red goldSa ron

Teruel

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Saffron is a spice obtained from drying Crocus sativus L. flower stigma. This bulbous plant belongs to the Iridaceae family, grows up to 30 cm high and reproduces via corms. It comes from the Eastern Mediterranean, although its exact point of origin is not clear, and is now grown all over the Mediterranean1. It is characterised for its large, bright purple or violet-veined flowers (known as "saffron rose"), divided into three pungent stigma. It is a very popular spice that is used as a colouring and flavouring for foods and medicines.

Saffron-growing areas

Past

Present

►1)Saffron bulb

►2)Saffron flower

►3)Saffron

SAFFRON

Taroudant

RO OR1

O

O OHH

O

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Saffron stigma are mainly composed of carotenoids and heterosides and especially crocin (crocetin esther) that make the plant a powerful colouring agent. It also contains other carotenoids like alpha and beta-carotene, zeaxanthin and lycopene.

Safranal is obtained from bitter-flavoured picrocrocin when drying the spice and is the main compound of saffron oil, giving it its characteristic aroma2.

Chemical composition

R=R1= H CrocetinR=R1= gentiobiose: trans-crocin

O-glucose

picrocrocin safranal

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OUR SAFFRON, FOCUSING ON TRADITION

At ANASTORE, we focus on maintaining traditions and always offer top quality products. Our organic saffron therefore comes from the village of Blancas (Jiloca Region) to help encourage the cultivation of saffron in this area, where traditional methods are used to harvest this popular spice and where we can monitor the harvesting and unblading process, both performed manually.

Saffron has been grown in the province of Teruel (Spain) since the Middle Ages and is closely linked to this region's culture and tradition. It is mostly grown in the Region of Jiloca where it has the deepest cultural and socioeconomic tradition, as it was the main agricultural income for many families in this region of Teruel. However, saffron grown in Teruel started to experience a decline at the end of the last century until it currently became almost non-existent, so its cultivation is once again being encouraged.

Teruel

JilocaRegion

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Our saffron complies with the requirements of standard UNE-ISO 3632-2:2011 and is certified by the Committee of Organic Agriculture in the region of Aragon (CAAE).

Saffron is harvested in October-November in the early hours of the morning when the saffron flower blooms to prevent it from withering and its stigma from losing their aroma and colour.

Stigma are separated manually in a process called unblading or pruning. Pruning is a very delicate process and takes place around a long table where the three filaments of the rest of the flower are carefully separated. Ideally, the aim is to obtain three filaments attached to their styles but with the least possible yellow part of them.

Once separated, stigma are dried. This process may be performed in different ways: the traditional roasting method entails placing the saffron on a fine metal or silk sieve attached to a sheet of iron positioned over a butane gas flame where it is moved around gently for one hour.

It can also be dried outside or in a kiln3. It is a very delicate process and care must be taken to prevent the product from deteriorating.

►4)Harvesting

►5)Unblading or pruning

►6)Silk sieve

HARVESTING AND UNBLADING

Known as "red gold", saffron has a high market price as 100,000-300,000 saffron flowers are required to obtain one kilo and the harvesting of the flower and separation of stigma are performed manually.Ancient Mesopotamic civilizations already used this precious spice as a condiment and clothing dye as well as in religious rituals. The colour of the saffron has been considered a symbol of light, spirituality and wisdom for many years4.Saffron is very closely linked to religion and spirituality and Jews and Egyptians in the ritual of ablution. It was also used by Ancient Egyptians as a colouring for the shrouds of mummies4-5. Due to its powerful colour and aroma, it was also used in cosmetics: Cleopatra used it for herbal treatments and to paint her lips, nails and hair. Romans used this spice in perfumes and many celebrations: the streets of Rome were sprinkled with saffron when Nero entered the city4.

Saffron in SpainSaffron probably started to be grown in Spain by the Muslims during the Middle Ages. Its name comes from the word "zahafarm", which, in turn, comes from the Persian word "safra" or yellow. Initially, saffron was sold mainly in Valencia to farmers from the region of Aragon and inland Valencia5. Spanish saffron now comes mainly from Castilla la Mancha and Teruel.

