Cruise ReportS230

Scientific Activities and Data Collection Aboard SSV/ Robert C. Seamans

Honolulu, HI – San Francisco, CA29 Jun 2010 – 26 Jul 2010

Sea Education AssociationP.O. Box 6Woods Hole, MA 02543

(508) 540-3954www.sea.edu

Table of ContentsShips Company, SSV/ Robert C Seamans, Cruise S230.....................................................................................3Introduction..........................................................................................................................................................4Deployments and Data Collection.......................................................................................................................4Summary of Student and Collaborator Investigations.........................................................................................5Conclusion...........................................................................................................................................................6Figure 1. Cruise Track of the SSV/ Robert C. Seamans during cruise “S230.” ................................................7Table 1: Oceanographic Sampling Stations. ....................................................................................................7Table 2: Hydrocast Station Bottle Data. .........................................................................................................10Table 3: Seabird CTD Deployments. ..............................................................................................................11Table 4: Sampling of the Neuston. ..................................................................................................................12Table 5: Deep Two Meter Net Deployment. ...................................................................................................12Table 6: Live Phytoplankton Sampling. ..........................................................................................................13Table 7: Discrete-Depth Zooplankton Sampling. ............................................................................................13Table 8: Benthic Sediments and Substrate Sampling. .....................................................................................14Table 9: Surface Water Characteristics. ...........................................................................................................14Table 10: Squid Fishing Effort. .......................................................................................................................15Figure 2: Sea Surface Temperatures Along Cruise Track. ..............................................................................16Figure 3: Along Track Surface Salinity. ...........................................................................................................17Figure 4: Along Track Surface Phytoplankton Fluorescence. ......................................................................17Figure 5. Along Track Water Mass Characteristics. ........................................................................................17Figure 6. Subsurface Temperature Changes in the North Pacific. ..................................................................18Figure 7. Subsurface Salinity Changes in the North Pacific. ...........................................................................18Figure 8. Deep Scattering Layer Depths and Vertical Migrations. .................................................................19Table 11: Undergraduate Student Projects........................................................................................................20Table 12: List of Collaborations.......................................................................................................................21

Citation:Perle, C.R., 2011. Final report for SEA cruise S230. Sea Education Association, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. www.sea.edu

To obtain unpublished data, contact the SEA data archivist:

Mary Engels, Science CoordinatorSea Education AssociationPO Box 6Woods Hole, MA 02453

508-540-3954 ext. 30 (phone)800-552-3633 ext. 30 (phone)508-457-4673 (fax)mengels@sea.eduwww.sea.edu

Ships Company, SSV/ Robert C Seamans, Cruise S230

Scientific StaffChristopher Perle Chief ScientistMathew Lambert 1st Assistant ScientistGregory Boyd 2nd Assistant ScientistDeb Goodwin 3rd Assistant ScientistMiriam Goldstein Visiting Scientist

Nautical StaffPamela Coughlin CaptainRick Miller Chief MateJay Amster 2nd MateJane McCamant 3rd MateSeth Murray Chief EngineerAnders Matney Assistant EngineerMaggie McCullough Steward

StudentsMs. Marika Aleksieieva Williams CollegeMs. Rachel Barkley UNC- Chapel HillMr. Robert Bickhart Colgate UniversityMs. Cynthia Chadwell Sarah Lawrence CollegeMs. Catherine Grady Vanderbilt UniversityMr. Jake Gregory Colgate UniversityMr. Samuel Jackson Colgate UniversityMs. Amy Sooyon Kimm Wellesley CollegeMs. Katherine Kirk Cornell UniversityMr. Robert Lachance Columbia UniversityMs. Mary Catherine Luce King CollegeMs. Samantha Marangell California State University, NorthridgeMs. Anne McGovern Johns Hopkins UniversityMr. Roberto Melendez Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMr. Carlos Michelen University of Michigan, Ann ArborMs. Sofia Nakhnikian-Weintraub Smith CollegeMr. Henry R Philip Middlebury CollegeMs. Alexandra Pollock George Washington UniversityMs. Nyssa Rusterholz Whitman CollegeMs. Tanja Schollmeier University of Rhode IslandMs. Kirsten Selvig University of South CarolinaMs. Victoria Steffes Barnard CollegeMs. Martina Stiasny University of St. AndrewsMr. James Zeph Thompson Coe CollegeMr. Daniel Van Niekerk UNC-Chapel HillMs. Wei Xin Smith College

IntroductionThis report summarizes the oceanographic sampling undertaken aboard the SSV Robert C. Seamans

during the Sea Semester Cruise “S230” from 29 Jun 2010 to 26 Jul 2010. In voyaging the approximately 3200 nautical miles (nm) from Honolulu, HI to San Francisco, CA, the ship and crew encountered a wide array of climates, habitats, ecosystems and organisms. While student focused investigations drove the scientific mission, many collaborations were also supported along the expedition. Over the course of the twenty eight day expedition, an intensive academic and experiential curriculum precipitated the development of a close knit ship's company, facilitated opportunities for learning and understanding of oceanographic concepts and phenomena, and resulted in the collection, analysis and interpretation of the large amount scientific data outlined here.

Our scientific activities largely exploited the pointed biogeographic variability found along the cruise track (Figure 1). This biogeography is primarily forced by stark physical changes in the ocean environment, which are in turn driven by climate and weather at both large (planetary) and small (local) scales. The primary biogeographic zones experienced were the Hawaiian Islands, Subtropical Gyre, Transition Zone, California Current, and San Francisco Bay. Due to the nature and logistics of the voyage, we focused most of our efforts on understanding the Subtropical Gyre, Transition Zone and California Current and the location of boundaries between them.

