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RURAL BUILDINGS
1
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS
• PROTO-TYPE DESIGNS FOR DIFFERENT BUILDINGS
CAN BE ADOPTED TO SUIT LOCAL CONDITIONS
• IN AREAS PRONE TO NATURAL CALAMITIES LIKE
CYCLONES, FLOODS, EARTH QUAKES ETC., DISASTER
RESILIENT FEATURES SHOULD BE BUILT IN.
• NATURAL FACTORS SUCH AS RAIN FALL, WIND
DIRECTIONS, SUN MOVEMENT WILL BE CONSIDERED
FOR DECIDING IN ORIENTATION OF THE BUILDING.
• AVAILABILITY OF LOCAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS,
SITE TOPOGRAPHY, VEGETATION ETC., SHOULD BE
CONSIDERED IN BUILDING DESIGN.
2
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE 2005 :
• DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES & GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
• FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY
• BUILDING MATERIALS
• STRUCTURAL DESIGN
• CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES AND SAFETY
• BUILDING SERVICES: LIGHTING AND VENTILATION, ELECTRICAL AND ALLIED INSTALLATIONS, AIR CONDITIONING, HEATING AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION, ACOUSTICS, SOUND INSULATION AND NOISE CONTROL, INSTALLATION OF LIFTS AND ESCALATORS ETC.
• PLUMBING SERVICES: WATER SUPPLY, DRAINAGE AND SANITATION(INCLUDING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT), GAS SUPPLY
• LANDSCAPE, SIGNS, AND OUTDOOR DISPLAY STRUCTURES: LANDSCAPE PLANNING AND DESIGNS, SIGNS AND OUTDOOR DISPLAY STRUCTURES
3
4
SELECTION OF SITES & BUILDING ORIENTATION
• PLANNING:
➢ SITE INSPECTION AND CONDUCTING SITE SURVEY.
➢ FIRST STEP OF PLANNING IS PREPARING THE MARK OUT
PLAN DULY INDICATING THE EXISTING STRUCTURES
➢MINIMUM SITE AREA AS PER REQUIREMENT
• PREFERABLY – RECTANGULAR SHAPE.• FREE FROM HT LINES, FLOOD PRONE & WATER LOGGED
AREAS.• BUILDING TO BE LOCATED NORTH TO SOUTH FOR BETTER
VENTILATION.• VAASTU – CONCEPTS MAY BE ADOPTED
• DISTANCE FROM ELECTRIC LINES:
VERANDAH, BALCONY, OR THE LIKE SHALL NOT BE ERECTED OR RE-ERECTED
OR
ANY ADDITIONS OR ALTERATIONS MADE TO A BUILDING SHALL NOT BE CONSTRUCTED WITHIN THE DISTANCES QUOTED BELOW
5
Vertically Horizontallyin m in m
a)Low and medium voltage lines and 2.5 1.2 service lines
b) High voltage lines up to and including 3.7 1.2 11 OOOV
c) High voltage lines above 11 000 V 3.7 2 and up to and including 33000 v
d) Extra high voltage line beyond 3.7 + 0.3 m 2 + 0.3 m33000 V for every additional 33000 v or part)
BUILDING COMPONENTS:• FOUNDATIONS :
➢ DESIGN FOUNDATIONS BASED ON SBC OF THE SOIL. THE DEPTH AND WIDTH SHOULD BE BASED ON SBC.
➢ TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS:
OPEN FOUNDATIONS
STRAP FOUNDATION
STUB FOUNDATION
STRIP FOUNDATION
RAFT FOUNDATION
ARCH FOUNDATION
COLUMN FOOTINGS
PILE FOUNDATIONI. SINGLE OR GROUP OR UNDER REAMED PILE FOUNDATION 6
➢ SUB STRUCTURE:
IN CONVENTIONAL METHOD I.E., FOR OPEN FOUNDATIONS IT CAN BE WITH R.R.
/ STONE / BRICK MASONRY.
IN RCC FRAMED STRUCTURE OVER FOOTINGS PEDESTAL AND COLUMNS WILL BE
PROVIDED.
FOR PILE FOUNDATION PILE WILL COME UP TO GROUND LEVEL WITH PILE CAPPING.
➢ PLINTH BEAMS: ARE PROVIDED AT GROUND LEVEL OR AT BASEMENT LEVEL.
