S2Biom D2.3 - Database of Conversion Technologies FINAL

Delivery of sustainable supply of non

Database of biomass conversion technologies


S2Biom Project Grant Agreement n°608622








29

Delivery of sustainable supply of non-food biomass to support a


D2.3


9 Feb 201

food biomass to support a

“resource



2016


“resource-efficient” Bioeconomy in Europe




efficient” Bioeconomy in Europe






1

About

The S2Biom project

“resource

food biomass feedstock at local, regional and pan European level through devel

strategies, and roadmaps that will be informed by a “computerized and easy to use”

toolset (and respective databases) with updated harmonized datasets at local,

regional, national and pan European level for EU28,

Turkey and

are available under

Project coordinator

Project partners

About S2Biom

The S2Biom project

“resource-efficient” Bioeconomy in Europe





Turkey and Ukraine

are available under

Project coordinator

Project partners

S2Biom project

The S2Biom project - Delivery of sustainable supply of non






Ukraine. Further information

are available under www.s2biom.eu

Project coordinator

Project partners

project







urther information

www.s2biom.eu.


efficient” Bioeconomy in Europe - supports the sustainable delivery of non





urther information about the project and the partners involved

Scientific coordinator


supports the sustainable delivery of non




regional, national and pan European level for EU28, W

about the project and the partners involved


Delivery of sustainable supply of non-food biomass to support a





Western Balkans,








estern Balkans, Moldova,



D2.3


supports the sustainable delivery of non-

food biomass feedstock at local, regional and pan European level through developing



Moldova,


2

About

This report

conversion technologies

Due date of deliverable:Actual submission date:Start date of project:Duration:

Work packageTaskLead contractor for thisdeliverableEditorAuthors

Quality reviewer

PU Public

PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services)

RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services):

CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the

Version

1.0

1.1

2.0

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventhresearch, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No 608622.

The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author. The European Union is not responsiblefor any use that may be made of the information

About this document

This report corresponds to


Due date of deliverable:Actual submission date:Start date of project:Duration:

Work package

Lead contractor for thisdeliverable

Authors

Quality reviewer

Public

Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services)

Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services):

Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the

Version Date

1 Feb 2016

19 Feb 2016

29 Feb 2016


he sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author. The European Union is not responsiblefor any use that may be made of the information

this document

corresponds to

conversion technologies. It has been prepared

Due date of deliverable: MActual submission date: 29 FebStart date of project: 01 Sep

36 months

22.

Lead contractor for this BTG

Tijs LammensTijs Lammens (BTG),den Berg(ECN), Paulien Harmsen (DLO)Martijn Vis (BTG)




Author(s)

eb 2016 T.M. Lammens

19 Feb 2016T.M. Lammens, P.

Harmsen

29 Feb 2016T.M. Lammens, P.

Harmsen



corresponds to D2.3 Final version of the comprehensive database of

. It has been prepared

M30, 29 Feb29 Feb 201601 Sep 201336 months

22.1BTG

Tijs LammensTijs Lammens (BTG),den Berg (BTG)(ECN), Paulien Harmsen (DLO)Martijn Vis (BTG)

Dissemination Level




Author(s)

T.M. Lammens

T.M. Lammens, P.

Harmsen

T.M. Lammens, P.

Harmsen



D2.3 Final version of the comprehensive database of

. It has been prepared by:

, 29 Feb 2016

Tijs LammensTijs Lammens (BTG), Martijn Vis

(BTG), Janne Kärki (VTT)(ECN), Paulien Harmsen (DLO)Martijn Vis (BTG)

Dissemination Level




Reason for modification

Compilation of

on various working documents.

DLO with request for input.

T.M. Lammens, P.Chapter added

T.M. Lammens, P.Review


he sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author. The European Union is not responsiblefor any use that may be made of the information contained therein.


by:

Martijn Vis (BTG)rki (VTT), Ayla Uslu (ECN)

(ECN), Paulien Harmsen (DLO), Hugo de Groot (DLO)

Dissemination Level





Compilation of deliverable D2.



hapter added by DLO.

Reviewed by WP partners.


he sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author. The European Union is not responsiblecontained therein.


(BTG), Rik te Raa (BTG),Ayla Uslu (ECN)

, Hugo de Groot (DLO)



Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services)


deliverable D2.



by DLO.

by WP partners.

This project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Frameworkresearch, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No 608622.

he sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author. The European Union is not responsible


Rik te Raa (BTG), Douwe vanAyla Uslu (ECN), Hamid Mozaffarian

, Hugo de Groot (DLO)



Commission Services)

Status

deliverable D2.3 based

on various working documents. Sent to

Submitted

Framework Programme forresearch, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement No 608622.


D2.3


Douwe van, Hamid Mozaffarian

PU


Status

Submitted

Programme for


3

D2.3

4

Executive Summary

This report describes the database that contains biomass conversion technologies,

which was prepared for the S2Biom project. The database itself can be accessed

online, at:

The database contains about 50 entries, describing technologies in the following

main categories:

• Direct combustion

• Gasification (and the syngas platform)

• Fast Pyrolysis

• Torrefaction

• Techniques from the pulp and paper industry

• Biochemical conversion

In the process of creating the database a link was made with WP7, in order to take

up the technologies relevant for producing the products described in the product

market combinations that were defined in WP7.

technologies are available in the database, while for other bio

(especially through the sugar platform) some but

available. This is a representation of the

and expected market situation of these products.

Executive Summary



online, at: http://s2biom.alterra.wur.nl

database contains about 50 entries, describing technologies in the following

main categories:

Direct combustion

Gasification (and the syngas platform)

Fast Pyrolysis

Torrefaction

Techniques from the pulp and paper industry

Biochemical conversion







expected market situation of these products.

Executive Summary



http://s2biom.alterra.wur.nl


Direct combustion


Fast Pyrolysis

Torrefaction


Biochemical conversion










http://s2biom.alterra.wur.nl.




