOM (h noxoM c lllone-

hom) co3Aaex JiHxepaxypy xyAOJKecxBeHHoro cfjopxenwaHO mBMecxe c lUy6epxoM—^jinxepaxypy xyAOMcecxBenHoS necHH.

HaMeHaBuiHHCH ynce panee npoxecx npoxHB sacHJibH snHronoBM npoxHB caMOAOBJieromefi EwpxyoBHOcxH b ero XBopnecxBenojiynaex HOBbift, MorynHM HMnyjibc. Oh cxpeMHxcH npHAaxbMysbiKajibHcii MHHHax>ope, cxHjib Koxopoft npoHHKaex y HeroAaH<:e KpynHbie cj[}opMbi (chmc|)ohhk), conaxy), rjiy6oKoe haso-jioPHMecKoe 3HaMeHHe h cmwcji. B 3xom CMwcjie oh uieji na-

Bcxpeny o6meMy xeMeHwro, Koxopoe b pesKoft, ypoAJiHBoft

4>OTpne BbipasHJiocb b bhac KpaHHero „nporpaMMH3Ma" Bep-jiH03a, a y LUyMaHa, b cbhsh c ero 6ojiee HSbicKanHOH h 4>h-

jioco4>cKH yxoHMSHHoft opraHM3auHeH, OHO BbipasHJiocb B 4>opMexoHKHX nporpaMMHbix HaMCKOB Ha cymecxBo ero moxhbobxBopnecxBa. Oh bhochx h bboahx b MysbiKy CHCxeMy sarjia-

bhh, HMnpeccHOHHcxHMecKH yKasyroiUKX o6mMPi xoh MbicJiefl

aBxopa, Koxopbift oh npes cbok> MysbiKy jKejia'ji 6bi BosdyAHXbB cjiyuiaxejiax. Oh noMoraex nocjieAHUM, wAex hm naBcxpeny.

A6cxpaKXHbie sarojiOBKH b poAe „coHaxbi", „chm(|)ohhh", AaM<e

„necHH 6e3 cjiob" ycxynaiox wecxo HMnpeccHOHHcxHMecKHM„Moxxo" yme HecpaBHeHHo 6ojiee KOHKpexHoro coAepMcanHSf,

yittwiiiiiliiiiiutttt:J^\'f',i^'J-4.^;if,>..fi,\^-^,-^'-'ji-', .imiS^i^i-icMiMUt* 'i'<*"ift.-

i»j:

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CMCCTb 3a TOHHyK) npoppaMMy MysbiKH UlyMaHa— sa „H3o6pa-

sHTejibHyio". Oh Becb HaxoAHTcn—kbk h Kpyr ero noTpe6n-

TCJieft— B c4)epe xex 4)aHTacTH4ecKHx npeanocbiJiOK o

cymecTse MysbiKajibHoro sbjichmji, KOTopwe bbcji Bnepswe

9. ro(|)MaH. To, MTO He cMor sbicKaaaTb b cbohx co6cTBeHHbix

3ByKax 6ojiee JiHTepaxop, HeM<ejiH MyawKaHT roc|)MaH, to

HMeHHO BbicKasaji LUyMan, Koropbift Bce speMH hmcji tcc-

HeftuiHft KOHxaKT HacrpoeHHfi: c HflCHMM H MbicjisMH rotfjMaHa,

HaMHHaM OT o6iu,ero cjjjaHTacTMHecKH rpoxecKHoro HacxpoeHMH

ero xBopnecxBa m KOHnasi xaKHMn aexajiHMH, KaK npsiMoe

HanHcaHHe MysbiKw, HjiJHocxpHpyiomeM npoMSBefleHHH Vo^-

MaHa (..KpeHCJiepHana"). B cbhsh c sxhmh „ro4)MaHCKHMM"

HacxpocHHJiMH B MysbiKy lllyMaHa Bxopraexcji sjieMCHx koui-

MapHoft (jbaHxacxHKH, ocxpoM cKaaoHHocxH, oKpameHHOft

B repMancKHe JiereHflapHwe xona, rapMOHHH h phxmh ero

nojiynarox xapaKxepHcxHKM nero-xo npHspanHoro, nojiy6ec-

njioxHoro, coHHoro. Bce sxh sjieMenxbi srBHJiwcb cymecxBeHHO

HOBblMH B HCKyCCXBe, OHH 6bljm fl,aM<e HaCXOJIbKO HOBbI, HXO,

KaK noKa3biBaex HccJieAosaHHe, b cymnocxH xojibKo Hesna-

HHxejibHaa nacxb hx 6b!Jia oueHena npw mchshh m b anoxy

UJyMaHa, 6ojibiiiasi nacxb ocxajiacb Ha npHsnaHMe 6yji,ymero,

H MHxerpaJibHoe npHSHaHwe h cnpoc Ha UlyMana b ero BpeMsi

o6ycjiOBJieH 6biJi 6ojiee xeri, mxo b ero MysbiKe, hommmo ocxpo

HOBaxopcKHX ajieMenxoB, 6biJiH b SHaHMxejibHOM KOJiHMecxBe h

xaKHe, Koxopbie 6bijiH Briojiwe no njieny ero npHBbiHHoft

ayfl,HxopHH. Cnpoc axox 6biJi pacmnpeH h o6nerHeH cymecxBO-

BaHHeM B eroanoxy orpoMHbix nHaHHCxMMecKnx chji (ero >KeHa

Kjiapa Bhk, JIhcx, nosflHee Py6HHiuxeftH), Koxopwe cxBaxH-

JiHCb sa ero XBopnecxBO, KaK sa yflo6HyK) Kansy una cbohx

co6cxBeHHbix nwaHHcxMHecKHx 3aflaHHft. Ocxpan 4)aHxacxH-

MecKaa pHXMHKa, orpoMHoe nanpsiMceHHe JiHpn3Ma m CHJia

3KcnpeccHH, coBepmeHHO noBwe ajienenxbi rapMOHHH — box

MXO npejibjuajio b lUyMane, oxKpwxo BbicxynHBiueM He xojibKO

B cBoeft MysbiKC, HO H B CBOHX jiHxepaxypHbix HHcaHHHX npo-

XHB pyXHHbl H MySblKaJIbHOft CXOJiaCXHKH, OXHaCXH flaJKe H

npoxHB xoro HapoMCflaiomerocsi b JiHue MenAejibcona aKaae-MH3Ma, KOXOpbIM 6bIJI lIlyMaHOM BepHo y4xeH, KaK XOpMOS

AJiH pasBHXHvi HOBaxopcKHX 3JieMeHxoB HCKyccxBa. C flpyroft

cxopoHbi, lUyMaH 6biJi BonjioweHHeM eme apyrHX cxpeMJieHHM

183

B coBpeMeHHOM CMy MysbiKajibHOM Kpyry. AKaaeMHSM MeHfleJib-

coHa, nocxaBHBUiHft Hj];ea:iOM coBepuiencxBo BHeuiHeft (JjopMW

] H3JIO»<eHHH, HeBOJIbHO o6paXHJI CBOH BSOpbl K npOUIJIOMy

\ MySblKM H HMeHHO K SnOXe MOHyMCHXajIbHOfl nOJIH(})OHHH,

\Korfla MacxepcxBo flocxHrjio Bbicmero pacuBexa b sfsjieHUHx

\Baxa H TeHflejiH h nie 6bijio npessoAfleHo flaace KJiaccH-

i^aMH H BexxoBCHOM, h6o TBopnecxBO nocjieflHHX pa3BHBa;iocb

B HHbix couHOJiorHHecKHx ycflOBHHx H B pacMexe Ha HHbie

rpynnbi cJiyuiaxeaeft. MeHflejibcoH pecxaBpHpyex BaxaB 1829 rofly, h npacoxa axofi cxapofl MysbiKH, ee HOBHsnafljiM MyBbiKajibHoro co3AaHHsi, npHBbiKuiero k coBepuieHHOHHbiM KpacKaM B MysbiKe, 6biJia nacxojibKo nopasuxejibna,

MXO BbiBBajia HCMeAJieHHbie noflpaMcaHHsi. TaKHM o6pa30MCBepuiaexcH penecanc nojiH4)OHHH XVIII BCKa b ycjio-

BHHx BBKa XIX. FoMocljoHHMecKoe HanpaBJieHHe, yxBcpacAeHHoe

BexxoBBHOM, cJia6o noKOJie6jieHHoe hn b ero nocJieAHHX npo-

HSBeAeHHHx, Majio HBsecxHbix no cBoeA HeBepoaxnoft xpyAHO-

cxH, npoAOJiaceHHOH panHHMH poMaHXHKaMH, Majio ckjiohhwmh

K MHororojiocHK), BnepBbie KOJie6AexcH llIyMaHOM, Koxopwft,

EnpoMBM, He HAex no npsiMoft Aopore pecxaBpauwH nonw^o-HH3Ma B nojiHOM o6'eMe, a ocxopowHO peKOHCxpynpyex MoinHbift

H BAyMMHBbift cxHJib B a X a KaK B ero nojiHcjjOHHMecKOM, xaK hB ero roMO(|)OHHMecKOM h cMeuiaHHOM acneKxe.

pomaTHSM rap- g CBJISH C 3XHM Ha6jIK)AaeXCH H HHOC HEJICHHe,

oujyiseHHH.BbiSBaHHoe xeM Mce yBJieMenneM BaxoM—HweHHOKpymcHHe npeiKHcro, no cymecxBy a h a x o h h-

MecKoro, 3ByK0C03epu,aHHsi h HapoH<AeHne cosepuaHHJi

XpOMaXHMeCKOrO, OCHOBaHHH KOXOpOrO 6bIJlH KOPAa-XOnojiOH<eHbi BaxoM, b xeMenwe bckob 6bijiM 3a6bixbi h norpe-6eHbi BMecxe c ero npoHSBCAeHUHMH, ne HaxoAHBuuHMH cnpocab ny6jiHKe npoMejKyxoMHbix snox, h xenepb MorjiH 6bixb BHOBbxyAOJKecxBeHHo onjiOAOXBopeHw. LUyMaH aBJiaexcJi nepBbiM

CymeCXBeHHbIM XpOMaXHKOM HOBOft MySbIKH, OH BBOAHX B MySfal-

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OH co3Aaex ocHOBHwe xnnbi rapMOHHH na ochobb xpoMaxHKH.OrpoMHoe HanpnjKeHHe b Hen MHcxo-MysbiKaAbHoft cxmxhh hMajioe BHHMaHwe k BHeuiHeft o6ojiOMKe, k rpanAHosHocxH hjih

AaHce npHHXHOCXH BHeiiiHero H3.(iOH«eHHJ! ASAaiox ero peuiH-

xejibHbiM anxHnoAOM BepAH03a. 3xo—ABa nojiioca ponaHXH-

184 — 185

MecKoft rpynnw aBTopoB, oflHH— secb b 3(|:4'eKTe h BHeuiHeft

nOpaSHTCJIbHOCTH, COSflaKJUHHH OpKeCTpOBbie SByMHOCTH, HO

( Majio cosnaTejibHbifl b Han6ojiee mhthmhom, a jipyroft - Becb

BO BHyTpeHHeM, 6eCKOHeMHO HHTHMHbIM K JIHlUeHHblH OpraHH-

necKH rpaHflHOSHOCTH, MHHHaTK)pncT no npWSBaHHK), He|

nocTHraBUiHft kojiophcthkh opKecrpa, B,aMce b chmc|)ohh5i;(

MHHHaTKjpHbix, H HO cpaBHeHHK) c BeTxoBeHOM HecpaBHeHb

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Ha neceHHbie oTAejibHOCTH. MejKAy stmmh KpaftHHMH npoasjie-

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JKyxoHHbie, KOTopbie He MyjKflajiHcb hh BHemnero 6jiecKa, hh

rpaHAHOSHOCTH 4)0pMbI, HH OHapOBaHHSI SayKa, MTO OTHaCXH

' o6ycjiOBJieHO 6biJio tcm, mto ohh noHTH Bce BbipocJivt KaK

pesyjibxaTbT He TOJibKo oahoS no cymecxBy BecbMa hhthmhoS

repMancKoii poMaHTHMecKoft Kyjibxypw, ho KaKApncTOKpaTHsaguH paBHo;ieMcxByK)mHe MHorux HauHonajibHbix

ajicMenxoB — Barnep,, LUoneH h JIhcx. Ill o-

nen ^) aBwnca poManxHKOM na cMeiuaHHoft

noMBe H3 3JieMeHxoB nojibcKoro, repMancKoro

H 4)paHuy3CKoro. Ero HBJieHne bo mhofom anajiorHMHO HBJieHMio

rjiHHKH, xoxH HeoM<HflaHHOcxb ero noHBJieHHSi B riojibiue,

,.6ojiee PoccHH npHodmcHHoft xorfl,a k Kyjibxype, Sujia Menee

nopasHxejibHa, xew 6oJiee, hxo bck) WHSHb oh npoBeji b EBpone

H 6biJi nocxaBJieH b opranHnecKyK) CBHSb co bccmh fl,ocxH-

. HCCHHsiMH eBponeficKOH MysbiKajibHOH Kyjibxypbi. Ero oco6eH-

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xexHHKy BonjiomeHHM k xyfloacecxBeHHOMy npexBopenHK) cBoeft

poflHofl nojibcKoA HaneBHOCxH, Koxopasi npH^ajia ero MysbiKe

KOJIOpHX HCKJIlOHHXejIbHOM opHPHHajIbHOCXH. CaM OflHH US

BejiHHafluiHX nwaHHcxoB MHpa, llloneH orpaHMMMJi cBoe xBop-

' HecxBO cxHXMeft MHcxoro HHaHHSMa, HH pasa ne BbixoflH sa ee

pOMaHTBSMa. lUo-

nCH—pOMaHTHSMBKyca.

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necHH npHHaflJieKaT k nocMepxHbiM, hm Heony6jiHK0EaHHbiM npOHSBeflCHHHM,

a ero BHOnoHMenbHaa coHaxa coHHHeKa hm b HeKOTopoM coTpyflKHHecTse

c ero flpyroM OpaHiuoMOM. Ero coMHHeHHa: 4 6annaHbi, 2 KOHuepra una (Jiop-

TenHBHO, 3 coHaTW, 19 hoktiophob, 4 CKepuo, SapKaponna, 6epce3a, 4)aHTa-

3Hn, 13 nonoHcaoB, 25 npejiK)AHH,'P54 MasypKH, 14 sanbcoB, 27 9tk)«ob, TapaH-

Tcnna h necKonbKO OTpbiEOMHWx npoHSEeAeHHH xapaKTepa 4>aHTa3Hfi. LUoneH

poflHncfl B riojibme (e „?KejiH30Eofl Eojie"), ho bcio WHSHb npoJKHn bo OpaH-

UHH.'^nOfl KOHeu JKH3HH 6bIJP B AHmMH.

c4)epy. BpamaBiUHflcH b HSbicKaHHOM nojiyapHcxoKpaxHMe-

CKOM, nojiyBbicoKo6ypM<ya3HOM Kpyry, oh HCBOjibHo paccMM-

xbiBaji cBoe xBopnecxBO na noxpe6HxeJi5! axoro KJiacca, mxo

odycJiOBHJio H ero npncxpacxHe k 4)opxenHaHo— axoMy cne-

UHajibHO cajioHHO - apncxoKpaxHHecKOMy HHcxpyMenxy, xaK

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BpeMH B006lHe HMCJIH BHpxyOSHbie K0Mn03HU,HH H OXHaCXKero KpynHbie CHM(|)OHMHecKHe nosMW, ho opraHHMecKoronocxHMceHna ero MyswKH HeJib3H[ KOHcxaxwpoBaxb cpaBHH-xejibHO flOJiro ^aMce xor^a, Koraa yme psifl ero sjieMenxoB

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cxBeHHO, JIhcx hbhjicji ecxecxBennbiM npoBoaHHKOM b MnpKyjibxypnoM MysbiKH HauHonajibHoro BenrepcKoro Mejioca.

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npocxofi MejiOflHKH); HaKOHeu, c xpexbeft cxopoHbi— caM—r;iy6oKHH H H3bicKaHHbiM poMaHXHK, HO Kpyry co6cxBeHHbix

omymeHHfi Bceuejio npHHafljie»caBUiHM k apwcxoKpaxMHecKHMcjiHBKaM o6mecxBa, JIhcx oxJiHHajicH xeM, mxo cxpeMHjica neCneUHaJIHSHpOBaXbCH B KaKOM-JlH6o OAHOM H3 3XHX CBOft-

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npoxeKuieft b CMene caMbix H3biCKaHHbix h ocxpbix Bnena-xjieHHft, no6yMcflajia ero xBopnecxBO k xoMy, Mxo6bi bchj 3xyMaccy omymeHHft nepeaaxb b xonax xoro Kpyra, KoxopwMCMy 6biji Hawdojiee 6jih3khm,— apHcxoKpaxHiecKH-yxoHHen-Horo Kpyra. Ho b xo Mce BpeMS oh ne acejiaji ynycKaxb hs

BHfla H MHbie rpynnw bosmojkhmx noxpeSHxeJiefl ero xBopne-

cxBa, 6ojiee flCMOKpaxHwecKHe m 6ojiee xHnHHHo HHxejiJiHreHx-

CKHe. B Hxore rpaHflHOSHwe h fleMOKpaxHHecKHe H^eH b ero

XBopnecxBe noflBepraioxcH HSBecxHOMy npou,eccy ..cajioHnsa-

Uhh" b pacMexe na BKyc Bbicmero o6iuecxBa, h, nanpoxHs,H3bicKaHHbie HacxpoeHHH HepeflKO nojiynarox AeMOKpaxHSupoBaHHoe H3.iio»<eHHe, fleKopaxHBHoe,. jibho paccHHxaHHoe Ha

nonyji9pH3auHH> cpeAH uiHpoKoft ny6jiHKH. BjiHsiHHe Ulonena

Ha JlHcxa HeocnopuMO, kbk h BJiHHHne Ha nero ero Bupxyoa-

Hbix npeflKOB, HO He B MeHbiiieft cxeneHH stot komhoshtopOKaSajlCJ! Cn0C06HbIM K BnHTblBaHHlO B Ce6si SJieMCHTOB

UlyMana, BexxoBena, Baxa. ObiiuHbift BHpxyosHbifi Hapjiji ero

4jopxenHaHHoro xBopMecxBa 6biJi xcm npoBOflHHKOM ero

B Maccbi noxpe6HxejiH, Koxopbifl cyMeji caejiaxb JIhcxb, Boo6meMpesBbiHawHO xpyflHoro n^a uiHpoKoro noHHMaHHKt, nonyjiap-

HbiM H snaMeHHXbiM B caMOM uiHpoKOM Kpyre noxpe6Hxejis(,

nonyjinpHbiM b SHaMHxejibHO 6ojibuieH cxeneHw, nen ero

CBepcxHHKH no „poMaHXHMecKOH" rpynne, necMOxpsi na xo,

Mxo opraHHHecKH MX XBopnecxBO 6biJio AocxynHee h npomencHxojiorHiecKH. FIocjieaHHe roflw m<h3hh jiHcxoBCKoe xBop-

HecxBO pasBHBaex xy jihhhk) pexpocneKXHBHoro poManxHSMa,

Koxopaa 6biJia HaMeieHa eme xpyaaMH awaAeMHcxa MeHACJib-

coHa H pecxaBpauHOHHbiMH nonbixKaMH lUyMana. JIhcx HaMH-

Haex KyjibxHBupoBaxb cpaBHHxejibHO Majio pac-KAepHKaAbHbie npocxpaHeHHyio AO xex nop b XIX Bene tJiopMy

P*" MonyMeHxajibHoft uepKOBHoft MyawKH, npH6e-

ra$I K BHyUIHXeJIbHOfl nOJIH(|)OHHH. HpHMMHOft

xaKoro pexpocneKXHBH3Ma crnna. asHJiocb pas-

BHxne B cpeAe xoro apucxoKpaxHHecKoro Kpyra, Koxopbift

BocnHXbiBaji xBopnecxBO JlHcxa, — cMJibHbix KJiepHKaJib-HblX BJIHJlHHft C SjpKO BbipaJKeHHbIM KaXOJIHHeCKHM OXXeH-

KOM. KAepHKajibHasi rpynna ecxecxseHHo 6biJia saMKHyxa

M HCMHOrOHHCJieHHa, HO nOJIbSOBaJiaCb KpynHbIM BAHHHHeM.

BuOrpa^JHHeCKH BJIHHHHe KJiepHKanH3Ma Bbipa3HA0Cb B JiHcxe

xeM, MXO OH (})aKXHHecKn caM cxaji KJiepuKajiOM, BcxynHB

B AyxoBHoe 3BaHHe eme sa 20 Jiex ao cBoeft cMcpxn. Hpn-

KOCHOBeHHOCXb erO K KaXOJIHHeCKO-KJiepHKaJIbHOMy MHCXHUHSMy

Bbipa6axbiBajiacb roAaMH, c xoro BpeMCHH, KorAa BOo6me ycHJiH-

jiHCb peaKUHOHHbie xeMeHMH B BbicmeM aBcxpHftcKOM H repMan-

CKOM o6mecxBe, ho rjiaBHWM o6pa30M axo ero nacxpoeHHe

KpenHex c MOMenxa nocejienHH ero b Phmb, b uenxpe nan-

CKoro KJiepHKajiHSMa (1861—1870). HacxpoenHsi KJiepHKajib-

Horo xHna Bbipa^cajiHCb Aa>Ke b ero cbcxckhx KOMno3HUHflx

b pMAe oxxeHKOB: xo KaK npHMeneHHe x o p a ;i a h ApeBHeft

ceKBCHUKH B BHpxyo3HOM o6pa6oxKe („njiflCKa CMepXH",

.,4)paHUHCK, XOAMIUHM HO BOAaM*', H Hp.), XO KaK o6mHM XOH

•.lOMnosHUHH— co3epuaxejibHO - canxHMeHxajibHbiH, npoHHKny-

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MysbiKa nocjie Baxa. "'^V^'-'rypHo-uepKOBHasi"

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') B a r H e p (1813 ISSS)

oTHoc«xc. ero paH„„e onepu ( JeT,"3'^^'- ^ ^''"^ P^^-^'V "^PHo^y

c „PHe„UH« (1840) Bar„ep BbrcT^arTUr'""'"""'^'"°^°'^'^" ^«36). y«e

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HaoxH KoxopoK, ,,PeJoi rriLS::;,:: ''-"P-^ cn:KxaK„.x), „epL,eHeHHH ,.H„5e„yHroB" BCKop^ Hac;'vn„rnenon '

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13

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npenMyiuecTBeHHo Be6ep h M a

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uiafl BarHepa, 6biJia jinxepaTypHO-apTHCTMHecKaH 6oreMa.

KyjibxypHafl, HHTejiJinreHTHaH, npoHMsaHHaa 4)hjiococ})ckhmh

nOCTpoeHHHMH HAeaJIHSMa H MHCTO-JlHTCpaTypHblMH BeHHHJIMM

poMaHTHKOB. BarHcp B eme 6ojibmefi[ h opraHHHecKofi Mepe.

MCM llIyMaH, cosHflajicH JiHxepaTypHbiMM HfleaMW TotfiMaHa,

M B ero co6cTBeHHbix ^iHTeparypHbix nucaHrax MoacHO 6es

Tpyfla ycMorpeTb BJiHHHue TnnHHHOM roc^jMaHOBCKOH Manepbi.

nepBOHanajibHoe cxoactbo Barnepa c ro4)MaHOM ycyry6j]jj-

•

jiocb ero 6poflflHHM, Heo6ecneMeHHbiM 6biTOM h ero MHoro^

cTopoHHefl oflapeHHOcTbKJ (waK MysbiKanT. no3TH JiHTepaxop,

noBMflHMOMy, H KaK aKxep). 3to M<e npeAonpeflejiHJio ero

MysbiKajibHOCTb, KaK TearpajibHyK). KaK cueHMnecKyro no

npewMymecTBy h flance HCKJiiOHHTejibHO. B paHHioK) snoxy

CBoeft AeflTejibHOCTH Baraep sbicTynaeT. KaK omn h3 noflpa-

acaxeJieR cthjih nauMOHajibHoft poMaHxuHecKoA onepw, npH-

BHBUiefiCJ! B Tex HHTeJIJIHreHTCKHX KpyraX. K KOTOpbIM caM OH

npHHaflJieJKaji. 3tot nepBbift nepwoA xapaKTepMsyercH toS

. paCTepHHHOCTbK) H OTCyTCTBHeM TBepflOFO HanpaBJieHMSJ,

; KOTOpbie OMeHb THnWHHbl ttJIH JIHTepaTypHO-apXHCTHHeCKOH

6oreMbK Barnep eme He sHaex, b KaKOi^ c4)epe oh 6yfleT

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pa6oTaTb,— KaK noar h ApaMaxypr HJiHKaK MysbiKanT—kom-

no3HTop onep. Vcnex 6ojibmoft onepbi napn>KCKoro ctmjisi

(CnoHTHHH, Meftep6ep) BbWBHHyji npeji hhm bo bcbm 6jiecKe

saaaMH onepbi h yKaaaJi Ty rpynny noTpe6HTeJiefi. k KOropofi

oh AOJiM<eH 6bw6bi anejiJiHpoBaTb.— uiHpoKyK) ny6jiHKy, MCAy-

myio spejiHiua. od'acHHiomero eft 6ojiee rjiy6oKoe, sanoweHHoe

B ApaMaTHHecKOM H B MysbiKajibHOM o6pa3e. Ho cTHJib 6ojib-

moPi onepbi, paccMHTaHHbifi na npMMHTHBHbift, rpy6bia BKyc,

nonyMHn anmcimo h Mor BCpHyTbcn Ha po«HHy, rae oh 6bin BCTpeneH, kbk

HauHOHanbHbiH reHHfi, h CNor, npa ynacTHH yBneMCHHoro ero tbophcctbom

6aBapcKoro Koponsi, ocymecxBHXb cboh rpaHflHOSHwe nnaHw o cosAaHHH cne-

wanbHoro TeaTpa «ji5i cbohx «paM b r. BaflpeKTe, KOTopwR craji c rex nop

ueHTpoM „BarHepH3Ma". B 1881 r. B. aaKOHHHji csoe nocneflHee npoHSseae-

Hwe „napcH4)anb". KpoMe sthx Kpynnbix npoHSsefleHHR, Baraep uanHcan pjifl

MCHe'e KpynHbix, hs Koxopwx cymecTaeHHoe sHaneHHe HMeei ysepTiopa

OaycT" (1840, BnocneflCXBHH nepepa6oxaHa), naxb poMaHCOB na cboh

coScxBeHHbie xckcxw (1858), oxnacxH nocnyMHBUiHe MaxepHanoM una

.JpHcxana". Barnep noMHMO xoro, mxo 6bin KOMnosHiopoM, HBnancfl eme.

nepBOKnaccHbiM noaxoM, nHcaBuiHM xeKcxw «na cbohx npaM.