➢ SUPER STRUCTURE:
➢ I. BRICK MASONRY IN CEMENT MORTAR
➢ A. ENGLISH BOND
➢ B. FLEMISH BOND
➢ C. RAT TRAP BOND
III. STONE MASONRY EITHER CRS OR RR STONE
III. FLY ASH BRICK MASONRY
IV. STONE BLOCK MASONRY
7
➢ LINTELS: PROVIDED OVER OPENINGS, DOORS AND
WINDOWS. THEY CAN BE MADE OF R.C.C., BRICK
ARCH, STONE OR WOOD.
➢ SUNSHADES: RCC OR GI SHEET
RCC SUNSHADES ARE PROVIDED ALONG WITH
LINTELS
➢ ROOFING:
A. RCC
B. TILED ROOFING
C. SHEET ROOFING
RCC ROOFING: BEAMS AND SLABS ARE DESIGNED
BASED ON SPANS. MINIMUM M20 GRADE CONCRETE ,
IN COASTAL AREAS MINIMUM M30
8
• DOORS AND WINDOWS:
➢ TEAK WOOD OR COUNTRY WOOD CAN BE ADOPTED
➢ FLUSH SHUTTERS FOR DOORS AND WINDOWS , GLASS SHUTTERS
FOR WINDOWS USED TO REDUCE WOODEN CONSUMPTION
➢ MS DOORS / MS WINDOWS ARE ALSO USED
FITTINGS: HANDLES, YOWER BOLTS, HINGES, ALDROPS
• FLOORING: STONE FLOORING
▪ CONCRETE FLOORING
▪ TILED FLOORING
PAINTING / WHITE WASHING
WALLS: SNOWCEM, PLASTIC EMULSION , ETC., OR WHITE / COLOUR
WASHING
DOORS AND WINDOWS: ENAMEL PAINTING
9
WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
• WATER SUPPLY: TO BE CONNECTED TO VILLAGE WATER SUPLY
SCHEME OR SEPARATE WELL/BORE WELL
• SANITATION:
➢ INDIAN WC OR WESTERN WC
➢ SEPTIC TANK OR LEACH PIT LATRINES
• ELECTRICITY
PROPER WIRING AND FIXTURES
10
IMPORTANT FEATURES TO BE ADOPTED AND IMPLEMENTED DURING CONSTRUCTION OF A PUBLIC BUILDING1. LIGHTING AND VENTILATION OF ROOMS:
• THE MINIMUM AGGREGATE AREA OF OPENINGS, EXCLUDING
DOORS INCLUSIVE OF FRAMES, SHALL BE NOT LESS THAN:
A) ONE-TENTH OF THE FLOOR AREA FOR DRY HOT CLIMATE;
B) ONE-SIXTH OF THE FLOOR AREA FOR WET HOT CLIMATE;
C) ONE-EIGHTH OF THE FLOOR AREA FOR INTERMEDIATE
CLIMATE; AND
D) ONE-TWELFTH OF THE FLOOR AREA FOR COLD CLIMATE.
11
2. WATER CLOSET/BATHROOM:
A) THE SIZE OF INDEPENDENT WATER-CLOSET SHALL BE 0.90 M
WITH MINIMUM WIDTH OF 0.9 M;
B) THE SIZE OF INDEPENDENT BATHROOM SHALL BE 1.20 M WITH A
MINIMUM WIDTH OF 1.0 M;
C) THE SIZE OF COMBINED BATHROOM AND WATER CLOSET SHALL
BE 1.80 M WITH MINIMUM WIDTH OF 1.0 M.
3. BALCONY: THE MINIMUM WIDTH OF INDIVIDUAL BALCONY,
WHERE PROVIDED, SHALL BE 0.9M AND SHALL NOT BE MORE
THAN 1.2M AND IT SHALL NOT PROJECT BEYOND THE PLOT LINE
AND ON ROADS OR PATHWAY.
12
4. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANNING OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS
MEANT FOR USE OF PHYSICALLY CHALLENGED:
A. RAMPS WITH GRADIENTS: WHERE RAMPS WITH GRADIENTS ARE
NECESSARY OR DESIRED, THEY SHALL CONFORM TO THE
FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS.
• A RAMP WHEN PROVIDED SHOULD NOT HAVE A SLOPE GREATER
THAN 1 IN 20 OR MAXIMUM OF 1 IN 12 FOR SHORT DISTANCE UP
TO 9000 MM.
13
B. DOORS AND DOORWAYS
• DOOR WIDTH:
➢ TO ENABLE WHEELCHAIR USERS TO PASS THROUGH DOORS, THE
MINIMUM CLEAR WIDTH SHOULD BE 900MM AND SHALL BE
OPERABLE BY A SINGLE EFFORT.