Biochemical conversion technologies










.




technologies






available. This is a representation of the technology readiness levels and the








market combinations that were defined in WP7. For heat, power and fuels, sever


(especially through the sugar platform) some but fewer conversion technologies

technology readiness levels and the







For heat, power and fuels, sever


fewer conversion technologies







For heat, power and fuels, sever

technologies are available in the database, while for other bio-based products

fewer conversion technologies


D2.3






For heat, power and fuels, several

based products

fewer conversion technologies are

technology readiness levels and the current

5

Table of contents

Executive Summary

1. Introduction

Contents of2.

2.1

2.2

2.2.1

2.2.2

2.3

Description of the database3.

List of Figures

Figure 1. Structure of WP2 in WP1

Figure 2.

product and chemical building blocks.

Figure 3. Biorefinery plant.

Figure

Figure 5. Print

database.

Figure 6. Excerpt of the datasheet of one technology entry in the database.

List of Tables

Table 1. Conversion technologies described in the database.

Table 2. Product Market Combinations of bio

their expected contribution to the EU28 demand in 2020 and 2030, as describ

D7.2. ................................

Table of contents

Executive Summary

Introduction

Contents of

Overview of conversion technologies in the database

Bio-based products covered by the database

2.2.1 Products of the sugar platform

2.2.2 Products of the pyrolysis platform

Overview of technology criteria and characteristics in the database

Description of the database

List of Figures


Figure 2. Relationship between raw biomass materials, carbohydrates, intermediate


Figure 3. Biorefinery plant.

4. Bio-based routes in the database

Figure 5. Print-screen of a part of the overview page of the conversion technologies

ase.................................


List of Tables




................................

Table of contents

Executive Summary ................................

Introduction ................................

Contents of the database


based products covered by the database

Products of the sugar platform

Products of the pyrolysis platform



List of Figures


Relationship between raw biomass materials, carbohydrates, intermediate


Figure 3. Biorefinery plant.................................

based routes in the database

screen of a part of the overview page of the conversion technologies

................................





................................................................

................................

................................

the database................................






Description of the database ................................

Figure 1. Structure of WP2 in WP1-4 of the S2Biom project



................................



................................................................





................................

................................................................

................................................................

................................



Products of the sugar platform................................

Products of the pyrolysis platform................................


................................

4 of the S2Biom project


product and chemical building blocks. ................................

................................................................

based routes in the database ................................


................................



Table 2. Product Market Combinations of bio-based (lignocellulosic) products, with


................................................................

................................

................................

................................................................


based products covered by the database ................................

................................

................................


................................................................

4 of the S2Biom project


................................

................................

................................


................................................................



based (lignocellulosic) products, with


................................

................................................................

................................................................

................................

Overview of conversion technologies in the database ...............................

................................

................................................................

................................................................


................................

4 of the S2Biom project ................................


................................................................

........................................................

..............................................................


................................


Table 1. Conversion technologies described in the database.................................



.........................................................

................................

................................

..................................................

...............................

..........................................

..........................................

................................

Overview of technology criteria and characteristics in the database ........

...........................................

................................


................................

........................

..............................


..................................................

Figure 6. Excerpt of the datasheet of one technology entry in the database. ...........

................................


their expected contribution to the EU28 demand in 2020 and 2030, as described in

.........................

D2.3

................................. 4

....................................... 6

.................. 8

............................... 8

.......... 11

..........11

.....................................15

........ 16

........... 17

...................................... 7


...................................... 12

........................ 13

.............................. 14


.................. 17

........... 18

.................................... 8


ed in

......................... 11

6

1. Introduction

The overall objective

To identify and extensively characterise existing and future non

technologies for energy and bio

To develop a standardized methodology according to which the different biomass categories

identified and quantified in WP1 need to be characterised.

To assess the optimal match of biomass

future non

This D2.3


essential link between

properties were gathered in the biomass characteristics database (D2.4

products (described

Conversion technologies and end use applications (both

essential elements of each pathway, and

online database

conversion technologies up

biochemical processes (Subtask 2.1.2) and

This database and the biomass

selection method to

(D2.2). Th

optimisation of

logistical parameters as developed in WP3.

The following linkages with other WPs were established:

WP1:

WP3:

WP4: t

into account the requirements for the biomass and technology matching tool.

WP7: coordination was established on the information needed for the

as on

All information has been available through the viewing tool in WP4, also for use in other WPs

(theme 2 and 3).

1 The actual database can be accessed atclicking “conversion technologies”

Introduction

The overall objective






future non-food biomass conversion technologies.

3 report provides background information on the development of


essential link between


products (described



online database. This includes existing convers

conversion technologies up



selection method to

This selection method will be further

optimisation of biomass use from a technical perspective, with linkages to


following linkages with other WPs were established:

WP1: the selected

WP3: the selection of technologies was done in

WP4: the database structure



as on the product


(theme 2 and 3).

The actual database can be accessed at“conversion technologies”

Introduction

The overall objectives of WP 2 are the following:






food biomass conversion technologies.

provides background information on the development of

conversion technologies, which is now available online

essential link between a variety of


products (described in WP7).



This includes existing convers

conversion technologies up to 2030, including novel biorefinery concepts that are based on



selection method to optimally match biomass types with the

selection method will be further

biomass use from a technical perspective, with linkages to



the selected technologies cover the b

the selection of technologies was done in

he database structure



the product-market combinations described in deliverable D7.2.


(theme 2 and 3).

The actual database can be accessed at“conversion technologies”.

are the following:


technologies for energy and bio-based products.






, which is now available online

a variety of lignocellulosic biomass



essential elements of each pathway, and were

This includes existing convers

to 2030, including novel biorefinery concepts that are based on

biochemical processes (Subtask 2.1.2) and thermochemical processes (Subtask 2.1.3).

characteristics database

match biomass types with the

selection method will be further


logistical parameters as developed in WP3. Figure


technologies cover the b

the selection of technologies was done in

he database structure was developed in close coop



market combinations described in deliverable D7.2.


The actual database can be accessed at http://s2biom.alterra.wur.nl

are the following:


based products.