l»0

He Mor nojiHocTbH) yaoBJiexBopHTb Barnepa. oh oTAaex eftAO;ir B CBOCM „PHeHUH", HanHcaHHOM b MaHepe CnoHTHHH hMefiep6epa. h ryr me y6eH<flaeTcsr. hto ero crajib, HaxoAH-lUHftcH B opraHHMecKoS cBflsaHHOCTH c nopoAHBUieft ero cpe-Aoft HHTenjieKTyajibHoA 6oreMbi, aojijkch 6biTb KaKoft-xo hhoS.Bpamaacb coBepmenHO a npyrax c(j[)epax, nen poManxHKMno3AHeft (i)opMauHH HHxejiJieKxyajibHoro Tuna (UlyMan hllioneH), Barnep KcnbixuBaji cpaBHHTejibHO Majio HenocpeA-CTBeHHbix bjimhhhh ot hhx, k TOi^y Mie ero pacneT 6bifl coBep-lUeHHO HHOfl. Oh H ne WMen B BHAy HHTHWHblft-MHHaHTlOpHblftCTHJib M Te Kpyra noTpednxejieft, Koxopwe axoro wajKAajiH:c caMoro Hanaaa h ao KOHua jkhshh P. Barnep xsepAO Aep-masica iiiHpoKoro h MOHyMenxajibHoro, rpaHAHosHoro pycjiaHCKyccxBa. Ha Hero mofjih BOSAeftcxBosaxb npsiMo h neno-cpeAcxBCHHo: Be6ep— co cbohm HauHonaAbHbm ApaMaTH3-MOM^ H HapoAHbiM MejiocoM. llIy6epT — C CBOefl HHCXO-repMBH-CKoft MejiOAHKofi, BexxoBeH— CO cbohm AHnaMHiecKHM hrepOHieCKHM CHMtj[>OHH3MOM, BepjIWOB— CO CBOeft nblUIHOCXblOH HOBHSHOft KpaCOK OpKCCXpa, CO CBOHM HCCTynjICHHblM pOMaH-TH3MOM, HaKOneU. JIhCT- CO CBOea MOmbK) H CTpCMJieHHeWK MOHyMeHTaJibHocxH. MAeojiorHHecKHe npeAnocbiJiKH xBopMe-cxBa BarHcpa KpbMncb e HAeajiHcxHHecKofi 4)hjioco4)hw. kbkH y Bcex poManxHKOB, a cxHjib BonjiomeHHa 6uji o6ycjioBJieHero ocoBHaHHbiM cxpeMJieHHeM cosAaxb MOHyMenxajibHoeM HauHOHaflbHoe repMancKoe HCKyccxBO. B sxomCMblCJie OH HBHJICJJ OXSByKOM TBX TeieHHft H COUHOJIOrHHCCKHXycTanoBOK, KOTopwe rocnoACTBOBajiH b ero anoxy b repMan-CKOM HHTejijiHreHXHOM MHpe. 3xo 6biJia anoxa peBOjnouHOH-HblX 6pOWeHHfl H CABHFOB, 6opb6a 3a MAeOJIOrHH) HOBblXcouHajibHbix <|)opM (1848 roA— sapowACHHe couwajiHSMa, anap-xHMecKaH nponaraHAa ero Apyra BaKyHHHa h np.). llpeJKHHftHauHOHajiHBM B AOMauiHHx, HHXHMHbix paMKax y«<e He yAOBJie-TBopjijr, HHxejiJieKxyajibHaa Mwcjib FepMaHWH Tpe6oBajia MHpo-Bbix nepcneKXHB, ona BbiKOBwaajia b axo Bpewq HAeK) MHpo-Boft rereMOHHH FepMaHHH, a pacxyiuaa 3KOHOMHMecKa« woiubcosAaaajia MorynHft KJiacc npoMbiiiifleHHofi 6ypM«ya3HH, koto-paa cosAaaa b cKopoM BpeweHH repMaHCKMft HMnepHajiHSM.Oxxoro Barnep, cwh hoboA anoxH HauwoHaflHSMa. yjKe HeMor Menxaxb o TBopnecxBe b paMKax Be6epa, oh MyscxBO-Baji, MTO HOBoft TepMaHMH, b pacMexe na Koxopyio oH

/4iiiMii)<Mte :><iri>frii^^'H>iii^"liiWf I ir

cTaBHJi npodjieMy xBopMecxBa, HyjKHo 6o;iee rpaHAwosHoe

HCHTO, 6o;iee opraHHHecKw TecHO cnanHHoe c nauHOHaJib-

HblMH pOflHHKaMH. 3KCKypCHH B o6jiacTb MCHepQepHSMa, CnOH'

TH3Ma H anejiJiauHH k cthjik) c|)paHu,y3CKO]M[ „rpaHji,-onepa"

6bIJIH B CymHOCTH TOJlbKO HCKaHHHMH 3TOH TpaHJl,H03H0H

4)0pMbI, HCKaHHHMH, 0T6p01UeHHbIMH Sa HeflOCTaTOMHOCTbK),

HO TeM He Menee HajioM<nBiiiHMH HSBecTHWH OTnenaTOK wa

Bce TBopnecTBO BarHepa. PpaHflHOBHaH cfjopna HaflACHa

6biJia BarHepoM, Koraa ero Mbicjib o6paTHJiacb k vp,ee Bce-

HapoAHoft ApaMbi H K ee npoTOTKnaM— aHTMMHbiM xp a re-

Ana m. Tyx OH He Mor ne HaxojiKHyxbcsi BHOBb na xy HAeio,

Koxopan KorAa-xo BwsBaAa k »ch3hh siBJieHHe FjiyKa. Bojibuiasi

onepa o6AaAaJia nbiuiHOcxbK) cneKxaKjiJi, ho He o6jiaAaJia

aAeKBaxHbiM coAepJKaHHeM, ueJibHocxbio ero. Ohb, 6jiaroAapfl

HSBCCXHOMy CXOACXBy BHeUIHHX, ee o6yCJ10BJIHBaK>mHX npHMHH,

nonajia npHMepHO b xe Mce ycjiOBVin, b KaKwx naxoAHAacb

4)paHuy3CKa5i cepbeBHaa onepa ao FjiyKa: uejibHocxb ApaMwHapyuiajiacb HacjioeHUHMK anxHApaMaxHHecKoro xapaKxepa.

fiBJieHHe Barnepa 6biJio b sxom cMwcjie b cHJibHOH cxenenn

anajiorHMHO aBJiennK) FjiyKa. PasHHua, EnponeM, xoMce 6bKaeymecxBeHHa, h6o cpeAH npHHHH, BbisbiBaBuiHx sjBJieHHe FflyKa,

He 6bi.io HauHonajibHoro ycxpenjieHHa, cxojib xapaKxepnoro

AJiH Barnepa. Barnep cosHAaji MOHyMenxajibHyK) Apany ajih

napoAa (hjih, KaK eny npeACxaB;iH.nocb, AJia HapoAa, a Ha

Aeae— AJia HauHOHajiHcxwHecKoA rpynnw noxpe6nxejieH, koxo-

paH AOJiJKHa 6biJia 6bixb, no ero mwcjih, MaKCHMajibKOuiHpoKoft, H noxoMy OH anejiJiHpoBaji k HAee napoAa)-

lllHpHHa XOH njiocKocxH, AJiH Koxopoft OH npoeKXHpoBaji CBoe

XBopMecxBO, xpe6oBajia pacuiHpeHHH pecypcoB HCKyccxBa.

C OAHOH cxopoHbi, 9XO 6bijio BOo6me cxaBKa na MaKCHMajib-

HyK) rpaHAHosHocxb, Koxopoft MoacHO 6biJio noKopaxb Maccw,

c ApyroH cxopoHbi, 3XO 6bi;io pacuiHpeHMe cawoK c(|)epbi,

—

onepa AOJiJKHa 6biJia nepecxaxb 6bixb onepoft, KaK Mysbi-

KajibHbiM aKxoM, OHa AOflJKHa 6biJia cxaxb eme n ApaMoft,Mxo6bi BOBJieHb B HHCJio cBoero noxp66Hxejia eme m ApaMa-xH4ecKH saHHxepecoBaHHbie Kpyrw. Barnep npeAnojiaraA pa6o-xaxb AJiH ayAHxopHH h3 MysbiKanxoB, noaroB h xeaxpajios,

a He xojibKo AJia MyswKaHxoB oahhx— AJia „MejiOMaHOB".

OxcK)Aa H ero MonyMeHxaJibHaa ycxanoBKa xBopnecxBa, hero HACH cHHxeaa HCKyccxB b MysbiKajibHofl Apane.

— ]97 —

Koxopast y Hero saneHHex mask) onepw. B aHXHMHofi xpa-reAHH OH BHACJi npoo6pa3 BceHapoAHoro MOHyMenxajibHoro

MCKyccxBa, paccMHxaHHoro xaK, Hxo6bi npoHSBOAHxb mbkch-

MajibHoe xyAO>KecxBeHHoe BOSAeflcxBue Ha MaKcuMajibHO uiHpo-

KyK) njiomaAb HacejieHHH. HapoAHbie HauHonaAbHbie m h 4) bi

AOJlHCHbl 6bIJlH 6bITb HCXOAHbIM nyHKXOM SXOrO BCJIKKOrO Hau,no-

HajibHoro HCKyccxBa, Koxopoe hmbjio uejibio nocxaBHXb b njiane

HCKyccxB FepMaHHK) npeBbiiue Bcex cxpan, npw new kbk

b o6jiacxH xpaKxoBKK MHc|)a, xaK h b oSjiacxn MysbiKajibHoro

BonjiomeHHH BarHep npH6er k MexoAe, y«e mhophmh aBxopaMHHHTyHXHBHO npOBefteHHOft, KOXOpyK) MO^HO 0603HaMHXb, KaK

„9cxexHHecKn-HepapxHHecKyK>". Ona saKJuonajiacb b xom, mxo

B cc|3epy noxpe6nxejiJi HCKyccxsa BOBJiewajiHCb MaKcuMajibPO

lunpoKMe KpyrH jihu. xeM, hxo npeAcxaBHxejm pasKbix BKyco-

Bbix rpynn, KajKAaa b oxAejibHOcxH HaxoAHJia b sxom HCKyc-

cTBe HyHCHbie hm sjiewenxbi. Rjia KBajinc|)HLi,vipoBaHHoro

MysbiKaHxa xaM 6biJia HOBHsna MyBWKajibHwx Mbicjiefl h HOBa-

xopcxBO B MHCxo- xexHMMecKOH o6jiacxH, AJI5J nHxejiJivireHxa-

iiauHOHajiHcxa— uiMpoKan HauHOHajibnan xpaKXOBKa rcKyc-

cxBa, AflH 4)HJioco4)a-HHxejiJiHreHxa— CHMBOJiuMecKoe ocBeme-HHC MH(|)a, AJia uiHpoKoft ny6.jiHKM— HMnoHHpoBaHHe o6mefl

Heo6biMHOcxbio H rpaHAHOSHOcxbK) KOHuenuHH, cxasKa Ha Bce

HCKyccxBa sapas. B noMCKax (|)opMbi, cooxBexcxBOBaBuiCM

3XOH MOHyMenxaJibHOH HAee, Barnep peiUHxejibHO cxaHOBHxcH

K p a fl H H M K o B a X o p o M, c HCcpaBHeHHO 6ojiee pCBKOft

HOBaxopcKOM ycxaHOBKOM, HCJKCJiH y LUyMaHa, Jlncxa m

lUonsHa. Oh npH6eraex k HosbiM MysbiKajibHWM pecypcaM,

KaK K cpcAcxBy npeAeJibHOM BbipasuxejibHOcxw m KaK k cpeA-cxBy, npHKOBbisaiomeMy 3cxexH4ecKoe BHUMaHvie Heo6biH-

HOCXbK). Oh, CXpeMJICb K HaHBblCmeH rpaHAHOSHOCXH cfJopMbi,

yHMHxoM^aex npaBvuibHwe MexpMMecKne o6pa30BaHH5i b wysbme,Ny3biKa.nbHaa Macca, Koxopaa ao nero ABuraJiacb npepw-BMcxo, b paccpOMKy, KaK 6bi JKCJiaji Aaxb opHeHXMpoBaxbcacjiyuiaxe,iiK) b AexajiHx, paccMOxpexb hx npHcxajibnee, y HeroHaHHHaex ABHraxbca Bceft Maccol^ cnjioiub, n6o uejib ee y^ce

HHasi — noKopHXb cjiymaxejM cxhxhmhoh rpaHAHOsHOcxbto Bne-

HaxjieHHH H nojiHoft HOBHSHoft cro, AaBaa OAHOapeMeHHO noji-

Hyto cBo6oAy 3KcnpeccHH. OxcKJAa ero HAesi h npaKXHKa6ecKOHe4HOH MejiOAHM; KOTopaa He pa36HBaexcH nacfjopMajibHbie sjieMeHXb! h oxAe.nbHocxM, OTCKJAa ero cucxeMa

^imitiSbSk UmHHM .'^istaiiiiitil(B>»i^W

— 198 199

JieftTMOTHBOB, HJIH MySblKajIbHbJX XapaKTCpHCTHK, HJIW

MySblKaJIbHblX „CJIOb", CHMBOJIOB, KOTOpbie o603HaMaK>T HACHH aCTCTHHeCKH CJiywaT JtJIH TOrO, MT06bI BCe-TaKH AaTb OpHBH-

THposaTbcH B arofi Macce Heo6biHHbix BneHaTJieHHfl, KaKHw-ro

o6pa30M ypasHOBecHTb He6biBajiyK) xaoTHHHOCTb Bnenaxjie-

HMH. Ms Toro ace cTpeMJieHwa k rpaHflwosHOMy saxBary cJiy-

marejiH nponcTCKaeT ero nbiuiHOCTb opKecxpoBKH, b KOTopoft

OH npessomeji h JIncTa, h BepjiHOsa, h ero xpoMaTHSM,KOTopbifl HaHHHaex cocpeAOTOHHBaTbCJi B ero TBopnecTBe

HMCHHO K MOMCHTaM CrO nOJIHOPO OCOSHaHHH. BsHB y CBOHX

npeauiecTBCHHUKOB Bce, hto 6bijio rpaHAHosHoro b hx mcto-

flax BotuiomeHHsi, Barnep aoboaht 3th pecypcw ao Bbicmefi

cxeneHH. B 9tom othouichhh ero ponb HHorAa anajiorHMHa

BexxoBCHy, Koxopbift bbcji b MyswKy AMHaMHSM; Baraep

ace BBOAHx cjieAyiomyK) cxbahk) axoro AHHaMHSMa— cxwxHfi-

Hocxb, Koxopas! y Hero npoHHKaex c{|)epy ApaMaxHnecKofi

MysbiKH xaK we, KaK y Bexxosena AHHaMHMHOcxb npoHHsajia

CHM(|)OHHK). Oxxoro MOMCHO cKasaxb, Mxo Barnep SBJisjexcH

chm4)ohhcxom b MHpe MysbiKajibHoR ApaMbi, h6o oh Aa;i

onepe MyawKajibHyio cxHXHftnocxb, panee eft nywAyio. B xo

ace BpewH Barnep b cBoeft norone sa MOHyMCHxajibHocxbio

He Mor npofixH mhmo yace pecxaspHpoBaHHoro oxnacTW npea<-

HHMM poMaHXHKaMH Baxa c ero rpaHAwosHbiM cxHJieM. Xpo-

MaxMSM Baxa h ero HacbimeHHast nojiH4)OHHHecKaH ManepaHaMHHaiox BJiacxHO noKopHXb renvtPi Barnepa, h oh b cym-HocxH oKasbiBaexca HaH6ojiee cymecxBeHHbiM pecxaBpaxopoM

nojiHtfjoHMH B XIX BSKe, npn MBM ero noflm|)OHH9 ya<e He

opHCHXHpyexca Ha oxKpbixyio h HaHBayio nMHxauHOHHyio

4>opMy ((jjjyra, KanoH), a Bbipa6axbiBaex HOBbie, CMe-uiaHHbie <|)opMbi, nojiyroMo4)OHHMecKHe, nojiy-

nojiH4>OHHHecKHe, Koxopbie c xex nop cxaHOBHXCH

HaH6oJiee npHHSCXblMH e CMMt|)OHHHeCKOM CXHJie.

C „Kojibua HH6e;iyHroB" (Han. b 50-x roAax) Barnep

ocosHaex cboh saAanH h cboA: MAeaJi, a c „TpHcxaHa m

MsojibAbi" (1856) OH Bbipa6axbiBaeT cboK cxHjib, ya<e Hacw-

meHHbift H nojin(|)OHHeft, h HOBbiM rapMOHMHecKHM Maxepwa-

jioM H xewH npHeMaMH, Koxopwe mm BnepBbie BHecenbi b Mysbi-

KanbHoe HCKyccxBO. Tox powanxwHecKHM HauHOHajmsM, koxo-

pbifirocnoAcxBOBaJi b neMeuKOM o6u3;ecxBe Hanajia 50-x toaob,

KOFAa 4»opMHpoBajicH BarHep h ero HanpaBfleHne, sa sxo

BpeMH ycnejl CHJIbHO HSMeHHXbCH H HaCXbK) BOBCe HCHeSHyXb.

FepMaHMH 60-x h b oco6eHHOcxH 70-x toaob 6bijia yace cxpa-

HOH c onpeAejieHHbiM yp6aHHH[ecKMM, npoMbiuiJieHHbiM xeMnoMpasBHXHSf, c HapoAHBiueflcH oneHb KpynHOft dypacyasHeft,

c onpeAejieHHbiMH HMnepHajiHCTHMecKHMn xeHAeHUHHMH. McKyc-

cxBO cxaHOBHxcH BOcnpHHHMaeMbiM Hc xoJibKO B acncKxe

nHAHBMAyajibHoro nepeacHBaHHJi, ho h kbk MSBecxHoe arHxa-

XHBHoe cpeAcxBO, KaK MexoA BOSAeflcxBUJi Ha Maccbi. McKyc-

cxBO Barnepa a axoM CMbicjie Morjio siBMXbca snaMeneM

o6'eAHHeHHH repMaHCKOH Kyjibxypbi, 6jiaroAapH cBoeMy

apKO HauHOHajibHOMy xony, xew sjieweHxaM cymecxBeH-

Horo repMaHHSMa, Koxapwe b hcm 6biJiH sajioacenbi, h ero

MOHyMenxajibHoA xeKxoHHKe. Barnep, cxasumfl ms ponaHXHKa h

Heo6y3AaHHoro cwna doreMW (3xhm 6oreMH3MOM b cyinHOcxH

onpeAejiHJica h ero „peBOJiK)u;HOHH3M" b 48 roAy, sa Koxopwft

OH noABeprcj! HsrHanHJO h3 FepManHH)—snaMeneM nauHOHajib-

Horo o6'eAHHeHHa FepMaHHH a o6jiacxH HCKyccxBa, cxa-

HOBHxcH conpHHacxHbiM xoMy apHcxoKpaxHMCCKOMy Kpyry,

Koxopbifl panee, b snoxy ero „Be6epn3Ma" ii nepBbix MeMxanMft

o nauHonajibHOM wcKyccxBe, 6bin eny snojine nyacA- Oh sna-

KOMHXcfl c JIhcxom, Koxopbift noAAepacHBaex ero XBopnecxBO

H ero caMoro nyxen nponaraHAw ero coHMneHHw, xpaHc-

KpHnUHHMH H APyrHMK nyXHMH, OH BXOAHT B HSblCKaHHblfl

Kpyr Bbicuieft HHxejiJieKxyajibHofi apwcxoKpaxMH. HecoMHeHHO,

MXO Barnep, KaK KpynneKmaH arHxaxuBHasi CH,iia, 6biji yHxen

B 3XOM acneKxe HauHOHajibno-HMnepHajiHcxHHCCKHMH Kpyrarw

repManwH, Koxopam b axy anoxy nanajia no6eAOHOCHO o6'eAH-

iH5iTbCH B uejibHyio H BCJinKyio HMRepHK). H npurjiaujeHMe

Barnepa 6aBapcKHM Kopojiew ajih opranMaauMH cBoero MOHy-

Menxa^ibHoro HCKyccxBa b HaM6ojiee KoncepBaxHBHoA h KJie-

pHKajibHO nacxpoennoft nacxH FepManHM (BaBapHw) 6biJio ne

cjiynaftHbiM HojicHHeM: oho 6biJio o6ycJiOBjieHO hmchho mhcthhk-

xHBHbiM ynexoM ero snaMeHHJi, KaK xyAoacHMKa. FlonaAaJi b 3xot

Kpyr, Barnep He Mor ne noAflaxbca hhcxhhkxhbho neKoxopbiM

oco6eHHOcxsjM ero SByKOcosepuanHsi h ero B0o6me xyAoace-

cxBennoro MnpoBosspeHHs. OHJioco4)CKHft nAeajiH3M Mnpo-

omymenHH, xapaKxepnbifi ajisi Barnepa, kbk h ajis Bcex poMaH-XHKOB, B Hanajie ero AeaxejibHocxH oneHb 6jiH3KHft k poMaH-THSMy ro(|)MaHa, noneMHory AecfcopMHpyexca: b snoxy eroMsraaHHsi H BbiHyjKAeHHoro oxpbiBa ox HauHonajibnocxM oh

— 2UV — — 201 —

cflaeTCH noa HanopoM BoaspeHuft uioneHrayepoBCKoro neccn-

MH3Ma, a noTOM MSMeHHexcji B onpeflejieHHbift mhcthuhsm,KOTopwft npHTOM HBJiHeTCH OKpauieHHbiM B xapaKTepHbie K a T o-

jiMMecKHe TOHa, KaK h y JlwcTa. B 3toh 3bojik)iihh, 6ec-

cnopHO, CKasbieaexcH nyxb hsnc leHHH Toro Kpyra noTpedHxejiJi,

Ha KOTopbifl ormpajica hhcthhkthbho BarHep, KOTopbifi CHa^ajia

pHcoaajicH CMy, kbk neMeuKHft napofl e ocsemeHHH HAeajiH-

CTHHCCKOM (^JHJlOCOcfjHH, a nOTOM KaK TOT »<€ KapOfl— B H3JIO-

>KeHHH KjiepHKajibHoro HMnepnaJiH3Ma; nofl, caMWH jkC kohcuM<H3HH eflsa jiH BarHep He saMKHyjica b HepaTHMecKOM Kpyry

„HeMHorHx", cosAaBan y^ce KCKyccTBO, KOTopoe TOJibKO noreH-

UHajibHO npeflHasHanajiocb juih „HapoAa", a b cyiUHocTvi 6biJio

rJiy6oKo sawKHyibiM h AocxynHbiM xojibKo HeMHorHM nocBa-

meHHblM XyflOJKeCTBeHHOft riJIOCKOCTH. TaKHMM HacxpoeHHHMMnpoHHKHyTbi nocjieaHHe coHMHeHHH Barnepa, MHCTHMecKHeajieMCHTbl B KOTOpWX HaMMHaKJT AOMMHHpOBaTb. HaMMHaHc „TpMCTaHa" (nepHOja, yBJieMeHHH uioneHrayepoBCKOM (|)hjio-

cocfjucM), H K OKOHMaHHK) „HH6ejiyHroB" 3TO HacTpoeHMeKpenneT, Bbipaxcasjcb b MyswKajibHOM njiane, bo Bce pacTymeScjio^KKOCTH MysbiKajibHoft TKaHM, B nojiHcfjOHHH, Bcepfla conpo-

BOHCAaBiueft MHCTHUVI3M B MysbiKC, M 3aBepuiaeTCH nosfsjie-

HMCM y>Ke OTKpOBeHHO MHCTHHCCKH nOCTpoeHHOPO „napCM-

4)ajiH", B KOTopoM MOHCHo BHfleTb saBepuieHHe Tex KJiepH-

KaJlbHblX HaCTpOeHHfi, KOTOpbie nOMTH B TOnHnmepsiaAHSa- jq<e BpCMH COSHflaJlH B TBOpHeCTBC JIhctB

ero cTpeMJieHHC k uepKOBHOM MOHyMeHTajibHO-

cth. OxopBaHHOcTb nocjieflHHx npoHSBefleHKfl

BarHepa, cTOJib ^e, ecjiH He 6ojiee npewHux,

MOHyMeHTajibHbix no 4)aKType, h orpaHHHeHHe ero npyra

noTpe6nTe.neH cneuM4>HMecKHM KpyroM jihu oxnacTH

H3 apHCTOKpaTHHeCKHX SiieMeHTOB, OTHaCTH H3 BblClUeil HHTeJI"

JIHreHUHH, OTMaCTH H3 CHOdnHeCKOM MHPOBOM 6ypjKya3HH,

CTpeMHBUieficH npHBCTCTBOBaTb BarHepa, KaK Bce apnoe h

CHJibHo aefiCTByiomee, 6biJiH npHHHHoft Toro, hto b cymno-CTH ero nocjieflHwe npoHSBefleKKH ujhpokmmh MaccaMH „npH-

SHSHbi" He 6biJTH, MTO OHH ocTajiHCb AJiH HepaTHHCCKoro Kpyra

MySblKaHTOB H XyXOWHHKOB 6ojiee BblCOKOM KBaJIHCfjHKaUHH,

npnTOM Kpyra OMCHb opHrwHajibHoro, He coBnaAaBuiero c Kpy-

roM npodjcccwoKajiOB, jijih KOToporo CTH,iib BarHepa 6biJi

cjiMUJKOM HOB H ABKopaTHBHO Heo6biHeH, a CKopee 6biBmero

gHH" {lOMaHTHSMa

B QOSARCM Bar-

Hepe.

KpyroM BbiciueH MHTejiJiHreHUHH „HeMy3hiKajibHoro THna.

Chmbojiom 3Toro cneuH4)HHecKoro Kpyra noTpe6nTejieH mbhjicsj

BarnepoBCKuft „BaMpeMT", cBoero pofla cBHineHHasi MeKKaBarHepHCTOB, Ky^a ohm cTeKajiHcb cjiyuiaTb npoHSBefleHvu?

BejiHKOro yMHTejiH, b rennajibHbix pasMepax AaposaHHsi koto-

poro, B MysbiKajibHoft HCTopHH 6ecnpnMepHbix, HexpyAHO yjio-

BHTb MepXbl CXOACTBa C BBJIUKHMH yHHXeJlJIMM HeJIOBCHeCXBa

B o6jiacxH pejinraosHOH mwcjih. Y^Ke oaho xo, mxo Barnepy,

npH Heo6bi4HOcxH ero MysbiKajibHbix 4>opM hjih 6jiaroAapji hm,

yAajiocb nocxaBHTb cbom aBxopHxex xaK 6ecnpHMepHO BbicoKO,

noKasbiBaex, mxo b ero JiHue mu nMeeM Aejio c hckjihjhm-

TCJibHOH reHHajibwocxH JIMUOM, Koxopbift 6jiHcxaxejibHo sasep-

maex h ncMepnbiBaex co6ok) snoxy poMaHxHSMa h KOTopbift

OKasbiBaeT necJibixaKHO cHJibHoe BOSAcftcTBHe na Bcto MysbiKy.