Deployments and Data CollectionTo achieve the scientific mission of supporting first the students' and, when possible, collaborators'

research objectives, we utilized the full suite of oceanographic sampling tools available aboard the Robert C Seamans. Over seventy hydrographic stations were completed to variously investigate the biological, chemical, geological and physical characteristics of the ocean, and their interactions (Table 1). We also sampled surface waters along the cruise track to aid in the identification of transitional boundaries and better understand dynamics at the air/sea interface. Oceanographic sampling is summarized as follows:

Deep Water Chemistry and Plastics Hydrocasts (Table 2); a 12-Niskin bottle Rosette with CTD was deployed by electric winch on 3/4” hydrographic cable to depth of approximately 450 m; samples were used to analyze ph, Total Alkalinity, extracted Chla content, phosphate and nitrates, microscopic plastic, and microbial communities. Attached sensors also measured dissolved oxygen and in vivo fluorescence, Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM), and Transmissivity, in addition to Salinity, Temperature and Depth.

Hydrographic Profiles (Table 3); a Seabird Conductivity Temperature and Depth (CTD) profiler was deployed to ~1000m approximately every 200 nm along the cruise track.

Biological and Plastics Sampling of the Neuston (Table 4); approximately each noon and midnight, a 333 micron surface net was towed from the port waist of the ship for roughly 1 nm. Zooplankton was fractionated by size and type (crustaceous vs. gelatinous), quantified by volume displacement and characterized by random 100-count. At other times, this net was also deployed with the sole purpose of collecting plastics for post-cruise enumeration ashore by a collaborator.

Biological Sampling of Surface Layer Phytoplankton (Table 6); a drift net with 63 micron mesh was deployed off the port quarter of the ship during several hydrocasts or, alternatively, sieved seawater diverted from the continuous flow-through system. Samples were qualitatively analyzed for species composition when possible, or type (Diatom or Dinoflagellate).

Deep Zooplankton Sampling (Tables 5 and 7); small but macroscopic organisms generally associated with the deep scattering layer were sampled with a 2 meter net near Hawaii, and with a messenger driven opening-closing net (“Tucker Trawl”) at intervals along the cruise track. Zooplankton samples were processed in the manner described for the neuston.

Nearshore Benthic Sampling (Table 8); bucket samples of the benthic sediment/substrate surface were taken at various depths in the nearshore waters of Oahu and Kauai with a Shipek Grab. Samples were fractionated by size, and stained with Rose Bengal to aid in the identification of biogenic materials. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) was used to determine carbonate content of sediments.

Surface Layer Water Characteristics (Table 9); data from a Thermosalinograph, in vivo Fluorometer, Transmissometer (Trans) and CDOM sensor collected via the continuous seawater flow-through system were subsampled along with water samples analyzed for extracted Chla and nutrients (Nitrates and Phosphates) usually in association with neuston tows.

In addition to the aforementioned stations, we also deployed gear to sample small epipelagic nekton (suffix “NN” in Table 1), trolled scientifically for larger nekton, jigged for squid (Table 10), and sampled specifically for floating plastics (suffix “NTM” in Table 1). A continuously operating Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and a Chirp Sub-bottom Profiler were also maintained through the conclusion of the scientific sampling calendar. All collected samples were either discarded or archived after analysis in accordance with Sea Education Association protocols.

Summary of Student and Collaborator InvestigationsStudents conceived of and proposed oceanographic research projects during the shore component in

Woods Hole, MA and carried out their research plans while at sea. Table 11 provides a full listing of student projects, which encompassed the major oceanographic disciplines, and often considered regional changes in the phenomena of interest. Several projects considered anthropogenic impacts to the ocean, whether by plastics pollution or global climate change. Some investigated biological changes in microbial, phytoplankton and zooplankton communities, while still others focused on larger organisms, from the only marine insect to fish both large and small. Finally, a collaborative student project used ADCP and Shipek Grab data to investigate the effects of currents on the sediment composition of nearshore environments in the Hawaiian Islands.

Individually or in small groups, students were responsible for all aspects of deployment, analysis,

interpretation and communication of results, with the assistance of the scientific staff (see “Ship's Company”). This research culminated in a final written report as well as an oral presentation before the full ship's complement. All students were also required to submit a document discussing their own conclusions. Final reports are available upon request from S.E.A.

In addition to student focused research, the students and staff of S230 collected samples and data for a number of collaborators from academia, government and private entities (Table 12). When this activity did not interfere with the core scientific mission, we sampled or subsampled for plastics, “blue” plankton, deep copepods, small forage species and large fish and squid. Two assistant scientists and our visiting scientist collected samples and data to take back to their home institutions. These collaborative efforts brought home the importance of sound scientific practices and data fidelity to undergraduate students who were, in many cases, being exposed to research for the first time.

ConclusionThe scientific activities aboard the Robert C. Seamans during S230 exposed the ship's community to a

number of interesting creatures, processes, habitats and ecosystems. Seeing, feeling and studying the changes between biogeographic regions allowed for a holistic understanding of the inherent variability of the ocean. Twenty six students of six nationalities representing twenty academic institutions joined twelve dedicated educators on a mission to learn about their environment and themselves. The scientific activities outlined in this report contributed significantly to the success of that mission; the data and samples are archived and available to support other scientific objectives, and can be obtained by contacting the SEA Data Archivist.

Figure 1. Cruise Track of the SSV/ Robert C. Seamans during cruise “S230.” Hourly positions from Honolulu, HI to the approach to San Francisco Bay, CA are shown over bathymetry of the North Pacific Ocean. Total distance travelled over the 28 day voyage exceeded 3200 nm.

Table 1: Oceanographic Sampling Stations. Various sampling stations in support of the scientific mission included: Shipek Grabs (SG), Nekton Nets (NN), Neuston Tows (NT), Meter Nets (MN), Conductivity Temperature and Depth profiling (CTD), Hydrocasts (HC). Atmospheric deposition sampling is denoted by “PE- A/W”; Neuston tows specifically supporting plastics research are denoted by “NTM.”