To assess the optimal match of biomass categories of different quality with the existing and



, which is now available online.

lignocellulosic biomass



were characterised in detail in this task

This includes existing conversion technologies (Subtask 2.1.1) as well as future


thermochemical processes (Subtask 2.1.3).

characteristics database

match biomass types with the

selection method will be further developed


Figure 1 shows the linkage


technologies cover the biomass sources assessed in WP1.

the selection of technologies was done in close

developed in close coop







based products.



categories of different quality with the existing and



.1 Biomass conversion technologies form the

lignocellulosic biomass sources


Conversion technologies and end use applications (both bio-energy and bio

characterised in detail in this task

ion technologies (Subtask 2.1.1) as well as future



characteristics database together provide the relevant data for the

match biomass types with the most suitable

developed into a matching tool


shows the linkage


iomass sources assessed in WP1.

close cooperation with WP3 logistics.

developed in close cooperation with WP4, especially taking





http://s2biom.alterra.wur.nl under the t

To identify and extensively characterise existing and future non-food biomass



provides background information on the development of the database of biomass

Biomass conversion technologies form the

sources (WP1) of which a wide range of

properties were gathered in the biomass characteristics database (D2.4), and

energy and bio-based products) are the

characterised in detail in this task




provide the relevant data for the

most suitable conversion technologies

into a matching tool


shows the linkages between WP1


cooperation with WP3 logistics.

eration with WP4, especially taking


WP7: coordination was established on the information needed for the RESolve model



under the tab “biomass chain data”,

food biomass conversion



the database of biomass


which a wide range of

and a variety of

based products) are the

characterised in detail in this task, and gathered in an






into a matching tool (part of WP4)

biomass use from a technical perspective, with linkages to pretreatment and

s between WP1-4.





RESolve model


ab “biomass chain data”,

D2.3

conversion



the database of biomass


which a wide range of

a variety of final

based products) are the

, and gathered in an





(part of WP4) for

pretreatment and



RESolve model as well


ab “biomass chain data”, by

7

FigureFigure 1. Structure of WP2 in WP1Structure of WP2 in WP1Structure of WP2 in WP1--4 of the S2BS2Biom projectoject

D2.3

8

Content2.

This chapter

products these technologies

that were defined in WP7, as well as the main characteristics of the technologies that can be found in

the database.

2.1 Overview of

The rationale behind the selection of

“A method for standardized biomass characterization and minimal biomass quality requirements for

each biomass conversion technology”

Table 1 summarizes the conversion technologies that were taken up in the database.

In order to be able to match the technology requirements with biomass characteristics, the

technologies were categorized into three main categories, all with a different set of specifications, as

described in deliverable D2.2, “A selection method to match biomass types with the best conversion

technologies”. The first category contains

corrosion, ash agglomeration (fouling), ash content, and NO

contains both chemical and biochemical processes

cellulose and

requirements for digestibility and biogas yield.

Each category is further split down into three levels, in order to provide sufficient level of detail

distinguish

(level 1) is ‘

and process name (level 3) Circulating Fluidized Bed direct combusti

Category

Thermal conversion

Direct combustionof solid biomass

Contents of the database

chapter describes the technologies that were taken up in the databas

products these technologies


the database.

Overview of




summarizes the conversion technologies that were taken up in the database.







cellulose and ash content.



distinguish each technology. An example of this is for thermal conversion processes: one category

(level 1) is ‘direct combustion


Table

ategory

Thermal conversion technologies

Direct combustionof solid biomass

of the database

describes the technologies that were taken up in the databas

products these technologies cover (inclu


Overview of conversion











ash content. The third category specifically contains anaerobic digestion, and has



technology. An example of this is for thermal conversion processes: one category

combustion of solid biomass


Table 1. Conversion technologies described in the database

Subcategory

technologies

Fluidised bed combustion for CHP(steam cycle)

Fixed bed combustion for heat

Fixed bed combustion for CHP (steamcycle)

Direct co-combustion in coal fired powerplants

Waste incinerators with energy recovery

Domestic pellet burners for heat

Domestic residential batch fired stovesfor heat

of the database


cover (including energy)


conversion technologies in the database

The rationale behind the selection of the conversion technologies was described in deliverable D2.1,


each biomass conversion technology”, as well as which technologies were selected.





technologies”. The first category contains thermal conversion technologies, with requirements for



The third category specifically contains anaerobic digestion, and has




of solid biomass


Conversion technologies described in the database

Fluidised bed combustion for CHP


Fixed bed combustion for CHP (steam

combustion in coal fired power



Domestic residential batch fired stoves


ing energy), the link with the product


technologies in the database

the conversion technologies was described in deliverable D2.1,


, as well as which technologies were selected.





thermal conversion technologies, with requirements for


contains both chemical and biochemical processes that have requirements on the lignin, (hemi





of solid biomass’, with subcategory (level 2) ‘fluidized bed combustion’,



Fluidised bed combustion for CHP


Fixed bed combustion for CHP (steam

combustion in coal fired power



Domestic residential batch fired stoves


the link with the product











corrosion, ash agglomeration (fouling), ash content, and NOx emissions. The

that have requirements on the lignin, (hemi




’, with subcategory (level 2) ‘fluidized bed combustion’,

and process name (level 3) Circulating Fluidized Bed direct combustion’.


Process name

BFB direct

CFB direct combustion

Grate boiler for heat

Grate boiler with wood chips for CHP

Grate boiler with agrobiomass for CHP

combustion in coal fired powerCo-firing in PC

Waste incinerators with energy recovery Grate fired waste incinerator

Pellet boiler for heat

Batch stove for heat


the link with the product-market combinations











emissions. The






on’.


name

BFB direct combustion

CFB direct combustion

Grate boiler for heat



firing in PC

Grate fired waste incinerator

Pellet boiler for heat

Batch stove for heat

describes the technologies that were taken up in the database, which bio

market combinations











emissions. The second






Conversion technologies described in the database.

combustion



Grate fired waste incinerator

D2.3

e, which bio-based

market combinations




In order to be able to match the technology requirements with biomass characteristics, the different




category

that have requirements on the lignin, (hemi-)


Each category is further split down into three levels, in order to provide sufficient level of detail to