➢ IN CERTAIN CASES THE CLEAR WIDTH SHOULD BE 900MM TO
1000M
➢ FOR EXAMPLE, IF THE WHEELCHAIR HAS TO BE TURNED IN THE
DOORWAY, WHERE THERE IS A DOOR-CLOSER OR AT ENTRANCE
DOORS TO PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND IN OTHER SITUATIONS WHERE
THERE IS CONSIDERABLE TRAFFIC.
• SIDE-HUNG DOORS:
➢ TO FACILITATE WHEELCHAIR MANEUVER, DOORS SHOULD BE
HUNG WITH THE HINGES IN ROOM CORNERS.
➢ DOORS OPENING OUT INTO CORRIDORS OR CIRCULATION
SPACES SHOULD BE AVOIDED AS FAR AS POSSIBLE.
14
C. SANITARY FACILITIES SHALL HAVE AT LEAST ONE WATER CLOSET
CUBICAL FOR THE AMBULANT DISABLED, THAT:
• IS 900 MM WIDE;
• IS AT LEAST 1500 MM, PREFERABLY 1600 MM DEEP;
• HAS A DOOR (WHERE DOORS ARE USED), THAT IS,
• 800 MM WIDE AND SWINGS OUT;
• HAS HANDRAILS ON EACH SIDE, 780 MM HIGH AND
• PARALLEL TO THE FLOOR, 40 MM CLEARANCE BETWEEN RAIL AND WALL,
AND FASTENED SECURELY AT ENDS AND CENTRE; AND
• HAS A WATER-CLOSET WITH THE SEAT 500 MM FROM THE FLOOR.
15
• LIFE SAFETY
• GENERAL
• EVERY BUILDING SHALL BE SO CONSTRUCTED, EQUIPPED,
MAINTAINED AND OPERATED AS TO AVOID UNDUE DANGER
TO THE LIFE AND SAFETY OF THE OCCUPANTS FROM FIRE,
SMOKE, FUMES OR PANIC DURING THE TIME PERIOD
NECESSARY FOR ESCAPE.
• GENERAL EXIT REQUIREMENTS
• AN EXIT MAY BE A DOORWAY; CORRIDOR; PASSAGEWAY(S)
TO AN INTERNAL STAIRCASE, OR EXTERNAL STAIRCASE, OR
TO A VERANDAH OR TERRACE(S), WHICH HAVE ACCESS TO
THE STREET, OR TO THE ROOF OF A BUILDING OR A REFUGE
AREA.
• AN EXIT MAY ALSO INCLUDE A HORIZONTAL EXIT LEADING TO
AN ADJOINING BUILDING AT THE SAME LEVEL.
• LIFTS AND ESCALATORS SHALL NOT BE CONSIDERED AS
EXITS.
16
• NUMBER OF EXITS: THE GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF
NUMBER OF EXITS SHALL SUPPLEMENT THE REQUIREMENT
OF DIFFERENT OCCUPANCIES.
• ALL BUILDINGS, WHICH ARE 15M IN HEIGHT OR ABOVE, AND
ALL BUILDINGS USED AS EDUCATIONAL, ASSEMBLY,
INSTITUTIONAL, INDUSTRIAL, STORAGE, AND HAZARDOUS
OCCUPANCIES AND MIXED OCCUPANCIES WITH ANY OF THE
AFORESAID OCCUPANCIES, HAVING AREA MORE THAN 500M2
ON EACH FLOOR SHALL HAVE A MINIMUM OF TWO
STAIRCASES.
• THEY SHALL BE OF ENCLOSED TYPE; AT LEAST ONE OF THEM
SHALL BE ON EXTERNAL WALLS OF BUILDINGS AND SHALL
OPEN DIRECTLY TO THE EXTERIOR, INTERIOR OPEN SPACE OR
TO AN OPEN PLACE OF SAFETY.
• THE PROVISION OR OTHERWISE OF ALTERNATIVE
STAIRCASES SHALL BE SUBJECT TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF
TRAVEL DISTANCE BEING COMPLIED WITH.
17
• NOTWITHSTANDING THE DETAILED PROVISION FOR EXITS, THE
FOLLOWING MINIMUM WIDTH SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR
STAIRCASES:
• RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS (DWELLINGS) L.0M
• RESIDENTIAL HOTEL BUILDINGS 1.5 M
• ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS LIKE AUDITORIUM, THEATRES AND
CINEMAS 2.0 M
• EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS 1.5M
• INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS LIKE HOSPITALS 2.0M
• ALL OTHER BUILDINGS 1.5M
• THE MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF RISER SHALL BE 190MM FOR
RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND 150MM FOR OTHER BUILDINGS
AND THE NUMBER SHALL BE LIMITED TO 15 PER FLIGHT.
