Rush Refugee UAC 0

8/17/2019 Rush Refugee UAC 0

1/13


2/13


3/13

Tereore, and going back to the summer o 2014, the Obama administration dropped the trafficking lead or the simplereason that it could not be upheld. Department o Homeland Security Secretary Jeh Johnson concluded about UACs: “It’sour observation and our experience that almost all o them are smuggled.”7 With the exception o specific cases o traffickinganother umbrella has yet to be ound or Central American children who want to come to the United States.

In-Country Refugee/Parole Program

In July 2014, President Obama expressed his desire to set up a reugee/parole program in Central America.8 What thepresident suggested was screening children in their home countries to determine whether or not they qualiy as reugee ap-plicants, then flying those who do directly to the United States. Tese in-country screening programs are not common andwere used as exceptional humanitarian recourses by the United States ollowing, or instance, the Vietnam War and the 1990Haiti earthquake.

Te Central American Minors (CAM) Reugee/Parole Program was established in December 2014 to offer minors a saealternative to a risky crossing o the border. Basically, this program allows parents who are legally present in the United Stateto ask or their children to come and join them, should they qualiy. According to USCIS, “each qualified child must be un-married, under the age o 21, and residing in El Salvador, Guatemala or Honduras.”9 Te child must also meet the definitiono reugee or be eligible or parole.

Te Migration Policy Institute (MPI) underlined the program’s modest participation numbers: By mid-August 2015, only3,344 applications were submitted.10 It is true that this program could be dissuasive or some in view o the numerous con-ditions and costs involved. First, as mentioned, the parents (age 18 or above) must be lawully present in the United States.Second, children (under 21) must qualiy or reugee status (or be eligible or a humanitarian parole afer they demonstraterisk o harm). Parents o a minors work with a reugee resettlement agency in the United States and a petition is then filedwith the State Department. A DNA test (paid or by the applicants themselves) is also required to prove kinship. I the peti-tion is accepted and the DNA test is positive, the International Organization or Migration (in collaboration with the StateDepartment) prepares the child or an interview, in the child’s country o residence, with a USCIS reugee officer. Te childis interviewed and granted (or not) reugee status. Background checks and medical clearance are also required. Finally, thechild is resettled in the United States and can apply or a green card one year afer arrival.

As or humanitarian parole, parents in the United States need to prove they are able to financially support their child. Te

parolees are granted work authorization or two years (renewable).

Te reason or this initiative’s lack o success is rather simple, as we are reminded by MPI: “Te United States is home to anestimated 1.3 million Salvadoran, 902,000 Guatemalan, and 534,000 Honduran immigrants. A majority o these immigrantsare unauthorized and unlawully present and thereore could not meet the program’s lawul presence requirements or par-ents.” MPI also notes that under existing U.S. laws those parents legally present in the United States can (and probably alreadydid) sponsor their children or immigrant visas instead o going through burdensome processes.

Expanding the Program

Tereore, and in view o the CAM Reugee/Parole Program’s limited results, an alternative path was ound. How about areugee resettlement program specially crafed or these children?

Let us ast orward to winter 2016 to listen to U.S. Secretary o State John Kerry: “I am pleased to announce that we have plansto expand the U.S. Reugee Admissions Program in order to help vulnerable amilies and individuals rom El Salvador, Guatemala and Honduras and offer them a sae and legal alternative to the dangerous journey that many are tempted to beginmaking them at that instant easy prey or human smugglers who have no interest but their own profits.”11, 12

Tis would mean, as DHS Secretary Jeh Johnson explained, developing “new mechanisms to process and screen CentralAmerican reugees in the region. ... Tese new reugee processing mechanisms will build upon the existing Central Ameri-can Minors Program, which is already providing an in-country reugee processing option or certain children with parentslawully in the United States.”13


4/13

C I S

For this program expansion, the U.S. government is going to rely on (as well as und) the United Nations High Commissioneror Reugees (UNHCR) — just as it does or the resettlement o Syrian reugees rom the Middle East. We explained in aprevious report the role o UNHCR in the selection and pre-screening process o Syrian reugees eligible or resettlement inthe United States.14 For Central American migrants, the scenario should not be different. Te United States is working withUNHCR to create processing centers in Latin American countries. Negotiations are still underway as to which countries wilhost these centers, but Belize, Costa Rica, and Mexico are on the list o options.15

