December 1, 2016

Résumé: Michael Tonry

Address: University of Minnesota Law School, 229 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455

Education: Yale Law School, LL.B. 1970; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, A.B.

(history) 1966; Free University Amsterdam, Ph.D. (h.c.) 2010.

EmploymentMcKnight Presidential Professor of Criminal Law and Policy, and director, Institute of Crimeand Public Policy, University of Minnesota (since 8/90); Professor of Law and Public Policy,and director, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge (5/99 – 1/05); president,Castine Research Corporation (1983 - 2005); private solo law practice, Castine, Maine (7/83 –8/90); professor of law, University of Maryland (9/76 - 6/83); private practice, Dechert Price& Rhoads, Philadelphia (10/74 - 9/76); lecturer in law, Faculty of Law, University ofBirmingham, England (7/73 - 9/74); research associate, Center for Studies in Criminal Justice,University of Chicago (12/71 - 7/73); private practice, Sonnenschein Carlin & Nath, Chicago(3/70 - 12/71).

Related Professional ExperiencePresident, European Society of Criminology, 2012-2015; Scientific Member, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (since 2012); visiting professor, University of Lausanne (since 2001); seniorfellow, Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement, Amsterdam (since2003); president, American Society of Criminology, 2005-2008; visiting professor, Max-Planck Institute for International and Comparative Criminal Law (1998-99); Humboldt-Stiftung Forschungspreisträger (1997-2002); visiting professor of law, Leiden University, theNetherlands (1996-98); visiting fellow, All Souls College, Oxford (1994-95); director,MacArthur Foundation/U.S. Department of Justice Program on Human Development andCriminal Behavior (1986-90); editor, Crime and Justice—A Review of Research (since 1977);editor and publisher, The Castine Patriot (1987-90); editor, Overcrowded Times (1989–2000);editor, Studies in Crime and Public Policy, Oxford University Press (since 1992); editor,Oxford Readers in Criminology (1994-2000); editor, Criminology in Europe (2001—2010);editor, Oxford Handbooks in Criminology and Criminal Justice (since 2008); editor, OxfordStudies in Penal Theory and Philosophy (2010-2014).

Books, as author:

Sentencing Fragments—Penal Reform in America, 1975-2025 (Oxford University Press 2016).

Punishing Race: A Continuing American Dilemma (Oxford University Press 2011); chapter 6 reprinted in Blind Justice—A Reader on Race and Justice, edited by Alexander Papachristou (New Press 2011). (paperback 2012)

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Thinking about Punishment: Penal Policy across Space, Time, and Discipline (Ashgate2009).

Thinking about Crime: Sense and Sensibility in American Penal Culture (Oxford University Press 2004); chapter 1 reprinted in Social Problems: Readings with Four Questions, 3rd Edition, edited by Joel M. Charon and Lee G. Vigilant (Cengage 2009); chapters 1 and 3 reprinted in Thinking about Punishment, by Michael Tonry (Ashgate 2009). (paperback 2006)

Punishment and Politics: Evidence and Emulation in the Making of English Crime Control Policy (Willan 2004); reprinted in part in Principled Sentencing—Readings onTheory and Practice, edited by Andrew von Hirsch, Andrew Ashworth, and Julian Roberts, 3d ed. (Hart 2009). (paperback 2004)

Intermediate Sanctions in Sentencing Guidelines (U.S. Government Printing Office 1997); reprinted Diane Publishing Co. (1997).

Sentencing Matters (Oxford University Press 1996); chapter four reprinted in Community Corrections: Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions, edited by Joan Petersilia (Oxford University Press 1997); reprinted in part in Criminal Law: Cases and Materials, edited by Clarkson and Keating (Sweet and Maxwell 2003); chapter 1 reprinted in Thinking about Punishment, by Michael Tonry (Ashgate 2009).

(paperback 1997)

Malign Neglect—Race, Crime, and Punishment in America (Oxford University Press 1995); reprinted in part in Criminal Procedures: Cases, Statutes, and Executive Materials, edited by Marc L. Miller and Ronald F. Wright (Aspen 1998); in part in Foundations of Criminal Law, edited by Leo Katz, Michael S. Moore, and Stephen J. Morse (Oxford University Press 1999); in part in Sentencing Law and Policy, edited byNora Demleitner, Douglas Berman, Ronald Wright, and Marc Miller (Aspen 2003); in part in Social Science and the Law, 6th ed., edited by John Monahan and Laurens Walker (Foundation 2006); in part in Criminal Law: A Contemporary Approach, edited by Kate E. Bloch and Kevin C. McGunigal (Aspen 2005); in part in Sentencing Law and Policy—Cases, Statutes, and Guidelines, 2d ed.,edited by Nora Demleitner, Douglas Berman, Marc Miller, and Ronald Wright (Aspen 2007); chapter 3 reprinted inpart in Criminal Law Cases and Materials, edited by John Kaplan, Robert Weisberg, and Guyora Binder (Aspen 2000 [3d ed.], 2004 [4th ed.], 5th ed. [2006], 6th ed. [2008]); chapter 7 reprinted in part in Principled Sentencing—Readings on Theory andPractice, edited by Andrew von Hirsch, Andrew Ashworth, and Julian Roberts, 3d ed. (Hart 2009); chapter 1 reprinted in Thinking about Punishment, by Michael Tonry (Ashgate 2009); chapters 1 and 2 reprinted in part in Sentencing Law and Policy--Cases, Statutes, Guidelines, 3d ed., edited by Nora v. Demleitner, Douglas A. Berman, Marc L. Miller, and Ronald F. Wright (Wolters Klumer 2013). (paperback 1996)