Station Date Time Log Latitude Longitude LocaleS230-001-SG A-D 30-Jun-10 23:18 35.8 21°19.5' N 158°8.6' W Barber's PointS230-002-NN 1-Jul-10 16:30 106.2 21°27.7' N 158°14.3' W Kaieiewaho ChannelS230-003-NTM 1-Jul-10 22:43 139.4 21°32.6' N 158°39.3' W Kaieiewaho ChannelS230-003-NT 1-Jul-10 23:18 140.8 21°31.6' N 158°39.7' W Kaieiewaho ChannelS230-004-SG A-C 2-Jul-10 8:59 195 21°52.2' N 159°23.5' W SE of KauaiS230-005-SG A-D 2-Jul-10 11:20 202.9 21°52.1' N 159°30.4' W S of KauaiS230-006-PE-A/W 2-Jul-10 13:13 210.4 21°47.3' N 159°37.1' W S of KauaiS230-007-SG A-C 2-Jul-10 14:56 220.3 21°54.4' N 159°39.4' W S of Waimea, KauaiS230-008-NTM 2-Jul-10 22:37 256.5 22°3.3' N 159°55.2' W West Shore of KauiaS230-009-NT 2-Jul-10 23:29 258.3 22°2.0' N 159°55.1' W NorthWest Shore of Kauai

Station Date Time Log Latitude Longitude LocaleS230-010-MN 3-Jul-10 10:55 328.4 23°1.4' N 160°12.7' W North of KauaiS230-010-NT 3-Jul-10 12:05 332.4 22°58.5' N 160°13.5' W North of KauaiS230-011-CTD 3-Jul-10 21:46 388.4 23°40.1' N 160°14.9' W 15 nm North of KauaiS230-012-NTM 3-Jul-10 22:45 389.2 23°39.1' N 160°20.7' W 15 nm North of KauaiS230-013-NT 3-Jul-10 23:30 391.3 23°37.7' N 160°20.9' W 15 nm North of KauaiS230-014-NN 4-Jul-10 4:47 423 24°2.2' N 160°26.4' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-015-HC 4-Jul-10 10:36 454.1 24°21.0' N 160°29.0' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-015-PN 4-Jul-10 10:45 454.1 24°21.2' N 160°29.6' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-016-NN 4-Jul-10 17:49 493.1 24°54.2' N 160°43.7' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-017-CTD 4-Jul-10 21:44 523.2 25°21.5' N 160°56.8' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-018-NTM 4-Jul-10 22:46 524.3 25°21.5' N 160°57.0' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-019-NT 4-Jul-10 23:16 525.5 25°21.0' N 160°56.7' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-020-HC 5-Jul-10 9:35 576.1 26°8.4' N 160°57.6' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-021-TT 6-Jul-10 10:30 781.5 29°3.6' N 160°47.4' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-021-PN 6-Jul-10 10:50 782.3 29°4.1' N 160°47.9' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-021-NT 6-Jul-10 11:35 784.1 29°3.4' N 160°49.2' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-021-NN 6-Jul-10 13:34 790.6 29°4.2' N 160°47.5' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-022-TT 6-Jul-10 22:26 872.3 29°50.1' N 159°55.5' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-022-NT 6-Jul-10 23:19 874.2 29°50.7' N 159°56.1' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-023-NN 7-Jul-10 4:34 910.1 29°59.0' N 159°22.3' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-024-CTD 7-Jul-10 11:13 968.7 30°14.7' N 158°22.0' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-025-NT 7-Jul-10 12:07 969.8 30°14.4' N 158°21.6' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-026-NN 7-Jul-10 17:53 1002.4 30°39.3' N 158°8.9' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-027-NTM 7-Jul-10 22:34 1039.9 31°13.9' N 157°54.7' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-027-NT 7-Jul-10 23:09 1041.3 31°15.2' N 157°54.2' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-028-NN 8-Jul-10 0:24 1045.4 31°19.4' N 157°52.4' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-029-HC 8-Jul-10 10:48 1132.2 32°43.2' N 157°23.6' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-029-PN 8-Jul-10 11:07 1132.4 32°43.4' N 157°23.6' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-029-NT 8-Jul-10 11:40 1134.7 32°43.6' N 157°23.9' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-030-NN 8-Jul-10 14:57 1145.2 32°55.6' N 157°25.6' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-031-PE-A/W 8-Jul-10 19:40 1186.3 33°37.3' N 157°23.2' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-032-CTD 8-Jul-10 21:36 1198.3 33°50.8' N 157°24.5' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-033-NTM 8-Jul-10 22:37 1198.6 33°51.8' N 157°24.5' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-033-NT 8-Jul-10 23:24 1200 33°52.8' N 157°24.5' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-034-NN 9-Jul-10 0:32 1204.3 33°57.8' N 157°24.6' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-035-NN 9-Jul-10 13:31 1291.6 35°28.0' N 157°32.1' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-036-TT 10-Jul-10 10:36 1441 37°26.5' N 156°23.5' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-036-NT 10-Jul-10 12:40 1444.5 37°27.6' N 156°28.6' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-037-TT 10-Jul-10 21:48 1517.1 38°6.9' N 155°18.7' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-037-TT 11-Jul-10 22:48 1517.1 38°6.9' N 155°18.7' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-038-CTD 11-Jul-10 10:12 1589.1 38°49.7' N 154°3.5' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-039-NN 11-Jul-10 23:21 1648.5 39°41.3' N 153°26.3' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-039-NT 12-Jul-10 0:10 1651.7 39°43.7' N 153°22.4' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-039-NTM 12-Jul-10 0:15 1651.9 39°43.8' N 153°22.2' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-040-HC 12-Jul-10 9:02 1713.3 40°28.1' N 152°22.1' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-040-PN 12-Jul-10 9:15 1713.3 40°28.1' N 152°22.1' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-041-NN 12-Jul-10 11:32 1725.2 40°35.1' N 152°7.9' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-041-NT 12-Jul-10 12:29 1728.4 40°35.8' N 152°4.3' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-041-NTM 12-Jul-10 12:35 1728.6 40°35.7' N 152°4.3' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-042-CTD 12-Jul-10 20:58 1784 40°56.2' N 150°58.0' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-043-NN 12-Jul-10 23:39 1795.4 40°58.6' N 150°43.9' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-043-NT 13-Jul-10 0:27 1798.4 40°59.8' N 150°39.5' W North Pacific Transition Zone

