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ADDITIONAL MATERIALS

In addition to this examination paper, you will need:• acalculator;• an8pageanswerbook;• aData SheetwhichcontainsaPeriodic TablesuppliedbyWJEC. Refer to it for any relative atomic massesyourequire.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

Useblackinkorblackball-pointpen.Writeyourname,centrenumberandcandidatenumberinthespacesatthetopofthispage.Section A Answer allquestionsinthespacesprovided.Section B Answer both questions in Section Binaseparateanswerbookwhichshouldthen

beplacedinsidethisquestion-and-answerbook.Candidates areadvised to allocate their timeappropriately betweenSection A (40 marks) and Section B (40 marks).

INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES

Thenumberofmarksisgiveninbracketsattheendofeachquestionorpart-question.Themaximummarkforthispaperis80.Youranswersmustberelevantandmustmakefulluseoftheinformationgiventobeawardedfullmarksforaquestion.The QWC label alongsideparticular part-questions indicates thosewhere theQuality ofWrittenCommunicationisassessed.

SM*(S14-1094-01)

Surname

Other Names

CandidateNumber

2

CentreNumber

©WJECCBACLtd.

GCE A level

1094/01

CHEMISTRY – CH4

P.M.MONDAY,9June2014

1 hour 45 minutes

For Examiner’s use only

Question MaximumMark

MarkAwarded

Section A 1. 12

2. 13

3. 15

Section B 4. 20

5. 20

Total 80

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SECTION A

Answer all questions in the spaces provided.

1. (a) 1-Chloropentanecanbemadebythefreeradicalchlorinationofpentane,inasimilarwaytothereactionofmethanewithchlorine.

(i) Givetheequationforthereactionofpentanewithchlorine,showingthedisplayedformulaof1-chloropentaneaspartofyouranswer. [1]

(ii) Thefreeradicalreactionofpentanewithchlorinegivesotherchlorinatedorganicproducts.Givethestructuralformulaofthecarbon-containingfreeradicalthatleadstotheformationof2-chloropentane. [1]

(b) Pentylbenzenecanbeproducedby thereactionof1-chloropentaneandbenzene inaFriedel-Craftsreaction.Statethenameofacatalystthatcanbeusedinthisreaction.

[1]

(c) AFriedel-Craftsreactioncanbecarriedoutwithethanoylchlorideinplaceof1-chloropentane.Thisreactiongivesphenylethanoneasthemainorganicproduct.

©WJECCBACLtd.

(i) Statewhatisseenwhenafewdropsofphenylethanoneareaddedtoasolutionof2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. [1]

Cl

O

CO CH3

CH3 C HCl++

phenylethanone

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(i) StatethenameofreagentR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1]

(ii) StatethenameofreagentS.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1]

(iii) StatethenameofreagentT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1]

(iv) GivethedisplayedformulaoftheorganiccompoundU. [1]

(e) Stateandexplainhow the infraredspectrumofbenzoicacidwoulddiffer from thatofphenylmethanol. [2]

Total[12]

(ii) This preparation of phenylethanone also gives small traces of an impurity.This impurity has amolecular formulaC10H10O2 and reacts in a similar way tophenylethanonewhenitistreatedwith2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.ItdoesnotreactwithTollens’reagent.Suggestadisplayedformulaforthisimpurity,givingareasonforyourchoice. [2]

(d) Methylbenzenecanbeoxidised tobenzoicacidbyheating it stronglywithanalkalinesolutionofreagentRfollowedbytreatmentwithreagentS.Thebenzoicacidcanthenbeusedtoproduceanumberofothercompounds.Areactionsequenceisshownbelow.

CH3 COOH CH2OH

reagentR reagentT HBrcompoundU

followedbyreagentS

phenylmethanol

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2. 3-Hydroxybutanoicacidisawhitesolidthatcanreactasacarboxylicacidandanalcohol.

(a) Indicatethepositionofanychiralcentreintheformulaof3-hydroxybutanoicacidbyuseofanasterisk(*). [1]

©WJECCBACLtd.

CO H

OH C C C

H

OH

H

H

H

H

(b) Theacidcanbeoxidisedtoanoxoacidbyusingreagent(s)A.Thisoxoacidcanthenbereducedbacktothehydroxyacidbysodiumtetrahydridoborate(III),NaBH4.

