S 1632: (You can call me Hannah) VS. Can you guess which of the following logical statements are false? Giving people money for something makes them

S 1632: S 1632:

(You can call me Hannah)(You can call me Hannah)

VS

Can you guess which of the following Can you guess which of the following logical statements are false? logical statements are false?

Giving people money for something makes them Giving people money for something makes them more willing to do it. more willing to do it.

Playing violent videogames is just a way to vent Playing violent videogames is just a way to vent anger in a safe manner. anger in a safe manner.

People can tell when others are lying. People can tell when others are lying.

You’re more likely to get help if many people are You’re more likely to get help if many people are around. around.

Find the answers here! Note: this is a research psychology (not Find the answers here! Note: this is a research psychology (not a general science) course. Be prepared to participate in a general science) course. Be prepared to participate in (totally safe) social experiments. (totally safe) social experiments.

Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Leon Festinger and J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959)Carlsmith (1959)

► Imagine this…Imagine this…

►You agree to participate in a psychology experiment. Upon arrival, you are instructed to do extremely boring tasks for an entire hour. Winding and unwinding spools of thread, rotating pegs in a box, over and over again…


►After this horrible experience, the experimenter asks you to tell the next participant that it was really fun.

►To make up for the trouble, he even gives you money!


►What do you think the variablesvariables in this experiment were?

►Condition 1: Participant not asked to lie►Condition 2: Participant given $1 to lie►Condition 3: Participant given $20 to

lie

►(Also : ConfederatesConfederates)

(N = Number of Participants in this condition)


Also: Debriefing


No l i e(Cont rol )

One Dol l ar TwentyDol l ars

Enjo

yabi

lity

Why did the participants paid only 1 dollar tell a bigger lie than the participants paid 20 dollars?

• Festinger proposed Insufficient Justification.

• The participants didn’t think $1 was enough to tell a lie. Therefore they justified to themselves “the experiment wasn’t really that bad”

Psychological friends of Psychological friends of Insufficient JustificationInsufficient Justification

►Fraternity and Sorority initiations►Jack Brehm (1956) Household

Appliances►Knox and Inskter (1968) Racetracks►Regan and Kilduff (1988) Voting

►In short, the more you “pay” for something, the more you will come to enjoy it. (No one wants to believe their effort was a waste of time)

Mark Lepper, Greene and Nisbett (1Mark Lepper, Greene and Nisbett (1973)973)

►Operating on similar principles of “smaller incentives lead to larger shifts in opinion”…

► Imagine this… You’re in back in nursery school. A strange experimenter asks if you would like to come with him to a different classroom and draw him a picture. You are told that there will be a reward.

(Some kids actually refused to follow the stranger!)


►What were the experimental conditions What were the experimental conditions this time?this time?

►Condition 1: Children were told there Condition 1: Children were told there would bewould be a reward a reward

►Condition 2: Children were given Condition 2: Children were given no no rewardreward

►Condition 3: Children were given an Condition 3: Children were given an unexpected rewardunexpected reward


►(What are we looking for again???)(What are we looking for again???)

►Before the experiment, the Before the experiment, the experimenters had experimenters had observedobserved the the children for weeks, tracking how often children for weeks, tracking how often every child played with Magic Markers.every child played with Magic Markers.

►After the experiment, the children After the experiment, the children continued to be observed for Magic continued to be observed for Magic Marker use. What do you think Marker use. What do you think happened?happened?


0

5

10

15

20

ExpectedReward

No Reward UnexpectedReward

Percentage of time spent playing with Magic Markers After the experiment


What Else?

Children in the Unexpected Reward category that previously had no interest in Magic Markers developed a greater interest in them after the experiment

Children in the Expected Reward category drew lower quality pictures than children in the two other categories

Children in the Expected Reward category lost interest in Magic Markers after the experiment. What happened?


►This is the This is the Overjustification EffectOverjustification Effect

►But first, the two types of motivation. But first, the two types of motivation. IntrinsicIntrinsic and and ExtrinsicExtrinsic

► Intrinsic motivation comes from within. Intrinsic motivation comes from within. Extrinsic motivation comes from Extrinsic motivation comes from outside rewards and punishments.outside rewards and punishments.


►The Overjustification Effect is when an The Overjustification Effect is when an increase extrinsic motivation causes a increase extrinsic motivation causes a decrease in intrinsic motivation.decrease in intrinsic motivation.

►Giving the children an expected reward Giving the children an expected reward for drawing made them less likely for drawing made them less likely to spontaneously start drawing. to spontaneously start drawing. (Since there would be no reward) (Since there would be no reward)

(Taking the magic out of Magic Markers)

!!!!!!!!