Human Development and Criminal Behavior: New Ways of Advancing Knowledge. (Springer 1991), with Lloyd E. Ohlin, and David P. Farrington. (paperback 2011)

Between Prison and Probation—Intermediate Punishments in a Rational Sentencing System (Oxford University Press 1990), with Norval Morris; chapter 2 reprinted in

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Corrections Contexts, edited by James M. Marquart and Jonathan R. Sorensen (Roxbury 1997); The Criminal Justice System: Politics and Policies, 7th ed., edited by George F. Cole and Marc G. Gertz (Wadsworth 1998); in The Criminal Justice System:Politics and Policies, edited by George F. Cole. Marc G. Gertz, and Amy Bunger, 8th ed. (Wadsworth 2001); and in The Criminal Justice System: Politics and Policies, 9th ed., edited by George F. Cole, Marc C. Gertz, and Amy Bunger (Cengage 2009); chapter 4 reprinted in Thinking about Punishment, by Michael Tonry (Ashgate 2009).

(paperback 1991)

The Sentencing Commission—Guidelines for Criminal Sanctions (Northeastern University Press 1987); with Kay Knapp and Andrew von Hirsch.

Sentencing Reform Impacts (U.S. Government Printing Office 1987); reprinted Diane Publishing Co. (1997).

Hypnotically Refreshed Testimony: Enhanced Memory or Tampering with the Evidence? (U.S. Government Printing Office 1985); with Martin T. Orne and others.

Books, as editor:

Reinventing American Criminal Justice (University of Chicago Press 2017); editor with Daniel S. Nagin.

Sentencing Policies and Practices in Western Countries—Comparative and Cross-national Perspectives (University of Chicago Press 2016). (paperback 2016)

Why Crime Rates Fall, and Why They Don’t (University of Chicago Press 2014).

(paperback 2015)

The Oxford Handbook of Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration (Oxford University Press 2014); with Sandra Bucerius. Crime and Justice in America, 1975-2025 (University of Chicago 2013).

(paperback 2014)

Prosecutors and Politics: A Comparative Perspective (University of Chicago Press 2012). (paperback 2013)

The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice (Oxford University Press 2011). (paperback 2013)

Retributivism Has a Past. Has It a Future? (Oxford University Press 2011).

Crime and Justice in Scandinavia (University of Chicago Press 2011); with Tapio Lappi-Seppälä. (paperback 2012)

Why Punish? How Much? (Oxford University Press 2011); chapter 1 reprinted in California Criminal Law, Cases, Problems and Materials, 2d ed., edited by John E. B. Myers (West Publishing 2014). (paperback 2011)

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The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Public Policy (Oxford University Press 2009). (paperback 2011)

Crime, Punishment, and Politics in Comparative Perspective (University of Chicago Press 2007). (paperback 2008)

Crime and Justice in the Netherlands (University of Chicago Press 2007); with Catrien Bijleveld. (paperback 2008)

Crime and Punishment in Western Countries, 1980-99 (University of Chicago Press 2005); with David P. Farrington. (paperback 2006)

The Future of Imprisonment (Oxford University Press 2004). (paperback 2006)

Cross-national Studies of Crime and Justice (U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics 2004); with David P. Farrington and Patrick Langan.

Youth Crime and Youth Justice: Comparative and Cross-national Perspectives (University of Chicago Press 2004); with Anthony Doob. (paperback 2005)

Confronting Crime: Crime Control under New Labour (Willan 2003).

Ideology, Crime and Criminal Justice: A Symposium in Honour of Sir Leon Radzinowicz (Willan 2002); with Anthony E. Bottoms. Reprinted 2012 (Routledge).

Reform and Punishment: The Future of Sentencing (Willan 2002); with Susan A. Rex. Reprinted 2012 (Routledge).

Penal Reform in Overcrowded Times (Oxford University Press 2001). (paperback 2001)

Sentencing and Sanctions in Western Countries (Oxford University Press 2001); with Richard S. Frase; chapter 1 reprinted in Thinking about Punishment, by Michael Tonry (Ashgate 2009). (paperback 2001)

Prisons (University of Chicago Press 1999); with Joan Petersilia. (paperback 2000)

The Handbook of Crime and Punishment (Oxford University Press 1998). (paperback 2000)

Youth Violence (University of Chicago Press 1998); with Mark H. Moore. (paperback 1999)

Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration—Comparative and Cross-national Perspectives (University of Chicago Press 1997). (paperback 1997)

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Sentencing Reform in Overcrowded Time—A Comparative Perspective (Oxford University Press 1997); with Kathleen Hatlestad. (paperback 1997)

Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention (University of Chicago Press 1995); with David P. Farrington. (paperback 1995)

Intermediate Sanctions in Overcrowded Times (Northeastern University Press 1995); with Kate Hamilton.

Beyond the Law: Crime in Complex Organizations (University of Chicago Press 1993);with Albert J. Reiss, Jr. (paperback 1994)

Modern Policing (University of Chicago Press 1992); with Norval Morris [Portuguese version published in 2003 by Editora da Universidade de Saõ Paolo as Policiamento Moderno (Brazil)]. (paperback 1993)

Drugs and Crime (University of Chicago Press 1990); with James Q. Wilson. (paperback 1991)

Family Violence (University of Chicago Press 1989); with Lloyd Ohlin. (paperback 1990)

Managing Appeals in Federal Courts (U.S. Government Printing Office 1988); with Robert A. Katzmann.

Prediction and Classification (University of Chicago Press 1987); with Don M. Gottfredson. (paperback 1989)

Communities and Crime (University of Chicago Press 1986); with Albert J. Reiss, Jr. [Japanese version published in two volumes in 1994 and 1995 by Joshi Bohan Kenkyu of Tokyo]. (paperback 1988)

Reform and Punishment—Essays on Criminal Sentencing (University of Chicago Press1983); with Franklin E. Zimring.

Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform, report of the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Sentencing Research (National Academy Press 1983); co-editor withothers (and principal author of Chapters 1, 3, and 4).

Transfer between Courts, Juvenile Justice Standards Project (American Bar Association and Institute for Judicial Administration 1977), special editor (and ghost-writer).

Crime and Justice—A Review of Research, volumes 1-46 (University of Chicago Press 1979-2017); editor.

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Articles:

“From Policing to Parole: Reconfiguring American Criminal Justice Systems,” in Reinventing American Criminal Justice, edited by Michael Tonry and Daniel S. Nagin (University of Chicago Press 2017).

“Making American Sentencing Just, Humane, and Effective,” in Reinventing AmericanCriminal Justice, edited by Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press 2017).

“What Should We Expect from Police Data: Can They Tell Us Whether Crime Rates Rise or Fall?” in Cahiers Politiestudies 2016(4):13-24 (2016).

“Evidence-based Penal Policies and Practices,” in Kriminalität, Kriminalitätskontrolle,Strafvollzug, und Menschenrechte, edited by Hans-Jörg Albrecht (Duncker & Humblot,Berlin 2016).

“Differences in National Sentencing Systems and the Differences They Make,” in Sentencing Policies and Practices in Western Countries—Comparative and Cross-national Perspectives, edited by Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press 2016).

“Equality and Human Dignity: The Missing Ingredients in American Sentencing,” in Sentencing Policies and Practices in Western Countries—Comparative and Cross-national Perspectives, edited by Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press 2016).

“The Fog Around Cost-of-Crime Studies May Finally Be Clearing: Prisoners and TheirKids Suffer Too.” Criminology and Public Policy 14(4):653-71 (2015).

“Is Cross-national and Comparative Research on the Criminal Justice System Useful?” European Journal of Criminology 12:505-16 (2015).

“Foreword,” Routledge Handbook of Irish Criminology, edited by Claire Hamilton andDeirdre Healy (Routledge 2015).

“Federal Sentencing “Reform” since 1984: The Awful as Enemy of the Good,” in Crime and Justice—A Review of Research, volume 44, edited by Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press 2015).

“Thinking about Punishment across Space and Time,” Kriminologijos Studijos 2014(1):5-30 (2014).

“Why Crime Rates Are Falling throughout the Western World,” in Why Crime Rates Fall, and Why They Don’t, edited by Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press 2014).

“Remodeling American Sentencing: A Ten-step Blueprint for Moving Past Mass Incarceration,” Criminology and Public Policy 13(4):503-33 (2014).

“Legal and Ethical Issues in the Prediction of Recidivism,” Federal Sentencing Reporter 26(3):167-76 (2014).

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“Can Deserts be Just in an Unjust World?” in Liberal Criminal Theory: Essays for Andreas von Hirsch, edited by A.P. Simester, Ulfrid Neumann, and Antje du Bois-Pedain (Hart 2014).

“Understanding Relations among Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration,” in The Oxford Handbook of Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration, edited by Sandra Bucerius andMichael Tonry (Oxford University Press 2014).

"Understanding Crime Trends in Italy and Elsewhere," in Organized Crime, Corruption, and Crime Prevention: Essays in Honor of Ernesto U. Savona, edited by Stefano Caneppele and F. Calderoni (Springer 2013).

“Evidence, Ideology, and Politics in the Making of American Criminal Justice Policy,” in Crime and Justice in America, 1975-2025, edited by Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press 2013).

“Sentencing in America, 1975-2025,” in Crime and Justice in America, 1975-2025, edited by Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press 2013).

“‘Nothing’ Works: Sentencing ‘Reform’ in Canada and the United States,” Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 2013:465-79 (2013).

“Learning Cross-nationally from Josine Junger-Tas: How Knowledge about Other Places and Times Helps Us Better Understand Our Own,” European Journal of Criminal Policy and Research 19:85-90 (2013).

“Thinking about Punishment across Space and Time.” In Kriminologie - Kriminalpolitk - Strafrecht. Festschrift für Hans-Jürgen Kerner zum 70. Geburtstag, edited by Klaus Boers, Thomas Feltes, Jörg Kinzig, Lawrence W. Sherman, Franz Streng, und Gerson Trüg (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck 2013).

"Why Aren’t Penal Policies Harsher and Penal Experiences of Non-citizens Less Severe in Switzerland? Essays in Honor of Martin Killias" in Criminology, Criminal Policy and Criminal Law in an International Perspective, edited by André Kuhn, Christian Schwarzenegger, Pierre Margot, Andreas Donatsch, Marcelo F. Aebi, and Daniel Jositsch (Stämpfli Verlag, Bern 2013).

“Prosecutors and Politics in Comparative Perspective,” in Prosecutors and Politics in Comparative Perspective, edited by Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press 2012).

“The U.S. Sentencing Commission’s Best Response to Booker Is to Do Nothing,” Federal Sentencing Reporter 24(5):387-93 (2012).

“ ‘Wrongful’ Acquittals and ‘Unduly Lenient’ Sentences—Misconceived Problems thatProvoke Unjust Solutions,” in Principled Approaches to Criminal Law and Criminal Justice—Essays in Honour of Professor Andrew Ashworth, edited by Julian Roberts and Lucia Zedner (Oxford University Press 2012).

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“The Future of Sentencing and Its Control,” in Criminological Controversies and Their Resolutions, edited by Rolf Loeber and Brandon Welsh (Oxford University Press2012).

“Race, Ethnicity, and Punishment,” in The Oxford Handbook of Sentencing and Corrections, edited by Joan Petersilia and Kevin Reitz (Oxford University Press 2012).