Once those centers are set in motion, UNHCR will start interviewing migrants rom El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras

who seek protection, grant them reugee status (or not), and reer those who qualiy as “reugees” to the United States orresettlement. Te United States will then send its officers to urther screen those given reugee status by UNHCR, while ini-tiating multiple security and medical checks to decide who and how many will get to come to the United States. Under thisprogram, up to 9,000 people might be resettled in the United States this year.16

Despite the act that this new addition to the existing (and somewhat unpopular) CAM Reugee/Parole Program was mainlydesigned in response to the increasing number o unaccompanied children crossing into the United States illegally, this newsetting could benefit every person — adults included (“vulnerable amilies and individuals”) — rom El Salvador, Guatemalaand Honduras who seeks asylum. Te government’s primary concern, however, is still ocused on providing children romCentral America with a sae alternative to crossing the border on their own. We will, thereore, concentrate here on processesrelating to minors seeking reugee status.

Are They Really Refugees?

Let us then ask the decisive question: Do Central American children qualiy as “reugees”?

Te definition o a “reugee” (which is the same or children and adults) is quite clear and its legal implications are not to betaken lightly. A child “reugee”, according to UNHCR, is someone under the age o 18 “who is unable or unwilling to returnto their country o origin owing to a well-ounded ear o being persecuted or reasons o race, religion, nationality, member-ship o a particular social group or political opinion.” Even i the definition o reugee is the same or children and adultsthe UNHCR acknowledges children’s needs or special care and assistance since they are vulnerable, dependent, and stilldeveloping.17

Te 1951 Reugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol (pertaining to the Status o Reugees) set standards that apply to chil-dren in the same way as they do to adults. Tereore:18

• A child “refugee” is someone who is unable or unwilling to return to his or her country of origin owing to a wellounded ear o being persecuted or reasons o race, religion, nationality, membership o a particular social group,or political opinion.

• A child who holds refugee status cannot be forced to return to the country of origin (the principle of non-reoulement).

• No distinction is made between children and adults in social welfare and legal rights.

Also, countries that welcome reugees are bound by responsibilities:19

Countries should ensure that reugees benefit rom economic and social rights, at least to the same degree as other or-eign residents o the country o asylum. For humanitarian reasons, states should allow a spouse or dependent childrento join persons to whom temporary reuge or asylum has been granted. Finally, states have an obligation to cooperatewith UNHCR.

Te definition and rights o a reugee are clear. Whether Central American children meet the definition o reugees, howeverraises serious doubts.


5/13

When asked to give his opinion as to why children rom Central America were coming to the United States, Tomas Homanexecutive associate director o Enorcement and Removal Operations within U.S. Immigration and Customs Enorcement(ICE), replied, “Based on my experience, I think there are some that are skipping ear, but I think there are many more thatare taking advantage o the system.”20

Even the UN Says Most Are Not Refugees

Te UNHCR itsel could not find grounds or general reugee determinations when, as early as 2008, it voiced concerns abouunaccompanied or separated children alongside Mexico’s southern border. In a study carried out by their regional office orMexico, Cuba, and Central America with the collaboration o Save the Children Sweden, the children’s situation, levels o vulnerability, and need or international protection were assessed.21 UNHCR noted:

Although the vast majority o the 75 children interviewed in this study did not meet the criteria to be considered reu-gees. ... UNHCR ound that within this population o separated and unaccompanied migrant children there generallywere high levels o vulnerability, which called or closer inter-agency coordination to give these children adequate protec-tion and care. (Emphasis added.)

A more recent UNHCR report published by its Washington, D.C., office, also did not find solid grounds or reugee qualifica-tion.22 O the children interviewed or the report, 58 percent did raise “potential international protection needs”. Internation

al protection, it is important to note, does not necessarily mean protection under reugee status. UNHCR explains: “Teremay be individuals who are ound not to meet the reugee definition contained in the 1951 Convention or 1967 Protocol, butare nevertheless in need o international protection due to their lack o saety or security and their inability to receive Stateprotection in their countries o origin.” International tools could be used here, such as the 1989 Convention on the Rights othe Child (CRC) treaty,23 which is not a reugee treaty. Tis treaty’s comprehensive standards or children’s rights and near-universal ratification make it a powerul advocacy tool or children.

