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Runic scripture EurasiaM. Turgay Kürüm
www.kuzeyipekyolu.com
Ocak 2002 Antalya / Türkiye
Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
Introduction
“I would like to thank to Mr.Serhat Kunar,the investigative writer,for his history knowledge and contribution about the As identity”
The sciences of history and archeology indicate that first runic scripture user state in eurasia was called “işkuzai” or “aşguzai” in assyria-babylon tablets and “scyth” by byzantium and roman historians and “saka” by arabic and persian historians and also “soko a” by chinesse historians.
After the state of Iskit dissappeared from the scenes of history came the sarmats, the gothas,The hunas, “avarlar” , “Göktürkler” the bulgarians, the khazars, the russians in order.
Today this area is between the territories of ukraine,otonom republics of independent states community and kazakhistan.There have been some archeological studies in that land both at the time of czardom and soviet russia but according to some inevitable political reasons they couldn’t respond in scientific platforms.
The Geographycal Importance of Eurasia
Importance of that land which leads from the Urals and and Altay steps at east,the danube and karpats at west,northern of the khazar sea at south and the baltic sea at north depends on its control on the north of the ancient silk road.
Picture 1: direction of the silk road
As we know, the silk road was prior trade direction which began from china and ended in England. Together with the silk and spicery produced in china,the mines and jems from the northern china, spicery and textile products from india and fur,cereal,oil,wine and honey that are produced in the countries on the road reached to Europe by it and the other trade ways.The silk road divided into two directions when it reached to khazar sea.
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
One of the these directions leads from the south of Khazar sea to middle east and Arabian peninsula and to Egypt,northern African countries by sea anda also by vessels to Anatolia, byzantium and the other European countries that have cost in Mediterranean sea.
This direction has been used for a long time and today when the silk road is mentioned this is the first to remember.
The other direction also leads from the Khazar sea to Eurasia,by vessels to the countries that have shores on black sea,Byzantium,by Danube and her branches to middle Europe, to Scandinavian countries by Volga,Don,Dinyeper and by their watercourses to Baltic sea and also to European countries and England.
This direction was used according to hard climate and natural conditions later.
As an important obstacle mountains take part in southern shores of europe and prevent the merchandise to get middle and northern Europe (e.g. pirenes,alpines and balcanic ). For that reason the trade direction from the north of Khazar sea that uses Baltic sea and North sea by ways of rivers and reaches to middle and northern Europe countries, have a big importance.
Picture 2 : European part of the silk road. (the map is available as bigger and clear at the link. . http://www.city.sumy.ua/history/ukraine/6!.html )
History consists of the wars upon the control of the silk road.Certainly it was impossible for a nation to control the whole road.The different parts of this road were under control of several nations in different periods.These nations extended during the times of control and and reduced when they lost it and dissappeared.Also there had been some cooperation between these nations which control the different parts.
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
Commerce and Scripture
There had been four major economical activity in the ancient times :
-Agriculture-Stockbreeding-Craftsman (Iron,textile,carpentery,stone engraving etc.)-Commerce
You could only do things other than commerce,without knowing how to write.However the trade is impossible for the illiteate.Scripture is essential for every step of commercial like making the list of products or making contracts.
This had been proved by the oldest explored scriptures which were commercial contracts.
If the nation you intend to trade was illiterate first you have to teach them to be literate.
Surely the silk road was the biggest and the oldest trade way.
The middle east of road had been under the control of many Turkish nations and for that reason the trade language of the area had become Turkish.
After each war the huns king Atilla made a contract with the Romans and Byzantium the constant article of it was privileged trade in the roman and the byzantium cities. (acc. Prof Serif Bastav – the great huns king Atilla)
For many years the direction of the silk road from the south of Khazar sea had been used.On that direction most important scripture was undoubtedly what called runic and the other scriptures derived from it.The nations adapted the scripture and alphabet in their language that they learned by the easterns by ways of trade on the silk road and they also taught the westerns this scripture and alphabet that they had been trading with.