Station Date Time Log Latitude Longitude LocaleS230-043-NTM 13-Jul-10 0:39 1798.9 40°60.0' N 150°38.9' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-044-NN 13-Jul-10 12:01 1887.3 41°33.6' N 148°46.6' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-045-NTM 13-Jul-10 13:10 1891 41°35.2' N 148°41.4' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-045-NT 13-Jul-10 13:37 1892 41°36.4' N 148°40.8' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-046-NN 13-Jul-10 23:40 1958.4 41°56.7' N 147°13.5' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-047-NT 14-Jul-10 0:44 1962.2 41°58.7' N 147°8.9' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-047-NTM 14-Jul-10 0:54 1962.4 41°59.0' N 147°8.6' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-048-CTD 14-Jul-10 10:36 2040.4 42°10.2' N 145°19.7' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-048-TT 14-Jul-10 11:32 2040.4 42°9.6' N 145°20.8' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-048-NT 14-Jul-10 11:58 2041.7 42°9.1' N 145°20.3' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-049-TT 14-Jul-10 23:30 2126.6 42°15.0' N 143°21.3' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-049-NT 14-Jul-10 23:59 2127.2 42°15.7' N 143°20.6' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-049-NN 15-Jul-10 1:27 2131.4 42°16.6' N 143°16.6' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-050-HC 15-Jul-10 9:11 2193.3 42°16.9' N 141°51.6' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-051-CTD 15-Jul-10 21:53 2267.5 42°10.5' N 140°19.1' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-052-NN 16-Jul-10 0:37 2280.3 42°10.7' N 140°0.3' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-052-NT 16-Jul-10 1:27 2282.7 42°10.4' N 139°56.3' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-052-NTM 16-Jul-10 1:41 2282.9 42°10.2' N 139°55.9' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-055-NTM 16-Jul-10 12:45 2360.9 42°8.2' N 138°10.8' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-055-CTD 16-Jul-10 22:11 2406.7 42°3.1' N 137°8.5' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-056-NT 17-Jul-10 0:00 2407.6 42°1.6' N 137°7.5' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-056-NTM 17-Jul-10 0:07 2407.7 42°1.6' N 137°7.5' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-056-NN 17-Jul-10 1:40 2436 42°0.6' N 136°57.4' W North Pacific Transition ZoneS230-057-HC 17-Jul-10 8:03 2459 42°0.4' N 135°56.5' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-058-TT 17-Jul-10 22:45 2535.9 42°1.8' N 134°12.5' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-058-NT 17-Jul-10 23:16 2536.8 42°1.8' N 134°11.5' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-059-NN 18-Jul-10 1:32 2539.1 42°2.9' N 134°9.1' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-060-TT 18-Jul-10 10:58 2576.8 42°4.0' N 137°21.5' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-060-NT 18-Jul-10 11:33 2577.5 42°2.8' N 133°21.9' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-061-NN 18-Jul-10 13:25 2583.2 42°3.3' N 133°14.2' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-062-CTD 18-Jul-10 20:29 2621 42°3.6' N 132°23.5' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-063-NN 19-Jul-10 0:02 2634.4 41°59.4' N 132°5.2' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-063-NT 19-Jul-10 1:35 2641 41°58.5' N 131°59.9' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-064-NTM 19-Jul-10 1:41 2641.1 41°58.5' N 131°59.5' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-065-NTM 19-Jul-10 13:12 2741 41°49.4' N 130°41.4' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-066-NTM 20-Jul-10 17:36 2841.6 42°2.4' N 131°1.1' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-067-NTM 21-Jul-10 16:58 2962.6 41°7.6' N 128°27.5' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-068-PE-A/W 21-Jul-10 23:40 40°43.5' N 127°40.1' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-069-NTM 23-Jul-10 17:59 3172.7 38°39.1' N 124°53.6' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-070-CTD 23-Jul-10 22:00 3199.3 38°21.0' N 124°29.0' W North Pacific SubTropical GyreS230-071-NT 24-Jul-10 0:47 3199.9 38°21.1' N 124°29.7' W California CurrentS230-071-NTM 24-Jul-10 0:45 3199.9 38°21.1' N 124°29.7' W California CurrentS230-071-NN 24-Jul-10 1:37 3201.5 38°20.2' N 124°27.9' W California Current

Table 2: Hydrocast Station Bottle Data. Seawater chemistry was analyzed from water collected by Niskin bottle at five deep hydrocast stations. Hydrographic profiles accompany these data.

Station DepthTemp

(deg C)Salinity

(psu)Density (kg/m3)

PO4 (uM)

Nitrate (uM)

Chl a (ug/l) pH DIC

S230-020-HC 396.7 9.5 34.109 26.338 1.720 28.11 7.65 2841S230-020-HC 297.4 12.3 34.316 25.998S230-020-HC 197.8 15.4 34.549 25.547 0.892 8.174 0.012 7.88 2094S230-020-HC 148.8 17.0 34.777 25.343 0.127S230-020-HC 123.6 17.7 34.924 25.296 0.772 2.672 0.271 7.96 2177S230-020-HC 99.5 18.3 35.020 25.214 0.606 2.82 0.324 7.98 2818S230-020-HC 74.8 19.1 35.124 25.102 0.710 0.328 0.119 8.00 2181S230-020-HC 49.7 20.5 35.289 24.861 1.064 0.673 0.070 8.01 2196S230-020-HC 39.8 21.3 35.298 24.643S230-020-HC 25.1 24.4 35.707 24.068 0.814 0.287 0.045 8.03 2195S230-020-HC 24.7 25.2 35.553 23.705S230-020-HC 10.1 25.4 35.495 23.591S230-020-HC 0.0 25.5 35.300 23.577 0.585 0.657 0.045 8.05 2200