Along those same lines, a report published last year by the Migration Policy Institute on “In-Country Reugee Processingin Central America” concluded that, despite the act that many o these Central American children are “threatened by gang violence and have clear protection needs, being orced to join a gang or experiencing violence do not generally qualiy as abasis or reugee status or all readily into one o the reugee definition categories.”24

Afer all, out o the 50 most dangerous cities in the world in 2015 (excluding those undergoing a war), our are in the UnitedStates: St Louis, Detroit, Baltimore, and New Orleans.25 Latin America, it is true, remains ar ahead, with 41 cities includedin the ranking. But are children who flee gang violence in St. Louis, Baltimore, or the other American cities that made it intothe top o the most dangerous cities chart “potential reugees”? No one would even think to make that claim.

So, to summarize, most children rom Central America who leave their homes do not do so or ear o persecution. And eveni some have valid apprehensions and were to qualiy or humanitarian protection, why bring them to the United States, awayrom their amilies and cultural backgrounds? Wouldn’t it make more sense to provide them with the care they need awayrom danger, but in their own country or close to it? Aren’t El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico responsible stateand shouldn’t they abide by UNHCR’s Policy on Reugee Children guidelines that indicate that:

States are responsible or protecting the human rights o all persons within their territory, including reugee children, and or providing the adults accountable or these children with the support necessary to ulfil their own responsibilities.26

UN Guidelines for Unaccompanied Children

UNHCR’s guidelines on how to deal with unaccompanied children seeking asylum are clear.27 Let us look at some o themsince the United States is trusting this UN agency with reugee status determinations and resettlement reerrals o unaccom-panied children seeking asylum in Central America.


6/13

C I S

On amily tracing/reunion:

Family reunion is the first priority and it is essential that unaccompanied children are assisted in locating and commu-nicating with their amily members.

On care, accommodation, and long-term placement:

It is preerable that, whenever possible, a child should be placed in a amily rom his/her own culture.

On resettlement:

When it is considered that resettlement is in the best interest o the child, generally on the ground o amily reunification,swif implementation [is recommended].

Te same insistence on amily reunification and cultural saeguards can be ound in UNHCR’s policy on reugee children:28

All actions must be planned with the objective o amily reunion. Guardians and oster parents must understand thisobjective.

and

Every effort must be made to place children in oster amilies or groups o similar ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and religiousbackground.

Family reunification is also advocated by the United States Conerence o Catholic Bishops (USCCB), one o the nine agen-cies working closely with the Office o Reugee Resettlement (ORR) in the U.S. Department o Health and Human Services(HHS). USCCB assists in the care and placement o unaccompanied Central American children entering the United StatesIn testimony beore the House Judiciary Committee in 2014 on “Unaccompanied Children”, the Rev. Mark Seitz was clear:29

Family reunification should be a central component o implementing the best interest o the child

principle.

Te U.S. government should adopt a transnational amily approach in deciding on durable solutions in the best interest o UAC.

Tis should include amily tracing, assessment o all amily members or potential reunification, and involvement o all amily members in the decision- making process, regardless o geography.

Again, since amily reunification seems to be a common humanitarian priority, why bring these children to the UnitedStates? Unless their parents are already here, o course.

Family Reunication for Illegal Aliens

Migration and Reugee Services, an office within the United States Conerence o Catholic Bishops (USCCB/MRS), is re-sponsible or, among other things, ensuring “sae and appropriate amily reunifications or unaccompanied, undocumentedchildren who are in immigration proceedings.” It noted in a 2014 presentation that 90 percent o the children are released to

amilies in the United States while they undergo immigration proceedings.30

Te acting assistant secretary or HHS’s Administration or Children and Families (ACF), Mark Greenberg, testified to thateffect in a recent hearing on the unaccompanied children crisis:

Our experience right now is, most children do go to their parent. …Tat can be a situation where the parent arrived sixmonths ago. It could be a situation where the parent arrived here 15 years ago. … So when we release a child to a spon-sor, then we no longer have legal custody o the child. … And in the majority o cases, the child is actually going to their

parent, and their parent has legal custody.31


7/13

So, could the main actor driving children out o Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras into the United States be amilyreunion — and not ear o persecution, as we already determined?

Tere are, o course, the underlying issues o poverty and violence; added to that are rumors o a “de acto admission policy”with access to U.S. benefits and possibly citizenship. But could the main determinant simply be amily reunification?