“A nemzeti büntetőpolitikák magyarázatai és ezek kelet-közép-európai vonatkozásai” (Explanations of National Punishment Policies and their Implications for Central and Eastern Europe), Kriminológiai Tanulmányok 47:51-63 (2011).

“Crime, Criminal Justice, and Criminology in Scandinavia,” in Crime and Justice in Scandinavia, edited by Michael Tonry and Tapio Lappi-Seppälä (University of ChicagoPress 2011); with Tapio Lappi-Seppälä.

“Foreword,” in Resisting Punitiveness in Europe, edited by Sonja Snacken and Els Dumortier (Routledge 2011).

“Making Peace, Not a Desert: Penal Reform Should Be About Values Not Justice Reinvestment.” Criminology and Public Policy 10 (3):637-48 (2011).

“Can Twenty-first Century Punishment Policies be Justified in Principle?”In Retributivism Has a Past. Has It a Future? edited by Michael Tonry (Oxford University Press 2011).

“Alle Radici delle Politiche Penali Americane. Una Storia Nazionale,” Criminalstai: Annuario di scienze penalistiche 2011:91-124 (2011).

“Foreword,” in Crime and Punishment in Contemporary Greece, edited by Leonidas Cheliotis and Sappho Xenakis (Peter Lang AG 2011).

“Juvenile Justice Cross-nationally Considered,” in The Oxford Handbook of Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice, edited by Barry Feld and Donna Bishop (Oxford University Press 2011) (with Colleen Chambers).

“Crime and Criminal Justice,” in The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice,edited by Michael Tonry (Oxford University Press 2011).

“Punishment,” in The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice, edited by Michael Tonry (Oxford University Press 2011).

“Mandatory Penalties,” in The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice, editedby Michael Tonry (Oxford University Press 2011).

“Probation and Community Penalties,” in The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice, edited by Michael Tonry (Oxford University Press 2011).

“Less Imprisonment is No Doubt a Good Thing; More Policing Probably is Not,” Criminology and Public Policy 10(1):137-52 (2011); reprinted in Blacks Behind Bars:

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African Americans, Policing, and the Prison Boom, edited by Ray von Robertson (Cognella Academic 2013).

“Less Imprisonment, Less Crime: A Reply to Daniel Nagin,” in Contemporary Issues in Criminological Theory and Research, 2d. ed, edited by Richard Rosenfeld, Kenna Quinet, and Crystal A. Garcia (Cengage 2011).

“The Costly Consequences of Populist Posturing: ASBOs, Victims, ‘Rebalancing’, and Diminution of Support for Civil Liberties,” Punishment & Society 12(4):387-413 (2010).

“‘Public Criminology’ and Evidence-based Policy,” Criminology and Public Policy 9(4):783-97 (2010).

“The Social, Psychological, and Political Causes of Racial Disparities in the American Criminal Justice System,” in Crime and Justice—A Review of Research, volume 39, edited by Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press 2010).

“Foreword,” in Ranking Correctional Punishments: Views from Offenders, Practitioners, and the Public, by David C. May and Peter B. Wood (Carolina Academic Press 2010).

“Foreword,” in Offenders on Offending—Learning About Crime from Criminals, editedby Wim Bernasco (Willan 2010).

“Evidence-based Penal Policies and Practices,” in Günter Kaiser Memorial Conference, edited by Hans-Jörg Albrecht (Max Planck Institute 2010).

“The Questionable Relevance of Previous Convictions to Punishments for Later Crimes,” in Previous Convictions at Sentencing: Theoretical and Applied Perspectives,edited by Julian Roberts and Andrew von Hirsch. (Hart 2010).

“Foreword,” in Race, Crime and Criminal Justice, edited by Anita Kalunta-Crumpton (Palgrave Macmillan 2010).

“Rebalancing the Criminal Justice System in Favour of the Victim: Victims’ Programmes, Policies, and Politics in England and Wales,” in Hearing the Victim: Adversarial Justice, Crime Victims, and the State, edited by Anthony E. Bottoms and Julian Roberts (Willan 2010).

“Amerikano Keibatsu Seisaku Ga Shungen Na Riyuu,” in Gurobaruka Suru Genbatsuka To Popurizumu, edited by Koichi Hamai and Nihon Hanzai Shakai (Tokyo, Gendaijinbunsha 2009).

“Emerging Explanations of American Punishment Policies—A Natural History,” Punishment & Society 11:377-94 (2009); reprinted in Thinking about Punishment, by Michael Tonry (Ashgate 2009).

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“The Mostly Unintended Effects of Mandatory Penalties: Two Centuries of Consistent Findings,” in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 38, edited by Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press 2009)

“Crime and Public Policy,” in The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Public Policy, edited by Michael Tonry (Oxford University Press 2009).

“Antisocial Behavior” (with Harriet Bildsten), in The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Public Policy, edited by Michael Tonry (Oxford University Press 2009).

“The Untold Story of America’s First Sentencing Commission,” in Federal SentencingReporter 21(4): 265–270 (2009).

“Foreword,” in Sex Offender Laws: Failed Policies, New Directions, edited by RichardD. Wright (Springer 2009).

“Why Are American Penal Policies so Harsh?” Japanese Journal of Sociological Criminology 33:11-28 (2008).

“Crime and Human Rights: How Political Paranoia, Protestant Fundamentalism, and Constitutional Obsolescence Combined to Devastate Black America,” Criminology 46:1-33 (2008).

“The Malign Effects of Drugs and Crime Control Policies on Black Americans,” (with Matthew Melewski), in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 37, edited by Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press 2008); reprinted in Thinking about Punishment, by Michael Tonry (Ashgate 2009)..