9

Gasificationtechnologies

Syngas platform

Fast pyrolysis

Torrefaction

(Bio-)chemical conversion technologies

Techniques frompulp and paperindustry

Chemicalpretreatment

Biochemicalhydrolysis andfermentation

Biochemicalethanol andbiobased products

Treatment insubcritical water

Gasificationtechnologies

Syngas platform

Fast pyrolysis

Torrefaction

)chemical conversion technologies

Techniques frompulp and paper

Chemicalpretreatment

Biochemicalhydrolysis andfermentation

Biochemicalethanol andbiobased products

Treatment insubcritical water

Circulating Fluidized bed for CHP (gasengine)

Circulating Fluidized bed for IGCC

Bubbling fluidized bed for CHP (gasengine)

Circulating Fluidized bed for syngasproduction

Dual Fluidized bed for

Dual Fluidized bed for syngas production

Entrained flow for syngas production

Fixed bed (downdraft) for CHP (gasengine)

Fixed bed (updraft), direct combustion

Bubbling fluidized bed for IGCC

Bubbling fluidized bed for syngasproduction

Fluidised bed gasification for methanolproduction

Indirect gasification for

Fluidised bed gasification for FTproduction

Pyrolysis plus boiler for heat and steam

Pyrolysis and hydrogenation for dieselfuel

Pyrolysis oil and diesel engine forelectricity

Pyrolysis plus




Moving bed reactor


Kraft process with

Prehydrolysis Kraft process in waterphase

Alkaline hydrolysis

Dilute acid hydrolysis

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Fermentation

Simultaneousfermentation

Aqueous Phase Reforming

Circulating Fluidized bed for CHP (gas


Bubbling fluidized bed for CHP (gas

Circulating Fluidized bed for syngas

Dual Fluidized bed for CHP (gas engine)



Fixed bed (downdraft) for CHP (gas



Bubbling fluidized bed for syngas

Fluidised bed gasification for methanol

Indirect gasification for SNG production

Fluidised bed gasification for FT


Pyrolysis and hydrogenation for diesel

Pyrolysis oil and diesel engine for




oil and diesel engine for

Moving bed reactor


Kraft process with LignoBoost process

Prehydrolysis Kraft process in water

Alkaline hydrolysis


Enzymatic hydrolysis

Fermentation

Simultaneous saccharification andfermentation


Circulating Fluidized bed for CHP (gas


Bubbling fluidized bed for CHP (gas

Circulating Fluidized bed for syngas

CHP (gas engine)



Fixed bed (downdraft) for CHP (gas



Bubbling fluidized bed for syngas

Fluidised bed gasification for methanol

SNG production

Fluidised bed gasification for FT-fuels


Pyrolysis and hydrogenation for diesel


boiler for heat and steam



oil and diesel engine for

LignoBoost process

Prehydrolysis Kraft process in water

saccharification and

CFB for CHP

CFB for IGCC

BFB for CHP

CFB for syngas

DFB for CHP

Dual Fluidized bed for syngas production DFB for syngas

Entrained flow for syngas

Fixed bed for CHP

Fixed bed, direct combustion

BFB for IGCC

BFB for syngas

Syngas to methanol

Producer gas to biomethane

Syngas to FT

Fresh wood chips to pyrolysis oil

Agricultural residues to pyrolysis oil

Pyrolysis oil to heat

Pyrolysis oil to steam

Pyrolysis oil diesel

Pyrolysis combustion engine (compressionignition)

CHP Gas Turbine

Pyrolysis plus boiler for heat, integrated

Pyrolysis plus boiler for steam, integrated

Pyrolysis plus combustion engine, integrated

Pyrolysis plus CHP, integrated

torrefaction and pellet

Kraft process with Lignoboost

Prehydrolysis kraft

Alkaline hydrolysis


Enzymatic hydrolysis alkaline pretreated

Enzymatic hydrolysis acid pretreated

Fermentation alkaline pretreated

Fermentation acid pretreated

Ethanol from lignocellulose (dilute acidpretreatment), value chain example


CFB for CHP

CFB for IGCC

BFB for CHP

CFB for syngas

DFB for CHP

DFB for syngas


Fixed bed for CHP


BFB for IGCC

BFB for syngas

Syngas to methanol


Syngas to FT-diesel



Pyrolysis oil to heat

Pyrolysis oil to steam

Pyrolysis oil diesel

Pyrolysis combustion engine (compression

CHP Gas Turbine





torrefaction and pellet


Prehydrolysis kraft

Alkaline hydrolysis













Pyrolysis combustion engine (compression





torrefaction and pelletisation (TOP)








D2.3

Pyrolysis combustion engine (compression-







10

Anaerobic digestion technologies

Anaerobicdigestion

Anaerobicdigestion

Abbreviations:

BFB: bubbling fluidized bed

CFB: circulating fluidized bed

CHP: combined heat and power

DFB: dual

FT: Fischer

IGCC: integrated gasification combined cycle

MSW: municipal solid waste

PC: pulverized coal

SNG: synthetic natural gas


Anaerobicdigestion

Anaerobicdigestion

Abbreviations:




ual fluidized bed

Fischer-Tropsch

ntegrated gasification combined cycle


ulverized coal-fired boiler



Complete mix digester

Plug flow digester




luidized bed

ntegrated gasification combined cycle


fired boiler


mix digester

Plug flow digester

ntegrated gasification combined cyclentegrated gasification combined cycle

Complete mix digester state of the art 2014

Dry Batch Digestion (MSW)





D2.3


11

2.2 Bio

WP7 defined ten product market combinations (PMCs) for bio

shown in

Tableexpected contribution to the EU

Product

1. Heat2. Electricity3. Advanced

4. C6 sugars5. C5 sugars

6. Biomethane7. Aromatics (BTX)8. Methanol9. Hydrogen10. Ethylene

The technology database covers

technologies are currently the furthest developed and widely available. The production of advanced

biofuels

ethanol as well as

was covered by incorporating production technologies through anaerobic digestion

For methanol

the PMCs 7, 9 and 10 (BTX, hydrogen, ethylene), no data could be obtained

take up the technologies in the data

With regards to the production of bio

only to take up

for pretreatment and

the sugars into ethanol)

taking up ethanol as a product and no other sugar

the followin

2.2.1 Products of the sugar platform

Author of this paragraph

Sugars or carbohydrates are an important raw material for food and feed.