Phoenician tradesmen had a great deal in spreading the runic amongst Europeans. They had adapted the runic scripture in their language and first they taught to Lycians and“frigyalılar” in Anatolia.Then “etrüksler” moved to Italy and spread the runic scripture in Europe.The Grecians learned runic scripture from Anatolians and adapted to their language so the Latin alphabet had become to the scene in the age Roman empire.
Picture 3 : an example to the runic symbols had been used in ancient frig scripture and explored at Antalya elmalı vault. (Antalya museum)
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
Picture 4 : some runic symbols in ancient Grecian tablets. ( L. H Jeffery, The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece, Oxford 1961-1969)
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
Either in ancient frig or ancient greek scriptures just like the gokturk tablets colon and ellipsis had been used as bracket.The symbols are also highly similar.
The nations had lived on arabian peninsula also adapted the runic scripture in their language.
Picture 5 : the runic symbols explored in arabian peninsula. www.ancientscripts.com
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
Picture 6 : the Berber nations in north Africa (trading ones) had used the runic scripture for a while. www.ancientscripts.com
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
Iskits were the first to use the runic scripture at the north of the Khazar sea and the Black sea.Also the nations that dominated the lands after the Iskits had also used this scripture. The gothas had come from the gothaland ,the south of todays Sweden, to the north of the Black sea at 1st century b.c. and they had learned the runic scriptures from the Iskits and neighbouring Turkish nations. However they had adapted the scripture in their language and formed their own system.When the goth king Hermanarik had become sovereign in Crimea and converted to christianity some of the gothas who preserved their paganic beliefs had returned their motherland gothaland (Sweden) under the leadership of their king Odin and established the kingdom of viking.Thats how the runic scripture had reached the Scandinavia.altough the gothas had a close relationship with Roma and Byzantium they declined the Latin scripture and and accepted the runic scripture as the way the Iskits and the Hunas used it.They have preserved their paganic belief until the 10th century and the runic scripture untill 17th century.
In conclusion the silk road had spread the runic scripture.
The most famous runic tablets in Turkish nations are the tablets of Orhun and Yenisey. The Gokturk scripture which had been used literally and sistematicly perfect at the 6th century and had reached its utmost standarts at Orhun and Yenisey tablets through the process of Picture-pictogram-tamga for thousands of years by the Turkish nations.
Picture 7 : examples of Orhun-Yenisey Gokturk runic scripture.
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
The latest archeological excavations shows that runic scripture evoluated for thousands of years and used in the middle east.
Picture 8 : 4300 years of seal found in the excavations of ancient city Anau in Turkmenistan www.upenn.edu/museum/News/hiebert-seal.html
Picture 9: approximately 5500 years of runic scripture found in Harrapa the ancient city in Pakistan.http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_334000/334517.stm
According to the experts :
“it could be 5500 years…found in Pakistan excavations first scriptured bowl known…older than the other known scriptured bowls…contemporary with the Sumer and Mesopotamian tablets or maybe older…there are some problems that no one knows the meaning of these in indus language…no resemblance with harappa tablets ( rosetta stone found earlier )
This discovery brought a new aspect to the debates about the origin of scripture…we could say this scripture is as independent and developed as the one in egypt-Mesopotamia and Harrapa in the years 3500 – 3100 b.c.”
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
Upon this document in my attempts to read it according to gokturk alphabet and system :
From right to left “ sky landing buyer “ means “ one that buys the landing” which is “the bird buyer”
Probably it was made for a Harrapan bird tradesman who couldn’t speak turkish and intend to propose himself to the turkish people. The turkish people probably were taking him to bird market or bird salesman as he showed that sign.
The symbol in the word sky could be the symmetri of “k”.In that prospect there happen to be a pictogram which identifies the bird and anyone who is illiterate could understand that someone is looking for bird.
Today the birds falcon,hawk,and eagle are tamed for hunting in Pakistan,north of Afghanistan,Turkmenistan,Tacikistan and Uzbekistan, and rich arabic sheiks buy them for an expensive price.Harrapa is an old trade city near this region.Ancient chinese sources indicates that turkish people were petting parrots.
All the other nations that used runic scripture matched the symbols with sounds but in Gokturk tablets symbols were matched with syllables and symbols were picked according to pictograms and seals : B = house T = horse K = arrow etc. It shows us that founders of the runic scripture are todays turkish speakers.