B caMoft JKe FepMaHMn HBJieHHe Barnepa OKasajiocb eABa n\\

ne poKOBbiM, n6o HanpHHceHne Tex napoAHbix chji, KOTopwecosAaAH 3Ty AHHHOCTb, KaK 6yATO oKa3ajiocb nocjie ero cnepxH

HCHepnaHHbiM, h NysbiKajibHaa Hcxopusi repMaHwn ao Barnepa,

HCKJiK)HHxejibHO 6;iecxHmaji, cosAaBuia^ FepMaHMM cjiaBy Mnpo-

Boro MysbiKajibHoro uenxpa h rereMOHHsvipyiomeM b My3biKe

HauHH, nocjie BarHepa naMMHaex 6jieKHyxb h Aafiaib xojibKO

3nnroHHMecKHe hjih rpoxecKHbie 4>opMbi. B Barnepe, 6biBUieM

onepHbiM KOMnosHxopoM M MysbiKajfbHoft ApaMe oxAaBuieM

Bce xBopnecxBO, xapaKxepeH xeM ne Menee MOMeHx hcxhh-

Horo CHMc|)OHH3Ma. HccMOxpH Ha xo, MXO saMbiceA ero

npcAonpeAeAflJi nyBbiKC xojibKO necxo „Ka pHAy" co cjiobom

H o6cxaHOBKoii b xeaxpe, 4)aKTHMecKH ero MysbiKajibHbift

reHMM AOMHHHpoBaji, 6bixb MOM<ex, 6oJiee, MeM bo Bcex npeAWAy-

uiHx HBJieHHHX MysbiKajibHO-ApaMaxHMBCKoro cHHxesa. Rocjie

Hero, BHecmero b JKHSHb onepw xaK mhopo hobhx Mepx, noji-

Hbift BOBBpax K MysbiKajibHOMy HHCbMy npe^cHero cxaA neMbic-

jiHM, H Bce onepHoe h cHM450HHMecKoe HCKyccTBO nosAHefi-

luero BpeMeHH cxohx noA TeM hjih hhwh BJiHHHHeM Barne-

pH3Ma. MxorH AeaxejibHocxn Barnepa bo MHoroM 6b!JiH HeosKH-

AaHHbi AJiH Hero caMoro: axa KOJioccajibHaa bojih, cxpeMHB-

luasca noBepnyxb HcxopHio MyBbiKajibHoro HcwyccxBa, Bce ?Ke

caMa xaK hjih HnaMe noABepraJiacb njiacxHMecKHM BOBAefi-

cxBHHM OKpyjKaiomeft o6cxaHOBKH. rioaxoMy, MceJiaBuiHH npo-

BecxH pe(|)opMy „onepbi", cacjisb hb nee MysbiKajibHyro ApaMy,

BarHep axoro-xo b cymnocxH h ne AOcxHrnyji: oh xoJibKo

i m.

— 202 -

onepHOMy MOHyMeHxajibHOMy HCKyccxBy npHftaji HecjiwxaHHO

rpaHflHOSHbie t^^OpMbl H COSaaJI HOBbie TeXHHMeCKHC Meroflb!

npefl,ejibHoft SKcnpeccHW. TKenasmviPi cosAaxb HCKyccxBO e c e-

HapoflHoe, OH cosAaJi HCKyccTBO, TOJibKO HMnoHHpyromee

BO BceHapoBHOM MacmTa6e, a no cymecTBy — wcKyccxBO

HepaxHHecKoro Kpyra, Mano Aocxynnoe Macce. Ero JiHxepaxyp-

Hbie nHcaHHH, a Koxopwx oh cxapajicsi noflBecxH Mfleojiorw-

necKHft (t>yHflaMeHx nofl CBoe HCKyccxBO („Onepa h apaMa",

„My3biKa 6yAymero" h np), nacxuMHO lunpe ero peajiHsauHH,

MacxHHHo 7Ke OH cflCJiaji 6ojibuie, mcm xoxeji, m b coBepmeHHO

HHbix o6jiacxflx. Ero cosAanHH, ms KOxopwx paHHwe

<„MopjiK-cKnxajieu" 1840. .JaHreflaep" 1843. „Jlo9HrpHH" 184i)

AO CHX nop o6cJiyM«HBaK)x BKycw uinpoKoS onepHofl Maccbi,

a nosAHee („HH6eflyHrH" 1852—1876, ..TpHcxan" 1856. „MeM-

cxepsHHrepw" 1862, „napcvi£|f)aJib" 1881)— npeflcxaBJwnox flo

CHX nop JiHuib yaeji neMHorHx h AeficxByrox Ha uiHpoKyio Maccy

xoflbKO ajiCMeHxaMH CBoeft rpaHAHOSHOcxH,— ero cosflaHwa

He B xaKoft Mepe oxpaMcaiox ero xeopHw, Koxopwe npe^Ba-

pHJiH ero npaKXHKy, CKOJibKO o6HapyM<HBaK)x pasBHXHe ero

XBOpneCXBa B SaBUCHMOCXH ox CXHXhShO MCHJIBlIieflCJI COUHO-

jiorHHecKoS axMOC(|)epbi ero coBpeMenHocxH h b cBoew Mony-

weHxajibHOM. Bbicuieft HanpsiaceHKOcxH acncKxe xohho oxpa-

acarox KapxHHy xofi Moryneft bojih. Koxopaa oflHOspeMeHHO

c 3XHM cosHAajia repMancKoe rocyjxapcxBO.

Kaa OpaHuyscKasi MysbiKa nocjie HopMajibHoro

onepa BTopoS no- ftjia ^jpsHuyscKoro BKyca flBJieHHS Meftep6epa

AOBBHuXIXseKa. H y^e yKJIOHSK>meMCJ! ^'opMbi BepjiHOsa KaK

6bi pasABoaexcH. C oahom cxopoHw. npoAOJiacaexcH npeacHHW

H 06bIHHaH AJIH 4'PaHUy30B JIHHHH onepHOTO HCKyCCXBa.KOMnoHHpyeMoro b pacnexe na uiHpoKHft Kpyrnoxpe6HxefleH. CHJibnaa HHAHBHAyajibHocxb Mefiep6epa

HajiOHCHjia HaAOJiro cbom oxnenaxoK Ha onepy bo Opan-

UHH. H nacxo 3XOX oxnenaxoK, cxo^ib JiHUieHHbifi: b ocHose

sjieMBHxoB BKyca, K KOxopoMy Bce M<e Hauna 6biJia cKJioHna

He xojibKO B CBOHX apHcxoKpaxHHecKHx npcAcxaBHxejinx,

cjiyacHA He k nojib3e HCKyccxBa. Mefiep6ep, Pocchhh, Bep-

JIH03 H BarHep — box xa AOBOJibHO necxpaw rpynna, noA

BjiHHHHeM Koxopofi pasBHBajiacb djipanuyscKaa onepa XIX

Fyao, ToHa.

— 203 —

BBKa. K onepHoPi Mysbiwe see we He npeA'siBJiJiexcsi b cym-HOCXH HH 60JIbUIHX Xpe6oBaHHft, HH KaKHX-HH6yAb oco-6bix acxexHHecKHX saAaHHfl: axo o6pa3yex KaK 6bi Ha^a-MceHHyH) o6jia:cxb xpaAHUHOHHoro „npoM3BOAcxBa". HMeiomeroonpeAeneHHbift c6bix, h xojibxo b nopjiAKe HesHaMHxejib-Hbix yAyMuieHHfi nponsBOAcxBa. Konnpyromero h sawMcxBy-romero xo xy, xo Apyryio nepxy h3 AeKCHKona ApyrwxHHOCXpaHHblX aBXOpOB. rioA BAHHHHeM OXMaCXH PoC"

CHHH, oxnacxH npesKHcfl c|)paHuy3CKOH onep-Hoft lUKOJibi (FajieBH, Meflep6ep) pa6oxa;i

Fyno ^) (1818—1893), aBxop nonyAJipHoft onepbi „Oaycx",Koxopasi, KaK h onepa MeHep6epa. 6biAa paccHHxana Ha caMweuiHpoKHe Maccbi noxpe6HxeAeM, npHSAeKasj rAaBHbiM o6pa30Mnpocxoxoft <J)aKxypb!, npHMHXHBHbiM MeflOAH3MOM H ApaMa-XH3MOM. Bahsko. cK>Aa npwMbiKaex AM6pya3 Towa ^)

(1811—1896), B onepHofi (jjjaKxype Koxoporo sanexHO BAHHHHepoMaHXHHecKHx rapMOHHfl H oxHacxH paHHero Barnepa, HHKa-KHx. BnpoHeM. opraHHHecKHx cabhpob b cMbicae saAan onepbiHAH b cMbicAe pMXMHMecKoft cxpyKxypw He o6HapyM<HBaK)mee.

BarHepHSMBO <I>paHUHH npexepnen coBep-

BaraepasHmeHHO oco6oe npeAOMAeHwe, xaK KaK opraHH-

Bo OipaBpHH. lecKH repMaHCKHH Ayx seAHKoro KOMnosHxopa6biA MaAO cosByncH 4)paHuy3CKOMy Mwpocosep-

uaHHK). Hh na(|)oc Barnepa, hh ero cxpeMAenHe k MHcxHKe h Ae-reHAapnocxH, hh UHKAonHnecKaH cxpyKxypa ero My3biKa;ibHoft

XKaHH, hh HacbimeHHOcxb ero rapwoHMfl.— Bce 9xo HHKaK HeMOFAO „HpaBHXbca" onepnoft ny6AHKe OpanuHH h Aawe HeMorAO no cymecxBy HpasHXbCH m BOo6me 4)paHuy3aM npnMX paUHOHaAbHOM, aCXeXHHeCKH CyXOBaXOM My3bIKaAbHOM

') Fyno (1818—1893) Hantican MHoro coMHHeHHH, KOTOpbie see HeHMeiOT sHaHCHMq H He nojibsoEanHCb pacnpocTpaHeHMCM, KpoMC ero „<t>aycTa"

(1859), KOTopbiH 3HaMHTenbH0 OTnHMaeTCH no 4iaKType m CTHnio ot Bcex ero

coiHHCHHfi, npeflbiflyuiMX H nocneflyrouiHX, mto noflano noEOfl k rnnoTeseo TOM, MTO „<l>aycT" HanHcaH He FyHO, a HeHSBCCTHbiM aBTopoM. Kpowe„0aycTa",HM HanHcaHO „PoMeo m AwynteTTa" (1867) h eme 9 onep, a TaKMce

MCCCb), nepKOBHbie COHHHeHHn paSHblX HaHMeHOBaHHfi, KaHTaTbl H MHoro Men-

KHX COMHHeHHfi.

") To Ma (1811—1896)— asTop MHorHX npoHSBCfleHMH, b tom MHcnewecc,pcKEHCMa, KaMepHbix H . (jjopxenMaHKbix Bemefl. FnaBHyro cnaBy ero cocTa-

BHJIH onepbi, HHCnOM 19, H3 KOTOpWX SHaneHHe HMBCT TOJIbKO „MHHbOH" (1866)

H ..FaMneT" (1868).

.mtimtUiiiMiiiiituf

204

cosepuaHHH. jCl,aa<e xaKoft BbiflaiomnftcH h vkjiohmjoiuhhcsi ot

HopMajibHoro THna 4)paHU,y3, kbk Bepjinos,— h tot ocTaaca

rjryx k Han6o;iee u,eHHOMy m xapaKTepHOMy b TBopnecTBe

BarHepa. TeM He MCHee BHeuiHce cTpeMJieHne k sanMCTBO-

BaHHK) HCKOTopbix dco6eHHOCTeH cTHJiJi BarHcpa, B MaCTHO-

CTH ero xpoMaTH3Ma h rapMOHHHecKOM nbiuiHOCTH, 6biJio oneHb

saMCTHo BO OpaHUHH nocjie 60-x roflOB. BarHepusM npHo6pe-

Tajl, B CBHSH C o6mHM THnOM MyBCTBOBaHHH (|)paHUy30B H

B CB93H c BnojiHe c4>opMHpoBaBmnMCH TOHOM cnpoca ny6;iHKH,

HCKOTopbie „o6e3BpeMceHHbie" (fjopMbi, jiHiuasfCb KaK pas

caMoro B HCM cymecTBeHHoro. M to sth BarHepHSHpoBaHHbie

c|)OpMbI 6bIJIH B CymHOCTH HenpOHHbl H My«<flW c|)paHu,y3-

cKOMy flyxy h noTOMy 6bicTpo BbiswBajiH peaKu,HK> He TOJibKO

B ny6jiHKe, ho h b cpeae caMHx NysbiKaHTOB.

AKaaeMHSM K. CeH-CaHC ^) (1835—1922) hbhjicsi nan-Bo ii>paHiiHH.

6ojiee xapaKTepnbiM h3 sthx nceBflOBarnepH-CeH CaHc. IT V

CTOB. Ma caMOM aejie, b sto Bpewa bo qppaH-

uyscKOM MysbiKajibHOM MHpe spejiH KopHH Toro caMoro aKa-

aeMMSMa, KOTopbiH B FepMaHMH HecKOJibKO paHbuie nopo-

flHJi yiBJicHne MennejibcoHa , FIpHMHHbi aKaaeMHSMa 6bijiH 6ojiee

opraHHHHbr: ero noRBJieHHC Bbisbmajiocb hmchho pocTOM Kpyn-

Hofi 6ypjKya3HK h cBOMCTBenHbiM STOMy KJiaccy cnoKoflnbiM

3CTeTHHeCKHM MHpOCOSepUaHHeM, MyWflblM „6ypb M HaTHCKOB",

nOHTHTeJIbHO OTHOCHBIIIHMCH KO BCBMy BCJlHKOMy npOlIIJIOMy

M He HaMepeBaBiUHMCH npoHSBOflviTb KaKHe 6bi to hh 6bi;io

peBOJllOUMH B HCKyCCTBe. 3tO 6bIJI Tun paSyMHO-SBOJIlOTHB-

noro acTBTHSMa. M CeH-CaHC, KOTopbift BHemne nepBoe speMJi

KasajicH BarHepHCTOM h KyjibXHBHpoBaji cBo6oAHbiM THn onepbi

(„CaMCOH M JUajiMJia"), ne MyacaajicH h nporpaMMKoft MysbiKu

(„njijicKa cMepTH", ..OpsfjiKa OMcjjajibi" h np.). Ha nene 6biJi

HMCHHO nposiBJieHHeM TunHMHoro aKaRCMHHecKoro BsrjiHfla Ha

MysbiKy,— Toro sarnsfjia, Koxopbiw naxoAMfl noAAepacKy B Kpy-

rax KpynHofl 6yp>Kya3HH, cxaHOBHBUieftca bo OpaHUHH BpeneH

BTopoft HMnepHH Handojiee neTKO BwpaHceHHoft h Momnofi

couHajibHOM rpynnnpoBKOH. B 3tom aKaaeMHHfecKOM acxeTHSMe

') CeH-Canc (1835—1922) HanHcan orpoMHOS KOJiHHecxso komhoshuhh,

H3 KOTOpbix sHaMenHS HMBiOT onepa „CaMCOH H JlajTHjia" (ecero hm aanH-

caHO 10 onep), rpn chmcjjohhh, c[)opTenHaHHbie KOHuepxbi (Han6onee iisse-

CTCH 5-h), cHM(|)0HH4ecKne no9Mbt „njiHCKa CMcp™", „hOHOCTb FepKyjieca"

H „npsijiKa OM(|)anbi".. .

200

aaKJiaftbiBajTHCb ajieMewTbi pcKOHCTpyKUHH cTapHHHoro 4)paH-

uyscKoro BKyca, noKOJie6ji-eHHoro snoxofi peBOJiiouHH h BoftH.

Hn4ero MpeswepHoro— TaKOB jioayhr sToro HOBoro Bxyco-

Boro acxexHSMa; Bce noBbie pecypcbi npneMJiioTCjj, ho b o6e3-BpeMceHHOM BHfle, CHHTesHpyncb c MyapbiM npeKjioneHMeM

npefl npeKpacHofl cTapHHofi. OxcHJAa— Kyjibx npeKJioHeHwa

nepcA KJiaccMKaMH, nepea BaxoM, u b cbhsh c sthm pecxa-BpaUHJJ CTapHHHblX. apXaHMeCKHX 4)OpM MySblKH, B MaCTHOCTH

—

uepKOBHbix. CeH-CaHC He MyMcaaeTcn opaTopwajibHux 4)opM.

HHiiieT opraHHbie BeiHH, hohth 3a6biTbie h Jiwuib JImctom

BblSBaHHbie BHOBb K KH3HH. B TO MCe BpeMH OH, KBK THOMM-HbiH aKafleMHCT, o6jiaAaeT bcbm coBepmeHCTBOM tcxhhkh h

4)opM, HanoMHHaH 3thm cBofl aKafleMHMecKKM npoTOTHn— Mch-fleJibcoHa, KOTopoMy oh ycTynaji b AapoBaHHH, m OT^aeT noHe-

MHory floJiHCHoe bc e m o6;iacTHM MyswKH. C TeMewHeM BpeMCHHOH fla»«e caw cTanoBHTcsi jiBHbiM aHTHBarHepucTOMH y^Ke

OTKpbiTbiM KOHcepBaTopoM, npH HeM 3Ta snoxa ero noBopoTacosnaflaeT c tcm nojiHTHnecKHM momchtom, Kor^a FepMaHMsi

HaHOCHT noJiHTHMecKHft yAap OpaHu,nH (1870 r.).KAepHKaAHSM. T,

Heaapi. ©paBK. *° ^^ TCMeHHe aKaACMHSMa nopoAWJio

6ojiee apKoe h CHJibHoe sBJieHHe 11, e 3 a p Ji

OpaHKa^) (1822—1890), Koxopbift TOJKe nepBOHanajibHo KaK6bi npHMbiKacT BHeuiHHM o6pa30M K Barnepy, BanMCTsysi yHero He TOJibKO c})opMbi My3biKajTbHoro BbicKasbiBanHH, ho h AyxHX, He MyjKAblft H JlnCTy, HO Ha ACJie OTBeSfaBlUHil CnOKOMHbIMscTCTHHecKHM HacTpoeHHHM 6ypM<ya3Horo Kpyra h oTHacxHnoBbimeHHOMy pejiHrHOSHOMy HacTpoenHio naMHHaBiuHx hoahh-MaTb rojioBy bo OpanuHH K^epMKajibHbix KpyroB. B stomCMbicJie OH npoAOJiMcaeT jihhhk) JlHcxa, cosAaBasr MOHyMCH-TajibHbie (|)opMbi BAyxe peKoncTpyHpoBaHHoro cthjih XVIII BeKa(Bax), B KOTOpblX OH MBJlHeTCH nOJm4)OHHCTOM H KpynHbIMMacTepoM cTMJia. Ero Kpyr noTpe6HTejieH, a cbjish c ero

KJiepHKaJIbHOft OKpaCKOii 6bIJI UepKOBHblft H BbICOKO-6yp-

Ueaapb OpaHK (1822—1890) — 6ejibrHeu no nponcxo7KfleHHK), coeah-HHn B ce6e cepbesHOCTb repMaircKOH pacbi c H3siLuecT£0M (JjpaHuyacKo; o renMn.

Ero KOMnosHUHH OT>iacTH npHMbiKaioT K BarHepy, oxHacTH k BpaMcy h natKCBaxy. Ms khx KaHfionee nH-repecHbi: CHMcfjOHUHecKaa nosMa „npoKn5iTb»ioxothhk", opa-iopHajibRoro THna coHHHeHnsi („3ano2e;iH 6jTaM«eHCTEa", „Py4)b"H flp.), npcKpacHas! chm4)ohh!T, itaMepHwe co-jHHeHHsi, Mecca, mhoio opran-Hbix KOMnosHUHH H nonyiisipHasi CKpiinHHHaa conaTa.

-,*>'

MsyasHbiH; caM opraHHcx, oh ocxaBHJi 6oflbuioe KOJiviHecTBO

opraHHofl JiHTeparypbi, b KOTopofl MOAepHHSHposaji cthjib

Baxa. Ero THnnHHbifi: aKaflCMHSM, xoth h npoHHKHyTWH ceofl-

cTBeHHbiM (|)paHuy3CKoft pace crpeM-neHHeM k onapoBaHHio

sByMHOCTH H BKycoM, noA KOHeu, ero hchshh yrpaHHBaeT bch-

Kne CBH3H c poMaHTH3MOM. Ucsapb OpaHK, X0T5I H HanHcaji

HecKOJibKO onep, b cymHOcxH yMce cocTaBJineT nepexoA k hh-

cTpyMeHxajibHOMy aKaAeMHSMy, xaK h Cen-CaHC, Ana Koxoporo

xoH<e onepnaa cxhxhh y»ce hc xapaKxepna. Ecjih BKycw noxpe-

6nxejieft onepbi 6biJiH b flOcxaxoHHoft nepe HeHSMeHHW, to

BKycbi 6ojiee KsajiHcfJHitHpoBaHHbix KpyroB HcnbixbiBajiw hsbccx-

Hbie cflBwrH, H b MacxHOcxH aKaflCMHHecKoe xeMeHne c 70-x rr.

HaMajio Bce 6ojiee h 6oflee Kpennyxb bo OpaHunw, nopoMcaaH

P5?fl,bl KOMnOBHXOpCKHX H THnHMHO-aKafleMHHeCKHX „HCnOJIHH-

XejIbCKHX" flBJienuft (peKOHCXpyKUHH CXapHHHWX HHCXpyMeHXOB,

Kyjibx KJiaccHKOB, .opranHoft MyswKH, noHBJieHHe BupxyosoB-

opraHHcxoB— BHflopa h apyrux). OxnacxH aKaAGMHHecKHe

xeneHMH, nepcHOCHBUiHe xaK hjih HHane ueHxp HHxepeca

B 4)opMy H B npoiujioe MysbiKH, 6biJiH o6ycflOBJieHbi h xbm,

Mxo naxpHOXHHecKoe MyBcxeo OpaHUHH, ocKop6jieHHoe cbohm

BOcxoMHbiM, coceflOM—FepMaHMefit, hhcxhhkxhbho HCKajio My-

SblKajIbHblX HCXOMHHKOB B H 6 COBpeMCHHOft FepMaHMH H HaXO-

flHJio o6oflpeHHe b oxpnuaHviH Barnepa h b Kyjibxe npeacHHx

HCMUCB H BejIHKHX npeMCHHX (jjpaHU.ySCKMX KOMnOBHTOpOB.

BjiHHce npHMbiKaex k nanpaBJieHHK) BepjinoaaannroBu Bep-

(D. flaBMA^) (1 810—1 876), nbixaBuiHflcH pa6o-

xaxb B jiyxe nporpaMMHofi cmm4)Ohhh h onepw.

B BHAy xoro, Hxo caMo nanpaBJieHHe BepjiHOsa hmcjio b cym-

HOCXH MajIO npHSHaHHH H KOpHeft BO OpaHUHH. XBOpHeCXBO

aBxopoB, no oxHOUieHHio k Heny anwroHMHecKHX, Morjio pac-

cMHXbiBaxb xojibKO Ha eiuc MeHbuiyK) nonyjiapHOcxb h 3Ha-

Menne. M SHaneHHe flasHAa OKasaJiocb hhcxo, mbcxhwh, 4)paH-

uyscKHM npH new h xyx oho 6biflO aoBO^ibHO npexoaamiiM,

n6o ero onepHbift cxHJib ne Mor saBOCBaxb onepnoro pwHKa,

^') AaBMfl (1810—1876) HanHcan pBA KOMnosHUHK, b CBoe Bpena oieHb

nonynapHbix h flawe HauiyMeBuiHx. Ero nepy npHHafljiCMtaT 4 onepw, h3 koto-

pbix HMeex SHaHCHHe „JIanna Pyn", opaTopHH „MoHceH" h „3AeM" h „chm4)0-

HHH-KaHTaTbi", H3 KOTopbix HaHSonbuiyK) nonynnpHocTb cHHCKana „nycTbiHa .

SHaHCHHe J3,aBHAa 6brcTpo noMepKJio, sacnoHeHHoe 6ojiee npkHMH nsneHHSiMH

COBpeMeHHOCTH.

^ zvt —

KaK cxHflb FyHO, a ero chmcJjohhsm 6biJi, KaK npoMeacyxoHHoeflBflCHHe, B cKopoM BpcMeHH sacjiOHeH 6ojiee apkhnh aKaae-

MHHecKHMH sBjieHHSiMH CeH-CaHca H U. OpaHKa.CnacxjinBee OKaaanacb jihhhh onepnoro HCKyccxBa

BO OpanuHH, coaepiueHHo ne cBasaHHan c BarnepHSMOM h c po-

MaHXHHeCKOM 6epJIH03H3M0M, He HMeBlliaH, CXaJIO 6bIXb, HHKa-

Koro oxHOuieHHsr k HHxejiJiHreHxcKHM Kpyran, h xcm caMbiM hK 6ypH«ya3HOMy aKaAeMHSMy, a noKOHBU]a»c» Ha npoHHOM hHauHOHajibHOM 6a3Hce cfjpaHuyscKcft KOMHMecKoii onepbi.x.-e. nonpocxy onepw 6bixoBO&, c CHJibHoA ApaMaxHMecKofi

aKueHxyauneH h c MysMKoft no bosmoh^hocxh jicfkoA. VxePyHO meji oxnacxH no axoMy nyxH, xoxsi oh

^"^*Bhm**"''"6biJi eme 6jih3ok k cxapofl onepe FajieBH h]^eAep6epa, saHMCXBya MeJioflHKy y Pocchh)

Ho 6ojiee aaposHx b sxom oxHomeHMH OKaBajica Bhsc ^-

(1838—1875), AaBUJHfl a ..KapMen" xmh xapaKxepno 4)paHU,y3-

CKOH onepbi, B KoxopoH «HJiKa noAJiHHHoro peajiHcxHMecKoro

ApaMaxHSMa He sacjiOHaexcsi 6ecBKycHbiM HarpoMoacASHHeMawcecyapoB h nbiiuHocxH. SjieMcnxw nojioacHxejibHwe b cxHJie

Mewepdepa h FajiesM bmccxc c dojibuicM jierKocxbK)

MySbIKH H C SHaHHXejIbHbIM BKyCOM o6yCJIOBHJIH MHpOBOft

ycnex axoft onepbi, cosAaHHOH cneuHajibHO ajih noTpe6nxejifl

onepnoro xnna XIX BCKa c 6ojiee noBbimeHHWMH ApanaxH-

MeCKHMH Xpe60BaHHJIMH, HO C HpCHCHHM CXpeMJieHKeM K CpaBHH-

xeAbHOH npocxoxe MejiOAWKw h k AOcxynHOcxH MSJioaceHHH.

OAHOBpeneHHO c 3xhm xa jihhhji (JjpaHuyscKoft KOMHHe-

CKOH onepbi, KOTopaa pasBHBajiacb O 6 e p o m m lujia no

HacJiCACXBy ox cxapwx aBXopoB, HaMHHaex CHJibHO AeMOKpa-xHsnpoBaxbCH. Ms KOMHHecKoft onepbi, KaK

fflyaMKaxeKy^erOQj^gpj^j^^^ peajIHCXHHeCKHfl CHJMcex C HeKO-

XOpbl-n KOJIHHeCXBOM AeflcXBHXeJlbHO KOMHHe-

cKoro sjieweHxa, ho ox 6ojibuioft onepbi, rjiasHbiM o6pa30M,

oxjiHHaBuieftcji xoJibKO oxcyxcxBHeM HapoMHxoft nbiuiHOcxH 3pe-

JIHma, 0XKpHCXaJIJIH30BbIBaeXCSI XHn CneUH^JHHeCKH KOMHHeCKOfl

6yc})4)OHaAbi c MysbiKoft, AaiomnH HBJieHHe onepexKH. Mcjiko-

6yp>Kya3HaH ny6;iMKa onepHbix cneKxaKJieft e anoxy xpexbeft

HMnepHH, KOFAa Bce couwoJiorMHecKMe ycjiosHH coeAHHsiJiHCb

^y Bhsc (1838— 1875) npocjiaEHnca HCKniOHHTenbHO CEoefl onepofl„KapMeH" (1875), o'ouieflineH see cueHbi MHpa h nonynnpHofl ro chx nop.Ha flpyrux ero coHHHeHHfi SHaHHxejibHa no MysbiKC „Apne3HeHKa" (1874).

iU»

AJia Toro, HTo6bj Aaxb nepeBec Bsrjiflfly Ha HCKyccTSO, r-naa-

HbiM o6pa30M, KaK Ha yeecejieHHe, sxa ny6jiHKa Tpe6oBaJia

OT onepbi KOMMSMa nojiOMceHHft, nHKaHTHOCTH, MHorfla AaJKS

npocTO nopHorpa(|)HH, or MysbiKH ?Ke Tpe6oBa;ia mchbocth m

MaKCHMajibHOM HecJiOHCHOcTH. noKo6HO TOMy, KaK B FepMaHMMOT my6epTOBCKOM neccHHocTM oTKpHCTajiJinsoBajiacb sno-

cjieflCTBHH TaHuoBajibHasi „jierKaH" nysbiKa (LLlTpayc), tqk h bo

4>paHUHH BTopoft HMnepHH Ha (f)OHe pasBpameHHOM h npe-

cbimeHHOft ropoACKoft MejiKoft 6ypacya3HH nbiuiHbiM ubc-

TOM H cTpeMHTCJibHO pasBHJiacb cBoeo6pa3HaH jierKaji MysbiKa,

BbjpocuiaH M3 KOMHHecKoft onepbi CTHJiH 06epa. riepBbiMM

HHOHepaMM ee 6biJin FepBe, 04)c|)eH6ax^)H JleKOK"),co3flaK)mHe cTHJib onepeTKH, kbk spejiHina b BbicoKofl MepeTearpajibHoro, HcnojiHeHHoro cBoeo6pa3Horo BKyca, jierKOCxvi,

HO ojiHOBpeMCHHO 3apajKeHHoro nouiJibiM tohom, HHorAa nop-

Horpa4)Heft h OMCHb Macro 3Jio6oflKeBHOH nojiHTHHecKoft caxH-

poH, KOTopaH B 3TH BpcMeHa MCKajia cjiynan 6ojiee hjih neHee

aaoBHTo, HO 6e3o6HflHo npopBaxbCfl CKBOSb ueHsypHbie ycJiOBHH,

KaK rojioc nporecxa npoxHB nanojieoHOBCKoro poKMMa. One-pexKa, cosflaBUiHCb Ha napnJKCKoft noHBe, naxoAMT KOJiocajib-

Hbie Kajtpbi c6biTa, m6o ajih csoero BOcnpHHXHS MaccawH ona

o6jiaflajia BceMH npeHMymecxBaMH: MyBWKajibHO OHa 6biJia

o6meflocxynHa, cueHHHecKM yBJieKaxeJibna, ne 6yjwjia hmkb-

KMx BonpocoB H MMpoBbix npo6jieM, Boo6me BnoJiHe coorsex"

cxBOBajia xoHy MyBcxBoaaHHJi ropoACKoft MCJiKoft 6yp«ya3yin.