• IN PRACTICE WE ADOPT 11 STEPS PER FLIGHT AND 150MM
RISERS AND 250MM TREAD FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS.
18
19
The design of staircase shall also take into account the following:
a)The minimum headroom in a passage under the landing of a staircase and under the staircase shall be 2.2m.
b) For building 15m in height or more, access to main staircase shall be through afire/smoke check door of a minimum 2 hrs fire resistance rating.
• HEIGHT OF BUILDING:
• THE HEIGHT OF BUILDING SHALL NOT EXCEED 15 M.
• NOTES
• 1 FOR BUILDINGS UP TO THE HEIGHT OF 15 M, THERE IS NO
NEED TO PROVIDE LIFTS.
• 2 HOUSING FOR THE LOW-INCOME GROUP SHALL
PREFERABLY BE UP TO A MAXIMUM OF TWO STOREYS.
• 3 BUILDINGS FOR HOUSING BEYOND 15 M IN HEIGHT SHOULD
BE RESORTED TO IN EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES AND IT
SHOULD BE GOVERNED BY PROVISIONS LAID DOWN IN THIS
CODE.
20
REQUIREMENT OF NO. OF WCS, ABLUTION TAPS, URINALS, WASHBASINS, DRINKING WATER FOUNTAINS, CLEANER’S SINK FOR OFFICE BUILDINGS ARE TABULATED BELOW:
21
ADOPTION OF APPROPRIATE
TECHNOLOGIES
22
23
Prior to RCC / Concrete technology , Type of structures using
conventional methods are
➢Stone structures with lime or mud mortars.
➢ Mud houses with thatched roofing.
➢Timber houses.
Draw backs of conventional methods :
➢Originally they are not designed to resist earthquake pressure.
➢Now designs have modified to suit earthquake pressure also by introducing
CC bands and vertical reinforcement.
➢This will increase the utilisation of high energy materials like steel and
cement.
24
NEED TO ADOPT APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES:
• THE BASIC CONCEPT FOR ADOPTION OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES IS
TO:
➢ MINIMISE THE UTILISATION OF HIGH ENERGY MATERIALS LIKE CEMENT &
STEEL ETC.
➢ PROVIDE MORE LABOUR INTENSIVE
➢ ADOPTION OF COST EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGIES, LOCAL TRADITIONS
➢ UTILISATION OF LOCAL MATERIALS 25
Appropriate Technologies
Construction of Building is broadly divided into the following:
1)Sub – Structure2)Super Structure3)Roofing4)Finishings
1.Sub-structure:
1. Foundations: Type of foundation is based on soils and its safe bearing capacities
i) In hard soils: Preferably Stub or Arch or concrete & masonry with stone or brick
ii) Loose & filled up soils: Individual footings or strip foundation
iii) BC soils: Under reamed piles with single or double bulbs
Stub Foundation: Maximum C/C distance between Two stubs is 2.50m
10
Arch Foundation
Arch Foundations: Under Construction
29
30
Arch Foundation
31
32
d. Basement:
i) RR Masonry/ Solid CC Blocks with Damp Proof Course on top and Plinth beam in Medium and loose soils
ii) Basement height to be decided depending up on site conditions, water
logging areas etc.
2. Super structure: Brick masonry, doors & windows:
I) Brick Masonry:
a. Materials : Bricks / Blocks:
i) 2nd class
ii) wire cut
iii) mud with 5% of cement sun dried
iv) flyash
v) stone blocks
b) Masonry:
i)English ‘or’ Flemish bonds in framed/ conventional type of construction using 2nd class or wire cut or flyash bricks or stone blocks or Mud Blocks or Compressed Stabilised Earthen Blocks
ii) English ‘or’ Flemish with pilasters of appropriate sizes at appropriate places
for conventional building construction using mud bricks.
iii) Rat trap bond for framed / conventional method of construction using 2nd
class, wire cut, flyash and Compressed Stabilised Earthen Blocks (CSEB)
iv) With Mud mortar
II)Lintels:i) Brick Archii) Brickiii) Stoneiv) Wooden (seasoned wood)v) RCCvi) Precastvii) Stone
III ) Doors & Windows:
viii) Wooden frame & shuttersix) RCC frame Wooden Shuttersx) MS frame & shutters
IV)Ventilators:ii) Precast CCiii) Brick Lintels
TECHNOLOGIES:
Brick jali work20
Glass bottle panels37
3) Roofing with:
i. RCC
ii. Filler Material
iii. Tile
iv. Sheet (AC, GI etc.)