After the Gokturks, Turkish people used Sogd and Uygur alphabets that derived from runic scripture in general.
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
Aşguzai-İskit-Scyth-Saka
The works of Byzantine and Arabic writers and archaeological foundlings gives us detailed information about the Scythians.There were contradictory determinations in science world about the origin of these people that reigned in eurasia in between 7th and 4th centuries b.c.
It was generally accepted that Aryans (indo-europeans) were their ancestors.However some scientists said that they were descendants of Turans.
The main reason that they have been presumed as Aryans was some indo-european originated words take part in Armenian and Syrian transciptions.
Either historical sources or archaeological foundlings and some studies on runic scripture in recent years prove that Scythians were descendants of Turans and originated from Altays.
For the runic scripture on the scythian liqour pot found in Esik castle in 1970 which had been read as turkish by prof. Musabayev and for other works on runic scripture by other scientists you can check the internet adres below.
Picture 10 : The runic scripture on the scythian liqour pot found in Esik castle.http://www.lostlanguages.com/saka.htm
Naturally some indo-european words take part in scythian language.The historical sources say that Scythians had departed from eurasia ,waged war against Persians and Meds, defeated them and reigned on their lands for 28 years in the 7th. Century b.c.( herodotus book 1).After that Persians rebelled against Scythians and made them turnback to Eurasia.Later the Persian king Dareios passed beyond the Bosphorus and made war against the scythians for revenge of these 28 years.(herodotus book 4).
The herodot sites :http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.1.ic.htmlhttp://classics.mit.edu.Herodotus/history.4.iv.html
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
Picture 11 : http://mkatz.web.wesleyan.edu/grk101/linked_pages/grk101.scythian_archers.html
According to the Herodotus scythians were consist of three tribes that have different life styles.Firt of them were the farmer scythians: they were the settled agriculturists.The second tribe was the migrant scythians: they were mostly stockbreeders and immigrated with their horse,cow and sheep flocks.
The third and the last tribe was the royal scythians.
These third tribe see the other tribes as their slaves.they are the warriors.the most crowded and the most brave of the tribes.
We have to take in consideration that these three different tribes live in different places.
We understand that scythians were not a homogeneous community.Although they have common cultural qualifications such as clothing,belief and language they consisted of different tribes and governed by the royal scythians.
It is not wrong to believe the cultural qualifications mentioned in Herodotus were depend on the royal scythians.
After some mythes about Greks and Scythians mentioned in the Herodotus, an oppinion mentioned which Herodot himself believed was that Scythians defeated in a war with Masagets and pass beyond the river Araxes and reached Crimea.The Scythians embraced the area as their homeland.
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
Herodotus mentions the war between Masagets and Persian king Kyrus in details and doesn’t refer that Scythians were Persian but they are from Asia and have common cultural qualifications with Masagets.As we know Masagets were from the north of Khazar sea and Scythians were supposedly a Turkish tribe rather than Persian.
The cultural qualifications :
At the beginning of the 4th book of Herodotus says Scythians derived a booze from horse milk.This drink was called “koumiss” by Turkish people.Today many Turkish tribes in middleeast produce this booze and drink it.The chinese sources showed that koumiss was a peculiar drink for Turkish tribes.It is certainly known that only Turks and Mongolians have this drink.Only this is enough to indicate Scythians were turkish.
The other cultural qualifications : (heroddotus 4th book)
The Scythians chokes the sacrificial animal with a rop, just like the Turks, without bloodshed.
They don’t feed pigs and don’t sacrifies them.They mostly sacrifies horses.
Chinese sources indicates as a distinction that turkish tribes don’t feed pig.
Like the other Turks they make goblet of their most hated enemies skulls.
When the king dies they cut their hair,hurt themselves in face and body.They choke one of the king’s wives,his servers and horses and bury them together with the king.The guns of the king and his goblets also put in the tomb.They dig the tombs as a rectangular, incircle it with speers, cover with bulrushes and make a kind of room.After than the tomb is covered with soil and pile of stone to make a little hill.The king’s horses and servers choke to sacrifice at the 1st anniversary.The corpses of the horses stuffed with hay and hang on to stakes around the tomb.The Herodotus and the other archaeological works are in countenance about the way of intomb. In the archaeological studies the women warriors are also found burried with their guns.This is also frequently seen in the other Turkish communities.The women are highly admired in Turkish nations.They generally fight together with the men against the enemies.