Ona c axofi nopw coBepmaex ceoe no6eAHoe luecxBue noEapone, BCioAy HaxoAfl c6bix h cnpoc, ho BCKope me oneHbcneuHajiHSHpyexcH h b cBoeft cJjaKxype 6bicxpo oxKajibisaexcsi

ox o6iuero pycjia MysbiKH. Te Maccw h xe noxpe6HxejiH.

Koxopbix c6cj]yjKHBajia onepexKa, b HTore OKaBajincb cosna-

AaiomnMH Boo6iue c „HeMy3biKaj]bHbiMH" cnoHMH o6mecTBa, H

1) 04)4)eH6ax (1819—1880) — coaflaTenb Msanpa HacxogineM onepeiKH,

CHaMana BWCTynaji kbk KOMnosHXop cepbesHoft MysuKH, ho CKOpo namen ceohMcaHp B BHfle KOMHHecKOH Onepbi, KOTopyio OH OKOHMaTejibKO npespaTHJi

B cospeMeHHyio (t^opMy onepexKH. Bcero mm HanncaHO 102 oncpexKH, us khxMHorHe 6unvt b cBoe apeMs HpesBbiMaHHO lunpoKo nonynapHbi, hohthHapoAHbi; HaHgojibuiee MCTopHMecKoe SHaneHHe HMetox „ripeKpacHan Enena"(1864). ..OpcJDeH" .1858), „riepHK0Jia" (1880).

'*) JlcKOK (1832—1918) - aBXop oKono 50 onepexoK, hs Koxopux MHoraenojiyMHJiH MiipoHyio cjiaBy h n33ecxHocxb („II,0Mb Anro", ,,?KHpo|(ne->KHpo-

<i>na" H ap.).

M<M

— 209 —

KOMnosHxopbi „;ierKofl" MysbiKu cxaHOBaxcsi nacxoHiuHMH my>Ke MaccoBbiMH nocxaBmHKaMH xoaapa Ha axy orpoMHyioMaccy. y^ce c 60-x foaob axa KOMnosHxopcKasi nacca comh-

HHxejieA BCHKHx flocxynHbix xanueB h MOAHbix necen, paccHM-XaHHblX Ha CaMblfl UIHpOKHM c6bIX, CXaHOBHXCJI COBepmeHHOCneUH(J)HMHOM H JIHUIb C HaXflMCKOH nOAJICJKHX paCCMOXpeHHK)B o6meM KOHxeKcxe HcxopnH MysbiKajibHoro HCKyccxBa. Flofl-

pajKaxejibHwe HBJieHMJi axoro xnna ne saMeAJiHJiH noHBuxbcsi

B ApyrHX cxpanax, npw hqh JierKOMbicJieHHaa h Han6ojiee Hano-

MHHaroiuaa FlapHJK no yKJiaAy m«h3hh Bena cxajia cBoeo6pa3-

HbiM ucHxpoM onepexoHHoro HCKyccxBa, Koxopoe npoayuH-

pOBaJtocb xaM ywe yKasaHHWM lUxpaycoM-cbiHOM h saxeM Menee

•ero AapoBHXbiMH 3ynne, MwjieKKepoM h JlerapoM.

B MxajiHH nocjie npeACxaBHTejieft poc-

„ CHHHeBCKOft UIKOJIbl, CMeHMBUiefi B HCXOpHH

MysbiKH cjiaBHyHJ ..HeanojiHxaHCKyK)"— npew-HHH MeJIOAHKO-BHpxyOSHbIM CXHJIb HC MOF yJKB COXpaHHXbCM.

KaK HH BeJIHKO 6bIJIO CXpCMJieHHe HXaJIbHHCKOfi ny6;iHKH K MC-

jiOAHHHOcxH H K KOJiopaxype, HO Bce JKe BBK 6paJi cBoe h npn-

xoAHJiocb AGJiaxb EMy ycxynKH. FlbimHocxb h 3(K)(})eKx 6ojib-

luoft napHMCCKoft onepw HesoJibHO aojijkhm 6biJin Bbisaaxb

Ha noApaMcaHHe h Tpe6oBajiocb KaKoe-xo cJiHsiHHe cxhjih,

THnHHHoro AJiH HxaflbHHHSMa c 6ojiee a4)(|)eKTHoft (jjjaKxypoM

HOBOfl onepbi. BepAH-'^)(1813—1901)— OAWHHSHCKJIHJHHXeJIbHO

KpynHbix no AapoBaHHio KOMnosHXopoB, b Hanajie cBoero

KOMnosHxopcKoro nyxH b cymnocxH npoAOJiacaji cxHJib poc-

CHHHeBCKOH UIKOJIbl, KOXOpyK) OH o6oraXHJI Cpasy 60JIbIIIMM

3HaMeHHeM, Koxopoe oh yjienan cuene, h xcm noBbima;i hhxc-

pec onepw KaK cncKxaKjiJi. Ho cKopo oh sawMcxByex y Mefiep-

6epa AeKopaxHBHbie npHCMW onepnoro nHCbMa h 6jiecx9mHf(

cneKxaKJib, BOo6me pacnex na BHeiuHocxb, Koxopyro oh coe-

AMHHex B BOKajibHbiM 6flecKOM. BjiMsiHHe Meftep6epa ycxynaex

Mecxo HOBOMy BeflHHH) B a r H e p a—Boo6me, BepAw cxpeMHxcH

Bce BpcMsi 6paxb ox MyawKajibHoft mchshh MaKCHMajibHoe kojih-

) BepjiM (1813— 1901) Hanncan Bcero 28 onep, pasHoro AOCxoHHcxaa

H pasHoro ciHJia, b Hanane CBoefl paSoxw (ao ^Ahah") npHMWKaa k uiKone

PoccHHH, a noxoM, nOABeprruHCb KOCBCHUbiM BnHsiHHSiM 6onee cpBpeMeHHOii

MysbiKH (Barnepa h poMaHTHKOs). HaH6onee SHaMeHHTbi h uiHpoKO nonynsipHNero onepu: „Tpy6aflyp« (1853), „PHronexTo" (1851), „AHAa" (IS'/I), .Oienno"(1887), H3 KOTopbix nyMiuee npoHaseAeHHe npeACxannjieT ,OTenjio".

ii^i a^.fc •'teb'

.-i;^:.^<M^Uai>4«ftw

210

HecTBo HOBbix BnenaTJieHMH

—

b stom cMbicjie oh OTJiHHaeTcsi

pejiKoPi HyTKocTbK). Ho, He sanaBancb HHKaKHMH acTexHMe-CKHMH TeopHHMH, HC CTpCMHCb HHHerO pe{|)OpMHpOBaTb, OHB cymnocTH He cosnaer HWHero KpoMC HecKOJibKnx pacuiH-

peHHbix (|>opM npeacHefl onepw. FpoMaAHbift ycnex conpoBO-jKflaex ero TBopnecTBO, npnuieAineecn b BbiciueA creneHH noBKycy Toft uiHpoKoft Macce noTpe6HTe;iH, Koxopaa HBjiHJiacb

panee cJiyuiaxejieM Pocchhh h ero uiKOJibi. rioBopoxHbift

nyHKX b xBopnecxBe Bepaw nacxynaex c „ Aviflbi"

,

pi,sMaHano3flHero'^°^^^o" ^°^e® peiUHxejibHo cjieflyex flpaMa-

Bep^H. xHMecKHM saBexaM h oxnacxH rapMOHHnecKHKHOBOBBefleHHHM BaFHepa, ho jierKO npe^BH-

;texb, Mxo XHHHMHO HeMeuKoe HBJieHHe Barnepa HHKaK hcMorjio BOcnpHHHXbca Ha HxajibaHCKoA noMBe, 6bixb Mowexeme B MeHbuiefl cxencHH, mbm bo <l>paHu,HH, h sarHepHSM:

nosflHero Bepji,n ecxb nenxo oneHb oxHOcuxejibHoe h ne opra-

HHMecKH nepeBapeHHoe.

B PoccHH MysbiKa, nocjie Tjiuhkh, KcnwxbiBaex 6yfiHbi^

npMJiHB 9Heprnw. YcHJieHMe h o6jierHeHHe CHOuieHHH c Sanaa-Hofi EBponofi:, BbiSBaHHoe npoBeflenneM JKejiesHwx flopor h co-

OXBeXCXBCHHO—paSBHXHeM H HHXeHCHBHOM KOHUepXHOfl WM3HH,

HapoKACHHe HOBoro „HHxeJiJiHreHxa-cJiyujaxejiJi",KOxopbiflHflex

Ha cMeny cJiyuiaxcjiio h3 flBopjiHCKofi apncxoKpaxnH, Bce axo

B BbicoKoft cxeneHH noflHHMaeT nyjibc XBopnecxBa b cxpaHe,

XOflbKO MXO BblflBHHyXblH Ha nyXb MySblKaJIbHOS Kyjibxypbi.

BosHHKHOBeHHe KOHuepxHofi: MCH3HH, nepexofl MysbiKajibHbix:

HcnoJiHeHHit H3 flBopuoB B o6meflOcxynHbie sajiw, Bbi3biBaex

CHJibHbift HHxepec K BHpxyosHoft o6jiacxH, KaKSapoacACBHe npo-

j^ HaH6ojiee flocxynHoft a MyswKajibHOM oxho-AeccHonaAHSMa r> „

B P HH A P -^^^^^- ""^O BpeMH, KaK HHXHMHblH CXHJIb HH-

6HHniTeiiH. cxpyMeHxajibHofl MysbiKH, npenMymecxBeHHO b-

flBopHHCKoft cpeMe— HacaMCAaexcH aHrjiMHaHn-

HOM <t> H JI b Jl, O M, CBHBUIHM OCeJlflOCXb B PocCHH—KOHUepXHbIM

lUHpoKHft CXHJIb HOJiyiaex HeoJKHflaHHbiBi pacuBex 6jiaroAapKr

noaBJicHHio HsyMHxeJibHoro miaHHcxa Ahx. Py6HHUixe ft h a ^)

') Py6HHmTeHH, Ahtoh (1829 — 1894) poflHjica b eBpeRcKOfi ccMbe Ha

wro-sanajie Pocchm, CHaiana nonyiHn HSBecTHoeTb, kbk HCKJnoiHTejibHwil

BHpTyos, KOHuepTHpoBaBuiHW no BceK EBporie c paHHHx nei. B 1859 roay'

P. opraHHsoBan PyccKoe MyawKajibHoe oSmecxBO, KOTOpo^ nonynnno BCKope

THTyn „HMnepaTopcKoro" h cyocHflHpoBanocb npaBHTenbCTBOM h 6ypwya3-

-iii

1829—1894), roxopwft b KpaxKoe Bpewa cocxaBJiaex ce6e

MHpoBoe HMa H sacxaBjiaex roBopHx o ce6e Espony. Pocchh

B JIHU,e CBOHX KpynHblX nCHXpOB CXanOBHXCa H3JIK)6jieHHbIM

pblHKOM AJIH c6bIXa SarpaHHMHblX BHpxy03HbIX XOBapOB, KOXO-

pbie xyx HMeiox cnpoc n xopomo onjiaMHBatoxca. K pyccKHMeflyx Bce SHaMemixbie BHpxyosbi h Aasce KOMnosHxopbi (UJyjib-

ro(|>. KajibKdpennep, JIhcx, Kji. llIyMa;H, Po6. UlyMan, BepjiHOs,

no3fl,Hee Barnep), hxo o6'acHflexca oxnacxn oxKpwxHeivt

Mcejie3HOji,opoM<Hbix nyxeft b flaaeKyio Pocchk) h B03M0»«H0cxbio

oxHbiHe KpaxKOBpeMeHHbix HaesflOB b Hee, B xo xe BpcMapacuBexaiomaa KOHuepxHaa 5KH3Hb cxasHx nepea pyccKHMo6mecTBOM yHce flasHO paspeuieHHyio na Sanaae aaflany

MysbiKaJibHoro npo(|)eccHOHajiH3Ma, 3aa,a4y cosaaHHa

KaflpoB My3biKaHXOB, cnocodnbix o6cjiyH<HBaxb pacxymwft cnpoc

Ha MysbiKy. 3xy 3afl,aHy Bbinojinaex xox jkc A. Py6HHiiixeftH

H ero 6pax— HnKOJiaH PydHiuxeftH, Koxopue cosjiaiox

B MocKBe H nexep6ypre cHanajia My3biKajibHoe o6mecxBO

fljia nponaraHflbi h noAn,epM<KH KOHuepxHofl pa6oxbi, a noxoM

npw HHX—KOHcepBaxopHH AJia o6pa30BaHHa KanpoB cneuHa-

jiHcxoB. Tox M<e Py6HHmxeMH Bwcxynaex n KaK KOMnoSHr

xop, cxpeMaiuHMca npHo6mHxb pyccKHX k MysbiKajibHoft Kyjibxype

sanaflHoft EBponw.Tox Kpyr, Ha KoxopwA onHpajiocb HcnojiHeHHC

Py6HHUixeHHa, KaK nwaHHCxa, 6biji MpesBbiMaftHO uiHpoK, kbk

H BOo6iue Kpyr noxpe6Hxejieft BHpxyosHOcxM, ero cxapaHHawH

PoccHa 6biJia HpesBWHaftHO 6bicxpo pacnponaraHAHpoBaHa

B MyswKajibHOM oxHoineHHH H cxajia b Kypce Bcex co6bixHft

Sanaaa. Ho Kpyr, Ha KoxopoM 6a3HpoBajiacb jteaxeJibHocxb Py-

dHHiuxeftna, kbk ocHOBaxejia MysbiKaJibHoro o6mecxBa, none-

BOJie onwpajica yxe ne Ha am mnpoKHe cjioh, a na apncxo-

KpaxHHecKHC H KpynHO-6yp}Kya3Hbie ciil'epbi, Koxopbie MorJiH

HMMH KpyraMH. ripH oSinecTse opraHHSosanHCb cHM^JOHHMecKHe KOHuepTw h

KOHcepBaTopnH (e 1862 r.). Iloajie Toro.P. Ebiciynan KaK nHaHHCT h KaK

SHpHatep, B pasHwx ropoRax Esponw h AnepHKH; oflHOBjjCMeHHO saHHManca

KOMnosHUHeS, oSHapyatHisaa HeoSbwaflHyio nnoflOBHTOCb. Hm HanHcaHw

15 onep (hs hhx HaHfionee nHTepeceH ,,JI,eMOH", flo chx nop ocTasiiiHftcfl

B penepiyape), HecKOJibKo flyxoBHwx onep" opaxopHanbHoro THna (jiyMuiHe

—

„MaKKaBeH" H „BaBHnOHCKOe CTOJinOTEOpeHHe"), 6 0HM4)OHHfl, CHM(|)OHHMe'

CKHC KapiHHbt („HBaH rposHbift" H „J],oh-Khxot" h «?.)> pJifl yBepTiop, MHOrO

npoHSBefteHHfl KanepHoa MyawKH, 5 KOHuepioB Ana (jio.ri'enHaHO c opKe-

crpoM (h3 hhx coxpaHHJiCH B penepiyape 4-ft, D-moll), nnoro necew (poMaH-

cob) h wenKHx tfJopTenHaHUMx Bemefl.W.'

Zl'l

OKasaTb (JoKTHHecKyto (jbHHaHCOByio noAflepacKy 3thm HaHM-

HaHHJiM, oTToro flenTejibHocTb Py6HHiuTeMHa, b 3tom cMbicjie

OKasajiacb cBHsaHHoA BKycawH aroro npyra h OTHacxH ero

Co6cTBeHHbIMH, npHMblKaBlUHMH K HHM, h6o nO CBOCft Kyjlb"

Type Py6MHuiTefiH 6nvi>Ke Bcero conyBCTBOBaji wanpaBJieHHio

paHHero powaHTHSMa h KJiaccHUHSMa. TaKHM o6pa30M no Tuny

CBOeft HHflHBHflyajIbHOCTH H TIO npeeMCTBeHHOCTH CBOeH Kyjlb-

Typbi, a xaKJKe no THny Toro Kpyra, cpejiH Koroporo eny

npHuiJiocb pa6oTaTb, Py6HHmTeftH HeMHHyeMO aojimcch 6bin

cflejiaTbcn aKafteMHCTOM. Oh^h cAejiajicH hm, noMHMO

Bcero nponero eme hs MHCTO-neflarorHHecKHx coo6paM<eHHiR,

h6o ero mhccmsi 6bi;ia—HacaMcaeHHe MysbiKajibHoft KyjibTypw

B PoccHH, HTO ywe caMO no ce6e 6biJio aKafleMHMecKoft aa-

aaMCM. BnepBbie b Pocchh oh HaMHHaex KyjibTHBHposaxb sanaa-

HO-eBponeMCKHe HHCTpyMeHxajibHbie (|)opMbi, ubjimkom nepeHOCH

Hx Ha pyccKyK) noHsy, npeHMymecTBCHHO npH6jiHHcasicb k TOMy

HanpaBJieHHH), Koropoe boshhkjio hs TBopMecTsa MeHAejibcona

H OTHacTH BeTKOBena, xoth hs arHTaxHBHbix coo6pa>KeHHK, ne

HyaCAanCb npH 3T0M H HHCTO-pyCCKHX 3JieMeHTOB, b Koxopwx

OH uieji no cTonaM Pjikhkh h JlaproMbiMccKoro. HocKOJibKy

ero TBOpMecTBO asHJiocb MexaHHMecKHM nepenocoM 4'opM 3a-

naaa na pyccKyK? noMBy, Py6HHiiiTeSH npOAOJiMcaji b cymHOCTwTy flHHHHJ TBopMecTBa, KOTopyH) paHce, B XVin BeKe, npo-

AyuHpoBajiH HTajibfliHCKHe KOMHosHTopbi, h6o opraHHHecKofl

CBflSH c HapoAOM He o6pa30BbiBajiocb— pasHHua 6biJia jiHiub

B TOM, MTO BMecTO HTajibMHCKoro BJiHHHHe o6pa30Bajiocb rep-

MancKoe. B TaKOM cthjic nanncaHO doJibuiHHCTBO conHHennfi

Py6MHmTeftHa, 6biBmero HacaAHxejieM npo(|)eccHOHajiHSMa b

PoccHH H nepBbiM npotjjeccHOHaAOM b SToft cTpane b o6jiacTM

MysbiKH. B cymHOCTH ero TBopnecTBO OTMeneHO nenaTbH}

Kpaftnero annroHHSMa h xoJibKO ero orpoMHoe counajibHoe

snaneHHe ajih pyccKoft MysbiKH nosBOJiaex craBHTb ero Boo6meB paAbi snaHHTejibHbix komhoshtopob. 3to 6biji TnnHHHbift

„KanejibMeflcTepcKHft nHcarejib", cTpaAaBUinft KpaftHHM mho-

roHHcaHHeM h Hecnoco6HbiM k AexajibHoK oxAejiKe cbohx

coMHHeHHfi:. Oh nonpo6oBaji cmibi peiUHxejibHO bo Bcex

o6jiacTHx (onepbi, hs Koxopbix „XleMOH" hagx ao chx

nop, chm(|[)ohhh, KawepHbie npoHSBeAeHHH, poMancbi, chm-

4)OHHHecKHe KapxHHbi, He JiHUieHHbie, Aasce 3jieMeHxa npo-

rpaMMHOcxH, npoxHB Koxopoft OH, OAHaKO, B xeopHH 6opOJICH

H npoH.), HO HHPAe He cosAaJi HHnero apKoro.

^ujtjd^ll^^

213

SiBJieHHe Py6HHmxefiHa, kbk anHroHHHecKoro sjieMCHxa nooxHomeHHK) K 3anaAy. kbk sjieweHxa cymecxBCHHO aHXHHa-

utHOHaAbHoro, h6o oh 6bw h no nauHH cBoefl HyM<A Pocchh,

KaK BOSBpainaBiuero Pocchh> ko BpeweHaM noApaacaxejibHOcxH

nocjie 6jiecxHmero HanaJia caMo6bixHOcxH FjinHKOio,— HeneA-

jieHHo BbisBaJio conpoxHBJieHHe h 6ypHyK> peaKUHio, hcxoahb-

luyK) H3 xex KpyroB, Koxopwe cosHAann AHAexaHxcKyio MysbiKy

npeacneft snoxH h b ee HeApax poahjih sBJienne Fahhkh. Kan3XO Macxo dbiBaex, npnBXOA^uiMe o6cxoHxenbcxBa (AHJiexanxHSM,

oxcyxcxBHe cxporoft iukojiw, Bbipa«eHHbifl momchx nauHOHaab-

Horo MCfloca) 6biJiH npHHStxbi sa cymecxBeHHoe, noHeny o6pa30-

Baaacb onpeACJieHHaa 6opb6a Asyx HanpaBJienni), hs KOxopbix

OAHo 6bmo couHOJiorHMecKH 6oAee nepcAOBoe (Py6HH-

uixeflHOBCKoe „aKaAeMMMecKoe" h „npo(|)eccHOHajibHoe"). a

Apyroe couHOAorHHecKH peaKUHOHHoe (AHJiexanxcKoe, 6ap-

CKoe, HauHOHaAbHoe h caMo6bixHHHecKoe), Koxopoe xen ne

MCHee, KaK axo nacxo 6biBaex, xyAOMcecxBCHHO OKasaAocb

SHaMHxejibHO 6oAee nepeAOBWM. Bopb6a sxhx AByx rpynnn-

poBOK, HS Koxopbix OAHa onpeACJieHHO CMHxaAa ce6H (ahab-

xaHxcKafl) HacACAHHueA h npeeMHHuen FAHnKH, AAHAacb aoToft nopbi, noKa HSMeHHBUiHecn couHOAorHMecKHe ycAOBHa

He npHxynHAH ocxpoxy caMofl nocxanoBKH Bonpoca.

9xo AHJiexaHxcKoe HanpaBAenne siBHJiocb

4HAeTaHTU-6apM. AeflcXBHXeAbHO MOry4HM npOXHBHHKOM HeKomnosHTop. cXOJlbKO CHAOft CBOeft HAeOAOPHM, CKOAbKO

„iHory*ieii kvikh".pasMepaMH npeACxaBACHKbix hm AapoBaHHH.

Kpyr, nopoAHBuiHH sxhx AeaxeAefl, 6biA y>Ke snaKOMWH npea^HMH

Kpyr npocBemeHHoro AHAexanxcxByiomero 6 a p c x b a. Ppynna

3xa, oxHOCHBUiasicJi K BepxaM HauieH cfjeoAajibHOw apHcxoKpa-

XHH, 6biAa ecxecxBeHHO npoHHKnyxa HAeoAorHefl sxoro KJiacca,

KOXOpaa BbipaSKJiaCb BCJiaBHHO(|)HJIbCKOft OKpacKe XBOp-

MecxBa H B cxpeMJieHHH K cBoeo6pasHOMy sByKOBOMy h 6bixo-

BOMy scxexHSMy. BonpeKH yxBepwAeHHK), AOBOAbuo o6me-

npHHflxoMy, 3xa rpynna KOMnosHXopoB ne HMejia HHKaKHX

HapoAHH4ecKHx o6ocHOBaHHfl, H HHKaKoro oxHomeHHJi K „o6me-

cxBeHHbiM ABHJKeHHaM" Hc HMBJia, OHa 6biJia nojiHXHHecKH rycxo

peaKUHOHHofl. Ee cocxaBAHAH BajiaKHpeB^) (1835—1910),

^) BanaKHpee (1835— 1910) Hanncan HeMHoro: MvauKy k „KopoJito

Jlnpy,ysepTiopy „Pyci,", vsemcKyK) yBcpTiopy, HcnaHCKyfo. CHMtJjoHHMecKyw

— 214 - — 215 —

PHMCKHft-KopCaKOB ^) (1844— 1908), BoponHH ^)

(1834— 1888) H MycoprcKMM^) (1835 1881). K hhm npn-

MbiKajieme Kk)h*) (1835— 1918), KOxopbiM, EnponeM, npeflCTa-

BHJi coBepuieHHO cjiyMaftHoe, b cymHOCTH nyaceseMHoe h shh-

roHHHecKoe HBJieHHC, noneMy, cxporo roBopa,Khjb, kek annroHgpQ Heo6xoAHMO OTACJi^Tb OT 3TOK rpynnbi,ApaHnyscKoii oneH

w H HInojiyHHBiueH HaHMCHOBaHHe „hobom pyccKOM

uiKOJibi" HJiH „MoryHeii[ KyMKn". KiOH 6biJi KOMno-

3HTopoM nojiyno^bcKoro, noJiy^jpanuyscKoro npoHCXostaeHUJi,

erO CTHJTb MySbIKH 6bIJI OT3ByKOM CTHJIH 6oJIblIIOM (|)paHU,y3CKOS

onepbi (FajieBH, ToMa, MeMep6ep, OTHacxH Buse) h b hckoto-

poK crencHH lUyMaHa h mcjikhx poMaHTHKOB. Kpyr ero norpe-

6HTeJiefl 6biJi npenMymecTBeHHO MHOCTpaHHbifi, h6o 6ojib-

maa nacTb ero onep yBH^ajia cbbt sa rpaHHueft. B hctophh

no3My „TaMapa" (1867—1882), Rse chm4)0hhh (nepByw oh nHcan 40 jict),

ftaiiee flna ^'opienHaHo qjjaHTasHK) „Hc3iaMea" h poMancbi, 5. eme ocHosan

6ecnnaTHyio uiKony Ann MyawKH BMecTe c F. JloMaKHHbiMi.