play an important role in the Biobased Economy, especially for applications in the biofuel sector and

the chemical industry, as many of the chemicals and materials from fossil resources can also be

produced from carbohydrates.

to renewable raw materials, and carbohydrates play an important role. In a Biobased Economy the

demand for renewable raw materials is large and resource efficiency is an important topic. This

Bio-based products


shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Product Market Combinationsexpected contribution to the EU

Product

HeatElectricityAdvanced biofuels

sugarssugars

BiomethaneAromatics (BTX)MethanolHydrogenEthylene



is covered by a num

ethanol as well as through the


ethanol the production


the technologies in the data


to take up the product ethanol in the database

for pretreatment and

the sugars into ethanol)


the following paragraph.


of this paragraph




produced from carbohydrates.



based products


Product Market Combinationsexpected contribution to the EU

Market

District heatingPower market

biofuels Transport fuel

Polymers &

Grid, transportAromatics (BTX) Petrochemical industry

Transport, chemical industryTransport, (petro)chemical industry(petro)chemical industry



is covered by a number of technologies, such as through biochemical production of cellulosic

through the production of drop


production route


the technologies in the data


the product ethanol in the database

for pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis

the sugars into ethanol). The rationale


g paragraph.


of this paragraph: P. Harmsen




produced from carbohydrates. Ma



based products covered by


Product Market Combinationsexpected contribution to the EU28 demand in 2020

Market

District heatingPower marketTransport fuel

Polymers & plastics, solvents, surfactants

Grid, transportPetrochemical industryTransport, chemical industryTransport, (petro)chemical industry(petro)chemical industry

The technology database covers the production of


er of technologies, such as through biochemical production of cellulosic

production of drop


route through gasification


the technologies in the database.

With regards to the production of bio-based products through

the product ethanol in the database

enzymatic hydrolysis

. The rationale for creating such value chains in the database



: P. Harmsen (DLO)




Many developments are taking place to change from petrochemical



covered by the database


Product Market Combinations of bio-baseddemand in 2020

plastics, solvents, surfactants

Petrochemical industryTransport, chemical industryTransport, (petro)chemical industry(petro)chemical industry

production of heat and electricity



production of drop-in fuels


through gasification


based products through

the product ethanol in the database, through the

(producing C5/C6 sugars) with

creating such value chains in the database

taking up ethanol as a product and no other sugar-based products (e.g. bioplastics)





ny developments are taking place to change from petrochemical



the database

WP7 defined ten product market combinations (PMCs) for bio-based products (D7.2). These are

based (lignocellulosic)demand in 2020 and 2030

plastics, solvents, surfactants

Transport, chemical industryTransport, (petro)chemical industry

heat and electricity



in fuels with pyrolysis


was incorporated


based products through the sugar platform

through the combination

C5/C6 sugars) with


based products (e.g. bioplastics)







the database

based products (D7.2). These are

(lignocellulosic) products,and 2030, as described in D7.2

PJ in 2020

3242743112

plastics, solvents, surfactants 8

649320

heat and electricity extensively, because these



pyrolysis or gasification


was incorporated, as described in D7.2c.

the PMCs 7, 9 and 10 (BTX, hydrogen, ethylene), no data could be obtained of a sufficient quality to

the sugar platform

combination of the se

C5/C6 sugars) with fermentation


based products (e.g. bioplastics)

Sugars or carbohydrates are an important raw material for food and feed. In addition, carbohydrates







products, with, as described in D7.2

PJ in 2020 PJ in 2030

3242 47401040629

23

18826131923

extensively, because these



gasification. Biomethane

was covered by incorporating production technologies through anaerobic digestion and gasification

, as described in D7.2c.

of a sufficient quality to

the sugar platform, it was decided

of the separate entries

fermentation (converting

creating such value chains in the database and for only

based products (e.g. bioplastics) is explained in

In addition, carbohydrates






D2.3


with their, as described in D7.2.

PJ in 2030

47401040629

23

18826131923

extensively, because these



. Biomethane

and gasification.

, as described in D7.2c. For

of a sufficient quality to

t was decided

parate entries

(converting

and for only

is explained in

In addition, carbohydrates






12

requires a tailor

to the most suitable biomass and vice versa.

'Carbohydrate' is a collective name for a number of different sugar commodities. A major source of

sugar is sugar beet and sugar cane from which table sugar or granulated sugar is made (sucrose, a

disaccharide). Also starch crops like cereals (maize, wheat

carbohydrates (starch, a glucose polymer). These biomass sources are so called 1G

are used for food and feed. In addition, wood and other lignocellulose material contain the

carbohydrate polymers cellulos

materials as they cannot be used for food (humans cannot digest cellulose).

The relationship between raw biomass, type of carbohydrates, fermentable sugars as key

intermediate product and

Figure 2and chemical building blocks.

The following remarks can be made in connection to

1G biomass is easily converted to high

average, 1G biomass (sugar or starch rich raw materials) contains 72 wt% dry matter

carbohydrates.

2G biomass also contains carbohydrates but these are more difficult to

polymers are imbedded in a lignocellulosic matrix with lignin, a strong polymer of aromatics.

On average, 60 wt% of the dry biomass are carbohydrates, and these carbohydrates can be

isolated with an efficiency of 80%. These sugar streams are

biomass due to the isolation and extraction processes.

process.