The many goods with deer and eagle motifs are found in scythian castles.Both the deer and eagle are very important animals for Altay and Turkish mythology which they take a great part.
For the studies of Scythians names and words mentioned in the Grek and Byzantium sources the links below could be seen :
http://www.lostlanguages.com/scythian.htmhttp://www2.4dcomm.com/millenia.scythword.htmlhttp://www2.4dcomm.com/millenia.scytha.htmlhttp://www.kafkas.org.tr/ANALIZ/karacaylarin%20tarihi2.html
Today’s scientists are often wrong about somethig.
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
Which is :
“The all barbarian tribes at the north of Black sea were scythians said the Grek and Byzantium sources.The hunas were also included”
The sources indicate it was wrong.
Androphaks,Taurises,Agathirises,Sauromats,Gelons,Melankhlneoses and Budins were specified as different tribes from the Scythians in the Herodotus.
Herodotus says “Androphaks were dressed like scythianss but have different language. Melankhlens were dressed black but have the same traditions with Scythians.Gelons language was a mix of Grek and Scythian.”
We think this is caused by :
Scythians were evanesced from history as a state but the people preserved their clothing,beliefs, language,script and cultural qualifications either established new states or get together with the other tribes and assimilated.
The Byzantium sources named the inheritors of Scyhians who dressed,lived and have beliefs like them as Scythians.Just like the Arabian historian called Slavs as “Sakalibe”.
Another thing about our subject is that in the year 568 a.d. Gokturk delegates brought a letter to Byzantium,this letter was accepted as written with Scythian characters because the Scythians just like the Hunas and Gokturks used the runic scripture.
Turkish runic scripture,which was found on Orhun and Yenisey tablets in it’s literary highest phase, should be evolved in about 10 centuries,in that circumstances it is not incredible that runic Turkish scripture is first appeared in the 6th b.c.
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
We could learn about the Scythian way of dressing from the pictures on ancient Grek pottery.There are more pictures and information about the Grek pottery in the link below :
http://mkatz.web.wesleyan.edu/grk101/linked_pages/grk101scythian_archers.html
The scythians clothes were combination of pieces of furs as we learn from the pictures.
There were two identifying facts about the clothing : trousers and caps.
The Chinese sources point out that trousers were distinctive in Turkish tribes.
The caps were made of leather and felt, today they are stil in use at Altays.
Picture 12 : A scythian warrior in his fur dress (greek vase 500th b.c.)
Picture 13 : Scythian and Grek warriors of the same age in a Grek plate.
Picture 14 : A Scythian archer in fur dress and trousers ( greek plate 500th b.c.)
Picture 15 : A shaman in Altays in his fur dress and metal decorated cap. ( 200th a.d.)
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
Sarmatlar – Sauromatae
The Sauromataes were mentioned as a tribe of Scythians in the works of both Herodotus and Hippocrates.The story about the origin of Sauromataes in Herodotus is as follows :
The amazons captured the ship they had been prisoners and reached the shores of Maiotis.They lived as the neighbours of Scythians.The Scythians send a few bachelors where the Amazons were.Then these bachelors married the Amazons and became the Sauromataes.
The materials found in the Sauromatae castles showed they were similar with Scythians but have more warrior women tombs.However they have a more stable economical and cultural life.
These people, that herodotus says “they have a runied Scythian language”, reigned in the area between 6th and 4th centuries b.c. As the some tribes from the south of Urals came to their lands they established the “aorsi,roksolan,alan,yazıg” states and confederation of these states became sovereign over the whole Scythian lands.
When the Goth tribes departed from Scandinavia to the south of Baltic sea,to shores of Black sea and Crimea in the 3rd century a.d. Sauromataes lost a big part of their hold and they have been obliterated from history by the Hunas in 375 a.d.
A big part of the Sauromataes were under the rule and protection of the Hunas,some under the the Gothes and some under the Romans.