“Learning from the Limitations of Deterrence Research,” in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 37, edited by Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press 2008).

“Onderzoek naar afschrikking: de noodzaak om klein te denken als we iets nieuws willen leren,” in Justitiële Verkenningen 34(2):98-117 (2008).

“Why Have Dutch Penal Policies and Practices become More Punitive?” in Op het rechte pad: Peter J. P. Tak bundel, edited by Y. Buruma, J. Fleuren, P.H. van Kempen, F. Kusters, and T. Mertens (Wolf Legal Publishers 2008).

“Foreword,” in When Children Kill: Penal Populism and Political Culture, by David A. Green (Oxford University Press 2007).

“Preface,” in Legitimacy and Criminal Justice—International Perspectives, edited by Tom R. Tyler (Russell Sage Foundation 2007).

“Sentencing in South Africa,” in Sentencing in South Africa (Open Society Foundation of South Africa 2007).

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“Penal Policy, Political Culture, and Constitutional Obsolescence,” in Penal Policy: Justice Reform and Social Exclusion, edited by Kauko Aromaa (European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, Helsinki 2007).

“Crime Does Not Cause Punishment: The Impact of Sentencing Policy on Levels of Crime,” South African Crime Quarterly 20:13-20 (June 2007).

“Determinants of Penal Policies,” in Crime, Punishment, and Politics in Comparative Perspective, edited by Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press 2007); reprinted in Thinking about Punishment, by Michael Tonry (Ashgate 2009).

“Crime, Criminal Justice, and Criminology in the Netherland” (with Catrien Bijleveld), in Crime and Justice in the Netherlands, edited by Michael Tonry and Catrien Bijleveld (University of Chicago Press 2007).

“Looking Back to See the Future of Punishment in America,” Social Research 74(2): 353-78 (2007).

“Polityka Karna, Kultura Polityczna, A Zasady Konstytcyyjnet” (Penal Policy, PoliticalCulture, and Constitutional Obsolescence), Archiwum Kriminologii (Polish Archives ofCriminology) 27:95-110 (2007).

“Treating Juveniles as Adult Criminals: An Iatrogenic Violence Prevention Strategy if Ever There Was One,” American Journal of Preventive Medicine (2007).

“Purposes and Functions of Sentencing,” Crime and Justice, Volume 34, edited by Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press 2006); reprinted in part in Sentencing Lawand Policy—Cases, Statutes, and Guidelines, 2d ed., edited by Nora Demleitner, Douglas Berman, Marc Miller, and Ronald Wright (Aspen 2007); reprinted in Thinkingabout Punishment, by Michael Tonry (Ashgate 2009); reprinted in part in Sentencing Law and Policy--Cases, Statutes, Guidelines, 3d ed., edited by Nora v. Demleitner, Douglas A. Berman, Marc L. Miller, and Ronald F. Wright (Wolters Klumer 2013).

.“¿Debe México armonizar su sistema punitivo de Derecho Penal?” in Hacia la unificación del Derecho Penal, edited by Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Penales and Instituto Max Planck para el Derecho Penal Extranjero e Internacional. Logros y deafíos de la armonización y homologación en México y en el mundo (Mexico City: INACIPE 2006).

“Successful Transition and Reentry for Safer Communities: A Call to Action for Parole,” with Peggy Burke (Council of State Governments 2006).

“Criminology, Mandatory Minimums, and Public Policy,” Criminology and Public Policy 5(1):45-56 (2006).

“The Prospects for Institutionalization of Restorative Justice Initiatives in Western Countries,” in Institutionalizing Restorative Justice, edited by Ivo Aertsen, Tom Daems, and Luc Robert (Willan 2006).

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“Punishment and Crime across Space and Time” (with David P. Farrington), in Crime and Punishment in Western Countries, 1980-1999, edited by Michael Tonry and David P. Farrington (Chicago 2005).

“Cross-national Measures of Punitiveness” (with Alfred Blumstein and Asheley van Ness), in Crime and Punishment in Western Countries, 1980-1999, edited by Michael Tonry and David P. Farrington (Chicago 2005).

“Obsolescence and Immanence in Penal Theory and Policy,” Columbia Law Review 105: 1233-75 (2005); reprinted in Thinking about Punishment, by Michael Tonry (Ashgate 2009).

“The Functions of Sentencing and Sentencing Reform,” Stanford Law Review 58:37-66(2005).

“Why Are Europe’s Crime Rates Falling?” Criminology in Europe 5:1, 8-11 (2005).

“Why Aren’t German Penal Policies Harsher and Imprisonment Rates Higher?” German Law Review (2004) 5:1187-1206.

“Has the Prison a Future?” In The Future of Imprisonment, edited by Michael Tonry (Oxford University Press 2004).

“Crime,” in Handbook of Social Problems, edited by George Ritzer (Sage 2004); reprinted in Contemporary Readings in Social Problems, edited by Anna Leon-Guerrero and Kristine Zentgraf (Pine Forge Press 2009). .

“Criminology and Criminal Justice Research in Europe,” in Developments in Criminology and Criminal Justice Research, edited by Gerben Bruinsma, Henk Elffers,and Jan de Keijser (Willan 2004).

“Cambridge Institute of Criminology,” Criminology in Europe 3:1, 20-22 (2004).

"Varieties of Youth Justice," (with Anthony Doob), in Youth Crime and Youth Justice, edited by Michael Tonry and Anthony Doob (Chicago 2004).

“Evidence, Elections and Ideology in the Making of Criminal Justice Policy,” in Confronting Crime: Crime Control under New Labour, edited by Michael Tonry (Willan 2003).