v. Stone
vi. Wooden
Mangalore Tiled Roofing with Precast RCC Rafters
39
JACK ARCH FERRO CEMENT ROOF SLAB
40
WAFFLE SLAB
41
Brick Slab (Circular Room with Sloped Roofing)
25
Filler Slab With I Section for Sloped Roofing
26
FILLER SLAB WITH TILES
27
REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE RIBBED BRICK SLAB
Reinforced Ribbed Brick Slab
29
30
4) Finishings:I)Plastering with
i)Cement Mortar
ii)Mud Mortar
II)Painting with
i)Lime
ii)Distemper
Roof top rain water harvesting system and also solar energy systems should be set up wherever possible
RAT-TRAP
• The rat trap bond is a masonry
technique, where the bricks are used in a
way that creates a cavity within the
wall, while maintaining the same wall
thickness as of a conventional brick
masonry wall.
• While in a conventional English bond or
Flemish bond, bricks are laid flat, in a
Rat trap bond, they are placed on edge
forming the inner and outer face of the
wall, with cross bricks bridging the two
faces49
50
When rat trap bond is used for load bearing structures:
a)Room corners are to be provided with solid construction .
b)First layer, sill level layer, 1st layer above lintel level, layer below slab to be of solid
layer
c)Usage of Half bricks or Quarter bricks to be avoided.
Rat-trap brick masonry51
52
CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN
• The principal requirement for rat-trap brickwork is the availability of
good quality bricks. The following may be considered as a guiding
principle for ensuring strength of bricks for Rat-trap brickwork:
Type of building construction – Span not exceeding 4.2 0meters, Roof/ floor loads as per IS 875
Recommended compressive strengthof brick
Best Practice Minimum allowable
Load bearing, double storied More than 50 kg/cm2 40 kg/cm2
Load bearing, single storied More than 40 kg/cm2 35 kg/cm2
Infill masonry walls in framed structure ( no restriction on number of stories)
Minimum 35 kg/cm2
Cross joint53
T - joint End Situation at Opening
54
• Use wooden strip to prevent mortar from falling into the cavities.
•Rat-trap brickwork is modular in nature. Follow a modular design for
length of walls and sizes of door-window openings -the module size
depends on the available bricks.
•Always lay the first 2 courses of brickwork in a dry run (without mortar) to
ensure the exact location and size of openings as per the rat-trap module
and to ensure that joints in the remaining courses will be properly
staggered with the first 2 courses.
• A solid course of brickwork should be laid at plinth, door and window sill/
lintel level and roof level.
• For exposed brick masonry, pointing should be done with rich
cement mortar.
Module of Rat Trap Masonry
55
Wooden Strip while laying Mortar
56
QUANTITY REQUIRED• Data for 1.00 Cubic meter of rat-trap bonded brick masonry with wire cut
bricks in cement mortar (1:6).
Description Unit Quantity
Bricks No. 400
Cement kg 36
Coarse Sand cum 0.15
Scaffolding cum 1
Skilled Labour Days 1.56
Unskilled Labour Days 3.95
Curing Labour Days 0.50
Unskilled Labour for Production of Bricks Days 6.25
57
ADVANTAGES:a) Economy in use of bricks- 400 bricks are needed in Rat-trap bond
masonry instead of 500 Nos. in Conventional brick walls.
b) Saving in quantity of cement and sand . 0.15cum of Cement Mortar
instead of 0.20cum .
c) Provides better thermal comfort , because of the air cavity in the
brickwork - the building interior remains cooler in summer and
warmer in winter.
d) Rat-trap brickwork with good pointing has an aesthetic appearance
and need not be plastered – which is further saving in cost.
e) Vertical electrical conduiting can run in the cavity of brickwork.
LIMITATIONS:
• It is most suited where good quality bricks with straight and sharp edges are available
• When good quality and uniform size bricks are not available, avoid Rat trap masonry work.
• If the mason is not skilled enough, cement mortar can get wasted by falling into the wall cavity.
• Needs pre-planning in case of concealed electrical conduiting, because chiseling brickwork, like in conventional practice, is not possible. However, this can be taken care of by identifying location of wiring and plumbing in the design and planning stage, so that solid courses of brickwork may be provided inmasonry where the conduits will run.
44
Filler slab
59
In simply supported RCC slab, Concrete above the neutral axis takes care of compressive forces and Steel below the neutral axis takes care of tensile forces.
Concrete in the bottom half do not satisfy any structural purpose, instead it increases dead load of the RCC slab.