In the works of Grek writers both Priskos and Jordanes, Atilla the Hunas emperor wants these tribes from the Roman emperor and generally calls them Scythians because they are the cultural inheritors of the Scythians.
For Jordanes the link below could be seen :
http://www.boudicca.de/jordanes1-e.htm
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The Gothes and The Hunas
The Hunas left the south of Sweden,their mothercountry, and came to the shores of Wisla in the 1st century b.c.They reached the shores of Black sea in course of time and reduced the dominance of Sauromataes over the area.In the 3rd century a.d. the Gothes were entirely dominant in the north of Black sea region.The whole Crimea was under their dominian.
Picture 16 :
During the period the Gothes were sovereign over the northern Black sea region ( 200-350 a.d.) some migrate tribes from the middle east were getting together in the steps between the Urals and the Khazar sea, they would be called the European hunas afterwards.
As they located in the northern Black sea they united with the native people ( like slav- sakalibe), rest of Scythians and Sauromataes and with the Turkish Hunas afterwards.
As the trade in Black sea was taken under the control of Gothes, they improved their commercial and military relations with Byzantium.They also took the control of silk road that reaches to Europe from the north of Khazar sea. They made war against the Persian army together with Masagets.
The biggest source about the Gothes and their relations with the Hunas is Jordanes work “Getica”. http://www.boudicca.de/jordanes1-e.htm
Byzantium was using the latin-grek alphabet that derived from the runic-frig and Lycian script. Instead of this the Gothes used the runic alphabet of Scythian and Sauromataes and of their east neighbours the Turkish people,they adapted it as their language and wrote from left to right.This scripture was used in Scandinavia in the 17th century,after then the latin alphabet was used.
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
During their relations with Byzantium the king Hermanarik became christian.He forced the Gothes tribes to be christian.Some of these tribes preserved their paganic beliefs.Some of them get back to their motherland Scandinavia and the rest get together with the paganic Hunas tribes.
This situation was narrated in the gothes-germen myth about the origin of the Hunas as follows : as the king Hermanarik became christian, he banished the Goth witch women to the Steps. This women coupled with bad souls and demons, so they gave birth the Hunas.
The truth was that : as the Hunas made attack to the interior Europe at 350,their army was a gathering of paganic Goth tribes,generals and soldiers because the Gothes refused to become christian and joined the Hunas who had the similar beliefs.Some of these tribes were assimilated and lost their language and cultural features,some of them got together with the middle east originated tribes and preserved their culture and language for a while.
In that respect we could say the Gothes were joined with Turkish tribes and and created some hybrid tribes-cultures,this is the reason why some dissimilarities in culture and anatomy and the Gothes way of architecture is seen in today’s Caucasians.
There was also a contradiction.Some rebellious Hunas tribes were also joined the Gothes and battled against the Hunas with them in Europe.The hsitorical sources say there were lots of Hunas soldiers in Vizigoth armies,of course some of these tribes were assimilated and some of them created hybrid cultures with Gothes and some preserved their features then dissappeared.
The most important thing about the Hunas empire was it’s being a confederation of tribes.This kind of governments were not under the sovereignty of an element like kingdom. Consequently lots of ethnic element was in positions of both subject and administrator.What’s more, it was normal to see people from different ethnic origins and to hear different languages at the center of empire.
In the Jordanes most of the tribes amongst the Hunas were called as Scythian because the governer tribes in both Hunas and Scythian have the same cultural elements such as runic scripture.
It has been mostly accepted that central governer tribe in the Hunas were speaking turkish (so their ethnic root was turks).(Denis Sinor – Early Inner Asia – Oxford publishing s 277)
As the Hunas moved towards Europe, emperor Atilla became sovereign over the Hermanik’s kingdom in Crimea and Hunimund was appointed as the kings of the Gothes by him.
Eventually we all know that Hunas got a great control over Europe and got taxes from both Byzantium and west Roman empires.
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Picture 17 : Cultural Turkish world atlas. pages 94-95
Their dominian area was consist of todays Germany,Denmark and the Gothes motherland south of Sweden the Gothaland.
