Running on EmptyRunning on Empty

Demonstrate Knowlegde of body Demonstrate Knowlegde of body structure and function related to structure and function related to

performance of a physical activity.performance of a physical activity.5 Credits5 Credits

Introduction to our Body Structure Introduction to our Body Structure and there functions.and there functions.

Involves the following systems of Involves the following systems of the human bodythe human body

1.1. SKELETAL SYSTEM= foundation on which the the body is SKELETAL SYSTEM= foundation on which the the body is structured and used to support and protect internal structured and used to support and protect internal organs. Also allows movement to occur. E.g. bones of the organs. Also allows movement to occur. E.g. bones of the body.body.

2.2. MUSCULAR SYSTEM= connected to the skeleton, and, by MUSCULAR SYSTEM= connected to the skeleton, and, by muscles pulling over joints, allows the bones to be drawn muscles pulling over joints, allows the bones to be drawn together. This allows movement to occur e.g. muscles of together. This allows movement to occur e.g. muscles of the body.the body.

3.3. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM=this takes oxygen from the lungs RESPIRATORY SYSTEM=this takes oxygen from the lungs and transfers it into the blood and from there the and transfers it into the blood and from there the cardiovascular system pumps that blood around the body cardiovascular system pumps that blood around the body where it is used as energy consumption.where it is used as energy consumption.

Functional AnatomyFunctional Anatomy

Functions of the skeletonFunctions of the skeletonSupport – Support – for the organs of the bodyfor the organs of the body

Protection – Protection – for internal organs such as the for internal organs such as the

heart, heart, lungs brain and eyeslungs brain and eyes Movement – Movement – of bones through joints by providing of bones through joints by providing

a a place for muscles to attach place for muscles to attach themselvesthemselves

Supply – Supply – of red blood cells and store minerals that of red blood cells and store minerals that the the body needsbody needs

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

JointsJointsTypes of joints and Types of joints and

the movements the movements they allow…they allow…

Joints cont..Joints cont..

Movement in the bodyMovement in the body

MovementMovement

MovementMovement

MovementMovement

MovementMovement

Body MovementsBody MovementsExtensionExtension (The ends of limbs moving apart. Angle at joint (The ends of limbs moving apart. Angle at joint increases).increases).FlexionFlexion (The ends of limbs moving towards each other. Angle at (The ends of limbs moving towards each other. Angle at joint decreases).joint decreases).AbductionAbduction (The limbs moving away from the mid-line of the (The limbs moving away from the mid-line of the body).body).AdductionAdduction (The limbs moving towards the mid-line of the body). (The limbs moving towards the mid-line of the body).CircumductionCircumduction (Combination of flex, abduct, ext & adduct). (Combination of flex, abduct, ext & adduct). RotationRotation (Movement around a central axis). (Movement around a central axis).SupinationSupination (Turning your hands so that your palms face up). (Turning your hands so that your palms face up).PronationPronation (Turning your hands so your palms are facing down). (Turning your hands so your palms are facing down).InversionInversion (Turning the sole of the foot inwards). (Turning the sole of the foot inwards).EversionEversion (Turning the sole of the foot outwards). (Turning the sole of the foot outwards).Dorsi flexionDorsi flexion (The toes are pulled upwards, towards the tibia and (The toes are pulled upwards, towards the tibia and fibula).fibula).Plantar flexionPlantar flexion (The toes are pushed away from the tibia & (The toes are pushed away from the tibia & fibula). fibula).

Skeletal MusclesSkeletal MusclesMain type of muscleMain type of muscle

Attach to bones over jointsAttach to bones over joints

As the muscles contract they shorten and As the muscles contract they shorten and pull bones together to produce movementpull bones together to produce movement

Muscles are connected to bones by Muscles are connected to bones by tendonstendons

Muscles can enlarge or reduce in size Muscles can enlarge or reduce in size depending on how hard you work them depending on how hard you work them

The Major Muscle GroupsThe Major Muscle Groups

Muscles and their ActionsMuscles and their ActionsMuscleMuscle Action(s) it causesAction(s) it causes