In a report published in the summer o 2014, MPI elaborates on the reasons behind the “Dramatic Surge in the Arrival oUnaccompanied Children” into the United States.32 While recognizing various push and pull actors — such as stumbling

economies, rising crime and gang activity in Central American countries, as well as a growing perceptions among thesepopulations that the U.S. government’s treatment o UACs has sofened these past years — what seems to be the main drivingactor or these children is amily reunification:

Family separation has long been a strong motivation or unaccompanied minors to migrate. Immigration to the UnitedStates rom Central America and Mexico in high numbers over the last decade has led adults, now settled in the UnitedStates, to send or the children they lef behind. UNHCR researchers ound that 81 percent o the children they inter-viewed cited joining a amily member or pursuing better opportunities as a reason or migrating to the United States.

Te UNHCR research MPI is reerring to here is the 2014 report published by their Washington office mentioned above. Forthat report, 404 interviews were conducted with unaccompanied or separated children rom Mexico, El Salvador, Guatemalaand Honduras (around 100 each) who arrived in the United States during or afer October 2011. On the reasons driving

these children to leave their countries o origin, UNHCR concluded that they were “complex and interrelated and can beunderstood only when examined rom a child-sensitive perspective and taken as a whole and in context.” Push and pull ac-tors can be multiple and ofen intertwined, that’s true. But let’s listen more closely to the responses given by these children toUNHCR interviewers:

• 84 percent of the 100 children from Guatemala shared hopes for family reunication, better opportunities for workor study, or helping their amilies as a reason or coming to the United States;

• 80 percent of the 104 children from El Salvador mentioned family or opportunity; and

• 82 percent of the 98 children from Honduras mentioned family or opportunity.

Tere is no doubt, as MPI noted, that amily reunification is a key actor here. Other research ocuses on amily ties being atthe core o child migration rom Central America.

Katharine M. Donato, a proessor o sociology at Vanderbilt University, and social scientist Blake Sisk (PhD in sociologyrom Vanderbilt University) analyzed the push and pull actors o these unaccompanied minors crossing the border into theUnited States.33 Tey also noted a combination o motives: limited economic and educational opportunities, the violencesome ace, amily reunification, and recent U.S. immigration policies.

More importantly, they ound that “the migration o children is closely linked to that o parents, and that a minor child issignificantly more likely to go on a first U.S. trip i their parent has U.S. migration experience.” What this iners, in their viewis that child migrants are not independent rational actors; rather, they are incorporated into the migration process through

their amily ties.

Tis particular child mobility is not about to cease, according to Donato and Sisk, who underlined the significant increasein the Central American immigrant population in the United States this past decade. Tese trends suggest, in their words, “acontinued growth o Central American immigration in the uture, which implies that the linkages between migrant parentand their children in communities o origin will continue to be a part o the Central American migration landscape or yearsto come.”

Tese “linkages” come with a high cost to the United States.


8/13


9/13

Tereore, the total FY 2017 request or the UC program is $1.321 billion ($1.226 billion in base unding plus $95 million incontingency unds). For comparison, the total FY 2016 request or the UC program was $967 million ($948 million in baseunding plus $19 million in contingency unds).37

So, i our calculations are right, with a total FY 2017 budget request o $1.321 billion to assist an expected number o 75,000unaccompanied alien children that year, the cost or one UAC in FY2017 will be $17,613, more than double the cost rom FY2010 o $8,217 per UAC.

Tat und, it is important to note, is distinct rom the $750 million in aid or Central America included in recently enactedomnibus spending bill Congress passed.

Conclusion

Individuals rom El Salvador, Guatemala, or Honduras come to the United States illegally. Ten children (probably their ownchildren) ollow on their own, also illegally. Tey are, or the most part, welcomed, assisted, and reunited with their amilieshere.

New data provided by the Department o Health and Human Services, in response to a Freedom o Inormation Act requestshows that 80 percent o the 71,000 Central American children placed between February 2014 and September 2015 were re-

leased to sponsors who are in the United States illegally. Parents were more than hal o the cases; many others were siblingsaunts, and uncles.38

Attentive to the numerous risks these children ace as they cross the border alone, the Obama administration establishedthe CAM Reugee/Parole Program, which was met with limited enthusiasm since parents needed to be legally present in theUnited States to sponsor their children. Tat did not seem to discourage the U.S. government. DHS Secretary Jeh Johnsonin a statement this January on southwest border security, was adamant: “We must offer alternatives to those who are fleeingthe poverty and violence in Central America.”39 (Emphasis added.)

Hence this new reugee resettlement program that sets up reugee processing centers in Central America in coordinationwith UNHCR. Children will be able to qualiy or reugee status and then be flown to the United States. As a reminder, reugees receive automatic legal status and are required to apply or a green card within their first year ollowing arrival. Tey can

apply or citizenship five years rom the date o entry.