►Dear Hannah: This is your Dear Hannah: This is your Take A BreakTake A Break re reminder.minder.

► (My Email: [email protected])(My Email: [email protected])

Helping BehaviorHelping Behavior

►A History of Helping:A History of Helping: March 13th, 1964. 28 year old Kitty

Genovese was returning to her New York City apartment at 3:20am.

She was attacked by a man 35 yards from her apartment and screamed for help.

38 neighbors opened their windows to watch the scene.

However, none of them called the police.

Darley and Latane (1968)Darley and Latane (1968)► Imagine this…Imagine this…

►An experimenter leads you down one a An experimenter leads you down one a hallway and into an empty room. You hallway and into an empty room. You have volunteered to discuss a topic over have volunteered to discuss a topic over intercom with 6 students in other rooms.intercom with 6 students in other rooms.

►Over the intercom, one of the students Over the intercom, one of the students warns everyone that he has a seizure warns everyone that he has a seizure disorder.disorder.

Darley and Latane (1968)Darley and Latane (1968)

►Halfway through the discussion, you Halfway through the discussion, you hear:hear:

I-er-um-I think I-I need-er-if-if couI-er-um-I think I-I need-er-if-if could-er-er-somebody er-er-er-er-er-ld-er-er-somebody er-er-er-er-er-er-er give me a little-er-give me a er-er give me a little-er-give me a little help here because-er-I-er-little help here because-er-I-er-I’m-er-er-h-h-having a-a-a real pI’m-er-er-h-h-having a-a-a real problem- er-right now and I-er-if sroblem- er-right now and I-er-if somebody could help me out it woomebody could help me out it would-it would-er-er s-s-sure be-suruld-it would-er-er s-s-sure be-sure be good . . . I’m . . . gonna die-e be good . . . I’m . . . gonna die-er-help-er-er-seizure- er-[chokes, er-help-er-er-seizure- er-[chokes, then quiet].then quiet].


► The three conditions:The three conditions:

►Condition 1: There are six other participants►Condition 2: There are three other

participants►Condition 3: There are only the two of you

► In reality, everything had been pre-recorded. There were never any other students. This ensures that the three conditions were exactly the same in every other aspect.


0

2040

6080

100

Si x Others Three Others No Others

Percent that helped during the epileptic “fit”


►What does this mean?What does this mean?

►The more people around, the less The more people around, the less likely any one of them will help. This likely any one of them will help. This is called is called Diffusion of ResponsibilityDiffusion of Responsibility. .

►““There are 5 other people around” vs. There are 5 other people around” vs. “I am the only one that knows he’s in “I am the only one that knows he’s in trouble!”trouble!”

Darley and Latane (1968)Darley and Latane (1968)► Additionally, there exists Additionally, there exists Pluralistic IgnorancePluralistic Ignorance

► Believing your thoughts are different from Believing your thoughts are different from others, even though everyone’s actions are others, even though everyone’s actions are the same – otherwise known as…the same – otherwise known as…

► You feel lost in a class, but since You feel lost in a class, but since no one else is raising their hands no one else is raising their hands you assume everyone else understands. you assume everyone else understands. When you finally ask a question, When you finally ask a question, hands go up all over the classroom.hands go up all over the classroom.

Bonus Experiment!Bonus Experiment!

►Which of these match the first? A, B or C? Which of these match the first? A, B or C?

Solomon Asch (1951)Solomon Asch (1951)►The answer seems pretty obvious, but what The answer seems pretty obvious, but what

if four other people disagreed with you?if four other people disagreed with you?

► In this classic study on Conformity, Asch In this classic study on Conformity, Asch placed four confederates in front of one placed four confederates in front of one participant. The four confederates would, participant. The four confederates would, in turn, say the same incorrect answer. in turn, say the same incorrect answer. What do you think the participant What do you think the participant answered?answered?

Solomon Asch (1951)Solomon Asch (1951)►Went along with an incorrect majority Went along with an incorrect majority

– 37% of the participants– 37% of the participants

►Never agreed with the incorrect Never agreed with the incorrect majority – 25% of the participantsmajority – 25% of the participants

►Went along on at least half of the time Went along on at least half of the time – 50% of the participants– 50% of the participants

Thanks!Thanks!

► :D:D

►Hanna.Bao@ Tufts .eduHanna.Bao@ Tufts .edu

Documents

S 1632: (You can call me Hannah) VS. Can you guess which of the following logical statements are false? Giving people money for something makes them