CC HHO

CH3

CH COOH2

OCH3

CH COOH2

reagent(s)A

NaBH4

3-oxobutanoicacid

(i) Statethename(s)ofreagent(s)A. [1]

(ii) Thereductionoftheoxoacidgives3-hydroxybutanoicacid,whichispresentasaracemicmixture.

I Statewhatismeantbythetermracemic mixture. [1]

II Statetheeffect(ifany)thataracemicmixturehasontheplaneofpolarisedlight. [1]

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only (c) 3-Hydroxybutanoicacidreadilyundergoesaneliminationreactionto formamixtureof

unsaturatedacids.

©WJECCBACLtd.

CH3CH(OH)CH2COOH

CH3 C COOH C

HH

C CH2 COOH CH2

H

but-2-enoicacid

but-3-enoicacid

(i) StatewhichoftheseunsaturatedacidsexistsasE-Zisomers,givingareasonforyouranswer. [1]

(ii) Ascientistreportedthattheyieldoftheproductswas but-2-enoicacid 89% but-3-enoicacid 4% togetherwithunreacted3-hydroxybutanoicacid 7%

Stateanyadditionalinformationthatanotherscientistwouldhavetoknowsothattheexperimentcouldberepeatedtoconfirmtheseyields. [2]

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) Both 3-hydroxybutanoic acid and 3-oxobutanoic acid will undergo the triiodomethane(iodoform) reaction. State the reagent(s) used for this reaction and the observationmade. [2]

Reagent(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(e) 3-Oxobutanoic acid reacts with phosphorus(V) chloride to give 3,3-dichlorobutanoylchloride.

©WJECCBACLtd.

CH3 CO

CH2

ClC

Cl

Cl

DescribetheNMRspectrumofthischloro-compound. Inyouransweryoushouldincludethefollowingpoints,giving an explanation for each.

• thenumberofpeaks(andtheirapproximatepositioninppm) • therelativepeakareas • anysplittingpattern [3] QWC[1]

Total[13]

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The chemistry of some compounds containing the ether (R–O–R) linkage

Organic compounds containing the R–O–R linkage, where R is alkyl or aryl are verycommon.ThisisdueinparttothestabilityoftheCObond.Someexamplesareshownbelow.

CH C C O

H

H

H

H

C H

H

H

H

H CH O3

HO

CH 3 C C OCH 3C

H

H

CH O3

CH 2 CH 2CH HO

ethoxyethane guaiacol

anethole eugenol

Ethoxyethane(diethylether)isoneofthemostfamiliarcompoundscontainingtheetherlinkage.Itcanbemadebyheatingethanolwithanexcessofconcentratedsulfuricacid,whichactsasadehydratingagent.

5

3. Read the passage below and then answer the questions in the spaces provided.

1

2CH3CH2OH CH3CH2OCH2CH3

H2O

Another method is by reacting bromoethane with sodium ethoxide (a source of the ethoxideion).

10

+CH3CH2Br CH3CH2OCH2CH3 Br OCH2CH3+ethoxide ion

Ethoxyethanehasaboilingtemperatureof35°Cwhereasethanol,asmallermolecule,boilsat78°C.Thesolubilityofthesetwocompoundsinwateralsovaries.Ethanoliscompletelymisciblewithwaterbutethoxyethanehasamuchreducedsolubility.

ThestrongCObondmeansthatcompoundssuchasethoxyethaneandmethoxybenzenehave relatively few reactions. However, carbon–oxygen bond fission occurs when they areheatedwithconcentratedhydrobromic(HBr)orhydriodicacid(HI).

OCH 3 HI + OH CH I 3+

methoxybenzene

15

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Naturallyoccurringcompoundsthatcontaintheetherlinkageoftenowetheirreactionstootherfunctionalgroupspresentinthemolecule.Botheugenol(foundincloves)andguaiacol(fromwood) have medicinal uses. Anethole (occurring in aniseed) has a promising use as aninsecticideandisalsoeffectiveagainstsomebacteriaandfungi.