Since parents rom Central America illegally present in the United States could not benefit rom the CAM program andsponsor their children, perhaps the reverse can take place with children admitted under this new version o the reugeeprogram. Children, acquiring legal status ollowed by naturalization by the time they reach adulthood, could indeed spon-sor their parents. According to DHS, UACs are or the most part 16 or 17 years old and more than three-quarters are male.4

Tis administration’s tenacious will to bring these children/soon-to-be adults to the United States at any cost (or status) canbe perceived as extreme. Many, on the other hand, support measures that allow Central American children to reunite withtheir amily and get access to legal immigration. Te United States Conerence o Catholic Bishops highlighted its goal oproviding these children with “a path to permanency through amily reunification”.41

Te two social scientists mentioned above, Donato and Sisk, who linked the rising number o children rom Central America“to widespread migration networks and a long-standing reliance on immigrant workers in the United States,” were also clear

It is time to recognize that these children need protections in the orm o permanent legal status to reuniy with their amilies. I the United States cannot pass comprehensive immigration reorm, at minimum it should provide or thechildren o immigrants it readily employs.42 (Emphasis added.)

In other words, in lieu o legalization or illegal-immigrant parents, at least bring their children here as “reugees”.


10/13

C I S

We can empathize with children wishing to reunite with amily members who make it to the United States beore them. Wealso appreciate UNHCR’s guiding principle, which is first and oremost “the best interest o the child”.

We can also, however, question this administration’s policies and motives and wonder i it is in the best interest o theAmerican people to welcome these children here. We can also wonder about the need or a new reugee program or CentraAmerican children who, in general, do not qualiy or reugee status.

We might even call this program what it really is: a amily reunification program specially crafed or illegal aliens and their

children under the cover o reugee resettlement.


11/13

End Notes

1 Following the Homeland Security Act o 2002, an “unaccompanied alien child” is “a child who has no lawul immigrationstatus in the United States, has not attained 18 years o age, and who has no parent or legal guardian in the United States, orno parent or legal guardian in the United States available to provide care and physical custody.” See “Guidelines or Immigra-tion Court Cases Involving Unaccompanied Alien Children”, U.S. Department o Justice, Executive Office or Immigrationreview, May 22, 2007.

2 “United States Border Patrol Southwest Family Unit Subject and Unaccompanied Alien Children Apprehensions Fiscal Year2016”, U.S. Customs and Border Protection, undated.

3 Holly Zachariah, “Workers trafficked or Ohio egg arms had little contact, lived in poverty”, the Columbus Dispatch, July12, 2015.

4 “United Nations Convention against ransnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Tereto”, United Nations Office onDrugs and Crime (UNODC), undated.

5 Ibid.

6

John Feere, “2008 rafficking Law Largely Inapplicable to Current Border Crisis”, Center or Immigration Studies Back grounder , July 2014.

7 Penny Star, “DHS Chie: ‘Almost All’ Unaccompanied Alien Children Are Smuggled – ‘Nobody’s Freelancing’”, CNSNewsJuly 23, 2014.

8 Laura Meckler, Kristina Peterson, and Carol E. Lee, “Obama Says U.S. Could Start Limited Reugee Program in CentralAmerica”, Wall Street Journal , July 25, 2014.

9 “In-Country Reugee/Parole Processing or Minors in Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala (Central American Minors –CAM)”, USCIS, last updated June 1, 2015.

10 Faye Hipsman and Doris Meissner, “In-Country Processing in Central America: A Piece o the Puzzle”, Migration PolicyInstitute, August, 2015. Te number reached 6,000 by January 2016, according to Secretary Jeh Johnson; see his “Statementon Southwest Border Security”, January 4, 2016.

11 John Kerry, “Remarks on the United States Foreign Policy Agenda or 2016”, National Deense University, WashingtonD.C., January 13, 2016.

12 Special rules apply or UACs rom contiguous countries (i.e., Mexico and Canada). Tey can be turned back i they are ap-prehended at the border as long as they have no credible ear o persecution and no trafficking indicators. Children rom ElSalvador, Guatemala, and Honduras are to be processed by the Border Patrol and turned over within 72 hours to the Officeo Reugee Resettlement (ORR), which is part o the Health and Human Services Department (HHS).

13 “Statement by Secretary Jeh C. Johnson on Southwest Border Security”, DHS Press Office, January 4, 2016.