“Is Sentencing in England and Wales Institutionally Racist?” (with Amanda Matravers), in Confronting Crime: Crime Control under New Labour, edited by Michael Tonry (Willan 2003).

“Reducing the Prison Population,” in Confronting Crime: Crime Control under New Labour, edited by Michael Tonry (Willan 2003).

“Criminology and Public Policy in the US and UK” (with David A. Green), in The Criminological Foundations of Penal Policy, edited by Andrew Ashworth and Lucia Zedner (Oxford University Press 2003).

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“The Death Penalty in the United States,” in Zwischen Mediation und Lebenslang - Neue Wege in der Kriminalitätsbekämpfurg, edited by Volker Dittmar, André Kuhn, Renie Maag, and Hans Wiprächtiger (Chur/Zurich: Verlag Rüegger 2002).

“Setting Sentencing Policy through Guidelines,” in Reform and Punishment: The Future of Sentencing, edited by Sue A. Rex and Michael Tonry (Willan 2002).

“Reconsidering Sentencing and Punishment in England and Wales” (with Sue A. Rex), in Reform and Punishment: The Future of Sentencing, edited by Sue A. Rex and Michael Tonry (Willan 2002).

“Transnational” “Organized” “Crime,” in The Containment of Transnational Organized Crime, edited by Hans-Jörg Albrecht and Cyrille Fijnault (Freiburg: Max-Planck-Institute 2002).

“Community Penalties in the United States,” in Community Sanctions and Measures inEurope and North America, edited by Hans-Jörg Albrecht and Anton van Kalmthout (Freiburg, Germany: Max-Planck Institute 2002).

“Foreword” to Sentencing and Society: International Perspectives, edited by Neil Hutton and Cyrus Tata (Ashgate 2002).

“Symbol, Substance, and Severity in Western Penal Policies,” Punishment and Society (2001) 3 (4): 517-36; reprinted in Thinking about Punishment, by Michael Tonry (Ashgate 2009).

“Punishment Policies and Politics in America,” in Invitation to Corrections, by Clemens Bartollas (Allyn and Bacon 2001).

“Prisons and Imprisonment,” in the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, edited by Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes (Elsevier Science 2001).

“Unthought Thoughts—the Influences of Changing Sensibilities on Penal Policies” Punishment and Society (2001) 3(1):167-81; reprinted in Mass Imprisonment in the United States: Social Causes and Consequences, edited by David Garland (Sage 2001).

“Punishment Policies and Patterns in Western Countries,” in Sentencing and Sanctions in Western Countries, edited by Michael Tonry and Richard S. Frase (Oxford University Press 2001); reprinted in Thinking about Punishment, by Michael Tonry (Ashgate 2009).

“Penal Policy at the Beginning of the 21st Century,” in Penal Reform in Overcrowded Times, edited by Michael Tonry (Oxford University Press 2001).

“Interactions between Immigration and Crime Control Policies in the United States” (with Leena Kurki), in Detention of Illegal Aliens (2001), edited by Anton von Kalmthout and Hans-Jörg Albrecht. Freiburg, Germany: Max-Planck Institute.

“Prison,” World Book Year Book–2000 (World Book Publications 2000).

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“Federal Sentencing can be Made More Just, if the Sentencing Commission Wants toMake it So,” Federal Sentencing Reporter (September-October 1999).

“Foreword” to Crime and Morality: The Significance of Criminal Justice in a Post-Modern Culture, by J.C.J. Boutellier (Kluwer 1999).

“American Prisons at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century” (with Joan Petersilia), in Prisons, edited by Michael Tonry and Joan Petersilia (University of Chicago Press 1999), pp. 1-16.

“Community Penalties in the United States,” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research (1999) 7(1):5-22.

“Why Are U.S. Incarceration Rates So High?,” 45 Crime and Delinquency (October 1999), pp. 419-37; reprinted in Overcrowded Times (1999) 10(3): 1, 8-16; in The Angolite 25(1): 26-33; in Penal Reform in Overcrowded Times, edited by Michael Tonry (Oxford University Press 2001); in Order Under Law, 6th ed., edited by Robert C. Culbertson and Ralph A. Weisheit (Waveland 2001); in Crime and Criminal Justice,edited by William T. Lyons, Jr. (Ashgate 2006); and in part in Sentencing Law and Policy—Cases, Statutes, and Guidelines, 2d ed., edited by Nora Demleitner, Douglas Berman, Marc Miller, and Ronald Wright (Aspen 2007); reprinted in part in Sentencing Law and Policy--Cases, Statutes, Guidelines, 3d ed., edited by Nora v. Demleitner, Douglas A. Berman, Marc L. Miller, and Ronald F. Wright (Wolters Klumer 2013). .

“Rethinking Unthinkable Punishment Policies in America,” 46 UCLA Law Review 1751-91 (1999).

“Fragmentation of Sentencing and Corrections in America,” Sentencing & Corrections: Issues for the 21st Century (U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1999); reprinted in Overcrowded Times (August 1999); Penal Reform in Overcrowded Times, edited by Michael Tonry (Oxford University Press 2001); and Alternatives to Incarceration 6(2):9-13 (2000).

“Reconsidering Indeterminate and Structured Sentencing,” Sentencing & Corrections: Issues for the 21st Century (U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice, 1999).

“Parochialism in American Sentencing Policy,” 45 Crime and Delinquency (January 1999), pp. 48-65.

“Prison,” World Book Year Book–1999 (World Book Publications 1999).

“Transfer of Criminal Justice Policies across National Boundaries,” in Internationale Perspektiven in Kriminologie und Strafrecht, edited by Hans-Jörg Albrecht et al. (Duncker & Humblot 1998).