- End of passage -

20

(a) (i) Bethanpreparedsomeethoxyethane(line 6)byreactingethanolwithconcentratedsulfuric acid. She used 69g of ethanol (Mr =46) and obtained a 45% yield ofethoxyethane (Mr =74).Calculatethemassofethoxyethaneobtained. [3]

Mass = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .g

(ii) Oneofthereasonsforonlyobtaininga45%yieldofethoxyethanewasthatsulfuricacidreactedwithethanolinadifferentreaction.Statetheorganicproductofthissidereaction. [1]

(iii) Bethanwouldhaveobtainedahigherpercentageyieldofethoxyethaneifshehadreactedbromoethanewithsodiumethoxide(line 10).Thisreactionisanexampleofnucleophilicsubstitution.Completethemechanismbelowbyinsertingcurlyarrowsandappropriatepartialcharges(δ+, δ-). [2]

H C C Br products

H

H

H

H

CH: O CH2 3

(iv) Ethoxyethane has a much lower boiling temperature than ethanol because itsmolecules are unable to hydrogen bondwith each other. State the feature of amoleculethatneedstobepresentforhydrogenbondingtooccur. [1]

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(b) Guaiacol(line 4)reactswith(aqueous)bromine.

(i) Byanalogywiththereactionofphenolwith(aqueous)bromine,suggestadisplayedformula for theorganicproductof the reactionbetweenguaiacoland (aqueous)bromine. [1]

(ii) Describewhatisseenduringthisreaction. [1]

(c) Thearticleshowstheformulaeofanetholeandeugenol(line 5).Stateareagentthatwillreactwitheugenolbutnotwithanethole,givingtheobservation. [2]

Reagent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(d) (i) Statethemolecularformulaofanethole(line 5). [1]

(ii) ThearticledescribesCObondfissionofanetherlinkagebyhydrobromicacid(lines 17-18).Suggestadisplayedformulaforthearomaticcompoundformedwhenanetholereactswithhydrobromicacid. [1]

©WJECCBACLtd.

CH 3 C C OCH 3C

H

H

anethole displayedformulaofproduct

(e) Anisomerofeugenol(line 5),compoundY,reactswithsodiumcarbonategivingcarbondioxide.SuggestadisplayedformulaforcompoundYandstatethenameofthefunctionalgrouppresentintheorganiccompoundthatproducescarbondioxideinthisreaction.

[2]

CH O3

CH 2 CH 2CH HO

eugenol displayedformulaforcompoundY

Functional group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total[15]

Total Section A [40]

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SECTION B

Answer both questions in the separate answer book provided.

4. (a) The formulaeof the isomersphenylmethylamineand4-methylphenylamineareshownbelow.

©WJECCBACLtd.

CH2NH2 NH2

CH3

phenylmethylamine 4-methylphenylamine

Thesecompoundsarecolourlessliquidswithdifferentboilingtemperatures.

(i) Givethenameofatechniquethatcanbeusedtoseparatethesetwoliquids. [1]

(ii) Stateandexplainhowthemassspectraofthesetwocompoundswoulddiffer. [1]

(iii) Phenylmethylaminereactswithethanoylchloridetogiveawhitesolid,compoundG.

I Givetheequationforthisreaction. [1]

II CompoundGwaspurifiedbyrecrystallisationfromethanol.Ithasameltingtemperatureof60°C.DescribehowyouwouldrecrystallisecompoundG from ethanoltoobtainapuredryproduct.YoushouldassumethatyouarestartingwithcoldethanolandimpuresolidcompoundG.Washingofthepurifiedsolidproductisunnecessary. [5]

QWC[1]

(iv) 4-Methylphenylaminecanbeusedtomakeanazodyebyreactionofitsdiazoniumcompoundwithanalkalinesolutionofnaphthalene-2-ol.

OH

naphthalene-2-ol

I Statehowthediazoniumcompoundcanbemadefrom4-methylphenylamine,givingthereagentsusedandanyessentialconditions. [2]

II Givethestructuralformulaoftheazodyeproduced. [1]

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(b) Aspeciesofmillipedecanprotectitselfbyproducinghydrogencyanide.Thispoisonousgasisproducedfrommandelonitrilebyenzymeaction.

©WJECCBACLtd.

HCN +CO

HC CN

OH

H

2-phenyl-2-hydroxyethanenitrile(mandelonitrile)

benzaldehyde

Thereactioncanbecarriedoutinthereversedirectioninthelaboratory.

(i) Drawthemechanismforthereactionbetweenbenzaldehydeandthecyanideion.Statethetypeofmechanismoccurring. [4]

(ii) Mandelonitrileisayellowmaterial.Statethegeneralnameforgroupsthatcausecolour in organic compounds and give the appearance of mandelonitrile whenviewedunderbluelight,givingareasonforyouranswer. [3]

(iii) Givethestructuralformulaoftheorganiccompoundobtainedwhenmandelonitrileiswarmedwithdilutehydrochloricorsulfuricacid. [1]

Total[20]

TURN OVER FOR QUESTION 5

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5. (a) An Australian cockroach protects itself from attack by spraying predators with anunpleasantunsaturatedcompoundE.Analysisofthisunsaturatedcompound,whichisnotcyclic,gavethefollowinginformation.