S230-029-HC 446.7 9.1 34.122 26.407 2.407 11.47 7.69 2235S230-029-HC 347.3 10.8 34.246 26.22 1.777 11.35 7.68 2393S230-029-HC 297.7 11.6 34.294 26.11 1.902 5.863 7.80 2150S230-029-HC 248.6 12.1 34.250 25.99 1.475 8.298 0.003 7.76 2248S230-029-HC 198.7 12.8 34.301 25.89 1.220 4.391 0.010 7.87 2199S230-029-HC 149.3 13.4 34.334 25.798 1.095 3.659 0.037 7.97 2369S230-029-HC 99.8 14.1 34.374 25.686 0.923 7.59 0.208 7.93 2278S230-029-HC 49.7 16.6 34.434 25.169 0.746 0.665 0.082 7.93 2249S230-029-HC 39.9 19.1 34.349 24.510S230-029-HC 25.4 21.9 34.632 23.968 0.564 2.006 0.048 7.95 2215S230-029-HC 24.6 21.9 34.624 23.952S230-029-HC 10.3 22.2 34.644 23.888S230-029-HC 0.0 23.967 34.843 23.54 0.746 1.002 0.037 7.97 2342

S230-040-HC 446.6 5.9 33.967 26.743 17.65 6.88 2153S230-040-HC 347.5 7.6 33.998 26.551 18.89S230-040-HC 298.4 8.6 34.038 26.429 10.42 7.23 2158S230-040-HC 248.3 9.1 34.046 26.349 1.871 13.96 0.006S230-040-HC 198.7 9.6 33.912 26.170 1.939 7.796 0.009 7.40 2103S230-040-HC 149.1 9.0 33.659 26.068 1.762 5.954 0.014S230-040-HC 99.3 9.3 33.672 26.034 1.866 7.533 0.038 7.25 2079S230-040-HC 49.8 9.9 33.693 25.943 1.444 12.46 0.447 7.52 2093S230-040-HC 40.2 10.7 33.667 25.799 1.444 0.641S230-040-HC 25.0 13.7 33.597 25.167S230-040-HC 24.0 13.9 33.630 25.143 1.048 1.603 0.141S230-040-HC 10.3 16.8 33.558 24.465 0.965 0.838 0.075S230-040-HC 0.0 18.8 33.500 23.984 1.132 1.183 0.094 7.76 2012

Station DepthTemp

(deg C)Salinity

(psu)Density (kg/m3)

PO4 (uM)

Nitrate (uM)

Chl a (ug/l) pH DIC

S230-050-HC 446.3 5.3 33.969 26.827 18.27 7.45 2089S230-050-HC 346.2 6.3 33.926 26.673 16.61 2067S230-050-HC 248.5 7.7 33.940 26.484 11.87 7.70 2048S230-050-HC 173.5 8.4 33.872 26.326 1.319 9.202 0.000 7.07 2105S230-050-HC 123.6 7.9 33.206 25.876 1.517 8.512 0.016S230-050-HC 99.0 8.2 33.059 25.715 1.361 0.034 7.52 2039S230-050-HC 74.1 8.9 33.035 25.594 1.886 6.521 0.172S230-050-HC 49.7 10.4 32.983 25.312 0.798 3.388 0.635 7.81 2013S230-050-HC 39.2 11.3 32.954 25.120 1.387 4.325 0.670S230-050-HC 24.9 13.4 32.928 24.711S230-050-HC 24.7 13.4 32.928 24.711 1.272 2.211 0.436 7.82 2022S230-050-HC 11.1 16.9 32.948 23.951 1.173 1.192 0.236S230-050-HC 17.4 33.200 23.789 1.595 1.323 0.168 7.86

S230-057-HC 446.3 5.1 33.964 26.842 18.48 7.39 2169S230-057-HC 346.7 6.3 33.916 26.664 19.84S230-057-HC 248.4 7.7 33.924 26.480 12.16 7.58 1990S230-057-HC 173.5 8.5 33.806 26.257 1.574 9.573 0.007 7.73 2052S230-057-HC 123.6 9.1 33.525 25.943 1.324 7.393 0.034S230-057-HC 98.6 10.0 33.129 25.490 1.059 3.338 0.112 7.85 2002S230-057-HC 74.1 10.5 33.045 25.333 0.699 2.656 0.321S230-057-HC 49.7 11.9 32.873 24.960 0.580 0.896 0.181 7.91 1958S230-057-HC 39.2 13.0 32.928 24.785 0.554 0.649 0.110S230-057-HC 24.9 15.0 32.858 24.315S230-057-HC 24.7 15.2 32.806 24.242 0.626 0.764 0.057 7.94 2002S230-057-HC 11.1 15.2 32.803 24.228 0.538 0.369 0.084S230-057-HC 0.0 15.1 33.000 24.17 0.689 1.126 0.086 7.91 1958

Table 3: Seabird CTD Deployments. Hydrographic profiles were also collected separately from hydrocasts to provide more spatial resolution for water mass classification.

Station Date Time Log Depth Locale Latitude LongitudeS230-011-CTD 7/3/2010 21:46 388.4 145 15 nm North of Kauai 23°40.1' N 160°14.9' WS230-017-CTD 7/4/2010 21:44 523.2 992 North Pacific ST Gyre 25°21.5' N 160°56.8' WS230-024-CTD 7/7/2010 11:13 968.7 997 North Pacific ST Gyre 30°14.7' N 158°22.0' WS230-032-CTD 7/8/2010 21:36 1198.3 995 North Pacific ST Gyre 33°50.8' N 157°24.5' WS230-038-CTD 7/11/2010 10:12 1589.1 3177 North Pacific ST Gyre 38°49.7' N 154°3.5' WS230-042-CTD 7/12/2010 20:58 1784 1142 N Pacific transition zone 40°56.2' N 150°58.0' WS230-048-CTD 7/14/2010 10:36 2040.4 596 N Pacific transition zone 42°10.2' N 145°19.7' WS230-051-CTD 7/15/2010 21:53 2267.5 992 N Pacific transition zone 42°10.5' N 140°19.1' WS230-055-CTD 7/16/2010 22:11 2406.7 985 N Pacific transition zone 42°3.1' N 137°8.5' WS230-062-CTD 7/18/2010 20:29 2621 977 North Pacific ST Gyre 42°3.6' N 132°23.5' W

Table 4: Sampling of the Neuston. A 333 micron mesh net provided information on zooplankton and micronekton abundance and composition as well as the presence of surface plastics.