When the Hunas evanescent from history, geography of todays Europe more or less took shape.
Today European societies,first of all Germans,Frenchs and Britains are ancestors of Celts, Saxons, Franks,Germans,Vikings,Gothes and Hunas.
The Turans who were in solidarity with Gothes,ran from the Hunas and assimilated in time.( maybe the Hungarians are their remainders.)
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The Vikings
The mostly admired source about the Vikings is Snorri Sturlason’s Heimskringla who was a historian and epic writer and lived in Iceland between 1179-1241.What he says in ”The ynglinga saga” named epidose in the book about god-king Odin is as follows:
http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Heimskringla/ynglinga.html
“the country at the east of the river Don (Tanaquisl) in Asia was called Asaland or Asaheim (as-a country).The capital city of the country was called Asgaard (the as’s guarded city).the king (chief) of this city was Odin.”(2. part)
“….southern falls of the mountain that Odin had great amount of land around it,was not far from Turkish country (turkland).”
It is obvius that Odin’s country was among the rivers Don and Idil,he was the king or chief of the people who called themselves as As and they were neighbours of Turks.
According to historical knowledge and informations in that book we could say Odin was a member of Gothes who came to north of Black sea region in 3rd century a.d. He also was the leader of Gothes tribe who reigned over the land between the rivers Don and Idil.After Hermanarik became christian, Odin preserved his paganic beliefs and got back to Scandinavia before Hunas’s raid towards Europe and established the Viking kingdom.they preserved their paganic beliefs until the end of 9th century a.d.(Ibn-i faldan –book of travels)
Odin had taught readind and writing to Scandinavians,before him there was no scripture there.
Also before Odin, Scandinavian calendar was 10 months.Odin added 2 more months to the calendar.(probably inspired from 12 months turkish calender)
Odin was also a magician.When the enemies came close to his country he created big storms rains and snow to make them turn back.He protected his country like that.(just like the “yada” stone in Turks)
Wolves protected the entrance of his palace.The wolf was also an important symbol for Scandinavians.By this mythological figure we could say Odin’s defenders may consist of Turans-Turks just like many other kings in history.
In scandinavian mythology Odin had two ravens.He was able to talk with them and as they settled on his shoulders they gave him infos about the gods (probably about what the other neighbouring kings do)
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Picture 18 : just like the Uygur king Buku Tegin’s(magic prince?) three crows.
These similarities weren’t limited with Odin.
There was a holy life tree in Scandinavian mythology.There happened to be nine cities on this Yggdrasil called tree.(there was also nine branches on the holy tree in Turkish mythology.).Four of these cities were on the branches,four of them at the roots and one was on the trunk.(People lived in the trunk-city.Up on the branches there were the cities of good-possitive god’s cities and at the roots were bad-negative god’s cities.just like the turkish shaman’s way of reaching the celestial and the underground gods by their tree.)
The Samis also preserved their paganic believes for a long time.
Picture 19 : A Sami shaman rituel. http://www.ub.uit.no/northernlights/eng/myths09.htm
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Odin had a goat in Scandinavian mythology.He eats the goat when he was hungry but preserve its bones.The next day goat comes to life again from its bones.This belief that life will come again from the preserved bones also had place in Turkish mythology.They annihilated the bones of their enemies.
However the wearing style,burial and religious rituels were also similar in both societies.
The graves found in excavations of Birka antique city near Stockholm, were just like the Altays graves.
The deceased one was buried with his clothes,guns,food and beverage containers, two sacrificed horse and coach wheels and probably in sitting position.There are lots of unopened tombs around the area.
http://www.vikinganswerlady.org/Birka.htmhttp://home1.swipnet.se/~w-14723/birka/birke010.html
We have refered before, Odin was the king of As society who lives in Ukrania today.
“Asgraad” means the As’s walled city.(just like belgrad grad=guard)
Well then, who were these As people, do the people who called themselves As, live around the area today?
Some of the words that emphasizes As concept are these; (the letter S could be used as leter Z)
As = One of the nations that created Sarmats.
As = How the today’s Karatay Turks that live in Caucasia, define themselves.