• ItcontainsC,71.3%andH,9.6%bymass.Theremainderisoxygen. • Onlyoneoxygenatomispresentineachmolecule. • ItgivesasilvermirrorwithTollens’reagent(ammoniacalsilvernitratesolution). • The mass spectrum shows a fragmentation ion, containing only carbon and

hydrogen,atm/z29.

Use each piece of information to help you deduce a possible displayed formula forcompoundE. [6]

(b) Propane-1,3-diol is a starting compound for the manufacture of some economicallyimportantmaterials.

©WJECCBACLtd.

OHHO

Onemethodofitsproductionisatwo-stageprocessstartingfrompropene.Thisprocessisdependentonthesupplyofcrudeoil(petroleum)asasourceofpropene.

propene propenal propane-1,3-diolO2(fromair) hydration

AnewermethodusesastrainofthebacteriumE. colitoobtainpropane-1,3-dioldirectlyfrommaize.

(i) Givetheequationforthecrackingofundecane,C11H24, into hexane, ethene and propene. [1]

(ii) Asimplifiedgaschromatogramforthecrackingofundecaneisshownbelow.

26ethene

13propene

46hexane

Retention time / minutes

Thepeakareasindicatetherelativevolumesofeachcompound. Usethechromatogramtocalculatethepercentagebyvolumeofpropenepresent. [1]

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(iii) Youarearesearchchemistinvestigatingtheproductionofpropane-1,3-diolfromacereal.Suggestthreefeaturesoftheprocessthatcouldencourageyourcompanyto adopt this biochemical process, rather than the older process starting withpropene.Asimplereferencetoreducedcostsisinsufficient. [3]

(iv) CompoundWisformedwhenpropane-1,3-diolisheatedwithethanoicacidinthepresenceofasuitablecatalyst.IthasthemolecularformulaC7H12O4.

GivethedisplayedformulaofcompoundW. [1]

(c) ThepolyesterPETismadefromethane-1,2-diolandbenzene-1,4-dioicacid.InasimilarwayPTTismadefrompropane-1,3-diolandbenzene-1,4-dioicacid.

(i) GivetheformulaoftherepeatingunitofPTT. [1]

(ii) State how this type of polymerisation differs from the type of polymerisationoccurringwhenpoly(propene)ismadefrompropene.

In your answer you should

• statethetypeofpolymerisationoccurringineachcase, • statethetypeoffunctionalgroupspresentinthestartingmaterialsforeach

process, • comparetheatomeconomyofeachprocess. [6] QWC[1]

Total[20]

Total Section B [40]

END OF PAPER

©WJECCBACLtd.

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SM*(S14-1094-01-A)© WJEC CBAC Ltd.

GCE A level

1094/01-A

CHEMISTRY – DATA SHEETFOR USE WITH CH4

P.M. MONDAY, 9 June 2014

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Infrared Spectroscopy characteristic absorption values

Bond Wavenumber / cm–1

500 to 600650 to 800

1000 to 13001620 to 16701650 to 17502100 to 22502800 to 31002500 to 35503300 to 3500

C—BrC—ClC—OC CC OC NC—HO—HN—H

——

———

——

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Candidates are reminded that the splitting of any resonance into n components indicates the presence of n–1 hydrogen atoms on the adjacent carbon, oxygen or nitrogen atoms.