“A Comparative Perspective on Minority Groups, Crime, and Criminal Justice,” European Journal on Crime, Criminal Law, and Criminal Justice (1998), 6(1):60-73.

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“Youth Violence in America” (with Mark H. Moore), in Youth Violence, edited by Michael Tonry and Mark H. Moore (University of Chicago Press 1998), pp.1-26.

“Intermediate Sanctions,” in The Handbook of Crime and Punishment, edited by Michael Tonry (Oxford University Press 1998).

“Crime and Punishment in America,” in The Handbook of Crime and Punishment, edited by Michael Tonry (Oxford University Press 1998).

“Building Better Policies on Better Knowledge,” in The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society: Looking Back, Looking Forward (U.S. Government Printing Office 1998).

“Intermediate Sanctions in Sentencing Guidelines,” in Crime and Justice, Volume 23 (University of Chicago Press 1998), pp. 199-253; reprinted in Criminal Justice: Concepts and Issues, 3rd ed., edited by Chris W. Eskridge (Roxbury 1999); 4th ed. (2004).

“Prison,” World Book Year Book – 1998 (World Book Publications 1998).

“Building Safer Societies: Crime Prevention in Developed Countries,” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research (1997), 5(3):49-60.

“Interchangeability, Desert Limits, and Equivalence of Function,” in Principled Sentencing: Readings in Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., edited by Andrew von Hirsch and Andrew Ashworth (Hart Publishing 1998).

“Forfeiture Laws, Practices, and Controversies in the U.S.,” European Journal on Crime, Criminal Law, and Criminal Justice (1997), 5(3):294-307.

“President Clinton, Mandatory Minimums, and Disaffirmative Action,” Tikkun (1997), 12(6):32, 71-73.

“Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration,” in Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration—Comparative and Cross-National Perspectives, edited by Michael Tonry (University ofChicago Press 1997). Reprinted in part in Criminal Law: Cases and Materials, edited by Dan Kahan, Neal Katzal, and Tracey Meares (Foundation 2007); reprinted in Thinking about Punishment, by Michael Tonry (Ashgate 2009).

“Gender, Race, and Sentencing” (with Kathleen Daly), in Crime and Justice, volume 22 (University of Chicago Press 1997), pp. 201-52.

“Prison,” World Book Year Book–1997 (World Book Publications 1997).

“Gewinnabschöpfung in den USA,” in Möglichkeiten der Gewinnabschöpfung zur Bekämpfung der Organisierten Kriminalität (1997), edited by Michael Kilchling. Freiburg, Germany: Max-Planck Institute.

“Controlling Prison Population Size,” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research (1996), 4(3):26-45.

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“The Effects of the American War on Drugs on Black Americans, 1980-96,” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research (1996), 4(2):36-62.

“Intermediate Sanctions” (with Mary Lynch), in Crime and Justice, Volume 20 (University of Chicago Press 1996), pp. 99-144.

“Prison,” World Book Year Book–1996 (World Book Publications 1996).

“Between Prison and Probation: The Development of Intermediate Sanctions in Western Countries or Be Careful What You Ask for in Community Corrections Programmes Because You May Get It.” The Sixth Eva Saville Memorial Lecture. London: Institute for the Study and Treatment of Delinquency (June 1995).

“Twenty Years of Sentencing Reform,” 78 Judicature (January 1995), pp. 169-72; reprinted in University of Minnesota Law School Alumni Journal (1996); in Essays on Criminal Justice, edited by Marilyn McShane and Frank P. Williams (Garland 1997); in Criminal Justice Policy, edited by Jodi S. Lane and Joan Petersilia (Edward Elgar 1998); in Judicial Politics—Readings from Judicature, 2nd ed., edited by Elliot Slotnick (American Judicature Society 1999); and in Judicial Politics: Readings from Judicature, 3rd ed., edited by Elliot Slotnick (CQ Press 2005).

“Law and Crime Prevention,” in Integrating Crime Prevention Strategies: Propensity and Opportunity, edited by Per-Olof Wikström (Stockholm: BROD 1995), pp. 69-88.

“Intermediate Sanctions in Sentencing Reform,” 2 University of Chicago Law School Roundtable (1995), pp. 391-411.

“Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention” (with David P. Farrington), in Building a Safer Society, edited by Michael Tonry and David P. Farrington (University of ChicagoPress 1995), pp. 1-20.

“The Rockefeller Drug Laws” and “Mandatory Sentencing,” in Encyclopedia of Drugsand Alcohol, edited by Gerald Jaffe (Macmillan 1995).

“Wrong Place, Wrong Time.” Times Literary Supplement, April 18, 1995, pp. 25-26.

“Sentencing Reform Across National Boundaries,” in The Politics of Sentencing Reform, edited by Chris Clarkson and Rod Morgan (Oxford University Press 1995).

“Sentencing Reforms and Racial Disparities,” 78 Judicature (November-December 1994), pp. 118-19, 159-60.

“Sentencing Guidelines, Disadvantaged Offenders, and Racial Disparities.” Philosophyand Public Policy (Fall 1994), pp. 7-13.

“Special Report on New Proposals for Fighting Crime in America,” “Prison,” and “Crime,” World Book Year Book—1995 (World Book Publications 1995).