Station

Zoop Bio

mass (ml)

Zoop Bio/km2

Plastic Pieces

Plastic Pellets

Plastic Density (pieces/

km2)Halo bates

Mycto phids

Gel. >2cm (ml)

Micro nekton >2cm (ml)

S230-003-NT 7 4623.2 0 0 0 58 13 9 0S230-009-NT 23 10126.8 0 0 0 29 6 10 0S230-010-NT 5.5 3014.7 0 8 4385 19 1 0 0S230-013-NT 11 4550.5 1 0 414 27 18 1 11S230-019-NT 16 12860.7 15 0 12057 64 12 9 3S230-021-NT 35 21581.0 88 0 54261 35 0 0 0S230-022-NT 51 30084.9 29 0 17107 1 4 13 1S230-025-NT 19 8680.6 66 0 30154 42 0 0 2S230-027-NT 60.5 9503.2 2 0 314 51 63 64 0S230-029-NT 8 3599.7 110 0 49496 56 0 0 0S230-033-NT 12 8099.4 23 1 16199 54 27 66 4S230-036-NT 0 0.0 47 0 17829 63 0 1 0S230-039-NT 4.5 1794.8 21 0 8376 22 0 2.5 3S230-041-NT N/A N/A 1050 3 762988 3 0 12 0S230-043-NT 21 9823.2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1S230-045-NT 10 4504.3 23 0 10360 0 0 2 0S230-048-NT 1 482.8 31 0 14967 0 0 0 0S230-047-NT 45 22473.7 2 0 999 0 0 0 0S230-049-NT 38 20779.8 15 0 8203 0 0 0 15S230-052-NT 16 10232.1 13 0 8314 0 4 1 0S230-056-NT 21 11969.9 4 0 2280 0 12 10 3S230-058-NT 77.5 83163.4 1 0 1073 0 0 0 24S230-060-NT 13.5 9866.3 6 0 4385 0 0 0 7S230-063-NT 24 11394.4 4 0 1899 0 76 3 10S230-071-NT 5.0 2871.4 0 0 0 0 0 24 1

Table 5: Deep Two Meter Net Deployment. A single deep 2 meter net was deployed to 2000m in the Subtropical Gyre.

Station Date Time

TowVolume(m3)

Net Dia-meter (m)

mesh size (mm)

ZoopBio-mass

Zpl Density

Gel. >2cm (ml)

Micro-nekton >2cm

General Locale

S230-010-MN 3-Jul-10 1055 2735.7 2 1000 134.0 0.05 3.0 28.0North of Kauai

NOTES29 cyclothones, 1 eel larvae, 1 pyrosome, many shrimp, 2 hatchet fish, 1 viperfish

Table 6: Live Phytoplankton Sampling. A 63 micron mesh net was drifted at low speeds or subsampled the seawater flow through system to categorize the phytoplankton community in surface waters.

Station Date Time Log Temp Sal. General Locale NOTESS230-015-PN 4-Jul-10 1045 454.1 26.1 35.20 North Pacific Gyre flow through sampleS230-021-PN 6-Jul-10 1050 782.3 25.7 35.40 North Pacific Gyre green to brown color with

some red; chained species and some colonial blobs; very dense concentration; two small fish

S230-029-PN 8-Jul-10 11071132.

4 23.7 34.70 North Pacific Gyre

S230-040-PN 12-Jul-10 09151713.

3 18.8 33.50North Pacific Transition Zone

Flow through into sieve on RCS

Table 7: Discrete-Depth Zooplankton Sampling. A Tucker Trawl opening-closing net (333 um mesh) sampled zooplankton to compare the species composition of the deep scattering layer versus surface waters.

Station Date Time LogNet # (1,2,3) Depth

TowDistance (m)

ZoopBiomass Zpl Density

S230-021-TT 6-Jul-10 1030 781.5 1 550 1229.9 26.0 0.021S230-021-TT 6-Jul-10 1055 781.5 2 775 4556.9 20.0 0.004S230-022-TT 6-Jul-10 2226 872.3 1 200 824.3 13.0 0.016S230-022-TT 6-Jul-10 2253 872.3 2 500 5803.0 43.0 0.007S230-036-TT 10-Jul-10 1036 1441.0 1 200 1031.5 8.0 0.008S230-036-TT 10-Jul-10 1052 1441.0 2 500 4258.0 34.0 0.008S230-036-TT 10-Jul-10 1206 1441.0 3 200 860.0 17.0 0.020S230-037-TT 10-Jul-10 2148 1517.1 1 200 1054.1 23.0 0.022S230-037-TT 11-Jul-10 2248 1517.1 2 500 2747.5 85.0 0.031S230-037-TT 12-Jul-10 2348 1517.1 3 200 1376.7 12.0 0.009S230-048-TT 14-Jul-10 1132 2040.4 1 250 416.2 26.0 0.062S230-048-TT 14-Jul-10 1142 2040.4 2 450 5379.5 70.0 0.013S230-049-TT 14-Jul-10 2330 2126.6 1 175 946.7 22.0 0.023S230-049-TT 14-Jul-10 2344 2126.6 2 325 3181.1 31.0 0.010S230-049-TT 15-Jul-10 0045 2126.6 3 175 803.0 42.0 0.052S230-058-TT 17-Jul-10 2245 2535.9 1 250 427.6 16.0 0.037S230-058-TT 17-Jul-10 2257 2535.9 2 550 2305.1 23.0 0.010S230-058-TT 18-Jul-10 0004 2535.9 3 250 801.2 126.0 0.157S230-060-TT 18-Jul-10 1058 2576.8 1 250 1674.8 29.0 0.017S230-060-TT 18-Jul-10 1112 2576.8 2 550 2823.7 66.0 0.023S230-060-TT 18-Jul-10 1222 2576.8 3 250 708.5 45.0 0.064

Table 8: Benthic Sediments and Substrate Sampling. A lock-and-spring actuated Shipek Grab collected samples at the sediment interface in a variety of locations, depths and current regimes.