^) PHMCKHft-KopcaKOB (1844 1908) — Hawfiojiee nHOflOBHTWM h3 „KyHKH",

nanHcaji 15 onep: „ncKOBHTaHKa", „MaftcKa5i HOHb", „CHerypoMKa", „Mnafla",

„HoHb nofl PoiK«ecTHo", „Ca«Ko", „MouapT h CanbepH", „BoapbiHa Bepa

UJenora", „UapcKa5i HesecTa", „CanTaH", „CepBHnHa", ,,KaiJnefl", „naH

BoeEORa", „KHTeas", „3onoTofl ncTymoK", 3 chm(J)ohhh, yaepTiopbi, chm4>ohh-

MecKHe KapTHHbi „LUexepe3aHa", „CKa3Ka", „CaflKo", HcnaHCKoe KanpHMiHO,

pafl KaMepHbix npoH3Be;ieHHfl, poMaHCbi,HecKOjibKO Bemeft fljia neHwa c opise'

CTpoM („AHMap", „necHb o BcmeM Onere").

-) BopoflHH (1834—1888)— no npo(j[)eccHH xhmhk, HanHcan oieHb HeMHoro,

OTsneKaeMbiH ot My3biKH cBoeS cneuHanbHOCTbK). Ero coHHHeHHa'. 2 chm4io-

HHH (aaMeMaiejibHa 2-a H-moll, nposBanHasi „6oraTbipcKOH"), CHM^JOHHiecKaa

nosMa „B cpeflHeft Ashh", onepa „KHa3b Mropb", hc OKOHieHHaa aBTopoM,

flBa KBapiCTa h poMaHCbi.

) MycoprcKHft (1835—1881)— reHHanbHeJimHa hs aBTopoB „Ky>!KH",

HanHcan onepbi: „>KeHHTb6a" (1868), „BopHC FoflyHOB" (1870), „XoBaHinHHa"

(1881) H HeoKOHieHHwe Ha6pocKH „CopoHHHCKOft apMapKH", Ms ero flpyrHx

^poH3Be;^eHHH HaHSonee ueHHbi: „HoMb na JIwcoh rope" (opKecxpoBaHa h

flOKOHMeHa P.-KopcaKOBbm), xopw („nopa}KeHHe CeHHaxepH66a", „HHcycHaBHH), MHoro poMaHcoB, cpeflH hhx peanHCTHHecKoro coflepasaHHa („PaeK",

„JleTCKaa", „KnaccHK", „03opHHK"), cM^a me oiHOCHTca nocne«HHe npoHs-

BeflcuHH Mycop CKoro — ero necHH h3 uhkhob „Be3 conHua" h „n)iacKH h

necHH CwepTH".

*) Kk)h (1835—1918)— BbicTynaji, KaK MysMKanhHbw nHcaTenb (kphtmk),

3au;Hii;aBuiHH HfleH HOBOft nysbiKu, no npo4)ecGHH BoennbiM HH»<eHep. EroKOMnosHUHH— 9 onep (HaH6ojiee HBBecTHbi: „AH!Kei[o", „KanHTaHCKaaflOMKa" H „BHJibaM PaTKHHijj^)", a laKate „A'I-llo Om4>h"), Kpoite Toro, MHoropoMancoB H MenKHX (JjopTenHaHHWX seineH.

BeTBb nosABero

poMaHTHsma.

pyccKOM MysbiKH OH HMcer HCKOTopoe sHaneHHe xojibKO, KaKSBTOp pOMaHCOB, B KOTOpWX paSBHJI HCKOTOpbie AeKJiaMaTHBHO"

MejioAHHecKHe HaMepeHnsi JlaproMbiHccKoro.

Hto KacacTCH ocrajibHbix mjichob KpywKa, to bcc ohm•OTHOCHJIHCb HO npOHCXO»<JieHHK) K pOAOBHTOMy flBOpHHCTBy, a

no HanpaBJieHHio

—

k KOHcepBaxHBHbiM rpynnHpoBKaw. Mx HapoA-

HHMeCTBO 06yCJl0BJlHBaJI0Cb HX naTpMOTMSMOM M TCM MHCTO"

acTercKHM KOJiJieKitHOHepcxBOM HaH6ojiee npKHX cxopoH 6biTa,

KOTopoe xapaKxepHo ajijj pT»HBaK)iUHx KJiaccoB.

OxCHJAa HX JIK)60Bb K pyCCKOM anHMeCKOftKyiKHSM, KaK cxapHHe, K pyccKoft HancBKOcxH, k noApo6HO-

cxHM 6bixa, K jjereHAe. Hau,noHajiH3M BcerAa

6bUI OMCHb 6j1H30K pOMaHXH31viy M HCJIbSJI OX-

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—

oho saMe-HHexcq oxHomeHHCM cjiomchmm, ocHOBannbiM ne cxojibKo naHOpMaJIbHOM 3CXeXH4eCKOM BneHaXJieHHH, CKOJIbKO Ha CJIOJKHOM

cooxHomeHHM MejKAy jiHMHbiM BKycoM, cxeneHbH) KyjibxypnocxH

H nocxojiHHOM orjiHflKH Ha „ocxaxo'iHoe o6mecxBeHHoe MHe-HHe". KojioccajibHan peKJiana, ywenbe sacxaBHXb o ce6eroBopHXb, oneHb Macxo HaMHHaKjx CMymaxb HcxHHHbie ouchkhM noxpe6MxeJib, KoxopwH panee 6ojiee scero AOBepaji cBoenyjiHMHOMy BKycy, xenepb yace ne ckjiohbh xan ewy flOBepsxb h

cxpoHX CBOK) oneHKy H cBoft cnpoc Ha cjioa<Ho;w koh'kjhk-

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B BbicoKofi cxeneHH BbmBJieHne mhophx flapoBanHft, oh Heo6bi-

MaftHO ycHJiHBaex nyjibc MysMKajibHOM hchshm. KoJiHHecxBO

KOHuepxoB pacxex, m MysbiKa .eflBa ycneBaex yaoBjiexBopHXb

Bce Kaflpbi noTpe6nxejiH. KojiHMecxBO HBflaBaeMbix coHHHeHnft

xoMce yMHOMcaexcsi, npn MeM o^HOBpeMenHO Ha6jiK)flaexcji h

yMHOMceHHe caMoro KanecxBa b h e lu h e ft npo^yKUHH, nsfla-

HHa HaMHHarox BbmrpbiBaxb b KaMecxBe h b pocKOuiH, hchoji-

HHXejIbCKHe Kaapbl B XeXHMMeCKOM OTHOmCHilH BbIfl,BHraK)X

paa saMCMaxejibHbix MacxepoB, c Bbipa6oxaHHoft „cpeAHea"xexHHKoft, KaK 6bi 4)a6pHKaxbi HcnojiHHxejibCKoft cHJibi. Bhp- ;

xyosHocTb, KBK xaKOBBH, 6bicxpo cxaHOBHxcH pacnpocxpaHeH-

HbiM HBJieHHeM, H xa xexHHKa, KoxopaH Bocxoprajia b BHpxyo-

sax npeMCHeft snoxH, cxaHOBHxcH ywe pHflOBWM ABJieHHeM. B3XOM TOJKC B Kxore Kpwjiacb xopomasi cxopona, h6o npecw-

meHHasr BHpxyosHocxbio Macca noxpefiHxejieft xew oxoxnee

o6pamajia cbom Bsop k HcxHHHOMy flaposaHHio Ha (|)OHe sxoft

BHeillHeM BHpxyOSHOCXH. 9xO BpeMM BblABHraeX BO BceM MHpe

Maccy ABJieHHft HcnojiHHxeJibCKoro xwna, nepeflKo MpesBbiMaftno

15*

22S —

BbiflaiomMxcjr, KOTopbie no pofly cboch fleHxejibHocTH y»<:e He

MoryT 6biTb B cymHOCTM OTHeceHbi k KaKOM-jiH6o OAHoft cTpaHe

HJiH rocyflapcTBy h npeKcxaBJiHirOTCH cymecxBeHHo h h t e p h a-

UHOHajibHbiMH. XapaKTepHbiM ajih 3T0S[SnaMeBHe

gnoxH npejicTaBJWieTCJ! HapoH«.neHne THaa mh-

pHMcepaopKecxpa, KOTopwH panee oowh-

HO coBnaxaJi c KOMnosHTopoM, h caMbm tho xexHHKH KOTOporo

onpeAeJiHJicH TOJibKo k 30-m roflaM XIX Bexa. C aroro BpeMeHH

flwpMJKep craHOBHTCH H3 KOHuepTMeMcrepa h aKKOMnaHwa-

lopa, Beflymero opKCcrp sa gbohm HcnojiHeHHeM, HeaaBHCHMbiM

BOM<AeM opKecxpa, KoxopwH sacxaBJiaex ero cjieflOBaxb

cBoeny MyauKajibHOMy XHny McnoJiHCHHSi, can He Hrpaa hh Ha

KaKOM HHcxpyMenxe. Barnep, JIhcx h BepjiHOs cawM

6biJiH nepBbiMH BbiflaioinHMMCH AHpMJKepaMH xaKoro THna,

Koxopbift CKopo BbisBaji pa3HOo6pa3Hbie noflpaMcanHH. Bo bxo-

poft nojiOBHHe XIX Bena MBJieHHe flHpHHcepa cxaHOBMXCH

MpesBbinaftHO pacnpocxpaHenHbiM m moahmm, anpHMcep ywe He

npe6biBaex npHKOBaHHWM k onepnoMy nyjibxy, KaK panee, a

Bbicxynaex Bce name caMOcxoHxeJibHO b cneuHajibHbix chm-

c|)OHHMecKHX KOHuepxas. rioflBJiJiexcH xtin anpHSKepa „HeKOM-

nosHXopa", xojibKo HcnojiHHxejisi, panee oxcyxcxByiomHM. 3xox

BHpxy03-ftHpMM<ep BHOCHX B CHM4)OHHMeCKyK) MyBblKy CXpCM"

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xHn My3biKajibHoro BocnpnsixHH.

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HHKaex BCK) EBpony h oxnacxH vi AnepHKy, My3biKajibHoe

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THx cxpaHax, aoxojic He saxponyxbix bobcc hah mbjio saxpo-

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sbjKH. OKpenmee caMoco3HaHHe HHxejiJiHreHUHH

B KaMCflOH HauHH BJiacxHO xpe6yex, Hxo6bi 6biJia co3fl,aHa

HauHOHaflbHaH MyswKa, Hxo6bi flaHHa« HauHa xcm caMbiM He

6biJia nocxaBJiena b njioxoe nojioxceHHe cpaBHHxejibHO c Apy-

THMH, He oxcxajia ox hhx. Flocjie Pocchh OMepeflb b nepByro

rojiOBy Hflex sa cxpanaMM sanaflHO-CJiasHHCKHMH, Koxopbie na-

MexHH: CMeTaua,

^BOpiKaK.

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Ta BOJiHa HauMOHajiMSMa, Koxopaa poflHJiacb b poManxHie-cKcfl FepMaHHH, npoKaxMJiacb npes BenrpHio (JIhcx), ricjibmy

(LUoneH), PoccHto (PjiHHKa), a xenepb cKaBbi-

BaexcH B cJiaBHHCKMX seMJiJix M e X H H. TyrnoHBJiHexcH npeM<Ae Bcero flapoBHXbiii Cne-

X a H a (1 824— 1 884), Koxopbift 6biJi 6hi nano 3aMexeH HaesponeftcKOM ropHBOHxe (kbk m FjiHHKa na Hen, ho b eine

MCHbuieft cxeneHH), ho b cBoeft poflHoft cxpane oh cocxaBJiJiex

co6bixHe Kpynnoro Maciuxa6a. CwexaHa coeji,HHsiex b cbocm"

xBopHecxBe repMaHCKyK) Kyjibxypy c|)opMbi c nauHOHajibHbiM

MeJiocoM, coBepmeHHo kbk h FjiKHKa, ho y Hero axo BbixojiMx

snaMHxejibHO MCHee opHrMHajibHo npocxo noxoMy, mxo xapaK-

xepHbie Mepxbi HapoAHO-Memckoro Mejioca 3a AOJirHe roflbi

repwaHHSMa cMJibHO yxpaxMjiH cbok) cneuHc})HMHOcxb h cxyuie-

BaJiHCb. B o6meM see nojiyHHJiocb, hxo no cxhjik) h cjjjaKxype

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?KaK, KoxopbiM cocxaBHji ce6e ewe dojibuiyio nonyjispHocxb,

h6o oh aneJiJiHpoBaji k 6ojiee fleMOKpaxHHecKHM BKycan. BjiHue CwexaHbi h Jl,BopjKaKa MeuicKaji HaijHH, panee 3HaBiiiaa

XOJIbKO HCnOJlHHXeJIhCKHe BeJTHHHHbl, HpHoSpexaeX H KOMnOSH-xopcKHe.

CjieAyroiUMM axanoM npo6yM<AeHH5i HauHonajTHSMa HBMJiHCb

cxpaHbi CKaHflHHaBHH (HopserHH, flanKH, lUBeuHn). MsHHX panee Bcero Bbicxynnjia na nyxb HauHOHajiHSMa flannji,

Koxopaa B jiHu,e AapoBHxoro, ho ne caMo6bix-CKaHflHHaBHn: ^^^^ T a A e AaJia nepBbiM onwx MysbiKajibHoro

Fafle, CseHAceH,

HopAPaaK, FoKrCKaHAHHaBHSMa, KOXOpblH B CyiUHOCXH OKaSaACH

He 6oAee, KaK annroHMHecKHM aAewenxoM no

•oTHouieHHK) K MeHAeAbcoHy H^oxnacxH UlyMany.

Bojiee cymecxBeHHoe 3HaHeHHe hmbao aaa cKaHAHHasMSMa

noHBJieHHe b HopBerHH CseHAceHa^), Koxopbift hbhach

KpynHbiM H speAbiM KOMnosHxopoM, cjieAOBaBUiHM b o6meMno cxonaM poManxHKOB h oxnacxH Barnepa b ero o6e3Bpe-

') CBeHflceH (1840 — 1911) HanHcan 2 cHMcfjoHHH, noaMbi „napH?KCKHH.

KapHaBaji", „3oparaHfla", psfl KaMepHUx coHHHeHHM, cKpHnHMHuK KOHuepr,

BHOnOHMejIhHbtH KOHUepT H Spynie KOMnOSHUHH.

^Miiik tUiit^glgH

230

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paaK, a noTOM 3. FpHr^).

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cjieayn coBepmeHHO roMy Mce npHHUHny, KaKOMy cjieAOBajiH

FjiHHKa H KyHKHCTbi B PoccHH. C KyHKoft y HHX emc TO o6mee,

MTO MJ: HCXOflHbie nyHKTbl, HX o6pa3UbI 6bIJIH OAHM H Te »eH no KpaflHefl wepe mbcthmho coBnaAajiH (lUoneH, llIyMaH

OTMacTH Barnep). Ot llIyMaHa FpHr 3aHMCTBOBaji c|)opMajib-

HbiA MHHHaTK)pM3M H neccHHocTb, OT BarHcpa HflCT ero

cTpeMJiCHHe K nbiuiHOCTM M ocxpoxe rapMOHHH, OT JIhctb

HauHOHaJibHbie npHeMbi o6pame.HHH c jia^oM. HopBeMccKHM

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MysbiKy HopApaaKa, h b oco6eHHOCTH FpHra, b cTOJib «exapaKTCpHbie Tona, KaK HeKorAa nojibCKHft mcjioc oKpacMJi

uioneHOBCKyK) wysbiKy. Ho ajieMCHT HHTHMHoft cajioHHocxH

M apHCTOKpaTHMHOCTH, cBOHCTBeHHbift UIoneHy, y FpHra, pOAMS-

merocJi b aeMOKpaTHHecKofl CTpane, o6pamaeTCJi b „hhthm-

Hbifl AeMOKpaTHSM",—OH T0M<e paccHHTbiBaeT Maccy cbohx

KOMnosHUHft Ha cnpoc cpeftH mhthmhofo Kpyra, cpeflM HHTeji-

JlHreHUHH, naUHOHajlHCTHHeCKH HaCTpOeHHOft,, ho B 3TOS Ny-

3biKe HH na MHHyxy He npocbinaeTCH yTOHMenHocxb apHCTO-

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HopBewcKOM, HO H b o6iueeBponeficKOM h mhpobom Maciuxade

—

3TO ero HMnpeCCMOHHSM, BblXeKlUHft H3HivinpecciiOHHSM. „

poACTBeHHoro pyccKOH KyiKe HOBaTopcTBa

H npHHUHna hojihoh cBo6oAbi TBOpiecTBa. Y KynKH 3tot npwH'

.

nvm BbicKa3a.ncsi bo bshtmh ce6e b npHMep caMwx HOBaxop-

^) PpHr (1843—1904) nanMcan Mnoro 4)opJ^enHaHHbix Bemeii, 6onbmeH

MacTbio MHHHaTiopHoro THna (ho cpeflH HHX ecTb coHaia), KaMepHwe npoHS-

BCfleHHSI (KEapTeTbl, COHaTbl flJia CKpHnKH''(3) H flJlSI BHOJIOHMCnH (1), (})opTe-

imaKHbift KOHuepT (a-moll), cTaBiUHH aHaMCHHTbiM, MysbiKy K „nep Fmht"

HScena, h3 KOTopott rpoMaAHOH nonyjiapHOOTbw nonbayexcs! nepaan ciOHTa,

cueHbi H3 „Ona!|)a TpHrBaaoHa" h psra, poMancos, cpe^H KOTopwx jiyMuiMC

nepnbi ero 3ja,oxHOBeHHH. v ^ ..,

— 2t!l —

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Horo BonjiomeHMfl, b 3HaHHTejibHO 6ojibmeft cBo6oAe rapMo-HHH, HeM y ero npoxoTHnoB (LUyMaH, LUonena), b ynoTpe6jieHHHCB060AHbIX, HHKaK He 6a3HpyK)mHxcs! Ha TeopHH rapMOHHMeCKHXM MejioAHHecKHx KpacoK. MysbiKa ero cTanoBHTCH npHcnoco6-JICHHOft K TOMy, MT06bI BbipaSHTb MMMOJICTHbie HaCTpoeHHH,AaTb KaK 6bi cjienoK MHnyTHoft smouhh—b 3tom oTHomeHHHOH 6jih3ok k lIlyMaHy. Ero cneuH4)HHecKofl 3acJiyroft siBJiHexcH

cMemeHHe rapMOHM4ecKoro cosHanHH c HopwajibHo m TpaAH-UHOHHo o6pa30BaHHbix co3ByHHH Ha HHbie, 6ojiee ocTpbieH npHHyAJiHBbie. M3 sthx sjicmchtob EnocjieAcxBHH Bbipocjia

BCH HOBasi MysbiKa.

KpyroM noTpe6HTejiefl Fpwra Ha KOTopbm oh nncaji. 6biJia

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(|)HUHpyeTCH, npHHHMaa b ce6a sjieMeHTW BarHcpMSMa, Koxopbie,

BnpoHeM, Bce me ocxaioTCJi TOJibKo BueuiHe BocnpHHnTWMH,

KaK 6bijio H y Cen-CaHca, m y OpaHKa. Bo.!ee MOJiOAoe noxo-

i_ :..*f^^_.iJfc^ilVj:

232 — 233 —

jieHMC aKafleMHCTOB oripeAejieHHO HMeex, hommmo Bcero, emeHauHOHa-nHCTHHecKHe reHfleHUHH, BbipawaiomHecH b xeope-

TMHecKOM oTBpameHMH OT TepMaHCKoA KyjibTypbi. flajKe caMbift

BarHepHSM stom rpynnw npeAcxaBJiHeTCH OKpameHHbiM

B HaUHOHaJIbHbie TOHa: OHH, 3TH KOMnOSHTOpbl, WCJiaiOT fleMOH-

CXpHpOBaXb, HTO H B pOMaHTHKO-nOJIH4)OHHMeCKOM CTHJIC

OpaHUHS cnoco6Ha flaxb smneiwa, noflo6Hbie Barnepy. Tcm

He MCHee caMbiM BarHepHSM, KaK cTMJib, oKasbiBaexca cyme-

cxBeHHo MyjKflbiM 4)paHuy3CKOMy MHpocoaepuaHMK). HaH6oiiee

BMflHbie KOMnosHXopbi sxoft nojiyaKafleMHMecKoft, nojiycfjpaHKO-

pomaHXHHecKOM njieaflbi, cxpeMHBuiHecH oxnacxH nepeHecxw

Ha (jjjpaHuyscKyK) noMBy poMaHXHHecKHe usexbi

^'^^^J *°***' BarnepHSMa— cyxb B e h c a H-fl'3 hah/) npH-

6jTH?KaK)iu;HMCH K BarHepy cbohm xpoMaxHSMOM.

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HOCXbK), H ra6p. O o p e, ysce 6ojiee mhctmh aKaaeMHcx,

pa6oxaK)mHM Ha HSbicKaHHO acxexHbift BKyc „6oabuioft" ny6jiHKH.

Bojibiiioe snaneHHe nojiyMMJi bo $paHUH mbjio, BnponeM, pac-

npocxpaHHBiiiHflcH 3a ee npeaejibi KOMnosHxop HI a 6 p h e,

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HO Koxopbift B cBexe o6'eKTMBHOcxn npeAcxaBJiJiexcH nsjieHHeM

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poMaHXHHecKoro 6e3yMHJi Bep;iH03a h ero BbisoBa BKycy,

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Hoft H o6Hapya{HBajia cxpeMJienwe k HeyKOCHHxejibHOMy yMHO-

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B KOHcepBaxopHH riapHwa, h xaM 3aHHjiM flOMHHMpywmyionosHUHK) B 6ypw;ya3HOM (|)paHU,y3CKOM o6mecxBeHHOM MHenHH.

Bnjioxb fto rpaHH XX seKa axa rpynna cfjaKXHMecKH BMecxe

c yace npecxapejiwM CeH-CaHcOM ynpaBJisrjia h jiHKxoBajia

BKycbi ny6jiHKH.

MysbiKaJibHaa a<H3Hb OpanuHH xaKMM o6pa30M oKasbi-

BaexcH B 3XO BpcMH KaK 6bi pesKO paccJioeHHoft na aseKaxeropHH—Ha wyBbiKy onenb ne cepbesnyio (onepexKy), paB-

BMBUiyiOCH H3 KOMHHeCKOH Oncpbl, H Ha My3bIKy CJIHUIKOM

cepbCBHyK), Hxo6bi flawe ne cKasaxb cKyHHyro, passHBiiiyrocsi

H3 aKafleMH3Ma. Onepa, kbk poft HCKyccxBa, HesojibHO nona-

Aajia oxHacxH MeMcjiy sxhmh rpynnaMM, npHHCM HHor^a OHd,

KaK B npoHBBeaeHHflx JX'B hah hjih lllapnanxbe nocHJia 6o;iee

cepbesHbiH, xapaKxep, ho HHoraa saHHMaJia npowewyxoMHoenoflOwcHHe. B sxo Bpenji Hapowaaexcn b cbhsh c o6mHMHaxypajiHcxHHecKHM B3rjiflAOM cjjjpaHuyscKofl; iiiHpoKoft MaccwHa HCKyccxBO— cneuHajibHbifi pofl cepbesnofl naxypaJiHcxHHe-

CKOH onepbi, 6ojibmefl nacxbio no ciowexy BSMXoft h3 cospe-

MeHHoft m«H3hh. B axoft Manepe nwcaji onepw lllapnanxbe

(ero „Jlyn3a"). h k sxoMy we nanpaBfleHHio npHMbiKaer

HecKOJibKO 6oJiee JierKOBecHbift, ho HBjnuHbift

'^T^^^g'"''*' n flapoBHXbifl JI, e Ji H 6 0, b wysbiKe Koxoporo

MOHCHO HaftxH 3jieMeHXbi, nojiyHHBUJHe Bnocjiea-

'•) JXeim6 (1836 — 1891) i-ianncan mhofo onep, n3 KOTopbix HaH6onee

3HaMeHHTbi „JlaKM3" H „TaK cicasan Kopojib", a TaKJKe psifl SafiexoB, b tom

MHcne „CH)ibBHn" h ..KonnenHH".

^ttm

234

CTBHH paSBMTHe B HOBOtfjpaHUySCKOft lUKOJie. B 3TO JKe BpCMHH THnHHHO SnHrOHHHeCKHe aflCMeHTbl nOHBflHlOTCH B 6ojibmoMKOJiHHecTBe, HaBOflHHs o6;iacTb onepbi h HHCTpyMCHTajibHOM

. MysbiKH CBOHMH npoflyKxaMH. Cpe^M noflo^Hbix MaccHa^)saHHiyiaeT ^OBOJibHo BHflHoe nojioweHHe He

onepa Maccena.^TOJIbKO no KaneCTBy COMHHeHHft, CKOJIbKO HOo6'eMy Toro pbiHKa, b KOTOpoM ohm nojiyHHAH

cnpoc. Ero bnepbi Hapsifly c onepaMH TyHO h Ease o6xoAaT. Becb MHp, coeflHHHH B ce6e Bce KanecTBa pwHOMHoro (|)a6pH-

, Kara — H 6ofi[KocTfa spejiHiua m cKWKeTa, h flOcrynHOCTbMySbIKH, H HeHyJKAOCTb ee MHOrHM npHMHXHBHSHpOBaHHblMJlOCTHH<eHHSIM COBpCMeHHOCTH.

MTajibHHCKafl MysbiKa npoaojiJKaeT m nocJie B e p a

m

CBOK) npejKHjoK) HHCTo-onepHyK) jihhhh). 3a-BepHCTHiecKoe

poAHBUiasfCH B cymHOCTH BO OpaH^HM onepaHanpaBAeHHe b ^

"^ ^ '^

HxaAHH. ^ OblTOBbIM CKJMCeTOM, „peaJIHCTHMeCKaH" c My-

3biKoft pbiHOHHoro xapaKTcpa, He HyMi^aK)-

mCHCH, HOBblX MySblKajIbHblX AOCTHJKeHHft,— SfleCb UIHpOKOnpKBHBaeTCJI, OMBBHAHO, COOTBerCTByH OCo6eHHOCTHM HaUHO-HajibHoro Ayxa. VjKe b onepe BepAH momcho 6bijio ycMoxpcTbHaMeKM Ha 3to HanpaBAeHHe, ho b oco6eHHOCTH sipKO ohocrajio npoHBJiHTbCH b Tsop^ecTBe MacKaHbH (onepa „Cejib-

cKaa MecTb") h JleoHKaBajijio, („naHUbi")- 3to nanpasjie-HHe no Ayxy CBoewy h TMny 6bijio poACTseHHO b cyiuHOCTHMCKyccTBy KHHeMaTorpacjjja, c KoxopbiM ero c6jiH»:aji m cHJacex,

BcerAa BbisbiBarome, 6yjibBapHO HTpKuPi h rpy6biM, co mhojkc-CTBOM rpy6o MenoApaMaxMHecKHX nojio^CHMft, h MysbiKa, npH-odpexaKJmasf xapaKxep HMnpoBHsauHOHHOcxH h HCKOxopoftB 3XOM CMbicjie cBo6oAbi, HO 6ojiee ox 4)opMbi H BKyca,HeZKCJIH ox KaKHX-J[H6o OpraHHHeCKHX 3;ieMeHXOB. BxOX CXHJIb,

nojiyMHBiiiHft HaMMeHOBSHHe „BepH3Ma" (ox KopHH verum—„npaBAa" b cMbicJie „HaxypajiHcxHHecKoe HanpasjieHHe"). no-

'

Jiyiaex cpaBHHxejibHo xajianxjiHBOe npoAOJiaceHHe b onepnoMTBopnecxBe SHaMeHHxoro h nonyaapHoro IlyHMHHH („TdcKa",„MaHOH", „BoreMa", „M-m Byxxep<|3Jieft" h npon. onepbi), koxo-pbiflycneuiHo conepHHHaex c MaccHs b nocxaHOBKc onepHo-pblHOMHblX npOAyKXOB.