In a filler slab this unnecessary concrete is replaced with a filler material which can be a waste material to ensure economical advantage over an RCC slab.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION A) THE FILLER SLAB CAN BE DESIGNED LIKE A
CONVENTIONAL RCC SLAB AS PER IS 456-2000
DESIGN GUIDELINES, AFTER TAKING INTO
ACCOUNT THE DEAD LOAD REDUCTION DUE TO
THE FILLER MATERIAL AND THE SPACING OF
REINFORCEMENT AS PER THE SIZE OF THE FILLER
MATERIAL.
THERE CAN BE A CONFLICT BETWEEN FILLER SIZE
AND THE MINIMUM SPACING OF
REINFORCEMENT AS PER THE CODE, WHICH
NEEDS ATTENTION WHILE SELECTING THE FILLER
MATERIAL.
B) THE THICKNESS OF FILLER MATERIAL SHOULD
NOT EXCEED THE DEPTH OF THE NEUTRAL AXIS.
GENERALLY SPEAKING, FOR A SLAB THICKNESS
OF 125MM, THE FILLER MATERIAL DEPTH
SHOULD NOT EXCEED 60MM.
60
Filler slab flat roof 61
62
c) The size and shape of the filler material are governed by factors like
code guidelines for slab thickness, local availability of the filler
material, desired ceiling finish, etc. and must be carefully selected.
d) Quantity of concrete in the tension zone (bottom half) of the slab that
can be replaced by a filler material depends on the shape of the filler
material available and the thickness of the solid slab
Note : The size of Mangalore tiles may slightly vary from place to place
and manufacturer. However standard sizes are given below.
63
S. No. Type of filler material Size of portion of slab using filler material
L (mm) B (mm) T (mm)
1 Double Mangalore tile (one on top of another
410 260 65-70
2 Stabilized mud block 230 350 50-100
3 Burnt clay brick 230 230 75
4 Hollow Concrete Block 400 150-200 100
64
e) Shuttering for the filler slab is just like for a conventional RCC slab
f) Minimum bottom cover below reinforcement to be provided as per IS Code
and not less than 20mm .
This forms a grid and the filler material is placed centrally in each space of
the grid. Ensuring the linearity of the tiles, fix the tiles in position using
lumps of the concrete mix on all four sides.
g) No filler material is provided in bands of concrete along the edge of the slab.
The width of this band depends on the actual slab dimensions, thickness of
slab and the edge conditions. The reinforcement spacing in these bands will
be closer than spacing around the filler materials depending upon the design.
65
h) Any conduits, such as for concealed electrical work, should be placed in the
spaces between the filler material i.e., along grid line and NOT on top of
filler material.
i) After the filler material has been completely laid, concrete is laid to fill in the
spaces between filler materials and on top of the filler material to achieve
the slab thickness.
j) It is not advisable to use the concrete vibrator to compact the concrete in
the bottom portion of the slab which contains the filler material. This may
disturb the placement of the filler materials. Therefore, special care must be
taken to compact this concrete manually with tamping rods. The concrete
on top of the filler materials is compacted with plate vibrator.
66
53
Quantity Required for Room Size of 3.05m x 3.66m (10’x12’) Internal Dimension:
�Filler material : 2 Mangalore tiles placed one on top of another Total thickness of tiles will be considered as
65mm to 70mm. Size of each tile is considered as 16”x10”.
�Mix of Concrete 1:2:4
�Reinforcement spacing: Main reinforcement 12mm at 356mm spacing.
�Distribution reinforcement 10mm at 483mm spacing.
�No. of grids along longer dimension is 3460 / 356 = 10 (leaving 100mm on either side)�No. of grids along shorter dimension is 2850 / 483 = 6 (leaving 100mm on either side)
�Total no. of tiles required is 10x6 = 60 x 2 = 120Nos.
�Concrete replaced in place tiles = 60 x 3”x16”x10” = 16.66cft = 0.47 cum
�However 20% reduction of concrete is taken into consideration for practical purpose (3.66x3.05x0.125
=0.28cum).
4
�Quantity 1.446cum
54
Data for Filler Slab of size 3.51 X 4.12 X0.125m outer to outer (and 3.05 X 3.66m inner dimensions) with Mangalore tiles:
�Quantity Concrete for balance area = 1.81cum -20% of 1.39cum (internal area) = 1.81- 0.28 =1.53cum.�Note: Data is exclusive of centering and shuttering charges.