Sucrose can be fed to the fermentation unit directly, and starch can be enzymatic hydrolysed

by amylases to glucose prior to fer

corn syrup (HFCS), which can be used in the production of drinks and food.

quires a tailor-made approach, in which (a) desired product(s) or chemical building block is coupled







carbohydrate polymers cellulos



intermediate product and

2. Relationship between rawchemical building blocks.




carbohydrates.






process.




made approach, in which (a) desired product(s) or chemical building block is coupled







carbohydrate polymers cellulose and hemicellulose (and also lignin). These sources are called 2G



intermediate product and chemical building blocks is shown in

elationship between rawchemical building blocks.




carbohydrates. Isolation efficiency of these ca
















e and hemicellulose (and also lignin). These sources are called 2G



chemical building blocks is shown in

elationship between raw biomass




Isolation efficiency of these ca







by amylases to glucose prior to fermentation. The latter is also used to produce High fructose












chemical building blocks is shown in

biomass materials,

The following remarks can be made in connection to Figure

1G biomass is easily converted to high-purity sugars


Isolation efficiency of these carbohydrates







mentation. The latter is also used to produce High fructose





disaccharide). Also starch crops like cereals (maize, wheat) and potatoes are a rich source of






chemical building blocks is shown in Figure

materials, carbohydrates, intermediate

Figure 2:

purity sugars with conventional technology.


rbohydrates is












) and potatoes are a rich source of






Figure 2.

carbohydrates, intermediate

with conventional technology.


is 95%.




isolated with an efficiency of 80%. These sugar streams are less pure than sugars from 1G

biomass due to the isolation and extraction processes. Further purification is a costly








carbohydrates (starch, a glucose polymer). These biomass sources are so called 1G-materials, they




carbohydrates, intermediate

with conventional technology.


2G biomass also contains carbohydrates but these are more difficult to isolate as the



less pure than sugars from 1G

Further purification is a costly




D2.3





materials, they


e and hemicellulose (and also lignin). These sources are called 2G-


carbohydrates, intermediate product

with conventional technology. On


isolate as the



less pure than sugars from 1G

Further purification is a costly



13

For the conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose (from lignocellulosic biomass) to sugars a

biorefinery plant is require

production of paper, with the difference that the carbohydrate polymers cellulose and

hemicellulose are now further degraded to monomers for fermentation.

representation of the bi

steps:

Figure 3

Pretreatment is the first and also crucial step in the conversion of lignocellulose to sugars. It is

required to alter the structure of the biomass to make the cellulose more accessible to the enzymes

that convert the carbohydrate polymers to fermentable s

one of the most expensive processing steps in lignocellulose conversion. A wide range of different

pretreatment techniques are available, and the choice depends on the desired products and the type

of lignocellulo

processes (aiming for hemicellulose degradation) and alkaline

removal). Only

the production of fermentable sugars, like acid

mills often apply alkaline processes (

lignin.

In the second step the cellu

sugars by enzymatic hydrolysis. This step is costly due to the use of expensive enzymes. Major

challenge is the full conversion of the carbohydates to monomers and to reduce the amount of

enzymes used.

The fermentation unit converts the sugars to various chemical building blocks like ethanol, butanol,

lactic acid etc. Chemically speaking there is no difference between glucose from starch (1G)

glucose from lignocellulose (2G). However,

temperature and pressure is required to remove lignin and disrupt the crystalline structure of

cellulose. Hereby sugar and lignin degradation products are formed that inhibit enzymatic hydrolysis

and fermentation as well. A cost effective process with the limited formation of inhibitors is still one

of the most important challenges in current lignocellulose conversion technologies.

Nowadays the number of chemical building blocks produced from renewabl

limited. Most examples of industrial production of biobased chemicals are based on first generation

(1G) materials, with ethanol as the only exception. Ethanol is being produced commercially on large

scale from maize or sugar cane and

Woodresidue streams






steps:

3. Biorefinery plant






of lignocellulose biomass. In general, pretreatment techniques can be divided in acid


removal). Only few pretreatment methods



In the second step the cellu



nzymes used.






fermentation as well. A cost effective process with the limited formation of inhibitors is still one






2GWood, lignocellulose

residue streams






. Biorefinery plant.






se biomass. In general, pretreatment techniques can be divided in acid


pretreatment methods



In the second step the cellulose and hemicellulose polymers are being converted to fermentable














lignocellulose Pretreatment

Lignin


biorefinery plant is required. This biorefinery plant can be compared to a pulp mill for the



representation of the biorefinery plant is shown below, including the two main processing








pretreatment methods have


mills often apply alkaline processes (e.g. Kraft) as they want paper pulp with a limited amount of

lose and hemicellulose polymers are being converted to fermentable













scale from maize or sugar cane and on a much smaller scale from lignocellulose biomass, mainly for

Pretreatment

Lignin


d. This biorefinery plant can be compared to a pulp mill for the



orefinery plant is shown below, including the two main processing








have been reported as being potentiall

the production of fermentable sugars, like acid-catalysed steam explosion or liquid hot water. Pulp

Kraft) as they want paper pulp with a limited amount of






glucose from lignocellulose (2G). However, in order to isolate sugars from lignocellulose, elevated








on a much smaller scale from lignocellulose biomass, mainly for

CelluloseHemicellulose








that convert the carbohydrate polymers to fermentable sugars. Pretreatment has been recognised as




processes (aiming for hemicellulose degradation) and alkaline-related processes (aiming for lignin

been reported as being potentiall

catalysed steam explosion or liquid hot water. Pulp







in order to isolate sugars from lignocellulose, elevated









HemicelluloseEnzymatichydrolysis








ugars. Pretreatment has been recognised as




related processes (aiming for lignin

been reported as being potentiall

















Enzymatichydrolysis




hemicellulose are now further degraded to monomers for fermentation. A schematic









been reported as being potentially cost effective for













Nowadays the number of chemical building blocks produced from renewable resources is still




Biorefinery plant

Fermentablesugars

D2.3




A schematic







se biomass. In general, pretreatment techniques can be divided in acid-related


y cost effective for







lactic acid etc. Chemically speaking there is no difference between glucose from starch (1G) and





e resources is still




Biorefinery plant

Fermentablesugars

14

applications in biofuel. Production of bioethanol is strongly related to the oil prices. At the moment

oil is very cheap, making it difficult for companies to produce bioethanol in a cost effe

Especially chemical building blocks of which production from sugar is cheaper than from oil will

continue to grow, examples are lactic acid and propanediol.

Transition from petrochemical to renewable raw material is a step

initially work with materials that are as pure as possible,

take the next step, like sugar production from lignocellulose biomass. These sugars are often less

pure which makes the production of chemical

using lignocellulosic biomass as source of sugars results in formation of lignin residues for which a

useful application, to ensure an economically feasible process, has yet to be found.

