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Vocal Music History. Singing Through Time. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Vocal Music HistoryVocal Music History
Singing Through TimeSinging Through Time
The human voice is really the The human voice is really the foundation of all music; and whatever foundation of all music; and whatever
the development of the musical art, the development of the musical art, however bold the composer's however bold the composer's
combinations, however brilliant the combinations, however brilliant the virtuoso's execution, in the end they virtuoso's execution, in the end they
must always return to the standard set must always return to the standard set by vocal music. by vocal music.
---Richard Wagner---Richard Wagner
Medieval Medieval Period (500-1450)Period (500-1450)
Vocal music most importantVocal music most important
Simple in natureSimple in nature
First written music → First written music → church musicchurch music
LatinLatin Offices → music sung Offices → music sung
at a certain time of dayat a certain time of day Plainchant (or chant or Plainchant (or chant or
plainsong)plainsong) No rhythm or tempo No rhythm or tempo
notednoted ♫ ♫ chant chant Pater NosterPater Noster
Chant – Pater Noster
Word WallWord Wall
Syllabic → one note per syllableSyllabic → one note per syllable Neumatic → two or three notes (or neumes) Neumatic → two or three notes (or neumes)
per syllableper syllable Melismatic → four or more notes per syllableMelismatic → four or more notes per syllable Organum → melody with harmony (4th or Organum → melody with harmony (4th or
5th)5th) Polyphony Polyphony → → two or more vocal parts, equal two or more vocal parts, equal
importanceimportance
Guido d’Arezzo Guido d’Arezzo
MonkMonk Guidonian HandGuidonian Hand device used to assist singers in learning to device used to assist singers in learning to
sight singsight sing each joint or part of the hand represented a each joint or part of the hand represented a
different notedifferent note precursor to solfegeprecursor to solfege ♫ ♫ Guido’s handGuido’s hand
Secular (Pop) SongsSecular (Pop) Songs
usually about love and usually about love and winewine
Unaccompanied, triple Unaccompanied, triple meter, no harmony, not meter, no harmony, not LatinLatin
Troubadors (started Troubadors (started south)south)
Trouveres (started Trouveres (started north)north)
Renaissance Renaissance Period (1450-1600)Period (1450-1600)
Similar to medieval music but more evolvedSimilar to medieval music but more evolved Secular music flourished because of patrons of Secular music flourished because of patrons of
the nobilitythe nobility Entertainment for amateurs rather than concert Entertainment for amateurs rather than concert
music (ambience!)music (ambience!) Composed for few participants rather than Composed for few participants rather than
huge choirs/choruseshuge choirs/choruses
Funny Story:Funny Story:Josquin des Prez composer for the Josquin des Prez composer for the
French king, got tired of waiting for French king, got tired of waiting for the raise he had been rpomised so he the raise he had been rpomised so he
wrote a motet called “ Remember wrote a motet called “ Remember thy word unto thy servant”. When thy word unto thy servant”. When the king finally paid him, he wrote the king finally paid him, he wrote another one called “Lord thou hast another one called “Lord thou hast dealt graciously with thy servant”.dealt graciously with thy servant”.
Musical TypesMusical Types
Mass → music composed for specific parts of Mass → music composed for specific parts of the mass (Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, the mass (Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, Agnus Dei)Benedictus, Agnus Dei)
Motet → Motet → piece of music in several parts with piece of music in several parts with words (church)words (church)
Madrigal Madrigal → → piece of music two to eight piece of music two to eight voices, usually unaccompanied (secular)voices, usually unaccompanied (secular)
♫ ♫ Ave MariaAve Maria, T.L. Vittoria, T.L. Vittoria
Ave Maria, T.L. Vittoria
Meanwhile...Meanwhile...
Church music not led by Catholics but by Church music not led by Catholics but by Protestants as well (Thank-you Henry VIII!)Protestants as well (Thank-you Henry VIII!)
Chorale - Chorale - hymn meant to be sung by the hymn meant to be sung by the congregation; monophonic then progressed to congregation; monophonic then progressed to four part harmonyfour part harmony
♫ ♫ Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring, Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring, J.S. BachJ.S. Bach
Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring, Jesu, Joy of Man’s Desiring, J.S. BachJ.S. Bach
Baroque Period (1600-1750)Baroque Period (1600-1750)
Instrumental music became as important as Instrumental music became as important as vocalvocal
Opera, usually based on Greek Opera, usually based on Greek mythology/tragedymythology/tragedy
Vocal chamber music Vocal chamber music → solo recitals, small → solo recitals, small ensemblesensembles
Elaborate, showy music...very decoratedElaborate, showy music...very decorated Monteverdi wrote the first opera: Monteverdi wrote the first opera: Orfeo Orfeo (1607) (1607)
Funny Story:Funny Story:
Theorist Giovanni Artusi Theorist Giovanni Artusi published a paper claiming that published a paper claiming that
the “new composers” were the “new composers” were breaking all the rules and breaking all the rules and
ignoring “centuries of noble ignoring “centuries of noble tradition”...sound familiar?tradition”...sound familiar?
OratorioOratorio Like opera but without movement, sets, and Like opera but without movement, sets, and
costumescostumes
Usually a biblical settingUsually a biblical setting
Frequent word paintingFrequent word painting
♫ ♫ Handel Handel → → MessiahMessiah
MessiahMessiah
HallelujahHallelujah
All We Like SheepAll We Like Sheep
Classical Period (1750-1810)Classical Period (1750-1810)
Melodies much less decorated, concentrating Melodies much less decorated, concentrating on beauty of toneon beauty of tone
More chorus stuff in operasMore chorus stuff in operas
Romantic Period (1810-1910)Romantic Period (1810-1910) Art song really developedArt song really developed
Church music not really the focus anymoreChurch music not really the focus anymore
Choral music becomes more important Choral music becomes more important → → nationalism, folk music, some symphoniesnationalism, folk music, some symphonies
♫ ♫ Beethoven’s Ninth SymphonyBeethoven’s Ninth Symphony
Beethoven’s Ninth SymphonyBeethoven’s Ninth Symphony
Art SongsArt Songs Very poetic Very poetic → u→ usually about some sort of sually about some sort of
pretty thing (rose, stream, etc.)pretty thing (rose, stream, etc.) Piano and voicePiano and voice Text and accompaniment closely relatedText and accompaniment closely related Tried to create a musical sceneTried to create a musical scene Song Cycle Song Cycle → group of poems by one poet set → group of poems by one poet set
to musicto music Lied Lied → (→ (German) “song” (pl. lieder)German) “song” (pl. lieder) Schubert & Schumann Schubert & Schumann ♫ ♫ Schubert Schubert → → Gretchen Am SpinnradeGretchen Am Spinnrade
Schubert Schubert → → Gretchen Am SpinnradeGretchen Am Spinnrade
Wagner’s OperasWagner’s Operas
Leitmotif Leitmotif → → little tunelittle tune Help audience follow alongHelp audience follow along Character, object, event, emotionCharacter, object, event, emotion ♫ ♫ Hunding (character) Hunding (character) ♫ ♫ Golden Apples (object)Golden Apples (object) ♫ ♫ Alberich’s Threat (event)Alberich’s Threat (event) ♫ ♫ Siegfried’s Anger (emotion)Siegfried’s Anger (emotion)