Description Unit Quantity
Cement (1.53*6.6bags /cum = 10.16bags) Bags 10.00
Mangalore tiles Nos. 120.00
Coarse Sand (1.53*0.46/cum = 0.70) Cum 0.70
Aggregate 20mm (1.53*0.92/cum*2/3 =0.94cum) cum 0.95
Aggregate 10mm(1.53*0.92/cum*1/3 =0.47cum) cum 0.47
Total aggregates 1.42
12mm steel (11 Nos.x(3.05+2*0.23) = 11*3.51 = 38.61Rmt @0.888kg/Rmt
= 34.29kg *1.05 = 36.00kg)
kg 36.00
10mm steel 7Nosx(3.66+2*0.23) = 7*4.12 28.84Rmt @ 0.617kg/Rmt
=17.71kg*1.05 = 18.60kg)
kg 18.60
• Data for 1cum of concrete (Filler Slab) excluding the no.of Mangalore tiles:
Materials:Cement – 6.6bags Coarse sand – 0.37cumAggregate 20mm size – 0.50cum Aggregate 10mm size – 0.25cum Total Aggregates -0.75cum
Labour:Mason 1st class – 1.67Nos. Unskilled labour -3.72nos. Curing labour - 1.22Nos. Bar bender – 0.82Nos
•Depending up on tile size, the no. of tiles will vary and also reinforcement
spacing will vary.55
Advantages
• It enhances the thermal comfort inside the building due to heat resistant
qualities of the filler materials used. In the case of waste roofing tiles as filler,
the air gap in between the tiles makes it a good heat insulator
• Reduction (about 20%) in the use of concrete results in saving in the cost of
cement and aggregate compared to cost of tiles.
• Ceiling of this slab can be given an attractive appearance with the filler material
and therefore, a ceiling plaster is not needed
• Masons who are familiar with conventional RCC slab construction can easily adapt
to filler slab construction.
• Filler slabs can be used wherever RCC is used, for e.g.as floor slabs for multi-storied buildings, for sloping roofs, etc
56
LIMITATIONS :
71
• Since vibrators cannot be used in spaces between the filler
materials, extra care is needed to manually compact the
concrete in this space.
• Inadequate manual compaction can lead to poor quality
concrete
• It is feasible only in regions where suitable filler material is
available which is cheaper than concrete.
Name of Building Building MaterialsState Activities
Traditional Conventional Local available
materials & practices to be adopted
1 2 3 4 5A.P. Other itemsDoor & Wood Wood with flush Wood with flush windowshutters, RCC fame shutters, RCCframeswith MS shutter, MS fame with MS frame with MS shutter, MSshutter frame with MS shutterPlatering lime mortar Cement Mortar wherever wiredbricks are used, the structure can be built without plastering
72
73
Name of Building Building MaterialsState Activities
Traditional Conventional Local
available materials & practices to be adopted1 2 3 4 5
Rajasthan Foundation Stone, Brick Stone with Stone withcement mortar, cementBrick with mortar, Brick cement mortar with cement
mortar
74
Name of Building Building MaterialsState Activities
Traditional Conventional Local available
materials & practices to be adopted1 2 3 4 5
RajasthanSuper structure Stone, Brick Stone with Stone withcement mortar, cementBrick with mortar, Brick cement mortar with cementmortar Roofing Stone Stone & RCC Stone, RCC &
Ferro cement
(provided it is economical)
75
Name of Building Building MaterialsState Activities
Traditional Conventional Local available
materials & practices to be adopted1 2 3 4 5Rajasthan Skills Unskilledlabour, Semi- Skilled & Skilled Mason
76
Traditional Wattle & Daub 87
Bamboo construction Technologies 78
Dome Construction 79
Vault roof Construction 80
TECHNOLOGIES DEMONSTRATED DURING THE WORKSHOP
Stabilized adobe blocks 101
Specifications for some of the cost effective and environmentally sensitive appropriate construction technologies:
Sl.no Technologies Specifications Category
1 Stabilised soil blocks in general building
construction - specification
IS 1725 Wall
2 Specification for precast concrete stone masonry
blocks
IS 12440 Wall
3 Construction of walls using precast concrete stone
masonry blocks-code of practice
IS 14213 Wall
4 Code of practice for application of lime plaster
finish
IS 2394 Wall finishes
5 Specification for precast concrete lintels and sills IS 9893 Fenestrations
6 Specification for stone lintels IS 9394 Fenestrations
7 Bamboo based construction technologies
a. Preservation of bamboo for structural purposes –
code of practice
IS 9096 Bamboo
technologies
b. structural design using bamboo – code of practice IS 15912 Bamboo
technologies
8 Code of practice for design and construction of
floor and roof with precast reinforced concrete
planks and joists
IS 13994 & Standards and
Specifications BMTPC_CT10
Roof 102
Specifications for some of the cost effective and environmentally sensitive appropriate construction technologies:
Sl.no Technologies Specifications Category
9 Specifications for precast doubly- curved shell
units for floors/ roofs
IS 6332 & Standards and
Specifications BMTPC_CT10
Roof
10 Code of practice for construction of reinforced
Brick Slab (RB) and Reinforced
Brick Concrete (RBC) slabs for floors and roofs
IS10440 & Standards and
Specifications BMTPC_CT8
Roof
11 Pre-fabricated brick panel and partially precast
concrete Joist for flooring and roofing
– Specification
IS14143 & Standards and
Specifications BMTPC_CT9
Roof
12 Specifications for precast reinforced concrete
door and window frames
IS 6523 & Standards and
Specifications BMTPC_BC5
Fenestrations
13 Specifications for Fero-cement roofing
channels
Standards and Specifications
BMTPC_CT10
Roof
14 Specifications for micro concrete roofing
(MCR) tiles
Standards and Specifications
BMTPC_BM08
Roof
16 Specifications for Ferro cement door shutters Standards and Specifications
BMTPC_BC6
Fenestrations 103
84
85
Type of Construction in Uttarakhand
Mostly in Uttarakhand the traditional type of construction of buildings will
include buildings of stone masonry, with wooded or stone flooring and roofing.