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Aset = The Osets – people of Osetya
Askit = Scythians
Asur = The state established in Anatolia (-ur could be mean city so “Ascity”)
Azak = The sea at the north of Crimea (asov) (the holy milk sea of As people-like the Whitelake or Mediterranean in Altay mythology)
Azer = The Azerbaijan people ( -er = man means As man)
Astrakhan = Commercail city at the north of Khazar sea (-trakhan = commander means As commander??)
Hakas = Turkish people who lived in Altays and called themselves Saka (scythian). ( Hak = right,reliable,trustable – maybe an appendix added later ? )
Ok (Q) = Means tribe in elder Turks ( ok = arrow – ten arrows,three arrows Turkish tribes)
Kaf_q_as = Caucasian people,people of the mountain Kaf (kaf = the holy mountain in turkish mythology)
Q_as_er = Khazar,Karayim Turks (Q_as_er = arrow-as-man)
Q_as_aq = Kazakhs (Q_as_aq = arrow_as_noble - aq or ak = means noble,well-born)
Ab_as = Abhazya people (ab_as = noble_as)
Asena = She wolf in Turkish mythology,khan ancestry in turkish state tradition.
As_ana = God Umay in Altay mythology.( also called As_girl )
As_kil = Name of an important nation and king in western Gokturk empire.
As_paruh = A Turkish prince,establisher of Volga Bulgarian state
Asya = As country (just like romania or finland ) name of the continent,Asia.
I think, As was a collective religious identity for a very long time both for shamanic and paganic nations around the area,and it has been accepted without considering the different races.
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
The Runic Scripture in Scandinavia
The runic scripture in Scandinavia is generally divide into two different categories.First category is called “oldest runic” and consist of 24 symbols.Second category is called “ viking age” and consist of 16 symbols.So there happen to be two different alphabets and scriptures.
The fundamental works that we lean on about the subject are :
- Prof. Sven B.F. Jansson,Runinskrifter i Sverige,AWE/Gebers 1963 English Print :Runes in Sweden Royal Academy of Letters…GIDLUNDS Warnamo / Sweden 1987
- Turgay Kürüm,FUTHARK ALFABESİNİN GİZEMİ, 1994 Antalya. www.antalyaonline.net/furhark
There are about 3500 pieces of inscribed rocks that were called Futhark.Very few of them are in the oldest runic (about 10%).
The Viking age runes that were written with 16 symbol alphabet,were easy to read in nordic language from left to right and it has been used until 17th century in Scandinavia.
The oldest runic (24 symbols) was written from right to left this is the most significant differentiation between them.
The oldest runes were known as magic scripture that remained from the time of god Odin.They couldn’t be read in Scandinavian languages.The reading tries in Scandinavian languages weren’t appriciated.
A mystical meaning had been imposed on these tablets and they tought those had been written for magical purposes, because the tablets were unreadable.
The word “runes” also means “magical scripture” in Scandinavian language.
Somes runes were found on portable house goods (such as cases,oil lamps,coms etc.) but they also couldn’t be read in scandinavian language but there were some succesfull reading works in turkish language.These goods taught to be arrive by trade.
When the Orhun tablets were first found science world believed that they had been written by Vikings for about a hundred year,but Thomsen read them in Turkish then scientist also argued about these two scriptures had nothing in common.
According to these evidences and to the history it has been understood that nations were together for a period of time in Eurasia.they had been influenced from and interfered with each other.Scandinavians had not accepted christianity and preserved their paganic believes for a long time, and they had used shamanic,scythian runic 16 symbols scripture as their alphabet instead of grek-latin one.A few tablets in 24 symbols runes (actually there is more than 24 symbols) could be used by some tribes who were speaking Turkish and rebelled against Hunas authority, joined to Gothes,they probably immigrated to Scandinavia after the Hunas empire collapsed.It was unevitable for these tribes to be assimilated as christianity grew up.
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
What we interested are “24 symbols futhark” or “oldest runic” tablets.
This alphabet had been audiolly evaluated in Prof.Jansson’s work (page 13) like these :
These symbols were from a tablet called kylever stone.None of these symbols had been used twice on that tablet so could be judge as an alphabet.It was called as Futhark alphabet according to the first six symbols from left to right.