Station Date Log Depth Locale Qualitative DescriptionS230-001 A 30-Jun-10 35.8 380 Barber's Point Harbor particles mostly white, brown, green and

red; range of sizes and angularities; 1 plastic piece?

S230-001 B 30-Jun-10 35.9 63 Barber's Point Harbor white, blue and grey color; pebbly, granular to sandy grains; very angular to very well rounded grains depending on grain size; lost some seds in the sieving process

S230-001 C 30-Jun-10 182 Barber's Point Harbor combination of grain sizes, few very large CaCO3 pieces

S230-001 D 1-Jul-10 36.5 391 Barber's Point Harbor tan, light in color; sandy, thin grains; large particles rounded and flat; small sample size

S230-004 A 2-Jul-10 195.0 42 SE of Kauai white, brown, red and gray color; sand, shells and pebbles; some corals; roundedness varies with grain size; several sand dollars

S230-004 B 2-Jul-10 195.0 97 SE of Kauai brown color; mostly CaCO3, red corals and white/tan carbonate; flat and rounded chips

S230-004 C 2-Jul-10 195.2 404 SE of Kauai shipek came up emptyS230-005 A 2-Jul-10 202.9 25 S of Kauai grey, beige and white color; some large

intact corals present; varied sediment shape

S230-005 B 2-Jul-10 203.0 41 S of Kauai white, grey, brown, pink colors; pebbly to granular and sandy; shape varied by grain size

S230-005 C 2-Jul-10 203.2 102 S of Kauai variable color; pebbly, sandy, corals; very angular particles; dead and decomposing corals present

S230-005 D 2-Jul-10 203.3 484 S of Kauai very fine grained; sediments well roundedS230-007 A 2-Jul-10 220.3 30 S of Waimea various shades of brown, grey and yellow;

fines are sandy, coarse granular to pebbly with shells; rounded to well-rounded; agricultural land on near shore

S230-007 B 2-Jul-10 220.9 64 S of Waimea agricultural land on near shore

Table 9: Surface Water Characteristics. Along track sampling of surface water physical and chemical components was used to identify transit between water masses and mesoscale features.

Station Date LogTemp

(deg C)Sal

(psu)

In vivo fluoro (volts)

Fluoro CDOM Trans

PO4 (uM)

Chl-a (ug/l)

NO3 (uM)

SS-001 30-Jun-10 x 26.2 35.00 0.361 0.904 1.981SS-002 30-Jun-10 x 26.1 34.90 0.257 0.413 3.453SS-003 30-Jun-10 x 26.2 34.90 0.335 0.268 5.732SS-004 30-Jun-10 x 26.0 34.80 2.5 106 3566 0.137 0.071 0.599SS-005 1-Jul-10 x 26.9 34.90 2.4 199 3654 1.484SS-006 1-Jul-10 x 26.6 34.90 2.3 199 3659 0.681SS-007 1-Jul-10 x 26.7 34.90 2.5 199 3656 0.034SS-008 1-Jul-10 x 26.0 34.99 2.6 199 3640 0.205 0.042 2.146SS-009 2-Jul-10 x 26.5 35.10 4.1 199 3509SS-010 2-Jul-10 258.5 25.7 34.80 2.8 199 3632 0.142 0.058 1.817SS-011 3-Jul-10 x 26.0 35.20 2.7 199 3591 0.226 0.049 1.126SS-012 4-Jul-10 454.1 26.1 35.20 2.6 199 2439 0.121 0.052 1.159SS-013 4-Jul-10 525.5 25.4 35.10 2.8 199 2687 0.137 0.061 1.175SS-014 6-Jul-10 786.0 26.5 35.40 2.4 61 2820 0.127 0.339 0.953SS-015 6-Jul-10 874.9 25.1 35.50 2.5 61 2744 0.038 0.054 0.599SS-016 7-Jul-10 968.7 25.2 35.10 2.7 60 2685 0.017 0.083 0.994SS-017 8-Jul-10 1200.4 23.0 34.20 2.7 64 2467 0.106 0.056 0.879SS-018 10-Jul-10 1444.5 22.3 34.10 2.7 66 2145 0.392 0.029 0.904SS-019 10-Jul-10 1518.6 21.0 34.00 3.1 67 2075 0.298 0.051 0.994SS-020 12-Jul-10 1651.7 18.8 34.00 6.1 64 1891 0.288 0.086 0.912SS-021 12-Jul-10 1713.3 18.5 33.80 4.9 67 1713 0.330 0.118 0.838SS-022 12-Jul-10 1784.0 18.7 33.60 8.1 64 1801 0.096SS-023 13-Jul-10 0.236 0.068 1.545SS-024 13-Jul-10 1891.0 17.3 33.60 8.1 67 918 0.606 0.107 1.241SS-025 14-Jul-10 1962.4 17.3 35.50 12.9 66 2088 1.173 0.114 0.978SS-026 14-Jul-10 2126.6 18.0 32.90 11.4 120 2001 1.194 0.085 0.822SS-027 16-Jul-10 2283.0 16.7 33.30 5.6 65 748 1.053 0.094 0.583SS-028 17-Jul-10 2407.7 15.7 33.00 4.2 65 1828 1.954 0.063 0.846SS-029 18-Jul-10 2576.8 14.9 33.00 3.5 66 68 1.105 0.066 0.460SS-030 19-Jul-10 2642.7 15.0 32.60 4.6 102 0.996 0.075 0.789

Table 10: Squid Fishing Effort. Upon approach to the California Current, nighttime squid jigging supported our collaboration with the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (if weather conditions allowed).