14 Nayla Rush, “Te UN’s Role in U.S. Reugee Resettlement: A “Benefit o the doubt” Screening Policy”, Center or Immigra-tion Studies Backgrounder , January 2016.

15 Julia Preston, David M. Herszenhorn, and Michael D. Shear, “U.N. to Help U.S. Screen Central American Migrants”, TeNew York imes, January 12, 2016.

16 Elise Foley, “U.S. Will Ramp Up Efforts to Help Central American Reugees”, Huffington Post, January 13, 2016.

https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2007/05/22/07-01.pdfhttps://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2007/05/22/07-01.pdfhttps://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2007/05/22/07-01.pdfhttp://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/southwest-border-unaccompanied-children/fy-2016http://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/southwest-border-unaccompanied-children/fy-2016http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2015/07/12/workers-trafficked-for-ohio-egg-farms-had-little-contact-lived-in-poverty.htmlhttp://www.unodc.org/unodc/treaties/CTOC/http://cis.org/2008-trafficking-law-inapplicable-current-border-crisishttp://cnsnews.com/news/article/penny-starr/dhs-chief-almost-all-unaccompanied-alien-children-are-smuggled-nobody-shttp://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-to-meet-central-american-leaders-on-migrating-children-1406289294http://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-to-meet-central-american-leaders-on-migrating-children-1406289294https://www.uscis.gov/CAMhttps://www.uscis.gov/CAMhttp://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/country-processing-central-america-piece-puzzlehttp://www.dhs.gov/news/2016/01/04/statement-secretary-jeh-c-johnson-southwest-border-securityhttp://www.dhs.gov/news/2016/01/04/statement-secretary-jeh-c-johnson-southwest-border-securityhttp://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2016/01/251177.htmhttp://www.dhs.gov/news/2016/01/04/statement-secretary-jeh-c-johnson-southwest-border-securityhttp://cis.org/Rush-UN-Role-US-Refugee-Resettlementhttp://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/13/us/politics/un-to-help-us-screen-central-american-migrants.html?_r=0http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/central-american-refugee-program_us_5696648ee4b09dbb4bad60f3http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/central-american-refugee-program_us_5696648ee4b09dbb4bad60f3http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/13/us/politics/un-to-help-us-screen-central-american-migrants.html?_r=0http://cis.org/Rush-UN-Role-US-Refugee-Resettlementhttp://www.dhs.gov/news/2016/01/04/statement-secretary-jeh-c-johnson-southwest-border-securityhttp://www.state.gov/secretary/remarks/2016/01/251177.htmhttp://www.dhs.gov/news/2016/01/04/statement-secretary-jeh-c-johnson-southwest-border-securityhttp://www.dhs.gov/news/2016/01/04/statement-secretary-jeh-c-johnson-southwest-border-securityhttp://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/country-processing-central-america-piece-puzzlehttps://www.uscis.gov/CAMhttps://www.uscis.gov/CAMhttp://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-to-meet-central-american-leaders-on-migrating-children-1406289294http://www.wsj.com/articles/obama-to-meet-central-american-leaders-on-migrating-children-1406289294http://cnsnews.com/news/article/penny-starr/dhs-chief-almost-all-unaccompanied-alien-children-are-smuggled-nobody-shttp://cis.org/2008-trafficking-law-inapplicable-current-border-crisishttp://www.unodc.org/unodc/treaties/CTOC/http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2015/07/12/workers-trafficked-for-ohio-egg-farms-had-little-contact-lived-in-poverty.htmlhttp://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/southwest-border-unaccompanied-children/fy-2016http://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/stats/southwest-border-unaccompanied-children/fy-2016https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2007/05/22/07-01.pdfhttps://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/eoir/legacy/2007/05/22/07-01.pdf


12/13

C I S

17 “Reugee Children: Guidelines on Protection and Care”, UN High Commissioner or reugees (UNHCR), 1994

18 Ibid.

19 “Protecting Reugees: Questions and Answers”, UN High Commissioner or reugees (UNHCR), February 1, 2002.

20 Tomas Homan, “Te Unaccompanied Children Crisis: Does the Administration Have a Plan to Stop the Border Surgeand Adequately Monitor the Children?”, testimony beore the United States Senate, Committee on the Judiciary Hearing

February 23, 2016.

21 “Te International Protection o Unaccompanied or Separated Children Along the Southern Border o Mexico (2006-2008)”, UNHCR Regional Office or Mexico, Cuba, and Central America, October 2008.