Typical proton chemical shift values (δ) relative to TMS = 0

Type of proton Chemical shift / ppm

H

0.9

0.1 to 2.0

3.3 to 4.3

4.8

6.5 to 7.5

7.0 *

9.8 *

11.0 *

4.5 *

1.3

2.0

2.0 to 3.0

2.0 to 2.5

2.0 to 2.5

2.5 to 3.0

R CH3

R CH2 R

CH3 C N

CH3 CO

CH CCl23

CH2 CO

ClR CCl2

R CH2

R OH

Cl

OH

R CO

H

CH3

CH2 CO

R CO

OH

CH2 C

*variable figure dependent on concentration and solvent

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4

6.94 Li

Lith

ium

3

9.01 Be

Bery

llium

4

10.8 B

Bor

on 5

12.0 C

Car

bon

6

14.0 N

Nitro

gen

7

16.0 O

Oxy

gen

8

19.0 F

Fluo

rine

9

20.2

Ne

Neo

n10

23.0

Na

Sod

ium

11

24.3

Mg

Magn

esium

12

27.0 Al

Alumi

nium

13

28.1 Si

Sili

con

14

31.0 P

Phos

phoru

s15

32.1 S

Sulfu

r16

35.5 Cl

Chlo

rine

17

40.0 Ar

Arg

on18

39.1 K

Potas

sium

19

40.1

Ca

Cal

cium

20

45.0

ScSc

andiu

m21

47.9 Ti

Tita

nium

22

50.9 V

Vana

dium

23

52.0 Cr

Chrom

ium24

54.9

Mn

Mang

anes

e25

55.8

Fe Iron

26

58.9

Co

Cob

alt

27

58.7 Ni

Nic

kel

28

63.5

Cu

Cop

per

29

65.4

Zn Zinc 30

69.7

Ga

Gal

lium

31

72.6

Ge

Germ

anium

32

74.9 As

Ars

enic

33

79.0

SeSe

leniu

m34

79.9 Br

Brom

ine

35

83.8 Kr

Kryp

ton

36

85.5

Rb

Rubid

ium37

87.6 Sr

Stro

ntium

38

88.9 Y

Yttri

um39

91.2 Zr

Zirco

nium

40

92.9

Nb

Niob

ium

41

95.9

Mo

Molyb

denum

42

98.9 Tc

Tech

netiu

m43

101

Ru

Ruthe

nium

44

103

Rh

Rhod

ium45

106

PdPa

lladiu

m46

108

Ag Silv

er47

112

Cd

Cadm

ium48

115 In

Indi

um49

119

Sn Tin

50

122

SbAn

timon

y51

128

TeTe

lluriu

m52

127 I

Iodi

ne53

131

XeXe

non

54

133

Cs

Caes

ium

55

137

BaB

ariu

m56

139

LaLa

nthan

um57

179

Hf

Hafn

ium

72

181

TaTa

ntalu

m73

184

WTu

ngste

n74

186

Re

Rhen

ium75

190

Os

Osm

ium

76

192 Ir

Iridi

um77

195

Pt

Plat

inum

78

197

Au Gol

d79

201

Hg

Mer

cury

80

204 Tl

Thall

ium81

207

Pb Lead 82

209 Bi

Bism

uth

83

(210

)Po

Polon

ium84

(210

)At

Asta

tine

85

(222

)R

nR

adon

86

(223

)Fr

Fran

cium

87

(226

)R

aR

adiu

m88

(227

)Ac

Actin

ium89

THE

PER

IOD

IC T

AB

LE1

2 G

roup

34

56

70

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

‣ ‣‣

1.01 H

Hydr

ogen

1

4.00 He

Heliu

m2

d B

lock

s B

lock

Perio

d

p B

lock

140

Ce

Cer

ium

58

141 Pr

Pras

eody

mium

59

144

Nd

Neod

ymiu

m60

(147

)Pm

Prom

ethi

um61

150

SmSa

mar

ium

62

(153

)Eu

Euro

pium

63

157

Gd

Gado

linium

64

159

TbTe

rbiu

m65

163

Dy

Dysp

rosiu

m66

165

Ho

Holm

ium67

167

ErEr

bium

68

169

TmTh

uliu

m69

173

Yb

Ytter

bium

70

175

LuLu

tetiu

m71

232

ThTh

orium

90

(231

)Pa

Prota

ctiniu

m91

238 U

Ura

nium

92

(237

)N

pNe

ptun

ium93

(242

)Pu

Plut

oniu

m94

(243

)A

mAm

erici

um95

(247

)C

mC

uriu

m96

(245

)B

kBe

rkeli

um97

(251

)C

fCa

liforn

ium98

(254

)Es

Eins

teiniu

m99

(253

)Fm

Ferm

ium

100

(256

)M

dM

ende

levium

101

(254

)N

oNo

beliu

m10

2

(257

)Lr

Lawr

enciu

m10

3

f Blo

ck

‣ La

ntha

noid

e

lem

ents

‣‣ A

ctin

oid

e

lem

ents

Ar

Sym

bol

Name Z

rela

tive

atom

icm

ass

atom

icnu

mbe

r

Key

PMT