HISTORY OF SAFFRON

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MEDICINAL PROPERTIESIn traditional Persian medicine, saffron is used for sore throats, menstrual disorders and inflammation6. In Ayurvedic medicine, saffron was used to treat asthma, arthritis and colds and was also used as an aphrodisiac and adaptogen7-8. Saffron extract was currently found to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsion and anti-depressive properties as well as to improve one's memory and learning capacity.

AntioxidantCrocin, picrocrocin, crocetin and safranal have antioxidant properties and in Indian traditional medicine, it was used to treat cognitive dysfunctions. Therefore, it was found to improve one's memory and learning capacity as the antioxidant effect of saffron helps to protect nerves against oxidative damage: saffron extract can eliminate free radicals, especially super oxide anions12.

It was also suggested that Saffron extracts had anti-cancer potential that is still to be demonstrated in clinical trials: this effect might be related to modulation of antioxidant immuno-modulating and lipid peroxidation activities13.

AtidepressantSaffron's anti-depressive properties were demonstrated in different scientific works9 and its effect was compared to that of other anti-depressives like imipramine and fluoxetine (Prozac)10. In a double-blind, randomised trial6, it was concluded that the effect of the saffron stigma extract was similar to that of imipramine for treating mild to moderate depression. Saffron petal extract also provided positive results for treating depression11.

With regard to the effect of saffron, safranal and crocin can prevent reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin6. This means that the longer serotonin remains in the brain, the more positive effects are stimulated, which helps to fight depression10.

Saffron is also traditionally used for its aphrodisiac properties and to treat erectile dysfunction. A pilot study indicated improvement of the sexual function by increasing the number and duration of erections in 20 patients consuming saffron for 10 days14.

Saffron is also used to treat premenstrual symptoms and, topically, for gingivitis and toothache due to its analgesic effect. On an experimental level, it has also been found to have a hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective and tissue oxigenation effect2.

Other effects of saffron

1. Berdonces (2009) Gran diccionario ilustrado de las Plantas Medicinales descripción y aplicaciones. Oceano Ambar.

2. Vanaclocha and Cañigueral (2003) Fitoterapia. Vademécum de prescripción. Elsevier.

3. Álvarez and Mallor (2009) Evaluación de parámetros de calidad del azafrán de Jiloca (Teruel) ITEA Vol. 105 (1), 61-66.

4. The chemical composition of saffron: color, taste and aroma (2006) By A. Z. Aramburu, G. L. A. Diaz-Marta, M. C. Delgado Editorial Bomarzo.

5. http://www.regmurcia.com

6. Akhondzadeh et al. (2004) Comparison of Crocus sativus L. and imipramine in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: A pilot double-blind randomized trial. BMC Complement Alternat Med 4:12.

7. Bhandari (2015) Crocus sativus L. (saffron) for cancer chemoprevention: A mini review. J Tradit Complement Med 5(2): 81–87.

8. Samarghandian and Borji (2014) Anticarcinogenic effect of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its ingredients. Pharmacognosy Res 6(2): 99-107.

9. Wang et al. (2010) Antidepressant properties of bioactive fractions from the extract of Crocus sativus L. J Natural Medicines 64 (1): 24-30.

10. Hausenblas et al. (2013) Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and major depressive disorder: a metaanalysis of randomized clinical trials. J Integr Med 11(6): 377–383.

11. Dwyer et al. (2011) Herbal medicines, other than St. John’s Wort, in the Treatment of Depression: A Systematic Review. Alternative Medicine Review 16(1): 40-49.

12. Ghaffari et al. (2015) Saffron ethanolic extract attenuates oxidative stress, spatial learning, and memory impairments induced by local injection of ethidium bromide. Res Pharm Sci. 2015 May-Jun; 10(3): 222–232.

13. Bhandari (2015) Crocus sativus L. (saffron) for cancer chemoprevention: A mini review. J Tradit Complement Med 5: 81-87.

14. Shamsa et al. (2009) Evaluation of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) on male erectile dysfunction: a pilot study. Phytomedicine 16(8): 690-693.

BIBLIOGRAPHY