Date Time In Time out Depth Latitude Longitude Hook Type Temp Sal07/16/10 23:07 23:12 25 42.033 137.13 honker 15.7 337/16/10 23:12 23:17 50 42.033 137.13 honker 15.7 337/16/10 23:17 23:22 100 42.033 137.13 honker 15.7 337/16/10 23:12 23:17 25 42.033 137.13 1/3 honker 15.7 337/16/10 23:17 2322 50 42.033 137.13 1/3 honker 15.7 337/18/10 0:46 0:51 25 42.047 134.17 honker 14.8 32.97/18/10 0:51 0:56 50 42.047 134.17 honker 14.8 32.97/18/10 0:56 1:08 150 42.047 134.17 honker 14.8 32.97/18/10 0:49 0:54 25 42.047 134.17 1/3 honker 14.8 32.97/18/10 0:59 1:04 50 42.047 134.17 1/3 honker 14.8 32.97/18/10 1:04 1:10 150 42.047 134.17 1/3 honker 14.8 32.9

Date Time In Time out Depth Latitude Longitude Hook Type Temp Sal7/23/10 23:10 0:30 150 38.348 124.49 honker 11.8 33.77/23/10 23:10 0:30 150 38.348 124.49 1/3 honker 11.8 33.77/24/10 3:00 4:00 150 38.352 124.5 honker 12 33.97/24/10 3:00 4:00 150 38.352 124.5 1/3 honker 12 33

Figure 2: Sea Surface Temperatures Along Cruise Track. Sea Surface Temperature ranged from 26.9 °C in Hawaiian waters to 14.3 in the California Current.

Figure 3: Along Track Surface Salinity. Surface waters reached maximum salinity in the Subtropical Gyre at 35.50 psu, and reached a minimum of 32.20 psu in the California Current.

Figure 4: Along Track Surface Phytoplankton Fluorescence. Very low surface phytoplankton fluorescence in the Subtropical Gyre markedly increased at the Transition Zone Chlorophylla Front north of 40°N, but was thereafter patchily distributed until the California Current was reached.

Figure 5. Along Track Water Mass Characteristics. Profiles of salinity, temperature and density as collected by the Seabird CTD sensor show strong water mass variation from the warm, salty Subtropical Gyre to the cold, fresh California Current.

Figure 6. Subsurface Temperature Changes in the North Pacific. Localized variations in evaporation, precipitation and mixing due to climate drive differences in temperature in the ocean, even at great depths. Note the steep shallowing of the 10 °C isotherm, which occurs near 38°N, a transition between tropical and temperate climatic forcings.

Figure 7. Subsurface Salinity Changes in the North Pacific. Variations in temperature and salinity lead to differences in density, density driven fronts and water mass development. Interleaving of the 34 psu isohaline illustrates the frontal balance in the transition between subtropical and subarctic gyres.

Figure 8. Deep Scattering Layer Depths and Vertical Migrations. The composition of the zooplankton of the deep scattering layer varies in response the physical nature of their surroundings. Within the warm Subtropical Gyre,the deep scattering layer is deeper than in the Transition Zone, and composed of organisms that more regularly migrate vertically between day (deep) and night (shallow; seen in the both the 125 and 25 count isopleths). Violet tones represent very low readings of scattering, while red tones are very high readings. The deepening again of daytime scattering towards the end of the track is indicative of patchiness between Subtropical Gyre and Transition Zone like ecosystems.

Table 11: Undergraduate Student Projects.The Relationship between Currents and Benthic Materials around the Hawaiian Islands

Katie KirkRob BickhartHarry PhilipSam Jackson

Water Mass Characteristics from Hawaii to San Francisco

Daniel Van NiekerkJames Zepheniah ThompsonRoberto J. Meléndez

The Spatial and Quantitative Distribution of Neuston Plastics Within the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

Robert Lachance

Distribution of Microplastics in the North Pacific Amy KimmCynthia Chadwell

Biogeography and Correlation to Plastic Abundance of the Marine Insect Halobates

Sofia Nakhnikian-WeintraubVictoria Steffes

Biogeography of Myctophids in the Mid-Latitude Eastern North Pacific

Carlos MichelénNyssa Rusterholz

The Varying Depth of the Deep Chlorophyll Maximum in the North Pacific Ocean across Biogeographic Zones

Cassie Luce Jake Gregory

Heterotroph and Autotroph Numbers and Oxygen Levels and their Importance to the Microbial Loop in the North Pacific Sub Tropical Gyre

Alexa PollockKirsten Selvig

Relationships between Dissolved Inorganic Carbon and Particulate Organic Carbon in the North Pacific Ocean

Anne McGovernWei XinSamantha Marangell

Physical, Chemical, and Biological Determinants of Diel Vertical Migration

Catherine GradyTanja SchollmeierMarika Aleksieieva

Diversity within Biogeographic Regions along the S230 Cruise Track

Rachel Barkley

Epipelagic nekton between Hawai’i and San Francisco along the cruise track line of SEA Class S230

Martina Stiasny

Table 12: List of Collaborations.Stable Isotope Analysis of North Pacific Forage Species

Carlislie, A., Madigan, D.-- Stanford University

Western Limits of Humboldt Squid Field,J. Gilly W. , Stewart, J.--Stanford University

Copepod Zoogeography and Genetics Goetze, E.-- UHawaii- ManoaSIA of California Current Mesopelagic Nekton Davison, P. -- Scripps Inst. OceanographyWeathering of Protective Materials McGrath, L.-- Luna (private)Location and Effects of Plastics Goldstein, M.- Scripps Inst. OceanographyAtmospheric Deposition Lambert, M. - U Rhode IslandField Measurements of Water-leaving Radiance Goodwin, D. – U New Hampshire

Figure 9. Class Photo of S230 Dockside in San Francisco, CA.