Picture of the stone is below :
It could be seen clearly that script on the stone was written both form right to left and from down to up.there were 5 more symbols other than the 24 and these were contiunous the text (because there wasn’t enough space from right to left).Some of these five symbols were repeated in the text.
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
I have got picture of the stone at 1994 and my first reading tries about the first 24 symbols according to gokturk alphabet are as follows :
23rd symbol was present both in tonyukuk tablets and futhark alphabet. ıt was used in the meaning of "head". two letters united to generate the word. Two other different letters aslo united to create a new word in the 13rd symbol. the word "öt" means both to chirp and to speak. it is also noticable that symbol was shaped like a mouth. lets read the sentence below from right to left, according to gokturks reading rules : "bilke ış inydi ök oknça öt akisn goydo pu kosütüg"
bilke : bilge = wiseman ( absolute mind & reason )ış : ışık = light ( light of wisdom,angel-messnger of god )inydi : indi = landedök : kendisi = himself okunça : okunun ucuyla = with the tip of his arrowöt : ötmek = to chirp or to speak
akisn : ağızın = his very mouth ( öt akisn = words from his mouth )
goydo : oydu, koydu = carved, putpu : Bukosütüg : dik sütun, dik taş = vertical colomn lets read it in todays turkish.
"the light of the wiseman has landed and he very himself carved the words from his mouth to this vertical colomn"
As we read the symbols 24th,23rd,22nd (in scandinavian language) what we came across is O d ng,we believe viking god odin derives his name from that word.we read these three symbols as wiseman in turkish.
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
I have received the last picture with five symbols for a while after.As I read it with same method : "orta dıtenc" thats how it was read.In todays turkish it means " to engrave in the middle - engraver"
Let’s have the sentence with my old reading :
“bilke ış inydi ök oknça öt akisn goydo pu ko sütüg orte dıdenc”
“light of the wise landed,wrote the words from his mouth by craving to this with his arrow very himself”
I read the möjbro stone on page 18 in prof. Jansson’s book, chapter “the oldest runic inscriptions” like that :
Let’s read the lines from down to up,and the line from right to left :
“gopek yi kop ke kelkic ikin ekgök göksüpek desinkec”
gopek : “köpek”is Turkish, it means “dog” yik : yig means “good”op ke: opla/hopla means assult,attackkelkic : kalkınca means when stand upikin: iki,ikisi means two of them/bothekgök: could be name,maybe a divine namegöksüpek: gözüpek means bold/gutsydesinkic: desin means he tells
Let’s read it :
“let the dog attack good and “ekgök” tell them both bold”
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
I think the word “gopek” is also derrived from the word “göksüpek”.Something like that takes place in Kasgarlı Mahmut’s Divan : the word “yasgaç” derrives from teh word “yassı yıgaç”.
On the stone that tablet tooks place,down under the script pictured a warrior on the horse,has a sword in his hand and a helmet in the other and there are two dogs on the ground.
Meanwhile writing style of the symbols and their intensifying on the left proves that it was written from right to left.
I read the istaby stone on page 18 in prof. Jansson’s book, chapter “the oldest runic inscriptions” like that :
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
Let’s read the column and the lines from right to left :
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Runic scripture Eurasia M. Turgay KÜRÜM
“ök gikit yaspargu içok güriç sü gikit yatpudır goiç gikit yatsorg”
ök : “o” is Turkish, it means himselfgikit : yiğit means braveyaspurgu : yaşadı means he livediçok : çok means verygüriç : güç means powersü : asker means soldieryatpudır : yapmadı means didn’t dogoiç : göç means immigrateyatsorg : yatıyor means lied down
Let’s read it :
“here lies a brave soldier who lived in very bad situation but never lived his land”
Conclusion :
The origin of the runic scripture is Eurasia.The tribes on the direction of silk road saw the runic scripture in the eastern tribes,adapted it into their language,formed their scripture system.
I believe that ; many Turkish runic tablet are seen in European countries,especially in Scandinavia.The tablets were in Turkish, somehow a forgetten or vanished dialect, written by nations that are assimilated in time or dissappeared and the tablets reach there during the Hunas age and after for any reason.
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