^) MaccH3 (1842—1919)— 3HaNeHMTbm KOMnoamop, sojiroe BpeMH nocra-EJiaBuiHft onepw na mnpoKHe Maccoswe BK>'Cfai. Ms ero MHoroHHcneHHwx onepHaHfionee HseecTHbi „MaKOH" h „BepTep".

2.So

riocjie PMraHxcKoro aBJieHHH BarnepaKaAeMHSM B ep-

^yg^j^g g FepMaHHH KaK 6bi Bca KOHuenxpH-MaHRH. bpaMC. '

pyexcH Ha HHxepece k sxoMy BenHKOMy HBJie-

HHK). FaydoKO poMaHXHHecKoe H HauHOHajibHoe no cymecxsy,

OHO SaCJIOHHJIO CBOeft HHXeHCHBHOCXbK) HHbie SIBJieHHH, CXOflb >,

ace couHOJiorHHecKH o6ocHOBaHHbie, MMeHHO o6mHe c apyrnMM

cxpanaMH, h b FepMaHHH Aaace oco6eHHO cHJibHO AOJiHcencxBO-

BaBiuee npoHBHXbCH HBJieHne MysbinajibHoro aKaACMHSMa-AKaAeMHSM, KaK conyxcxByKJmee ponanxHSMy HBJieHHe, kbk

ero B HSBecxHoft cxenenn anxHxesa, kbk acxexHHecKoe sBy-

KocosepuaHMe, CBOftcxBeHHoe HMeHHO KJiaccy KpynHO-6yp-

a<ya3HOMy h k HCMy npHMbiKaromMM cjiohm, ywe 6biJi sajiowen

B TBopnecxBe MeHAejibCona, sjiCMenxbi ero MyBcxBOsanHCb

B o6meM xoHe anHroHHnecKHX siBJienHfi, HaBOAHHBuiHx FepMa-

HHH) nocjie lilyMaHa. 3xo nocxenenHoe npoHSJieHne aKaAe-

MH3Ma H nepBOHanajibHaH ApannpoBKa ero b annronHHecKHe

OAesHHH 6biJia hphhhhoh xoro, mxo mhofhmh sa annronHHecKoe

?Ke HBJieHHe 6biJio npnHHxo no ouiH6Ke MOHyMenxajibHoe h

MpesBbinaHHO xapaKxepnoe, HMenno ana patfjHHHposaHHoro

aKaAeMHSMa xBopnecxBO Horanna B p a m c a^) (1 833—1 897).

riosHUMH aKaAeMHSMa 6biJia b FepMaHHH xpyAHce hmchho 6Aa-

roAapa cjihuikom spKowy BbiflBAenHU) poManxH^ecKH - nauHO-

HajibHbix ajicMeHxos xBopnecxBa Barnepa. M axo poManxHHe-

cKoe sacHJibe 6biJio nacxojibKO cHjibwo, mxo h aKaaeMHSM (KaK,

BnponeM, h bo OpanuHH, b Jinue pannero CeH-Canca) 6bia

npHHy»;AeH ApannpoBaxbcn b xory ycjiOBHoft poMaHXHKH. KaK

THnHHHO aKaAeMHHecKoe siBJieHne, BpaMc AOJiM<eH 6biA ecxe-

CXBeHHO HBHXbCH CHHXeSOM pexpOCneKTHBHblX CXpeMJICHHii:

H yMepeHHOro aBOAWUHOHHSMa. AKaAeMnnecKHe MOMenxw, sa-

flOMceHHbie MCJKAy npoHHM H B xBopHecxBe nocjieAHero Bex-

xoBena (cm. BexxoBen), ne mofjih ne OKasaxb na BpaMca •

BJiHHHMSi, xaK M<e KaK acxexHHecKH pasBMTOH BKaAeMHSM Men-

^) BpaMC (1833—1897) nepBOKnaccHbift nHaHHCX h komhoshtop, iipo-

JKHJl BCW JKHSHb B rCpMaHCKHX CTpaHaX M TeCHeftlUHM 05pa30M CnaHH C HCMCU-

Koft KyjibTypoH. Ero KOMnosHUHH HpesBbiiagHO MHoroMHcneHHbi; m3 hhx naH-

6ojiee HMeioT sHaMCHMe „HeMeuKHa peKBHCM", 4 chm4)0hhh, pan, KsapieTOB

'crpyHHbix H ^opienHaHUbix, coHaTU «jin CKpHnmi (3) h flJin BHonoHiejiH (2),

pap, (})opTenHaHHbix BemeM (b tom MHcne ipn coHaibi, BapHauHH Ha xeny

LilyMaHa, FeHflensi h naraKHHH, BenrepcKne TaHUbi h rip.), MHoro neccH,

npHHaflneatamux k nyMuueMy, mto co3«aHO nocne UlySepia m LUywaHa b Tep-

MaHHH, H flp. ,.- N.'•.' ^.t

;» ..^SfeSsr^v.-. ':'>^iScM>^'MiiM^:':aii>iim-

— 236 —

ACJibcoHa H apKHfl cTMJib HfywaHa. Ero cxHJib 6biJi paccHHraH

^Ha BbicoKO-n.po(|[)eccHOHajibHbift ypoBeHb. 3to—My-sbiKa fljifl MysbiKaHTOB H ftjiji Kjiacca ucHHTejieft, h6o oHa HeMMceT HH OAHoro KanecTea, Koxopoe c^eJiaflo 6bi ee

cnoco6HOM, noflo6Ho Barnepy, BbiflepMcaxb, hommmo flpyroro,

craBKy na fleMOKpaTHMecKyio HMnosaHXHOcTb, B cbh3h c sthm

BbicoKo npoc|)eccHOHajibHbiMypoBHeM,noTpe6HTeji5i,Ha Koxoporo

paccHMTbisaji BpaMC, ero MyawKa npeacTaBJiHeT kbk 6bi pac-

iiiHpeHHe H pacuBBT KaMepHoro cthjisj, KOTopwH H panee

Bcerfla 6biji rjiaBHofl cc|)epoft noTpe6;ieHHH cneuHaJibHO npo-

c|)eccHOHanbHoro KJiacca. flaH<e cnMc|)OHHHecKoe TBopMecTBO

BpaMca (ero 4 chm4)ohmh, opK. BapwauHH, yBepTiopw h npoH.)

M opaTopHajibHoe (HeMeuKHfl peKBHew) — b cymHOCTM hbjih-

K)TCH paciiiMpeHHeM flo CHM(|)OHHHecKoro pasMepa KaMepHoro

CTHJiH, npoflOJiacaioiuerp cepbCSHbift m BjiyMMHBbift cTHJib no-

CneflHHX 6eTXOBeHCKHX COMMHCHMft. B CBJI3H C erO THnHHHbIM

npo4)eccHOHaj]bHbiM aKaaeMnsMOM HaxoflHTCH h 6ecKOJiopHT-

HOCTb ero TEopnecTBa, KOTopoe KOHueHxpHpyeTCH Ha cbmomMySblKajIbHOM SSyKOBOM pMcyHKe H HyMCAaexcH KpaCOMHblX

HapflAOB, KaK saxeMHJiiomHx HcxHHHyio npHpofly sByKOBoro

pMCyHKa. B 3XOM CMblCJie BpaMC SIBJIJieXCH MySWKajIbHWM

rpa(|)HKOM B 6ojibiiiOM cxencHH, hcm kto 6bi to hh 6biJi jipyroH

M3 ero npeftuiecxBeHHHKOB. AKaaeMHHecKoe JiBJieHHe BpaMca6oJiee MHcxoe, neM Cen-CaHca, opranHHecKH, Mymflo onepnoMycxHJiKJ. HanpoxHB, wanp n e c h h ^jih Hero xapaKxepeH, h b

HCM OH npoflOJiMcaex jihhhk) MeHflejibcoHO-uiy6epxoBCKoro m

uiyMaHOBCKoro poMaHXHSMa. ByayHH ecxecxBCHHO sjBJieHHeM

KOHcepBaxHBHbiM HO oxHOiueHHK) K MysbiKajibHOMy MaxepHajiy

H ero B03MO»cHbiM Hcrio;ib30BaHHHM, 6yfl,yMM oxMacxH AajKe

HB.neHHeM p e x p o'c n e k x h b h w m, KaK sxo cBoficxBeHHo

riOMXH BCHKOMy aKaflCMHSMy, BpaMc, ecxecxBeHHO, b cKopoMBpeMCHH CTan kbk 6bi SHaMeneM acxexHHccKOH rpynnw, npo-XH BonojiaraBuieHCH Barnepy h hobom/ HCKyccxBy HOBaxo-pOB-pOMaHXHKOB (JIhCT—BepjlHOs). ripOXHBHHKH HOBblX flOCXM-

MeBHPi B HCKyccTBe, KOHcepBaxopbi, rjiaBHbiM o6pa30M hsKpyra npo(|DeccHOHajiOB, rpynnnpoBaBiuHxcJi KpyroM KpynHOft

6ypM<ya3HH, Bocnojib30BajiHCb mm fljia AOKasaxejibcxBa xoro,

Hxo H cxapbie tjf^opMw cnoco6Hbi k jKHEOMy XBOpnecxBy. FIpo-

TMBonojioacHaa rpynnnpoBKa — BarHepHCXHMecKan, 6biBuiaH

OXpaSHXeJIbHHUeH Hami0Ha,IIHCXH4eCKHX Hfleft H ao HSBeCXHOfi

— io I —

cxeneHH aHXHnpo4>eccHOHaJibHa5i, yKaawBajia na MHorne anw-

roHHiecKne Mepxbi b xBopnecxBe BpaMca (nBHasi npeeMcxBeH-

HOCTb ox EexxoBena, LUyMaHa, MeHAejibcona). MejKay jiByMH

rpynnHpoBKaMH BOSHMKJia Jiio6onbixHaH 6opb6a, b npouecce

KoxopoM oxKpHCTajijiM30Bajiocb HacxoHiuee oxHomeHHe k xBop-

MecxBy KaK Barnepa, xaK h BpaMca. Hex comhchmh, mxo npo-

cJjeccHOHajibHbiH aKaaeMHSM BpaMca hochji b xo Tue BpeMH Bce

xapaKxepMcxHHecKHe nepxbi noflJiHHHo HauHOHajibHorocxHJiH, HXO o6jierHajio npHSHaHHe 3xomV xBopnecxBy, cxo^b

cypoBOMy H acKexHHecKOMy no t^opne n cxojib jiHiueHHOMy

o6biHHbix AJia lUHpoKHX Macc npuBJieKaxejibHbix pecypcoB.

rionyjiHpHbiM aBxbpoM BpaMc b cymnocxH xaK h He cxaji, ero

Kpyr noxpe6Hxejieft b cKopoM BpeMeHii paspoccsi, ho HHKoraa

He nepexoflHJi rpaHeft aKaAeMHHecKoft cdpephi, x. - e. Kpyra

npo(|)eccHOHajioB h KpynHO-6ypHcya3Hbix acxexoB c npHMbiKaio-

mHMM K HHM no6oHHbiMH rpynnnpoBKaMM.

B'a r H e p H 3 M, KaK HanpasjieHHe, OKa3ajicfl ropasflo Menee

npoflyKXMBHbiM, HCM KaK o6Luee BJiMsiHHe, nayKQ B caMOfl Fep-

MaHHH. Opewae Bcero mom<ho nocjie Barnepa KoncxaxHpoBaxb

BOo6iu,e Heo6bi>iaftHoe naaeHHC nyjibca xBopnecxBa b o6;iacxH

KanecxBeHHofl h HeBepoaxHoe yMHOHccHHe ero b o6;iacxn

KOJIHMeCXBeHHOft. ripHMHHbl SXOPO nepCnpOHSBOflCXBa KOMHO-

sHxopcKHx (|)a6pHKaxOB cpeflHero flocxoHHcxsa JieHcajiH b

nepepa3BHxnH KanHxajiHcxM^ecKoro xo35iflcxBa, BxoprHyeiue-

rocH H b c4)epy MyswKK, h na Koxopwe 6bijio ywe yKa3aHo.

Hocjie BarHepa m BpaMca KOMnosHxop.cKaH pa6oxa oKOH4a-

xejibHO yxpaHHsaex Kycxapnyio o6oco6;ieHHOcxb h cxanoBHTCJi

KanHxajiH3HpoBaHHoft, OAHHOKo-coMHHJJiomMft KOMnosHxop cxa-

HOBHXCa peflKHM HCKJHOHeHHeM, HOpMaJIbHblft KOMHOSHXOp

oxKpoBeHHO nocxaBJiJiex My3biKy AJia onpeaejieHHoro KanHxa-

jiHCTHHecKoro npeflnpHflXHS! h ajir onpeaejiennbix rpynn noxpe-

dnxejieH, c KOxopbiMM oh siBJiaexcJi MxeojiorHviecKH cBasaHHbiM.

Kpyr noxpe6HxejieM BOo6iij,e cepbCBHoft MysbiKH Kpaflne

paciUHpnexcH k nanaJiy XX eeKa: KOHuepxHbift nyjibc ycujiw-

BaexcH flo npeflCJibHbix pasMepoB, b Kpynnbix uenxpax Fep-

MaHHH KOHuepxbi npoHcxoAHT no HecKOJibKy AecHXKOB e»<e-

AHCBHO. B CBSI3H C HaUHOHajIbHbIM o6'eflHHeHHeM FepMaHHH H

c nbiiiiHbiM pacuBexoM HH^ycxpHajibHOcTH aocxMJKeHHH nauHO-

HajibHoro HCKycGXBa cxanoBaxcH npeAMexoM ocoSenHoro

Kyjibxa H noxpe6jreHMn. Hawe xe MysbiKajibHbie npoAyKxti

KOTOpbie no CBOeM CJIOMCHOCTM B CyiUHOCTM He MOFJIH 6bl 6bITl

OTHeceHbi K Kpyry h Tuny HyacTBOBaHMM mnpoKoro KJiacca,

CTaHOBHTCH aOCTOHHHeM UIHpOKMX MBCC M3~3a COo6pa?KeF^^Hft

„naTpHOTHHecKoro" xapanrepa. OflHOBpeMCHHO omymaeTcaHacTOSfTejibHaH noTpe6HocTb b tom, MTo6bi rereMOHHS? b Myaw-KajibHOM HCKyccTBe, ynpoMHBuiaHCH' B FepMaHMH CO BpeneHMKJiaccHMecKofl apbi, He 6biJia eio yxpaMeHa, CMMnxoMbi HeKO-Toporo HauHOHaJibHoro ocjia6jieHHn yme saMCMeHbi 6biJiH pa-

Hee— sapowfleHHe MdJiofloft HopBeM<cKoft uiKOJibi, crojib apKOM 6jiecTS[me HanaBmeft cbok) padory (FpHr),

HeoBarHepHSM h

ero KOHTaKT cjtajiee, nosBJieHwe cwjibHoro MysbiKajibHoro co-

aKafleMH3MOM."epHMKa Ha BOCTOKe. B PoccHH(HOBaH pyccKaHiiiKOJia, MaflKOBCKMM), HaKoneu, npo6y}KfleHHe

aKaACMHSMa m cHM(|)0HH3Ma BO <I>paHUHH. riepBoe BpeMK nocjie

BarHepa 6biJio MpesBbiHaiiHo cMJibHO o6anHHe BHeuiHHx 4)opM

ero MysbiKajibHoft MbicJiw: hach ero MyawKajibHoft flpaMbi,

JIHCTHaHCKHe ^'OPMbl CBo6oflHOft H nporpaWMHOM CHMqjJOHHH

jiOMHHHpoBajiH. OAHOBpeMeHHO B KyjibT H B cBOcro poAa Barne-

poBCKyio „TpaflHunK)" BBefleHbi 6bi;iH rapMOHHnecKHe Maxe-pHajibi, npHBHeceHHbie b MyswKy BarnepoM h nosflHHM poMaH-TH3MOM. Ms COBOKynHOCXH 3XHX yCJlOBMft C03flajiaCb UIKOJia

HeoBarHepHSMa, Koxopaa npoxHBonojiarajia ce6H Bpancy,nepeMCHBUiCMy BarHepa na 15 Jiex. Ho k axoMy BpeneHH nauHO-HajibHoe o6'eflHHeHHe h poMaHXMHecKan BOJina, ero nopoflUB-

uiaH, 6biJin y»e HcnepnaHbi h saBepmeHw, aKafleMHSM h ero

npoAyuHpoBaBuian h noompHBUian Kpynnan 6yp>Kya3Ha okoh-naxejibHO BOSAOMHHHpoBajiH B o6mecxBeHHoft SCH3HH,— H xenpoxHBonojioM<eHHH Mewfly aKaASMnsMOM h „HeoBarHepH3MOM",Koxopbie xeopexHHecKH nocxyjiHpoBajiHCb, KaK HSBecxnaH npo-

t|)eccHOHaJibHasi HHepuHsr, na nenvi 6biJiH y>Ke ne MoxHBHpoBaHbicouHOJiorHHecKH. Oxxoro b xBopnecxBe HeoBarnepHSMa mw hc

MOMceM KOHcxaxHpoBaxb npKOcxH HanpaBJieHHH

H CBeMCeCXH, H B HCM coBMeuxaioxcJi HeOM<H-

naHHo una caMHX HeosarHepHcxoB c poMaHXHnecKHMH 4'OP"

MaMH xnnHHHo „aKafleMHMecKHe" Mepxbi. B xaKOM cxHJie, npo-

MejKyxoMHOM H oxxoro opraHUMecKH Majio xapaKxepHOM, nwcajiH

BeftHrapxHep, Bkjjiob h Ahxoh BpyKHep^) (1 824 - 1 896), koxo-

"^1 A. BpyKHep (1824—1896), Hanncan 8 chm4)ohhh h oflHy He ycneji

KOHHHTb (HanHcaHbi xpH »!acTH), opraHHbie coMMHeHHa, TpH meccbi h 150

ncanMOB, pajs. iiepKOBHHx KOMnosHunft, MyM<cKne xopw c opKecxpoM h crpyHHWH.

-;

pbift HaH6onee sipKO eonjiomaji b cbobm xBopnecxBe nocxeneHHoe

o6e3BpeHCHBaHHe sarnepHSMa naQjioeHHen b hbm sjicMenxoB

xHnHHHoro aKafleMH3Ma. Car-tasi Hflea BpyKHepa— nepeHecxH

BarnepoBCKHe npHHUHnw b cjjaopMy cvv«|)ohhh—6bijia ywe ana-

jieMHSMOM. OxcyxcxBHe b HeM hcxhhho poMaHXHHecKoro xeM-

nepdMCHxa, 6ecKonopHXHOcxb MysbiKH, poflHamaa ero c BpaM-

COM, H cxpeMJieHHe k KjiaccHnecKoft saBepmeHHocxH (|)opMbi

flenaiox BpyKHepa xHnMHHbiM aKaASMHCXoM na BarnepHaHCKoft

noHse. BpyKHep pa6oxaji na noMBe chm4)ohhh h oxnacxH na

noMBe uepKOBHoft MyswKe, mxo yKaswBaex naMce Ha HSBecxHbie

„pexpocneKXHBHbie" xeneHHsi b ero ncHxoJiorHH. HaH6oJiee

BbiflBHHyjicsr H3 rpynnbi HeosarnepHcxoB PycxaB Majie p^)

(1860—1911). Majiep nwcaji y>Ke b aKaaeMMHecKoft (fjopMe, npn

MCM oxpbiJKKa poMaHXHSMa H THraHxcKHX sByKOBbix nepcneKXHB,

CBoftcxBeHHbix BarnepHSMy, BbipasHJiacb y Hero xoJibKo b

orpoMHOM yBeJiHMeHHH BHeuiHefl rpaHflHOSHOcxH. MMne-

pHajiMcxHHecKaH PepMaHHa cxpeMHxca k cosaaHMK) HCKyccxBa

MaccoBoro, rHranxcKoro no BnenaxjieHHK), Bnenaxjiaiomero-

He CXOJIbKO KaneCXBOM, CKOJIbKO KOJIHHSCXBOM, HCKyCCXBa BnoflHe

fleMOKpaxHMecKoro. Bhciuhmm o6pa30M axox fl,eMOKpa-

TH3M npoaBJiaexca b BKpanjieHHH b CHM(|)OHHHecKyio MysbiKy

HapoflHbix xeM, B cxpewjieHHH k npocxoxe xpacoK h k aeft-

cxBHJo Ha uivipoKyK) Maccy nyxeM HaKonjieHna ssyMHOcxefi.

B VIII cHM(|)0HHH Majiepa flejio floxoaHx ao 1000 ynacxKHKOB,

caMoe HcnojiHCHHe npHo6pexaex xapaKxep ..npasAHecxBa", B-

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Ha xHnHMHbift AJia HMnepHajiHCXHHecKOM Fep-Ulrpayc.

KBHHTei. npoHSBefleHHSi BpyKHepa cianH nonynnpHbi nocne hx nponaraHflu

HnKHiueM (c 1884 r.), ho h to lonbKO b FepManHH; npyrne CTpaHw Majia

sHaKOMbi c TBOpMecTBOM 9Toro KOMnosHTopa, Kpyr cSbixa npoHSBeneHHfl ko-

Toporo orpaHHHHBaeTca repMancKHMH CTpanaMH.

^) r. Manep (1860—1911) nanHcan 9 chm4)ohhh, h3 KOTopwx HaH6o-

jiee rpaHRHOBHa no BHeiuHOOTH VHi (1910) ..flecHsi seMnH" «jifl opKecxpa

xopa H oprana, h pan 6oiiee MenKHx npoHSBefleHHS. Majiep nonbsyeTcn

orpoMHbiM' pacnpocTpaneHHeM cpeflH noTpe6HTeneK KOHuepTHofi MyawKa

B FepMaKHH, HO B flpyrHx cxpaHax ero TBopiecTEO Menee HssecTHO.

^) LLlTpayc PHxapn (pofl. 1864 r.) nHcan CHanana b aKaji;eMHMecKOM

cTHne BpaMca h snHroHos poManTHSMa (ero nepBbie npoHSBCfleHHa, b tom

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HfleojiorneM 6biJia HfleajiHCTHHecKaji (|5Hjioco(|)hh, BCKopMHBUiaH

H eecb poMaHTMSM, H BbiuieauiaH hs, nee weraclJHSHKa llloneH-

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pa3BHBaeT nporpaMMHyio, H3o6pa3HTejibHyK) CTopony, npn mbm,

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SHTopcKoft H noTpe6jiHiomeH cpeflbi, 3Ta nporpaMMHOCTb HacTO

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opKecxpoBbix SByHHOCTeH. Bce TBopnecTBO lllTpayca—apKoe

MHone coHdTa ann CKpHnKn), noxoM pa6oTan b flyxe HeosarHepHSMa. Ero

KOMno3HUHH „H3 MTanHH", „floH'}KyaH" (1889), „CMepTb h npocBeTJienHe"

(1890), „THJiJib aftneHuinMrejib" (1895), „3apaTycTpa" (1895), „JI,oh-Khxot"

(1898), „>KH3Hb repoa" (1889), „n,OMamHHn chmi|)Ohhh" (1907), ..AnbnMft-

cKaa CHMifioHHH" (1914), onepbi „CanoMea" (1902), „3neKTpa" (1907), „KaBa-

ncp Pos" (1909) M flp. Oh HBnaexca oflnoBpeMaHHO ohhhm h3 KpynHSfiiUHX

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M flaHb MOflHblM TeMeHHHM MblCJIH, OpM o6meM 06blBaTejIbCK0MKOJiopHTe. rapMOHHHecKHH MaTepHdJi H pHTMHKa lllrpayca,

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„ HaCJieaHMKOM B 3T0M OTHOUieHHH BaPHepOBCKHX

aKaflCMHaM-Perep."^"^^^"'"^^ P e r e p ^ (1873-1916) aB^iaerca

npoAOJiH^axejieM jihhhh 6paMCH3Ma—T.-e. jihhhm,

nocTaBjiaiomeft nysbiKy AJia AoeojibHO orpanHMeHHoro otho-CMTejibHO, HO Bce pacxyiuero b HHjiycTpHajibHOM TepMaHHHKpyra MyBWKajibHO-npotjbeccHOHaJibHoro aKajieMMSMa. Ana-AfcMHBM Perepa, KOTopbifl Bce «e aBH-nca Handojiee rAySoKHMMacTepoM H3 MHc;ia BbiABMHyxbix FepMaHHefl sa nocjieAHHeroAbi,—yMce 6ojiee iiiHpoK m 6ojiee npeflBsaT, yMbiuiJieHeH,.

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padoxaex b cpaBHeHHH co llIxpaycoM Ha snaMMxejibHo 6ojiee

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H npo(|)eccHOHajiOB MysbiKanxoB.

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npeKJioHCHHH nepen BejinHHCM nauHOHajibHoft repmaHCKOM

lUKOJibi MysbiKH, B03HHKJIO H $jB,neHHe F. B o ji b (|) 3 ^j, cne-

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9 c T p a fl bi, cosAaeiueft wanp KanepHoro neHHH, oxHbine

saHHMaioiuero paBHonpaBHoe nojio>KeHne c newHeM onepnbJM

H HaMHHaK)iu,ee saxeMHnxb KOHuepxHoe neHne. Kanepnoe

neHHe 6biJio no cymecxBy aKaAeMHMecKHM HBJieHHeM,

nopo?KAeHHbiM KyjibxoM cxapoft necHH, ero aKaAeMMSM BbicKa-

sbieaJicH B XOM, Hxo ueHxp HHxepeca 6hiii nepenocHM b Ae-

xajiH HcnojiHeHHH, a Bbipa6oxKy MejioMeft m xyAOHcecxBenHbix

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H KBaJiH(|)HU,HpoBaHHbix scxexoB 6yp>Kya3Horo MHpa. HecHJi,

HaHBHo H KycxapHO npoAyunpyeMaa paHee, bo BpeMena poMan-

TMSMa B anoxy lUy6epxa h llIyMaHa, xenepb cneunaJiMSM-

pyexcH, ee HcncnHeHHe o6cJ7y?KHBaexcH cneu,HajibHbiMHKaflpaMH ncBUOB, Koxopbie KyjibXHSMpyiox

KaniepRoe nentie. ^ocoobie oxxeHKH HcnojiHeHHH,—caMoe KOHuepx-

^) Bojibcj} (1860—1908) nHcaji noHTH HCKJiiOMHTenbKO necHH (poMaHcw)

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1

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C 80-x roAOB, KorAa c ropMSOHxa Mc^esaex reHMft Bar-

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pHXb o ce6e MHp, b cbpsh c HaMMHaBuiHMCJi SKcnopxoM pyc-

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H AHpH>KepoB. b oco6eHHOcTH (Hhkhui). Oaho-

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Horo npo4)eccHOHajiH3Ma h npe>KHero 6apcKoro AHJiexan-

xHSMa KOHHHjiocb B HOiibsy cou,HOJiorHHecKH 6ojiee nepcAOBoronpoc|)eccHOHajiH3Ma, nocjie xoro KaK KOHcepBaxopHH, ocko-

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Hbix npo4)eccHOHajiOB h noAflepMCHBaHJmero hx SKOHOMHHecKH,Kpyra sapoAHBiueMca e Pocchh, npaBAa, eme He OMCHb MHoro-MHCJieHHOH, HO yTKe counajibHo-CMJibHofl KpynHOH 6yp>Kya3HH.Byp>Kya3H5i HaMHHaex Bbicxynaxb Ha oSmecxBeHHyio apenyB KanecxBe Kyjibxypnofi cHJibi, 6ojiee nepeAOBofl, ecxecxEeHHO,MeM npe>KHHfl (JieoAajibHan 6apcKaH apHcxoKpaxHH, npoHHKHy-TOH HAenMH JiH6epajiH3>ia. y>Ke nepBbie cocxaBbi MySbiKajib-

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mcHHsi MysbiKajibHoro. h> 70-x roflax jieconpo-

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4

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THnHHHbift HHcxpyMeHxajiHcx, PjiasyHOB KyjibxHBHpyex (|)opMbi

CMMCJ30HHH H ApyPHe aKaAeMHHecKne 4'opMbi; Aa»e b npeAe-

flax nporpaMMHOcxH oh npHAepatHsaexca cxporHX (JjopM, oh.

bboahx noJin(J)OHHbiH cxHJib, HaBeHHHbift 6oflbiiieK) MacxbK) Bar-

HepoM, HHorAa—BpaMcoM. PjiaayHOB cxanoBuxca HAeojiorHne-

,

CKHM ueHTpoM BejiHe3CKoro KpywKa, KaKHM 6biJi BajiaKHpes

AJIH HOBOft pyCCKOH UIKOJIbI, H B 3X0H 4)yHKUHH OH 6oJiee

xapaKxepeH, mbm PHMCKWH-KopcaKOB, xowce npHMbiKaiomviH

K 6eJisieBuaM, HecMOxpa Ha CBoft npocJjeccHOHaAHSM m Aaste

aKaAeMHSM, see me coxpaHaioiUMM mhopo nepx npeeMcxBen-

HocxH OT cxaparo aaKajia „6aJiaKHpeBiieB", b xom mhcjic

HeycxaHHoe cxpeMJieHHC k BnHxbisaHHKJ b ce6a Bcero Hosoro,

nOrOHK) 3a nOCJieAHMMH AOCXHMCeHWHMH HCKyCCXBa, HXO 6bmo

opraHHsauHH. KpymoK BejiaeBa, coSpaBiuHflcsi KpyoM Hero, cocTonn h"3

Phmcko o-KopcaK03a, BopoflHHa, Jla^OBa, OTHacTH Kk)h, rna3yH0;a h 6ojib-

moro KOnHHecTBa BiopojTeneHHwx asTOpoa, k hhm npHMuKaniuHX (lHep6a-

HCB, BHTOJib, SonoxapeB h np.). CpeflH ero aacnyr Ha^o OTMCTHTb npHSHa-

HHC C. TaHeesa, rjia3yH03a h CKpaSHHa, npw hbm no orHomeHHio k nocnefl-

HCMy OH HBHJica nponaraHflHCTOM h ero coMHHeHHfl, h ero HcnonneHHSi.

