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Disorders of the Urinary System
Can you guess one?
Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones)
• Made of crystals of calcium phosphate and uric acid
• Gradually they get larger until they block ureters
• First sym severe pain• Other sym nausea and
vomiting, frequency, chills, fever, hematuria
• Diagnosis by symptoms, ultrasound, or x-ray
• Rx –increase fluids to flush out stone, medications, and if needed LITHOTRIPSY
Lithostripsy
• Surgical procedure to remove kidney stones
• Shock waves hit dense stones and break them up
• Done on outpatient basis
Nephritis
• Inflammation of the kidney (kidney infection)
• Incontinence –involuntary urination
Cystitis
• Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the urinary bladder
• Most common cause – E.Coli
• Sym- DYSUIA (painful urination) and frequency
• Usually in females (shorter urethra)
• Rx - antibiotics
Hemodialysis
• Used for kidney failure• Involves the passage of blood
through device with semipermeable membrane
• Dialysis serves as substitute kidney
• Blood from patient flows through machine and is filtered
• Can be done at home or in clinic
• Takes 2-4 hours, 2-3 times a week.
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation and scarring of the glomerulus; causes damage to the filter mechanism; allows blood cells and protein to enter the filtrate
Symptoms: kidney failure, uremia, HTN or hypotension, decreased urine output, increased serum creatinine and urea
Diagnosis: Urinalysis and blood testing
Treatment: Depends on cause. Treating underlying cause may decreaseprogression
Primary cause: no obvious cause
Secondary causes: bacterial infection, drug toxicity, diabetes mellitus,systemic lupus erythematosus, genteic disorders such as Alport’s Syndromeand Goodpasture’s Syndrome
Renal Failure (Renal Insufficiency)
Cause: either acute or progressive damage to the kidneys from many differentcauses
Symptoms: decreased urine output, uremia, fluid retention, loss of appetitie,fatigue, hiccups, nausea, mental confusion, clotting disorder, seizures
Diagnosis: blood tests, urinalysis, imaging
Treatments: blood pressure meds, glucose control, diet, treat underlying condition, prevention of cardiovascular disease, kidney replacement whenprogresses to end stage disease
Kidney Transplant
• As a last resort• Involves donor organ
from someone with a similar immune system
• Main complication - rejection
Definitions
Enuresis Glycosuria Nocturia Polyuria
Bedwetting Sugar in urine
Frequent urination at night
Large amounts of urine
Definitions Continues
Pyuria Anuria Hematuria Diuretic
Pus in urine
No urine produced
Blood in urine
Drug or substance to increase urine production
anuriaabsence of urine diureticdrug that increases urinary output dysuriapainful urination filtratefluid that has passed through a filter
incontinenceinvoluntary urination micturateto urinate nephralgia pain in a kidney neurogenic bladderdamage to the nerve that controls the bladder oliguria reduced production of urine
uremiapresence of urinary waste products in the blood urinalysisexamination of the urine urinary catheterization insertion of a sterile tube into the urinary bladder urinary retention inability to urinate urinateemptying of urine from the urinary bladder void emptying of urine from the urinary bladder