Neck MuscleNeck MuscleSternocleido mastiodSternocleido mastiod lateral flexion and lateral flexion and

rotation of the neckrotation of the neckChest and Abdomen MusclesChest and Abdomen Muscles

PectoralsPectorals flexion, adduction and flexion, adduction and internal rotation of internal rotation of the shoulderthe shoulder

AbdominalsAbdominals flexion and lateral flexion and lateral flexion of the trunkflexion of the trunk

Back MusclesBack Muscles

Latissimus DorsiLatissimus Dorsi extension, adduction extension, adduction and rotation of the and rotation of the shouldershoulder

Erector SpinaeErector Spinae extension of the trunkextension of the trunk

Shoulder and Arm MusclesShoulder and Arm MusclesDeltoidsDeltoids flexion, extension, flexion, extension,

rotation, and rotation, and abduction of the shoulderabduction of the shoulder

Triceps Triceps extension of the elbowextension of the elbow

BicepsBiceps flexion of the elbowflexion of the elbow

Hip and Leg Muscles•Gluteals extension, rotation and abduction of the

hip•Ilio Psoas flexion of the hip

•Quadriceps extension of the knee (hip flexion)

•Hamstrings flexion of the knee (hip extension)

•Gastrocnemius plantarflexion

•Tibialus Anterior dorsi flexion

Prime mover (agonist) and Prime mover (agonist) and Antagonist musclesAntagonist muscles

Agonist: Agonist: This is the muscle that This is the muscle that makes the movement happen. It is makes the movement happen. It is often described as the often described as the PRIME PRIME MOVERMOVER. (the contracting muscle). (the contracting muscle)

ANTAGONIST MUSCLE:ANTAGONIST MUSCLE: the muscle the muscle that that relaxesrelaxes to allow movement to to allow movement to occur on the other side of the joint.occur on the other side of the joint.

e.g. when the biceps flex the elbow e.g. when the biceps flex the elbow (contract), the triceps on the other (contract), the triceps on the other side of the arm relax for that side of the arm relax for that movement (relax). When the elbow movement (relax). When the elbow extends back the muscles switch roles.extends back the muscles switch roles.

Types of Muscle ContractionsTypes of Muscle ContractionsMuscle contractions are classified Muscle contractions are classified

according to the type of movement according to the type of movement they cause.they cause.

There are 4 types of contractions:There are 4 types of contractions:IsotonicIsotonicIsometricIsometricIsokineticIsokineticEccentricEccentric

Isotonic ContractionIsotonic ContractionAn isotonic contraction is An isotonic contraction is

one which causes the one which causes the muscle to shorten and muscle to shorten and move part of the body move part of the body (i.e. cause movement (i.e. cause movement through a joint). through a joint). During an isotonic During an isotonic exercise a muscle can exercise a muscle can work concentrically or work concentrically or eccentrically eccentrically

Concentric and Eccentric Concentric and Eccentric ContractionsContractions

Concentric contraction: the muscle shortens during Concentric contraction: the muscle shortens during a contration.a contration.

Eccentric contration: the muscle lengthens but is Eccentric contration: the muscle lengthens but is still contracting.still contracting.

Eg: when doing a bicep curl – the muscle is working Eg: when doing a bicep curl – the muscle is working concentrically when lifting the weight up towards the chest, concentrically when lifting the weight up towards the chest,

and is working eccentrically when lowering the weightand is working eccentrically when lowering the weight

Isometric ContractionsIsometric ContractionsDuring isometric During isometric

contractions the contractions the muscle contracts but muscle contracts but the length of the the length of the muscle stays the muscle stays the same. same.

Isometric contractions do not Isometric contractions do not usually cause movement usually cause movement around a joint.around a joint.

Eg: Pushing against a wallEg: Pushing against a wall

Isokinetic ContractionsIsokinetic Contractions

This is a contraction where the muscle This is a contraction where the muscle is under maximum tension is under maximum tension throughout the entire movement.throughout the entire movement.

Eg lifting weights using certain makes Eg lifting weights using certain makes of equipment which keep tension of equipment which keep tension constantconstant