In the decade of 1990’s the State has witnessed two destructive Earth Quakes.
The residents of this area lost confidence in Traditional construction practices,
which in turn resulted in switching over to modern types construction i.e.,
construction of buildings with framed structures using cement, steel & bricks for
super structure.
Natural Hazards:
1.Earth Quakes - It falls in Zone IV & V as per Seismic Zoning Map
2.Flood Hazard – Can be present in Isolated low spots, due to Flash Flood phenomena or inundation due to inadequate drainage.
86
Type of Construction in Uttarakhand
The Government of Uttarakhand has released the Technical Guidelines &
Information for Stone Construction in Uttarakhand under Disaster Mitigation
and Management Centre, Dehradun in the year 2013.
In this Manual, it is suggested the earth quake resisting construction
techniques that should be adopted in the traditional stone construction
practices in accordance with the seismic zone mapping.
Options for stone walls: Few types of stone walls which are local practices are illustrated
87
88
Measures for Achieving Seismic Safety: For Building Category:
a)Control on length, height and thickness of walls in a room
b)Control on size and location of openings
c)Control on material strength and quality of construction
Additional Measures:
d)Seismic bands at Plinth level ( May be omitted if founded on rock or hard
soil)
e)Seismic band at door / window lintel level in all cases
Where Flat Floor/ Roof is adopted:
Seismic band at eave level of floors or roofs consisting of joists or jointed
prefab elements
89
Where Sloping / Pitched Roof is used:
a)Seismic band at eave level of sloping roofs
b)Seismic band at top of gable wall and ridge wall top
c)Bracing in roof structure of trussed as well as raftered roofs
d)Vertical steel bar at each corner and T junction of walls Additional
measures:
e)Seismic band or stiffeners or dowels at corners and T junctions at
window sill level
f)Vertical steel reinforcing bars at jambs of doors and large windows
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
Vernacular Homes
EXPOSED WIRE CUT BRICK AND RANDOM RUBBLE
Used m- sand
COURTYARD – NATURAL STONES
Usage of Sadharahalli and Granite
MANGALORE TILED ROOFING
FILLER SLAB
BRICK DETAILING
BRICK DETAILING
BRICK DETAILING
CORBELLING
Wood – Honne and Sal for frames and shutters
Natural Lighting with ventilation to allow hot air to escape
NATURAL LIGHTING IN THE BATHROOM
Sensor based lighting externally and internally with Led to conserve electricity
SOLAR PANEL FOR HOT WATER
SOLAR LIGHTS FOR THE PATHWAY
SOLAR PANEL LIGHTING FOR THE STREET
MANGALORE TILES ROOF
FLOORING – JAISALMER, KOTA, WOOD
NATURAL STONE PILLARS FOR SUPPORT
DRAFT WALL FOR COMPOUND AND NO GATE
Doors- reused from demolished temples
BLINDS- KHUS-KHUS AND BAMBOO
OTHERS
• RAIN WATER HARVESTING- WATER IS
COLLECTED FROM ALL ROOF TOPS AND
DIVERTED TO ANOTHER SUMP WHICH IS USED
FOR GARDENING, CLEANING VESSELS AND
WASHING CLOTHES.
• ORGANIC GARDEN- NO FERTILIZERS USED .
COCO PIT WITH NEEM CAKE, BONE MEAL AND
COW DUNG ARE MIXED TO A PROPORTION TO
ACT AS FERTILIZER. KITCHEN WASTE IS USED
TO CREATE COMPOST.