Biochemical conv

The production of biobased products through the sugar platform is complex as many options are

possible and only those examples can be used where data of sufficient quality is available.

question is which part o

between raw materials and chemical building blocks in

product fermentable sugar is most important, and that the production of cheap sugars of sufficient

quality is the key issue here.

For this reason it was decided to focus on processes (conversion technologies) that convert

lignocellulose biomass to fermentable sugars, rather than including various fermentation processes

that currently make use of 1G

choice was made to differentiate between acid

these processes generate different intermediate products as shown in

to differentiate in the database between acid and alkaline routes.

Ethanol is the only chemical building block today that is produced on a large scale from

lignocellulose, others are still

reports are available describing the production of bioethanol from lignocellulose.

Figure 4

In the search for data of sufficient

reports and articles

Wood, lignocelluloseresidue streams

Wood, lignocelluloseresidue streams











Biochemical conversion technologies in the database



question is which part o


ct fermentable sugar is most important, and that the production of cheap sugars of sufficient




that currently make use of 1G





lignocellulose, others are still


4. Bio-based routes in the database


reports and articles

2Glignocellulose

residue streams

2Glignocellulose

residue streams











ersion technologies in the database



question is which part of the biomass value chain needs to be covered.






that currently make use of 1G carbohydrates





lignocellulose, others are still at




reports and articles about the conversion of lignocellulose to ethanol, only the overall process

Acidpretreatment

Xylose,arabinose

Alkalinepretreatment

Lignin














f the biomass value chain needs to be covered.





carbohydrates





at R&D-level.



In the search for data of sufficient quality to be used in the database a

the conversion of lignocellulose to ethanol, only the overall process

CelluloseLignin

CelluloseHemicellulose








pure which makes the production of chemical building blocks far more challenging. Additionally,











carbohydrates. Given the large numb

choice was made to differentiate between acid-related processes and alkaline




level. For that reason ethanol was chosen as end



ty to be used in the database a


Enzymatichydrolysis

Enzymatichydrolysis






initially work with materials that are as pure as possible, i.e. 1G-sugars. If this is successful they can


building blocks far more challenging. Additionally,






between raw materials and chemical building blocks in Figure 2 it is clear that the intermed




. Given the large numb

related processes and alkaline




For that reason ethanol was chosen as end


ty to be used in the database a


GlucoseLignin

Glucose, xylosearabinose




Transition from petrochemical to renewable raw material is a step-by-step process. Comp

sugars. If this is successful they can







f the biomass value chain needs to be covered. Looking at the relationship

it is clear that the intermed




. Given the large number of pretreatment processes a

related processes and alkaline-related processes. As

these processes generate different intermediate products as shown in Figure 4, it was also necessary


For that reason ethanol was chosen as end


ty to be used in the database a problem


GlucoseLignin

xylose,arabinose

EtOHfermentation

C6 sugars

Ligninresidue

EtOHfermentationC5&C


oil is very cheap, making it difficult for companies to produce bioethanol in a cost effective way.


step process. Comp







possible and only those examples can be used where data of sufficient quality is available. The main

Looking at the relationship

it is clear that the intermed




er of pretreatment processes a

related processes. As

, it was also necessary


For that reason ethanol was chosen as end-product as


was encountered


Alkaline process

EtOHfermentation

sugars

Lignin-richresidue

Ethanol

EtOHfermentation

C6 sugarsEthanol

D2.3


ctive way.


step process. Companies






The main

Looking at the relationship

it is clear that the intermediate




er of pretreatment processes a

related processes. As

, it was also necessary


product as

was encountered: in


Acid proces

Alkaline process

Ethanol

Ethanol

15

parameters were described, not the separate processes of pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis,

fermentation and downstream processes. For that reason only less reliable experimental data from

previous projects could be used

possible to elucidate sufficient data to describe the key

sugars from lignocellulose.

In order to be able to use the data in the database for the matching tool, in matching biomass to a

final product, the description of

chain consist

different companies use different technologies, which could not all be described due to lack of

accessible or reliable data. Therefore

based on a study that was reported by NREL. It needs to be emphasized that this is just one single

example of a biomass to ethanol value chain, and many other technology choices are possible.

2.2.2 Pro

A similar argument can be made for the pyrolysis platform.

produce pyrolysis oil close to the location of the biomass. The pyrolysis oil can be

more efficiently th

Further processing then means the production of

but could also mean the direct combustion of pyrolysis oil in a district hea

range of bio

In the database a

examples of

meant to cover all the possibilities regarding the production of bio

through the fast pyrolysis process.








chain consists of multiple processes,








more efficiently than the raw biomass, and will often be further processed at another location.



range of bio-based products can be made from pyrolysis oil, and choices had to be made.

In the database a couple of separate entries were

examples of value chain










of multiple processes,





ducts of the pyrolysis platform



an the raw biomass, and will often be further processed at another location.



based products can be made from pyrolysis oil, and choices had to be made.

couple of separate entries were

value chains from biomass to





to describe the various separate processes



final product, the description of a full value chain from biomass to ethanol

of multiple processes, which makes it a complex entry in the database. Moreover,


accessible or reliable data. Therefore it was chosen to add one specific example of a value chain,










couple of separate entries were

from biomass to a






possible to elucidate sufficient data to describe the key issue here,


a full value chain from biomass to ethanol

which makes it a complex entry in the database. Moreover,


it was chosen to add one specific example of a value chain,







Further processing then means the production of pyrolysis



couple of separate entries were combined into new ones

final product





issue here, i.e.


a full value chain from biomass to ethanol






A similar argument can be made for the pyrolysis platform. The general concept of fast pyrolysis is to



pyrolysis oil diesel



combined into new ones

product via fast pyrolysis




to describe the various separate processes. Unfortunately, it was not

i.e. the production of fermentable


a full value chain from biomass to ethanol was required.






The general concept of fast pyrolysis is to



diesel (a drop-in biofuel)

but could also mean the direct combustion of pyrolysis oil in a district heating or power plant.


combined into new ones, in order to provide

via fast pyrolysis. These examples were not

meant to cover all the possibilities regarding the production of bio-based products from biomass



. Unfortunately, it was not

the production of fermentable


was required. T







produce pyrolysis oil close to the location of the biomass. The pyrolysis oil can be transported


in biofuel), for example,

ting or power plant.