22 “Children on the Run: Unaccompanied Children Leaving Central America And Mexico And Te Need For InternationalProtection”, UN High Commissioner or Reugees (UNHCR)/Regional Office or the United States and the Caribbean, 2014 23 “Convention on the Rights o the Child”, Office o the High Commissioner UN Human Rights (OHCHR), November 1989

24 Faye Hipsman and Doris Meissner, “In-Country Processing in Central America: A Piece o the Puzzle”, Migration PolicyInstitute, August, 2015.

25 Armin Rosen, Jeremy Bender and Amanda Macias, “Te 50 Most Violent Cities in the World”, Business Insider , January26, 2016.

26 “UNHCR Policy on Reugee Children”, UN High Commissioner or reugees (UNHCR), August 6, 1993.

27 “Guidelines on Policies and Procedures in Dealing with Unaccompanied Children Seeking Asylum”, UN High Commis-sioner or Reugees, February 1997.

28 “Reugee Children: Guidelines on Protection and Care”, UN High Commissioner or Reugees, 1994.

29

“estimony o Most Reverend Mark Seitz Bishop o the Diocese o El Paso”, On the “Ongoing Migration rom CentralAmerica: An Examination o FY 2015 Apprehensions”, at Te exas U.S. Conerence o Catholic Bishops On UnaccompaniedChildren House Judiciary Committee, June 25, 2014.

30 “Webinar: Children raveling Alone: Te Catholic Church’s Response”, Catholic Legal Immigration Network, June 202014.

31 Mark Greenberg, “Te Unaccompanied Children Crisis: Does the Administration Have a Plan to Stop the Border Surgeand Adequately Monitor the Children?”, testimony beore the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, February 232016.

32 Muzaffar Chishti and Faye Hipsman, “Dramatic Surge in the Arrival o Unaccompanied Children Has Deep Roots and No

Simple Solutions”, Migration Policy Institute, June 13, 2014.

33 Katharine M. Donato and Blake Sisk, “Children’s Migration to the United States rom Mexico and Central America: Evidence rom the Mexican and Latin American Migration Projects”, Journal on Migration and Human Security, Vol. 3, No. 1(2015), pp. 58-79, 2015.

34 Te White House, Office o the Press Secretary, “Presidential Determination -- Unexpected Urgent Reugee and MigrationNeeds”, January 13, 2016.

http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3470.htmlhttp://www.unhcr.org/3b779dfe2.htmlhttp://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/the-unaccompanied-children-crisis-does-the-administration-have-a-plan-to-stop-the-border-surge-and-adequately-monitor-the-childrenhttp://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/the-unaccompanied-children-crisis-does-the-administration-have-a-plan-to-stop-the-border-surge-and-adequately-monitor-the-childrenhttp://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendocPDFViewer.html?docid=4cbeb6a96&query=unaccompanied%20minorshttp://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendocPDFViewer.html?docid=4cbeb6a96&query=unaccompanied%20minorshttp://unhcrwashington.org/childrenhttp://unhcrwashington.org/childrenhttp://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspxhttp://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/country-processing-central-america-piece-puzzlehttp://www.businessinsider.com/most-violent-cities-in-the-world-2016-1http://www.unhcr.org/3ae68ccc4.htmlhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3360.htmlhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3470.htmlhttp://www.catholicsandimmigrants.org/resources/catholic-social-teaching/usccb-statements/https://cliniclegal.org/resources/webinars/children-traveling-alone-catholic-churchs-responsehttp://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/the-unaccompanied-children-crisis-does-the-administration-have-a-plan-to-stop-the-border-surge-and-adequately-monitor-the-childrenhttp://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/the-unaccompanied-children-crisis-does-the-administration-have-a-plan-to-stop-the-border-surge-and-adequately-monitor-the-childrenhttp://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/dramatic-surge-arrival-unaccompanied-children-has-deep-roots-and-no-simple-solutionshttp://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/dramatic-surge-arrival-unaccompanied-children-has-deep-roots-and-no-simple-solutionshttp://jmhs.cmsny.org/index.php/jmhs/article/view/43http://jmhs.cmsny.org/index.php/jmhs/article/view/43https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/13/presidential-determination-unexpected-urgent-refugee-and-migration-needshttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/13/presidential-determination-unexpected-urgent-refugee-and-migration-needshttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/13/presidential-determination-unexpected-urgent-refugee-and-migration-needshttps://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/01/13/presidential-determination-unexpected-urgent-refugee-and-migration-needshttp://jmhs.cmsny.org/index.php/jmhs/article/view/43http://jmhs.cmsny.org/index.php/jmhs/article/view/43http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/dramatic-surge-arrival-unaccompanied-children-has-deep-roots-and-no-simple-solutionshttp://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/dramatic-surge-arrival-unaccompanied-children-has-deep-roots-and-no-simple-solutionshttp://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/the-unaccompanied-children-crisis-does-the-administration-have-a-plan-to-stop-the-border-surge-and-adequately-monitor-the-childrenhttp://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/the-unaccompanied-children-crisis-does-the-administration-have-a-plan-to-stop-the-border-surge-and-adequately-monitor-the-childrenhttps://cliniclegal.org/resources/webinars/children-traveling-alone-catholic-churchs-responsehttp://www.catholicsandimmigrants.org/resources/catholic-social-teaching/usccb-statements/http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3470.htmlhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3360.htmlhttp://www.unhcr.org/3ae68ccc4.htmlhttp://www.businessinsider.com/most-violent-cities-in-the-world-2016-1http://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/country-processing-central-america-piece-puzzlehttp://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspxhttp://unhcrwashington.org/childrenhttp://unhcrwashington.org/childrenhttp://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendocPDFViewer.html?docid=4cbeb6a96&query=unaccompanied%20minorshttp://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home/opendocPDFViewer.html?docid=4cbeb6a96&query=unaccompanied%20minorshttp://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/the-unaccompanied-children-crisis-does-the-administration-have-a-plan-to-stop-the-border-surge-and-adequately-monitor-the-childrenhttp://www.judiciary.senate.gov/meetings/the-unaccompanied-children-crisis-does-the-administration-have-a-plan-to-stop-the-border-surge-and-adequately-monitor-the-childrenhttp://www.unhcr.org/3b779dfe2.htmlhttp://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3470.html