') PnaayHoa (pofl. b 1865 t.\ BbicxynHn oneHb pano (16 nei) h onenb

6necTflm,e. Mm HanHcaHw 8 chm^johhm, pa^ opKacTpoBux KOMnosHUHft (yaep-

Tiopa „0t MpaKa k CBexy", ..TopatecxBeHHaa ysepxiopa", cHM4>0HHMecKHe

no3Mbi „BecHa" h „CieHbKa PasHH"), 6anexbi „PaBM0Hfla" h ..BpeMcna rofla

MysbiKa K „UapK) Hy«SHCK0My" h „CajiOMee", 3 (j)opxenHaHHbix KOHuepxa?

CK^HnHHHbiS KOHuepx, MHO o 4'opTenHaHHbix nbec. r. cocxoaji c 1906 roHa

flHpCKXOpOM JieHHHrpajlCKOH KOHcepBaxopHH.

- 246 — 247

TaneeB.

npHKUMnHaJibHO HyjKflO r;ia3yHOBy. Ho KpyMcoKdnaroBHHecKHH BgjjjjeBa 6bi;i xapaKxepcH He oahhm FjiasyHO-

xapaKTep 6eAHeB" „ „BbJM, HO erne h orpoMHOH MaccoH Bxopo-

CKoro KpyiKKa. > -^ r I-

CTCneHHblX aSTOpOB, K HCMy npwMbi -

KaBuiHX H o6pa30BaBiiinx snHroHHHecKHft 4)0H K rjiaanbiM

AeaTCJIHM Kpy>KKa, KaKOBblMH 6bi;iH PHMCKHH-KopcaKOB

H FjiaayHOB, oxHacTn JIhaob. 3to HSoSmiHe snHroHHHecKHx

aneneHTOB, CTOJib npoTMBonojiOM<Hoe saMKHyToft orpanHneH-

HOCTH rpynnbi „KyHKH" xapaKxepno hmchho, kbk npHMoe

nocjieflCTBHe 6ypM<ya3Horo xHna MeuenaxcxBa: KpyroM Kpyn-

Horo H3flaxeji5i rpynnHpoBajiHCb JiMua, skohomhwcckh ox nero

saBMCMMbie H nocxaBJiHBii]He My3biKy, xaK hjih MnaMe Haxo^HB-

luyiocH B cooxBexcxBMH c BKycaMH flaHHoro Kpyra. Bojibuiaa

Hacxb-axHX aBxopoB 6biJiH xo>Ke aKaneMHCxaMH, h bo bchkom

cjiynae ne 6biJiH cnoco6Hbi k nosaxopcKHM MbicJiHM.

B xo 7Ke caMoe apeMH aKajicMHSM, Koxopbift,

oneBHAHo, 6biJi b sosAyxe speMeHH, iok cnoco6

BbipawcHHH HaH6ojiee 6jih3khh k BKycaM xoro Kpyra, Koxopwft

HBJinjicH rjiaBHbiM noxpe6HxejieM MysbiKH ..cepbesHOH", Bwpa-

3HJICH eme b sBJieHHHH C. M. TaneeBa^) (1856—1915), bo

MHoroM 6jih3kom k TjiasyHOBy. TaneeB, c oflHOH cxopoHW.

xHroxeK)mHft BecbMa HCflBycMbicJieHHO k pexpocneKXHBHOcxM,

K pCKOHCXpyKUHH CXapHHHblX 4'OpM (HMHXaUHOHHbie cfjOpMbl,

KOhxpanyHKx, opaxopnajibKbiH cxHJib, HapoHMXbiH Kyjibx Kawep-

Horo aHcaM6jiJi) h xcm o6Hapy>KHBaK)mHS cbom xHnHHHbift

aKaftCMHSM, c flpyroH cxopoHbi, 6biJi HecBo6oAeH ox HeKOxopwx

B-UHHHHfl noj]y6apcKoro npo4)eccHOHa;iH3Ma anoxH 70-x roflOB

H OHCHb CHJIbHO HaXOflHJICSI HOA BJIMJIHHCM MaMKOBCKOrO. EpO

aKaAeMH3M Bwpoc H3 npo4)eccMOHa:iH3Ma MaMKOBCKoro. Ho

BMecxe c XCM oh onpeaejieHHO nHUiex b pacnexe Ha xox, b

ero BpeMH eme xojibKO dpoTpMapytommcn b cymnocxH, „6yAy-

mvLpi" Kpyr bmcoko pasBHxoro npo4)eccHOHajiH3Na, KOHcepBa-

xHBHoro H pexpocneKXHBHoro no cymecxBy, m cHo6MMecKH

') C. H. TaHeeB (1856—1915) HanHcan. xpH chmcjjohhh (HSflana oflHa),

6 CXpyHHblX KBapTBTOB, CTpyHHblH KBHHTCT, (JjOpTCnHaHHbie TpHO, KBapTCT M

KBHHTCT, CKpHnHHHyK) cKJHTy c opKCCTpoM, onepy „OpecTea" (1894), KaHTaTbi

„HoaHH flaMacKHH" (1888) h „no npoMreHHH noanMa" (1910), psiA poMancoB

H xopoB. . Oh HanHcan Kpowe toio jpyfl no KOHTpanynKiy, KnaacHMCCKHfi

B CEOBM pofle („KoHTpanyHKT cTpororo nHCbMa" h HeHsnaHHwK „KaHOH") h

co3nan CBOK) reopmo cTpororo KOHxpanyHKTa.

1-

A

i'i

I.-

''

6yp>Kya3Horo acxexHSMa, Koxopbift xan XMnnneH unn scflKoro

aKaaeMHHecKoro ncKyccxBa. FIocjieflHHe cjieAbi poMaHXHSMa,BbipajKaromHCCfl y FjiasyHOBa eiiie b HCKOxopbix nauMOHajib-

HblX BJIH51HHHX KyMKH H BO BJIHHHHSIX BaPHepHSMa, yHHHXOHCa-

loxcH y TaHceBa, Koxopbift Bonjiomaex co6ok> xo caMoe, mxoBonjiomaji B FepManHH BpaMC, m npoAyUHpyex xBopnecxBOAJiflf aHajiorHHHoro Kpyra. C BpaMcoM ero cSjiHjKaiox h h3jiio-

6;ieHHbie o6jiacxH 4)opMbi: poManc, paccHHxaHHbiM na „KaMep-HblM CXHJTb neHKH", KOXOpbIM B CyiUHOCXM nepBbIM B MMCXOMBHAe C. TaneeB h KyjibXHBypyex, h6o npeH<H«a poMancKanneceHHOcxb MaiiKOBCKoro h ero npeAuiecxeeHHHKOB b cym-HocxH 6biJia HCKoxoporo poAa KOHuepxHoft; saxen chm4)o-

HMH, KaMepHbift aHcaM6jib, oparopHajibHwe (jjJopMbi (abc

KaHxaxbi „MoaHH XlaMacKHH" h „no nponxeHMH ncajiMa").

a paBHO c6jiH5Kaex h aHXHnaxHji k My3biKaj]bH0M HOBHSHe.THnHMHbie aKaACMHcxbi — Fjia3yH0B h TaneeB — hbjihjoxcji h

HaH6ojiee CHJibHWMH (jjjHrypaMM BpeMeHH, h6o ApyrHe, BbipocuiHe

B xo JKe BpeMH H M3 nOAo6HbIX Me HCXOMhHKOB, nOMHMO 6ojib-

uiCH cjia6ocxHAapOBaHH9 oxjiHwaroxcn eme MeHbiuefl nexKO-

cxbK) B opweHXHpoBKe xBopwecTBa, Koxopoe noxoMy OKasbi-

Baexcq HanpasjienHbiM no neonpeAejieHnoMy aApecy. Ha xaKoft

cMemaHHbiS h noxowy HexapaKxepHbiM Kpyr noxpe6Hxejieft

pa6oxaK)x onenb MHorMe, ho XBopnecxBO Bcex

HOCHX onpeAejienHbiH anHroHHHecKMH xapan-

xep. CK)Aa oxHOcnxcH aoHroHbi KyMKH (Ka-

jiHHHHKOB^), FpenaHHHOB ^), oxnacxM MnnoflHXOB-

MBaHOB), anHPOHbi MaftKOBCKoro (nandojiee CHJibHWH hs hhx

ApencKHH^), KOxopbiM B xo «e BpewH coBnemaex b ce6eHCKoxopbie Hepxbi aKaAeMH3Ma, npHr;noco6jieHHoro k BKy-

caM HecKOJibKO Menee KBajinc|)HUHpoB3HHbix KpyroB m noxoMyHOCHiuHH B cymHOcxH ca.iioHHbiH oxneHaxoK).

") KanHHHHKOB (1866 — 1901) HasecTeH, rnaEHbiM oSpasoM, cBoen

MenoflHMHofl cHMcjjOHHeH, KOTOpasi 6biCTpo CTana nonynapHoii He TOJibKO

B Po:;cHH HO H sa-rpaHHiiefi.

-) rpeMaHHKOB (pofl. B 1864 r.) uanHcan mhofo poMaHCOs, abtckhxneccH, uepKOSHbie KOMnosHUHH (r^e oh HanSonee CHJieH), TpHO, 2 KBapTexa,

chm4)ohhio, onepy „J],oSpbiHa Hhkhthm" h np.

•) ApeHCKHH (1861 — 1905) nanHcaji onepbi „Pac[)a3nb", „Coh hb

BoJire", KaMepHbie npoHSBeflfiHHa (xpKO, nonbsoBaBuiHeca orpoMHoS nony-

napHOGTbio, KEapreTbi, (fioprenHaHHbie ooHTbi ajia AByx poanei-i), mkoto 4:op-

TenuaHHbix Meno^eft h poMancoB.

BnHroHbi

npoij[ieccnoHaAH3-

Ma H KyiKH.

liiifeiiWMMalilliliHB

— 248 — 249

3x3 anoxa, coBnaBuia?! c paspyuieHHeMPacgsex hcuoa- ,

AHJieraHTHSMa h vKpenjieHHeM npoqpeccHOHajib-

Horo HCKyccTBa, BbiflejiHex Maccy BHpxyosoBpasHbix cneuHajibHocxeft, Koxopwe oxnacxH cnoco6cxByK>T

nponaraHfle n aKcnopxy pyccKoro HCKyccxBa sa rpaHMuy.

HHpH»cepbi (Ca4»OHOB), nHaHHCXbi (TaHeeB, EcnnoBa), CKpHnaMH(rieHHMKOB, BpoflCKHw) H flpyrHB npo4)eccHOHajibi cnoco6-

cxByhox xoMy, mxo pyccKHe McnojiHHxeJiH, y>Ke c Py6HHUjxeftH0B

npOHHKlllHe B eBpOneftcKHM npo4)eCCHOHaJIbHbIM MHp, OKOH-

MaxejibHO B HCM yKpenjiHioxcH.

IX.—HoBa>i MysbiKa.

Bo OpaHUHH aKaACMHSM, onHparomHflcji HaPeaicgHH npoTHs Kpyn^o 6ypM<va3Hbie KpyrH, nocxenenHO HaMH-

Haex BbisbiBaxb K ce6e peaKuviio bsxom7Ke caMOM Kpyre hjih, roMHee, b hckoxo-

poii, eme 6ojiee ysKOH ero nacTHf, Koxopaij ne xaK xecHO cnanHa

c NysbiKaJibHbiM npoc|3eccHOHajiH3MOM. 3xn BepxHHe cjiOH Kpyn-

KOfl 6yp>Kya3HH, BOCnpHHSIBUIHe B Ce65I flOCTHJKeHHH H BKyc

MysbiKaJibHOM Kyjibxypbi, o6HapyH<HBaK)x onpeflCJieHHbie cxpe-

MJieHHH K 6ojibuJOMy yxoHMeHHHJ BnenaxjieHHM ox HCKyccxBa.

OjiHO acxexHoe npcKjiOHCHHe nepefl BCJinHHeM naMsxHHKOBHCKyccxBa— npeKJiOHCMHe, m3 Koxoporo b cymHOcxH hcxoahx

aKaaeMHSM, Kan HBJieHne,— axo npeKJioHCHHe cxaHOBHXcfl hc-

flOcxaxoMHbiM. MsbicKaHHbiM Kpyr 6ypjKya3HH, BnHXbiBarouiMfl a

ce6H M Bce Handojiee yxoHMeHnoe us MMpa xyaoMCHMKOB, 6naro-

aapji aaKOHy SKOHOMMMecKoro mpwrsuKenva, coaaaex cxpe-

MJieHne K paspymcHMio okob aKaaeMH3Ma, k co3MflaHMK) HCKyc-

cxBa KOBoro, Henoxo>Kero Ha npeMcnee,BMcoKo-6yp3Kya8- o;ihhm cjiobom, b cpeftc 6ypM<ya3HH 3apo>K;iaexcJi

aKaAeiHRsma bo

4)paHgHii.

HUH noTpe6HTeAi>- v

cKHii a npcMCAe yM<e nepcMcnxoe cpeoflajit-ibiM poMan-

XM3M0M cxpeMJieHHe K HOBaxopcxBy B MCKyc-

cxBe. Ho 3XO HOBaxopcxBO OKpameHo, b BH^y HHoro KJiaccoBoro

ero npoHcxoH<aeHHsi, b necKOJibKO 6ojiee acxexHbie h noxoMycnoKoflHbie xoHa. Bo OpawuHH, r^e HapoA BOo6me ckjiohbh kKyjibxype, BKyc a, axo aojijkho 6biJio 6bixb oco6eHHO sanex-

HbiM. PaccaAHHKOM HosaxopcxBa HBjiaexca canoH noaxa Maji-

II

JiapM3, o5'ej;viH5noiii,Hft noaxoB, xyAOM<:HHKOB h MysbiKaHXOB.

B Heapax axoro cajioHa sapoMcaaexca xeneHHe, paccMHxariHoe

BOBce He Ha uihpokhm, ho na npesBbiMaMHO BecKHft Kpyr

noxpe6nxeJisi. MCKyccxao xnnHMHO saMKnyxoe, roflnoe una

HCMHorMX M36paHHbix, Koxopbie MorjiH 6bi BocnpHHSixb ero

CBOHMH yXOHHeHHblMH OpraHaMH. MhOPO SIBJieHHH o6'eAHHH-

Jiocb flJiH o6jierHeHn$i hobopo HanpaBJieHviJi. MeMc^y npoHHM

nojiMXH^ecKaa BcxpacKa, HcnbixaHHan OpanuHeft b 1870 roay,

He npomjia 6e3 nocjiefl.cxBHM. AKaflCMHSM, caw B03HHKmnH na

jione HeMeuKoro poManxusMa h niwae 6biBiiiHM nepBoe BpcMsi

BarHepucxHHHbiM B ;iHu,e CeH-Canca, flo:i>KeH 6biJi, b cHJiy

HauMOHajibHbtx coo6pa>KeHHH, npuxxHK caMOoxpnuaHHK). Opan-uyscKan Kyjibxypa flo;i>KHa 6bi:ia poflHXb HOBbie HBJieHHH b

MysbiKajibHOH c(|)epe, SKBHBajieHXHbie BejiHKOMy ncKyccxBy

FepMaHHn, KOTopbie cmofjih 6bi KOHKypnpoBaxb c hhm na

MHpoBOM pwHKe. Mbi npHcyxcxBycM xyx npH cBoeo6pa3HOMMysbiKaJibHOM HMnepHajiHSMC, npH copeBHOBanHH rocyAapcxseH-

Hbix opraHH3MOB B o6jiacxH MysbiKajibHoA rercMOHMH. Flocjie

BarHepa MysbiKajibHbiH nepB FepManHH KOHcxaxHpyexcw, KaKocjia6eBiiiHH; oflHOBpeMeHHO Hapo?KAaexcsi b HopBerviH FpHr,

a B PoccHH pyccKafl lUKOJia, n;ieHfliomne cbohm HanpsjKeHHeM

H MSbFCKaHHOCXbK) XBOpMCCTBa. OpaHUHJ! HeMHHyeMO flOJI»<Ha

saHqxbcH cosMAaHHeM Hosoro xo?Ke no cymecxBy Hauno-HajibHoro HCKyccxBa, Koxopoe oho mofjio 6bi npoxuBono-

CXaBHXb Ha MHpOBOM pblHKB BCCM 3XHM HOBbIM KaHflMflaxaM Ha

MHpoByK) rereMOHHK) b My3biKe, h b oco6eHHocxn cBoenynojiHTHwecKOMy Bpary—FepMaHHH. FepMaHCKne bjihjjhhsi xaKHMo6pa30M HCKJiiOHaioxcn npH o6pa30BaHHH HOBoro HCKyccxBa

H HanpaBJieHHH. HanpoxHB, Bsopbi c neKOxopbiM ecxecxBeHHbiM

jiK)6onbixcxBOM o6pamaK)xcH na lOHyK) Pocchh), Koxopaa b

3xy Mce anoxy saKjiujMaeT h nojiHXHMecKn- aKOHOMHMecKMft

coK)3 c OpaHuneH. Hex HHHero yflHBnxe,iibHoro h b xom, mxo

cxapeK>mnM MysbiKajibHbiH reHHH C>paHU,HH HMCHHo B BapBap-

CKoft H CBeweM HHxejiJieKxyajibHOH Pocchh B3flyMa;i hhcxhk-

XHBHO noHepnHyxb OMOJiajKHsaioiUHx cokobajiji cBoero flpnxjieK)-

mero opraHH3Ma, HSMyneHHoro MHoroBeKOBoft Kyjibxypoft. M Mbi

Ha6jiK)AaeM, AeAcxBHxejibHO, mxo hmchho h3 Pocchh h h3 nan-

"SoJiee ee nepeAOBon h cneuvic|>HMecKOH MacxH b xyAOJKecxBeH-

HOH o6;iacxH, h3 „6aJiaKHpeBCKoro Kpy>KKa" H^yx HMnyjibcw

K C03HflaHHK> HOBOfi lUKOJIbl BO OpaHUHH. TBOpMeCXBO

250

K. Jle6K)CCM') HBMJlOCb BCKOpMJICHHblM CO-

KaMH MycoprcKoro h KopcanoBa. Kohchho, HeHX OpraHHHeCKHH HaUHOHajIHSM, HyjKflblM H HeHy»<Hblft BO OpaH-UHH,—OHO SaHMCTByeT BapBapCKM CBe»He SJieMCHTbl rapMOHHH HPHTMHKH, BOCnpHHHTbie B THnHHHO 4)paHUy3CKOM, nO-CBOCMyrjiy6oKO nauHOHajibHOM HanpaBJiei.HH. Ho arony HauHonajiHSMy

COBepmCHHO My»A HapSA 3THOrpac|)HMHOCTH, CTOJlb SaMCTHblfl

B pyccKoft uiKOJie. fledioccH pasBHBaeTcsi no cymecTBy, kbkoxpocTOK npe>KHero aKaACMMHecKoro £|)paHuy3CKoro flpesa

MysbiKH. JXna Hero, BOcnHTaHHoro b pannax TpaflwuHOHHoroaKaaeMHSMa, rapMOHHMecKasj cBo6oAa MycoprcKoro noKasa-JiaCb HOBbIM OTKpOBeHHCM, a TO, MTO fleKJiaMaU,HOHHbm MOMeHTB MycoprcKOM cymecTBeHHO OTJinMaji h Aa>Ke npoTHBonocra-BJiHJi ero Barnepy, to, hto BOo6me pyccKasi uiKOJia HMenHO krepMaHH3My h k Barnepy OTHOcHAacb c HecKpwBaeMbiM ne-

Ao6poM<e;iaTejibCTBOM, xoTH h HeaopaayMeHHbiM b KopHe,— bcc3TO B CB»3H C 6jIH30CTbK> (JjpaHUySaM ACKJiaMaTHBHOCTH B

MySbIKe H C TCM. HTO CaMaH AeKJiaMaTHBHOCTb B pyCCKOMuiKOJie 6biJia b cymnocTH hhhcm hhwm, Kan oTpaMceHMCM(jt)paHuy3CKoro MyBbiKaJibHoro cthjih (Mpe3 flaproMbiHccKoro)—pacnojio^HJio HosyK) ^'PaHUyscKyio MysbiKajibHyho Mbicjib kBOCnpHHTHK) pyCCKHX BJIHSHMM. MmH flCJlO, KOHeHHO, He OPpa-

HMHHJiocb, xoTH MCJioAHKa fle6K)ccH {JjopMBJibHo noxo>Ka HaMejioc MycoprcKoro, a opKecTpoBKa ero hbho Bbipocjia hsopKecTpoBKH KopcaKOBa. TyT bjimhah h npeacHwe (j[)paHuy3-

CKHe aKaAeMHCTbi h aajKC cTapbie aBTopbi XVIII Bena. Ma3TOrO BSaHMOfleflCTBHH pOflHJIOCb OAHO H3 HaH6ojiee HSblCKan-HblX SByKOBblX HCKyCCTB Ha npOTH>KeHHH HCTOpHH My3bIKH

—

MCKyccTBO, paccHMTaHHoe Ha orpaHHHeHHbm Kpyr bochphhh-MaTCJieft, HCKyCCTBO apHCTOKpaTHMeCKH-3aMKHyTOe, pa4)HHH-

poBaHoe. 6ypjKya3HO-3CTeTHoe. MAeojiorHHecKH oho oxpasHJio

') J],e6K)ccH (1862—1918) HanHcan ne oMCHb SHaiHiejibHoe KOJiHHe-

OTEo npoHSBCAeHMfl, cpeflH Koiopbix nepBwe HaMenanH eine nHHHW noAia-

maHHH („L'(!uf;iiit prodiguo" 1884). BcKOpe oh BbiCTynaex Ha nyrb HOBaxopcrna{..La DaiBdisi'llc eluu" 1887). Ero Han6onee SHaMHTejibHwe npoHSBeflCHHSi: aji^

opKCcipa -- „nocneo5eAeHHbm OTAbix (jjaBHa" (1892), „HoKTiopHbi" (1905).

.,O6pa3bi".(1909), onepa ..Flejieac h MenHsanfla" (tbkct MexepjiHHKa, 1902),

MHCTepHS „Cb. Ce6acTHaH" (1911), 6ajieT „Mrpbi" (1913), MenoflpaMa „fliuHK

c HrpyiuKaMH", chmijiohhm „Mope" (1905), psiA ifopTenHaHHbix nbec („Jiii;igc's",

.,npeniOAHH" h np.) h necHH (via TCKCTbi BepjiCHa, MannapMC, Boflnspa,

ribepa JTIioHca).

^,

-f

251 —

8 ce6e MOflHyK) b Kpyry 6yp>Kya3HH Tor^a 3CTeTHKycHMBO-JIHSMa M HMnpeCCHOHH3Ma. <J>paHU,y3CKHM CHMB0JIH3M

,

boshhkuihA Ha hohbc 6opb6bi npoTHB aKaAeMHSMa, hochji hc-

CKOJIbKO HHOM XapaKTCp, MeM nOSflHefllUHH pyCCKHH, BOSHHKIUHM

B o6paTHOM npouecce 6opb6bi npoxHB flMJiexaHTusMa h noTOMy

HMeBuiHH M aKSAeMMHecKHe HcpTbi B ce6e. Oh (4)paHuy3CKHM

CHMB0J1H3M) 6biji K TOMy JKC cymecTBeHHO cB5i3aH c HMnpec-

CHOHH3MOM HJIH C SCTeTHKOH „HaCTpOeHMfl", HTO COOTBeTCTBQ-

BaJio 6yp>Kya3HOMy MHpoco3epuaHHK) H3bicKaHHoro Kpyra,

nor,nomeHHoro b co3epuaHHe mcjikhx ottchkob cBoefi hchxojio-

THH. B Kpyry HMnpeCCHOHHCTOB-CHMBOJIMCTOB, n03T0B H XyflOMC"

HHKOB MysbiKa HPpajia orpoMwyK) po.nb, anajiorHHHO TOMy, kbk

B SnOXy pOWACHHH HAeaJIMCTHHeCKOft 4)HAOC04)HH B I'epMaHHM,

npH HapowAeHHH MejiKo6ypM<ya3Hcft MHTejiJiHreHu,HH, nrpajia

pOJIb My3bIKa B (fjHJIOCOCfiHH pOMaHTH3Ma. ChMB0J1M3M b cyiU"

HOCTH H JlBM.nC5! HHHeM HHbIM, KaK BOCKpeUICHHeM B HBCKOJIbKO

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4)aMH, B naCTHOCTH — npHCTpaCTHe K MHCTMneCKOft KOHUenUHM

H (|)aHTacTHMHOCTb o6mero HacTpoenwH. PasHMua 6bijia tjibb-

HblM 06pa30M B TOM, HTO B TO BpeMJI, KaK HOCHTeJIbHHUCft

TorAaiuHefi poMaHTHnecKOH HAeojiorHH 6biJia 6breMHaH hhtcji-

nHreHUHji BwcoKoro yxoHHeHHJi, B03HMKiiia5i oKOJio 4>eoAa-

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—

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i&

— 252 —

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P. Ulrpayc

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- 257 —

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He CTOAb Kpynnoro AapoBanHH, cKOflbKO npn-MnpecCHOHHSM.

mgjj^mjij^j-j, j^a^ pa3 Ko BpCMeHM—THnHMHblft

„nMnpeccHOHHCT", KOTopbifl Bbipa6oTaA ce6e

cneu,Hc})HMecKyK), OMenb npsMOAHHeftHyio MMnpeccMOHHCXMHe-

CKyH) 3CTeTMKy, CBOeft npHMHTHBHOCTblO HanOMMHaBUiyX)

peajiHCTHHecKyio scTexHKy paHHero MycoprcKoro. Oh 6biji

AJia CBoero BpeMCHH (py6eM< XX Bewa) CMe;ibiM noBaropoM,

HQ eMy Meiuaji MHHHaTiopHSM saMwcJia h Boo6me MejiKOCTb

ncHXOAorHH. TcM He MBHee nejibBH He oxMexHTb Toro, hto

MHorwe rapMOHHiecKHe HOBOBBeAenHH, Koxopwe oxHacTM na-

BeflHbi paHHHM MMnpeccHOHHSMOM CpHFa, y Pe6HKOBa npeA-

BJCXHiuarox oxKpbixHH JXedKJccM (ueJioxoHHwe nocxpoeHHH,

KBapxoBbie rapMOHHH H npoM.). HecpasneHHo 6ojiee snaMvi-

xeJibHyK) 4)Mrypy, cxonmyio y>Ke na rpann

^ 5 reHHaAbHOCXH, OOpaByeX nOHBHBlUHHCH b sxomHaBTHSM. CxpHDna. '^ '

Mce cpeA© H ee HAeOAorMeft BOcniixaHHbiM

A. CKpa6HH^) (1871—1915).

') PeSHKOB (1866— 1921) HanHcan onepu „EnKa", „B rpoay", „Tea",

„Be3«Ha" (no AHflpecBy), MysbiKanbHo-ncHxonorHHecKHe KapTHHW „Anb(J3a

H OMcra", „HapuHCc" h flp., a TaKJKe psifl poMaHCOB h mchkhx (j]oprenHaH-

Hbix aeiueft.