, in order to provide

These examples were not

based products from biomass

D2.3



. Unfortunately, it was not

the production of fermentable


This value







transported much


, for example,

ting or power plant. So a

, in order to provide

These examples were not

based products from biomass

16

2.3 Overview of technology criteria

The aspects of the conversion technologies that were to be captured in the database were described

in deliverable D2.1, annex III. A short overview of the most important ones is

not exhaustive, but

General information

• Name

• Description of main operating principle of technology

• Level of

• Current Technology Readiness level in 2014

• References

Technology parameters

• Type and c

• Conversion efficiencies

• Number of typical full load hours per year

• Typical lifetime of equipment

• Investment

• Labour requirements for typical installation (FTE for typical installation)

Biomass

• Biomass input common for the technology used

• Traded form

• Dimensions

• Maximum moisture content (% wet basis)

• Minimum bulk de

• Maximum ash content (weight %, dry basis)

• Minimal ash melting point (= initial deformation temperature) (°C)

• Maximum allowable content of



• Minimu

• Minimu

• Minimum biogas yield (m

Overview of technology criteria



not exhaustive, but is

General information

Name and subcategories (see

Description of main operating principle of technology

Level of commercial application

Current Technology Readiness level in 2014

References


Type and capacity of outputs (typical values)

Conversion efficiencies

Number of typical full load hours per year

Typical lifetime of equipment

Investment costs

Labour requirements for typical installation (FTE for typical installation)

Biomass input specifications

Biomass input common for the technology used

Traded form

Dimensions

Maximum moisture content (% wet basis)

Minimum bulk de

Maximum ash content (weight %, dry basis)

Minimal ash melting point (= initial deformation temperature) (°C)

Maximum allowable content of



Minimum allowable content of

Minimum allowable content of

Minimum biogas yield (m




is meant to give a

General information

subcategories (see


commercial application



apacity of outputs (typical values)

Conversion efficiencies



costs


input specifications


Traded form of biomass

of biomass


Minimum bulk density (kg/m3, wet basis)






m allowable content of

m allowable content of

Minimum biogas yield (m




meant to give a brief overvi

subcategories (seeTable 1


commercial application








nsity (kg/m3, wet basis)



Maximum allowable content of nitrogen (wt%, dry basis)

Maximum allowable content of chlorine (wt%, dry basis)

Maximum allowable content of lignin

m allowable content of cellulose

m allowable content of hemicellulose

Minimum biogas yield (m3 gas/ton dry biomass)

Overview of technology criteria and characteristics



overview of what can be found in the database

1)








nsity (kg/m3, wet basis)



itrogen (wt%, dry basis)

hlorine (wt%, dry basis)

lignin (g/kg dry matter

cellulose (g/kg dry

hemicellulose (g/kg

gas/ton dry biomass)

and characteristics



of what can be found in the database




itrogen (wt%, dry basis)

hlorine (wt%, dry basis)

matter)

dry matter)

g/kg dry matter

and characteristics in the database


in deliverable D2.1, annex III. A short overview of the most important ones is given

of what can be found in the database



matter)

in the database


given below. This list is

of what can be found in the database.

D2.3

in the database


This list is

17

Description of t3.

The database was integrated in the general user interface as supplied

at http://s2biom.alterra.wur.nl

technologies”.

First a list of all the different technologies is

Figure

One can then click on one of the technologies to move to a

technology, as shown in

database looks like

Description of t

database was integrated in the general user interface as supplied


technologies”.


Figure 5. Print-screen


technology, as shown in

database looks like.



http://s2biom.alterra.wur.nl,


screen of a part


technology, as shown in Figure 6

he database


under the tab “biomass chain data”, by clicking on “conversion

First a list of all the different technologies is presented, a

of a part of the overview page of the conversion technologies


6. This figure shows an excerpt of the entry in order to

he database



presented, a

of the overview page of the conversion technologies


This figure shows an excerpt of the entry in order to



presented, an excerpt of which is shown in


One can then click on one of the technologies to move to a page with a


database was integrated in the general user interface as supplied by WP4, and can be accessed


of which is shown in


page with a detailed


by WP4, and can be accessed


of which is shown in Figure

of the overview page of the conversion technologies database.

detailed description of the

This figure shows an excerpt of the entry in order to show

D2.3

by WP4, and can be accessed


Figure 5.

database.

description of the

what the

18

The database contains many different field

for the various different types and categories of conversion t

attributes were filled in. However, all the important attributes for matching the various technologies

to the different types of biomass

conversion efficienc

stakeholder to be able to compare different technologies.





conversion efficiency, investment cost


Figure 6. Excerpt of the datasheet of





y, investment cost


. Excerpt of the datasheet of

The database contains many different fields



to the different types of biomass were filled in for all the technologies

y, investment costs and required labour, which are important parameters for a


. Excerpt of the datasheet of

for which data can be supplied, in order to standardize it



were filled in for all the technologies

and required labour, which are important parameters for a


. Excerpt of the datasheet of one technology entry


for the various different types and categories of conversion technologies. Therefore not all the


were filled in for all the technologies



one technology entry


echnologies. Therefore not all the


were filled in for all the technologies, as well as for example


one technology entry in the database.




, as well as for example


in the database.

D2.3




, as well as for example


19

This database

but more importantly it serves to supply data to

being developed in WP4, which will have a

This database is open as such to



is open as such to



is open as such to be accessed by the public


being developed in WP4, which will have a much

be accessed by the public

but more importantly it serves to supply data to the biomass and technology

much more user

be accessed by the public to obtain data for a certain technology

biomass and technology

more user-friendly and in

to obtain data for a certain technology

biomass and technology matching tool that is

friendly and interactive user interface.

to obtain data for a certain technology

matching tool that is

teractive user interface.

D2.3

to obtain data for a certain technology,

matching tool that is

teractive user interface.

Documents

S2Biom D2.3 - Database of Conversion Technologies FINAL