13/13

35 Gregory Korte, “Amid migration crisis, Obama approves largest-ever expansion o reugee aid”, USA oday , January 132016.

36 “ACF Congressional Budget Inormation”, U.S. Department o Health and Human Services, undated.

37 Ibid.

38 Amy Taxin, “Immigrant Kids Placed with Adults Who Are in the US Illegally”, Associated Press, April 19, 2016.

39 U.S. department o Homeland Security, “Statement by Secretary Jeh C. Johnson on Southwest Border Security”, January 42016.

40 U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), “Unaccompanied Alien Children: Actions Needed to Ensure ChildrenReceive Required Care in DHS Custody”, July 2015.

41 “Webinar: Children raveling Alone: Te Catholic Church’s Response”, Catholic Legal Immigration Network, June 202014.

42 Katharine M. Donato and Blake Sisk, “Children’s Migration to the United States rom Mexico and Central America: Evidence rom the Mexican and Latin American Migration Projects”, Journal on Migration and Human Security , Vol. 3, No. 1

2015, pp. 58-79.
http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/01/13/amid-migration-crisis-obama-approves-largest-ever-expansion-refugee-aid/78775254/http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/olab/budgethttp://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_IMMIGRANT_CHILDREN_SPONSORS?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2016-04-19-06-25-18http://www.dhs.gov/news/2016/01/04/statement-secretary-jeh-c-johnson-southwest-border-securityhttp://gao.gov/products/GAO-15-521http://gao.gov/products/GAO-15-521https://cliniclegal.org/resources/webinars/children-traveling-alone-catholic-churchs-responsehttps://cliniclegal.org/resources/webinars/children-traveling-alone-catholic-churchs-responsehttps://cliniclegal.org/resources/webinars/children-traveling-alone-catholic-churchs-responsehttp://jmhs.cmsny.org/index.php/jmhs/article/view/43http://jmhs.cmsny.org/index.php/jmhs/article/view/43http://jmhs.cmsny.org/index.php/jmhs/article/view/43http://jmhs.cmsny.org/index.php/jmhs/article/view/43https://cliniclegal.org/resources/webinars/children-traveling-alone-catholic-churchs-responsehttp://gao.gov/products/GAO-15-521http://gao.gov/products/GAO-15-521http://www.dhs.gov/news/2016/01/04/statement-secretary-jeh-c-johnson-southwest-border-securityhttp://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_IMMIGRANT_CHILDREN_SPONSORS?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2016-04-19-06-25-18http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/olab/budgethttp://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2016/01/13/amid-migration-crisis-obama-approves-largest-ever-expansion-refugee-aid/78775254/

Documents

Rush Refugee UAC 0