) A. CKpa6HH (1871—1915) b nepabift nepKOfl 6b!Ji no« BnHnHHCM

lUoneHa, c 1900 r. — nofl BJiHsiHHeM JlncTa h Barnepa, c 1906 r. BWcrynaeT

Ha cEoft caMOCTOaienbHbift nnojiHe nyib, HCCKOnbKO cBHsaHHbift 4'°?ManbHo

(rapMOHHHecKH) c flocTHMtCHHsiMH JI,e6K)ccH. Ero coMHHCHHa— npeHMyme-

cTBeHHo ana (jjopTenHano. Una opnecTpa hm HanHcaHo ipH chmcJjohhh (E-moll

^1900), C-mull ,190i)H C-iniill (1904)—..BoasecTBCHHaa noaMa"), „no3Ma aKCTasa"

(1907) H „npoMeTefl" (1911), a Tanace Hefionbuiaa „Revc'rie" (1899) h ^opie-

lIcTopun MysuKn. 17

— 2S8 —

Ckph6hh yHacjieflOBaji ox cBoero Kpyra, Bwuie OMepieH-

Horo, cxpeMJieHHe k HSbicKaHHocTH H opraHHMecKOMy hhthm-

HOMy MHHMaTK>pH3My, KBK npoAHKTOBaHHOMy ycjiOBMHMH Hcno;i-

HeHHa (visbicKaHHbift apucTOKpaTHMecKHft hjih bwcoko 6yp-

wyasHbiH cajiOH

—

tot caMbift, KOTopbiS panee b aHajiorHHHbix

ycJioBHHx nopoflHJi jJBJieHHe lUoneHa). XlaHb 3T0My HHTHMHOMyMHHnaTiopM3My y CKpH6wKa ocTajiacb Ha bccm npoTHMcenHH

ero TBopnecTBa, ho b nepBoe BpeMH oho BHemne nposBHjiocb

jiame bo BHeiUHMx (|)opMax „iiioneHH3Ma", k KOTopoMy npw-

6erajiH Bce KOMnosHTopbi, xaK hjih Mnane nocTaBJieHHwe

B Heo6xOfl,HMOCTb BOnflOmaTb B SByKC HHTHMHblfl MHp. HoBCKope Ckph6hh bxoamt b Kpyr Tex cTpeMJiewMft k „^nnoco(p-

CTBOBaHHio" B ccjjepe HCKyccTBa, KOTopaa 6bijia tbk xapaK-

Tepna flJia chmbojihctob. Oh nonaaaeT b Kpyr BJiHHHHft moa-

Horo HHumeaHCTsa h saxeM -MHCTHMecKoft (|)h;iococ|3hh (xe-

ococJi)HH). Ero TBopnecTBO b cHJibHefluieft Mepe OKpauiHBaeTcsi

TCMH SCXaTOJIOrHHeCKHMH TCOpHSIMH, KOTOpblB XapaKTCpHbl

6biJiH flJia HeKOTopbix THHOB BOCKpecuiero B HeOXpHCTHaHCTBe

H MHCTHHeCKOK CnaBJJHO(|)HJlbCKOft d[)H;iOCO^HH (CoJIOBJjeB,

BepflneB, ByjiraKOB) HAsajiHSMa. B to Mce BpeMH cTapan cJia-

BnHO(|)HJIbCKaSI MCHTa O HCKOeM, BCJIHKOM CBepiUeHHH, AOJIHCCJI-

CTByKDlUeM np0H30KTH H3 PoCCHH HMeHHO, KaK H3 CTpaHbl

c ocoSoft npoBMAenuHajibHofl MHCCHeft, coeAHHHflcb co CBoft-

CTBeHHblM BCeM CHMBOJIHCTaM CTpeMfleHHCM K rpaHflHOSHOMy,

HOBONy, Heo6bIHHOMy H K CaMOBOSBCJlHHeHHK), HOpOAHJia B HCM

oprHHajibHyK) habk) o mhctcphh, KOTopaa ctoht b 6jiH}Kaft-

JUeM pOACTBe C MHOPHMH pOMaHTHMCCKHMH MCHTaMH npOlUJIOFO

(MejKAy npoHHM c aHajiorHHHbiM acxaTOJiorHMCCKHM npeACTa-

BJieHHCM HoBajiHca), ho ot hhx otjik laeTca 6ojibmeft npji-

MOJIHHeHHOCTbK) H CXeMaTHHHOCTbK). MHCTCpHH nO MblCJIH

CKp5l6HHa AOflMCHa 6bIJia 6bITb rpaHAHOSHbIM „CHHTeTHHeCKHM**^

xyAOJkecTeeHHbiM i^poHSBeAeHHeM, Koxopoe aojimcho 6biJio bws-

BaTb HJIH o6yCJIOBHTb KOHCU, MHpOSAaHHH. MppaU,HOHaJIbHOCTb

MeHTaHHfl cTaBHJia ero y>Ke Ha rpaHb 6e3yMHH, sjieMCHTbi

KOTOpOrO MOMCHO nOCTyjlHpOBaTb B CKpndHHe. B CBa3H C 3THMH

nHaHHbiH KOHiiepT. Ero 4>opTenHaHHbie KOMnosHUHH: 10 conaT, (JwHTasHsi,

nosMbi (HaH6onee Kpynubie — „caTaHHMecKaa", „TparHMecKaa", „no3Ma-HOK-

TiopH" „K nnaMeHH"), Mnoro MenKHx Bemeft (sanbcw, nasypKH, no9Mbi, npe-

]iK)iD(HH). CkpaShh 6bin TaKJKe nepEOKnaccHWM h opHrHHanbHWM nHaHHcroM,

HCnOnnnBlUHM BnpOMCM TOJIbKO CEOH COMHHeHHSI.

.iii

rpaHAH03HblMH SaAaHHHMH, CTOJlb KOHTpaCTHpOBaBUIHMH C HCp-

BOHanajIbHblM HSblCKaHHO - HHTHMHbIM MHpOM CKP$)6mHCKHX

BAOXHOBeHHfl, ero TBOpneCTBO HaiHHaeT HCnblTblBaTb BJIHHHHH

H BOSAeftCTBHH TeX SJieMCHTOB MySblKaJIbHOH COBpeMCHHOCTH

SanaASi KOTopwe npeACTaajwjJiHCb b ero BpeMH nandojieeHOBblMH. TaKHMH 6bIJTH npeWAC BCePO BarHep (h OTMaCTH

JIhct b ero cHMcfjoHHMecKOM, HeBHpryoaHOM acneKTe), koto-

pblfi COOTBCTCTBOBaJI CKpn6HHy H BeJlHMHCM HOJiexa MblCJlH.

Ho He TaK-TO JierKO 6biJio xyAO«HHKy, BocnnTaHHOMy h Bspa-

meHHOMy HHTHMHO-cajiOHHOft cpeftcj^, cTaTb cpa3y peajibHO,

a He B MeMraHHHx Ha noMsy „rpaHAH03Horo" MOHyMenTajib-

Horo HCKycGTBa. M bch TBopneeKaa »«H3Hb CKpH6HHa npeA-

CTaBJiaeTCH ottopo, KaK 6opb6a MescAy ochobhwm hhtmm-

HbiM cTHJieM, o6ycflOBJieHHbiM ero couHOJiorHMecKoft npHHaA-

JieXKHOCTbH) K HSblCKaHHOMy Kpyry, H rpaHAHOSHblMH Me4Ta-

HHSMH. 06yCJI0BJjeHHbIMH TCMH MHCTO - MblCJieHHblMH 06pa3aMH,

KOTOpbie BHTaJIH B TOM TUB Kpyry, B CyUXHOCTH paSAeJlHBUieM

3Ty OCHOBHyK) ABOflCTBeHHOCTb. Be3yCJ10BH0e HOBaTOpCTBO

6bi;io nocTaBjicHo ycJioBHeM, h Ckp5i6hh Bce speMa moahoHCKaJI HOBblX (fopM, HOBblX BOnJlOmeHHH. KoFAa TB SJieMCHTbl

HOBHSHbi, KOTopbie OH Hauieji y BarHepa h neopoMaHTHKOB,

OKaaajiHCb HcnepnaHHbiMH h yM«e npHTynjiennbiMH b CBoeft

ocTpoTe, TorAa eny npniiiJiocb HCKaTb eme 6ojiee ocTpbix

(jjJOpM, KOTOpbie OTHaCTH 6bIJlH HBl^AeHbl HM B TBOpMeCTBC

{|)paHuy3CKHx HOBaTopoB (Jl,e6K)ccH), .BJiHanne KOToporo na

CKpa6HHa 6biJio 6bi Tew 6ojiee neocMOTpHTejibHO OTpHuaTb,

HTO CKpa6HH KaK pas 6biJl bo OpanrtHH b tg roAW, KorAa

TBopnecTBO fle6K)ccH Bnepsbie pacuBexajio, h oh He Mor ero

He snaTb. OrciOAa y CKpa6HHa cTpeMJienne k MHoro3ByHHbiM

rapMOHHaM H CaMbiA THH STHX CapMOHHfl, OTnaCTH BOSHHKlUHflf

irtS nUeJIOTOHHOft" TaMMbl. KpOMe TOFO, 3TOT CTHAb HaXOAHJICa

B rJiy60K0M COOTBeTCTSHH C OCHOBHbIM HHTHMHbIM H H3bICKaH-

HblM TOHOM CKpa6HHCKOrO TBOpMeCTBa.

MncTepHH, caMO co6ok) pasyMeeTca, CKpa6HHy HanHcaTb

He yAajiocb, ho nonwTKH co3AaHHe hm „rpaHAH03Horo" cTHJia

6brjiH cAeJiaHbi b bhac ero wpynnbix cwMcfjoHHMecKMX npoHs-

BeAeHHft (3 chm4)ohhh, „no3Ma SKCTasa", „npoMeTeft"). B hhx,

KaK H B 60JIbUieft naCTH CBOHX COHHHeHHft, CKpa6HH OKaSbl-

BaeTCa HMftpeCCHOHUCTOM, pOUCTSeHHalM pOMaHTHKaM, C TH-

nHHHblM AJia HHX CBOflCTBOM HJIH CKJIOHHOCTbK) AaBBTb CKpbl-

^w 261

TyK) MJIH TOJIbKO OTHaCTH npOHBJieHHyH) npOPpaMMy CBOMMKOMno3HUHHM (..TpaPHHecKaa no3Ma", „CaTaHMHecKaH noana"

H nponee), npH hbm caMoe Hueftnoe coxiep>KaHHe ero coHHHeHHft

noMTH Bcerjia OKasbiaaeTCJi 4'mjioco4)ckhm, oxBJieMeHHbiM, mto

poflHHT ero 6oJiee Bcero c JIhctom, c KOxopbiM ero c6jiM>KaK>T

H MHorwe MejiKHe ncflpo6HOCTH cranw. Ho CKpfl6MHy raw

H He yaajiocb npeoflOJieTb visHaHajibHoft MHHHaTKjpHoft npH-

pOflbl CBOerO TEOpHeCTBa, H B CBOMX 6oJIblIIHX TBOpeHMHX OH

6oJiee xoHer 6biTb, newejiH fleAcTBHxejibHO flOCTHraer rpan-

AHOSHOrO 6bITHM. ErO TBOpMeCTBO npoHMKHyro Heo6biHaflHoft

OCTpOTOfl H HSBeCTHOM „OTpaBJieHHOCTbK)" 3MOU,HH, MTO MCHtfly

npoHMM cHjibHO OTjiHHaeT ero ot acxeTHMecKoro poMaHTwsMaJleotocoH H npH6;mH<aeT k JlwcTy. Ero CTHJib wcnbiTbiBaeT

CMnbHbift cflBHr nofl bjihahhiimh 4'paHuy3CKoro HMnpeccwo-HHSMa (nanajio XX eeKa), h ero BTopati nojiOBHHa TBopMecTBanpeflCTaBjiweTCH Majio noxoateA Ha nepsyK). Bee 6ojiee pacxy-

mee yBjieneHHe CBoeA Hfleeft mmctcphh h nocTonHHaa pa6oTaMblCJIH Han STUM BHeMySblKaJIbHblM BOHpOCOM B HTOFC npH-

AaJia npoHSBefleHHHM CKpp6HHa 6ojiee nosflnero nepviofla

KOJIOpMTMSBeCTHOA „CXeMaTHMHOCTH", KOTOpaH HBHJiaCb pCSyjlb-

TaroM 6opb6bi Me>Kfly ero KpaftHHM HOBaxopcKHM cxpeMJie-

HHCM H ero npHpoMCfleHHoA ocTopoJKHOcxbK), Koxopasi nopoMnpo$3BJij?jiacb flajKe b 4>opMax, poflcxBeHHbix aKafleMnsMy.

CkpaSkh 6biJi nopOMcflCHHeM HSbicnaHHo - 6ypM<ya3Hoft

cpeflbi, HMeHHo ee pa^JHHHpoBaHHoro, npecumeHHoro cjioh.

JXnn Hero xapaKxepen cBOMcxBeHHbiM aToft cpeae cHHxesHOBaxopcxBa h aKaaeMHSMa, cJiHHHwe rpaHAHOSHOcxH h mhhh-axKjpHocxH H B HTore Hecnoco6HOCTb K HacxosmeA rpanflH-

03H0CTH. Ckps)6hh, KaK aBxop, anejiJiHpoBaji k oneHb saMKHy-TOMy Kpyry ny6jiHKH, k ny6jiijKe HswcKaHHoro cajiOHa, a cym-HpcTH' K Toft me, KOTopaa cocxaBJiJiJia Kpyr noxpe6HTeJTeS

TBopnecxBa JXe6ioccvi bo OpanuMM. H fleficxBMxejTbHo, sHe

axoro ysKoro Kpyra, Koxopbift Aawe He noKpbiBajica 6ypH<y-

asHbiM, KOTopbiA cocxaBjisjfl KaK 6bi ocxpoBOK B 6ypM<ya3Hofl

cpeae, ero TBopnecxBo OKasajiocb coBepmeHHO HeoueHeHHbiM.M xaK M<e, KaK y JIe6K)ccH, ero TBopnecTBO 6biJio 6;iaroflapH

CJiynaHHOcxH BbusHHyxo 3a npeaenbi axoro Kpyra. y Jle6K)ccH3XO cjiyHHjiocb 6;'aroAapH anxHrepMaHCKoA ycxaHOBKe eropa6oTbi, a y CKpji6HHa 6jiaroflapH ero MHcxo-xexHHHecKOMyHOBaxopcTsy, Koxopoe 6biAO CMeiuano c peBOflK)UHOHH3MOM

B HCKyccxBe H oxcfoaa c peBOJiiouHOHHSMOM Boodme. Hex,

KoweHHO, HHHero 6ojiee npoxHBono;ioM<Horo, KaK Ckp«6hh h

pa6oHaji peB0JiH)UHH, oxpHuaiomasi ece to, h3 nero Ckph6hh

H ero Kpyr hcxoahjih MHcxHKa, cJiaBHHOcjjJHJibCTBO, HepapxHji,

KyjibT mhthmhocth, acxaTOJiorMa). Bjiaroflapsi TOMy, hto Ckph-

6hh 6biJi no oiuM6Ke npHHST sa peBOJUouvtonepa, ero TBop-

HccTBO nojiyMHvio HccKojibKo fiojiec lUHpoKoe pacnpocTpaHCHHe,

MeM OHO 6bi HMejio HopMajibHO, HO 6jiaroflapH Tony, mto opra-

HHMecKH OHO 6biJio coBepiiieHHO MyMcflO HOBOMy (nocJiepeBO-

jiK)UHOHHOMy) co3HaHHK), OHO He ycneJio npoHSBecxH bjimmhhh.

Ha KOxopoe Mor;io 6bi npw HHbix o6cTOHxe.iibcTBax 6biTb cno-

Co6hO, H CkPJi6hH 6bIJI 4)OpMajlbHO KaHOHH3HpOBaH KaK reHH-

aJIbHblfl KOMnOSHTOp, HO HyTH HCKyCCTBa yAaJIHJIHCb B HHyK)

ox Hero CTOpony BHyTpw Pocchh. Mto KacaeTcn flo SanaAHoft

Esponbi, TO TaM ero xBopMecTBo ne Morjio HaflTH cTOJib Kpyn-

Horo npn3HaHna, KaK tbopmbctbo xoth 6bi KyMKHCTOB H Maft-

KOBCKoro noTOMy, mto BoflHa BbiSBana 3HaMHTejibHoe orpydenne

BKyca H CTpeMjieHHe k hhmm THnaM My3biKH, a yTOHMeHHbift

CTHJib MysbiKH CKpsdHHa OKasajicH cJivmiKOM TOHOK flJiH rep-

MBHCKOA MyBblKajlbHOfl MblCJIH H CJIHUIKOM flpKO SMOUHOHaJIBH

H CflHllIKOM npOHHKHyT pOMaHTH3MOM — flJIH (|)paHUy3CK0H.

HonyTHO h napajiJiejibHO co CKpHdHHWM,BAHHHtie BOBbix KaK npoHBJieHHe HaMHHaiouxeA rocnoacTBOBaTb

TeiesHH Ha ffpyrHx gjjygQgQj^ ncHxojiorHH 6yp«<ya3Horo Kpyra,aBTopOB npeHtHett .

^ HaMHHaeTfl,eqpOpMHpOBaTbCHTBOpMeCTBO Hflpy-

THX KOMn03HXOpOB, OXHOCHmHXCJI HO CyiUBCXBy,

K npewHHM anoxaM. OpeHCfle Bcero nojiaaexcH BesiHHK) spe-

MeHH rH6KnA K noftaxjiHBbiA PhmckhA - KopcaKOB, yjKe pas

ycneBiuHH ciaennxb flHJiexanxcKoe MMpocosepuaHwe Ha npo-

4)eccHOHajibHoe h naxe aKaaeMHMecKoe. Tenepb oh npHMw-Kaex K HMnpeccH0HH3My, h npuMbiKaex OMCHb yaaMHO. B hobohManepe, rn,e oh npuMeHHex ace saBoeaaHUH hoboA MysbiKH,

cao6oflHbie rapMOHHH, Kyjibx AHCconaHca h npoM.— nanHcanbi

ero „KameA" „KHTe»c" h „3ojiotoA neTyiuoK", npH Men opu-

THHaJlbHblM ABJlHeTCJI COMBTaHHe H3bICKaHHOCTH H paCMeTB HBHOBbie BKycbi c ocTaaiuHMCH OT npeHCHero cTpcMJieHHew k

HaUMOHaJIbHOA CKaBOMHOCTH, HO 3Ta CKaSOMHOCTb yJKC He MO»eTocTaTbCH npcHCHeA HanBHoA, ona npMoSpeTaeT cjjjopMbi jih6o

ajiJieropHH („Kamefl")> jih6o caTHpbi („3ojiotcA neTyuiOK"), j]h6o

oHa OTBCMaeT rocnoACTayroincMy MHCTHMecKOMy HacxpoeHHK)

1^

. >

— 202 —

B BbicoKO 6ypH«ya3HOM Kpyry (..KHTew")- Mah enepefl a cMbicjie

cpeflCTB BbipaweHHH h Bce 6ojiee otxoaji ot npewHero CBoero

CTHJia, PHMCKHfl-KopcaKOB B TO Mcc speMH npoHBjisieT Heo6bi-

HdflHyiO MHCTO-npOc{)eCCHOHaJlbHyK) OCTOpOWHOCTb H HHKOrfla

He oKasbiBaeTCJi „peBOJiK)UHOHepoM", a TOJibKO bbojiiouhohh"

CTOM. Sra ocTopoJKHOCTb npHBOflHT cro, KaK M CKp5!6nHa,

K CHJlbHO BbipajKCHHOfl CXeMaTHHHOCTH TBOpMeCTBa, KOTO"

paa nporpeccHpycT k ero nocJieflHHM TBopeHMHM h noAHac rpa-

HHMHT c HacToameft „reoMeTpH4HOCTbK)" My&biKH B TO weBpeMH rocnoflCTByiomee TeneHHe, KOTopoe OTMacTH Bwpa-

McacTCH B yHHHToaceHHH npKoro nauHOHajiHSMa, KaK ywe npH-

cKyiHBUiero, sacTaBJiaeT ero, THnMMHo-HauHOHanbHoro asTopa,

Bce name npuderaTb k cxofly c HauHonajibHoft nosHUHH (Kan-

TBTa „M3 FoMepa", HeoKOHneHHaa „He6o h seMJin").

Bjih3ko k HCMy OKasbiBaeTCfl JIhaob^), panee Bceueflo 6biB-

UlHfl B o6jiaCTH HaCTpoeHMfl KyHKH3Ma H OTpawaBuiHft cMew-

Hbie c KyHKH3MOM BJiHaHHsi llIoneHa H LUyMaHa. Tenepb oh

OTpawaCT BJIHHHHH CKpH6HHa H HOBblX 4)paHi;y30B, KOTOpbie •

HaH6ojiee 6jih3kh ero TunHHHoft MUHHaTHjpHCTHMecKoft Manepe

HHCbMa. JlpflOB coxpaHHCT HaH6oflee flOJiro o6jihk 6apHHa-

JiMJICTaHTd B pyCCKOfl HCTOpHH MySbIKH — KOMnOSHTOpa CO

cneuHtjjjHHecKHM, ho ysKUM MacTepcTBOM. Bce sth bjihhhhh oh

yneeT coeflHHHTb c gchobhwm ot KynKw HcxoAsimuM HauHona-

JIVI3MOM H B 3TOM OTHOUieHHH TOWC 6jIH30K K KopcaKOBy.

B 3TO Mce BpeMH ocTajibHaa Macca noTpe-niiroHM

6nTeJieft MysbiKH, KOTopaH 6biJia BbiKJironeHa h3MaHKOBCKoro. -

'

Cpeflbl 3aB3flTbIX SCTCTOB H MHCTHKOB BblCOKO

dypwyasHoro Kpyra, npHnywAcna dujia flOBOJibCTBOBaTbca

HBjieHHHMH npcjKHero npo(J)eccHOHajiH3Ma h 6ojiee no3flHero

aKaaeMHSMa. RBJisiJiacb tcm hc Menee HacTOHTejibnaa noTpe6-

HOCTb B HapOBaHHH, KOTOpOC 6bl COSHflaJIO HB TOJibKO 3nnrO-

HHHecKHe 4)opMbi MysbiKH fljiH noTpedjiCHMH 3THX rpynn: Bojiee

lUHpoKaji ny6flHKa 6bijia 6ojiee paBHoayuiHa k snHroHHSMy h

nOTOMy ftOBOJIbCTBOBajiaCb npOMeacyTOHHblMH SJBJieHHHMH, KOTO-

') JIhaijb (1865—1914) HanHcan mhojO mbjikhx MHHHaTiop ana ^opie-

nnaHO, OTMacTH noflpaJKan lIloneHy, OTMacTH pyccKoft uiKone. FloaflHee

(c 1905 r.) OH numeT nofl BJiHsiHHeM (JjpaHuyaoB-HMnpeccHOHHCTOB h CKpsi6HHa.

K 3T0My nepHOwy othochtch ero „opKecTpoBbie MHHHaTiopbi": „Ba6a-Hra",

„Boime6Hoe oaepo", „KHKHMopa", „M3 AnoKanHncHca" h np., a TaKwe

nocjieflHHe (JjopTcnHaHHwe KOMnosHUHH.

m.

pbie 6binH B TOM HJIH HHOM OTHOUieHHH K TJiaSHblM aBTOpaMaKaAeMHMecKoro Tuna. HaHdojiee apKHM m3 noapajKaTejieft h

npoAOJiHcaTejiefl MaftKOBCKoro sibhjich C P a x

m

a h h h o b^),

KOfopbifl HHcaji MysbiKy na noTpedy tcx caMbix KpyroB, koto-pwe Tpe6oBajiH npewfle Bcero apKofl h otkputoA smouho-HaflbHoft MeJiOflHKH. 3to 6bijia Hawdojiee lunpoKan h HaHMeneeHHTejiJieKTyajibHO paBBHTaa ayflHTopna. B cbsish c sanpocaMWBpeMeHH ona Bce Mce TpedoBajia HBBecTHoro, xoth 6bi h mhhh-MajibHoro, pacuiHpeHHH 3ByKOBbix pecypcoB. TaKOBbie sBHJiHCb

B BHfle cjieflOB BarHepH3Ma b TBopnecTBe PaxMannHOBa, ko-

Topoe noBTopsieT cymecTsenHbie nepTbi TBopnecTBa MaflKOB-

cKoro, 6yflyHH ycjioacenHee no rapMOHHH, ho 6eAHee no mcjio-

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B 6ypwya3Hbix Kpyrax STy Tjiry na CTporafl aKajacMHSM,

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^) PaxMaHHHOB (pofl. B 1872 r.) nanHcan onepbi „AjieKo", „<|)paHMecKa

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MToSbi cTaTb nonynnpHbiMH.

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xyflOHCHHKa — npoxHB MeraJiOMaHHHecKoro xBopua 6e3yMHbix

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anoxy, h He cmopjio pasBHXbca.

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noHbiHe, eme ne saeepiUHJiH 4)aKXH4ecKH Kpyra CBoefl aeg-

xejibHOcxH, xoxji H saBepuiHJiH ero HcxopHnecKH, h6o ox kx

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I. BieAeHHC B HCTOpHK) MySbIKH ......

II. MySblKa RpCBHHX KyjibTyp

in. MysbiKa ajiJiHHCKoS Kyjibxypbi

IV. XfHCTHaHCKaH spa

V. MJsHsypaflbHaH MyswKa h cTpomft cTHJib

VI. C$o6ofl,HblM CTHJlb . . . •

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VII. Bilioxa KJiaccnu,H3Ma . •• • • • ' •

Vni. PpMaHTHSM ........ - ' • - •

11

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