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“Racial Politics, Racial Disparities, and the War on Crime,” 40 Crime and Delinquency(October 1994), pp. 475-94; reprinted in New Perspectives in Criminology, edited by John E. Conklin (Allyn & Bacon 1995); in Race and Criminal Justice, edited by Barbara Hudson (Dartmouth 1996); in Examining the Justice Process: A Reader, editedby James Inciardi (Wadsworth 1996); in Politics, Crime Control, and Culture, edited by Stuart A. Scheingold (Dartmouth 1997); in Race and Ethnic Relations in the UnitedStates: Readings for the 21st Century, edited by Christopher G. Ellison and W. Allen Martin (Roxbury 1998); in Criminology: A Reader, edited by Frank R. Scarpitti and Amie L. Nielsen (Roxbury 1998); in The Criminal Justice System: Politics and Policies, 7th ed., edited by George F. Cole and Marc G. Gertz (Wadsworth 1998); Crime and Criminals: Contemporary and Classic Readings, edited by Frank R. Scarpitti and Amie L. Nielsen (Roxbury 1999); in Perspectives: Race and Crime, edited by Robert L. Bing III and Alejandro del Carmen (Courselinks 2000); in The Criminal Justice System: Politics and Policies, edited by George F. Cole, Marc G. Gertz, and Amy Burger, 8th edition (Wadsworth 2002); in Race, Class, Gender and Justice in the United States, edited by Charles E. Reasons, Darlene J. Conley, and Julius Debro (Allyn & Bacon 2002); in Boundaries: Readings in Deviance, Crime, andJustice, edited by Bradley R. E. Wright, Jr. and Ralph B. McNeal, Jr (Prentice Hall 2002); and in The Criminal Justice System: Politics and Policies, 9th ed., edited by George F. Cole, Marc C. Gertz, and Amy Bunger (Cengage 2009).

“Racial Disparities in Courts and Prisons,” Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health (October 1994).

“Race and the War on Drugs,” University of Chicago Legal Forum 1994: 25-81..

“Prison,” World Book Year Book—1994 (World Book Publications 1994).

“Proportionality, Parsimony, and Interchangeability of Punishments,” in Penal Theory and Penal Practice, edited by R. A. Duff, S. E. Marshall, R. E. Dobash, and R. P. Dobash (Manchester University Press 1994); reprinted in The Philosophy of Punishment, edited by R. A. Duff and D. Garland (Oxford University Press 1994) and and in Why Punish? How Much? A Reader on Punishment, edited by Michael Tonry (Oxford University Press 2011); reprinted in part in Principled Sentencing: Readings in Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., edited by Andrew von Hirsch and Andrew Ashworth (Hart Publishing 1998); Sentencing and Penal Policy in Canada, edited by Allan Manson, Patrick Healy, and Gary Trotter (Emond Montgomery Publications 2000); Sentencing and Penal Policy in Canada, edited by Allan Manson, Patrick Healy, and Gary Trotter, 2nd ed. (Edmond Montgomery Publications 2008).

“The Success of Judge Frankel’s Sentencing Commission,” Colorado Law Review 64:713-22 (1993).

“Racial Disproportion in U.S. Prisons,” British Journal of Criminology 34 (Special Issue): 97-116 (1994); reprinted in Prisons in Context, edited by Roy King and Mike Maguire (Oxford University Press 1994); in Incarcerating Criminals: Prisons and Jails in Social and Environmental Context, edited by Timothy J. Flanagan, James W. Marquart, and Kenneth Adams (Oxford University Press 1998); in Criminal Justice Policy, edited by Jodi S. Lane and Joan Petersilia (Edward Elgar 1998); in Imprisonment, edited by Roger Matthews (Dartmouth 1999); and in The Criminal

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Justice System: Politics and Policies, 9th ed., edited by George F. Cole, Marc C. Gertz,and Amy Bunger (Cengage 2009).

“Organizational Crime” (with Albert J. Reiss, Jr.), in Beyond the Law, edited by Michael Tonry and Albert J. Reiss, Jr. (University of Chicago Press 1993); reprinted inpart in Crimes of Privilege, edited by Neal Shover and John Paul Wright (Oxford University Press 2001).

“Sentencing Commissions and Their Guidelines,” in Crime and Justice, volume 17, edited by Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press 1993).

“Foreword” to Discretion in Criminal Justice, Lloyd Ohlin and Frank Remington, eds. (SUNY-Albany Press 1993).

“The Failure of the U.S. Sentencing Commission’s Guidelines,” 39 Crime and Delinquency (April 1993), pp. 131-49; reprinted in Crime and Justice—A Reader, edited by G. Larry Mays and Peter R. Gregware (Waveland 1995); in part in Criminal Law—Cases and Materials, 3rd ed., edited by John Kaplan, Robert Weisberg, and Guyora Binder (Little, Brown 1996); in The Administration and Management of Criminal Justice Institutions, 3rd ed., edited by Stan Stojkovic, John Klofas, and DavidKalinich (Waveland 1999); in The Administration and Management of Criminal Justice Organizations: A Book of Readings, edited by David Kalinich, Stan Stojkovic, and John Klofas, 4th. Ed. (Waveland); in part in Criminal Law Cases and Materials, edited by John Kaplan, Robert Weisberg, and Guyora Binder (Aspen 2000 [3d ed.], 2004 [4th ed.]), 2006 [5th ed.]), 2008 [6th ed.]).

“Special Report on the Growing U.S. Prison Population,” World Book Yearbook—1993(World Book Publications 1993).

“GAO Report Confirms Failure of U.S. Sentencing Commission’s Guidelines,” 5 Federal Sentencing Reporter 144 (1992).

“Mandatory Penalties,” in Crime and Justice, Volume 16 (University of Chicago Press 1992), pp. 243-73; reprinted in Crime, Inequality, and the State, edited by Mary Vogel (Routledge 2006); reprinted in Thinking about Punishment, by Michael Tonry (Ashgate2009).

“Judges and Sentencing Policy,” in Sentencing, Judicial Training, and Discretion, edited by Colin Munro and Martin Wasik (Butterworths 1992).

“Tribute to Sheldon L. Messinger” (with Norval Morris), 80 California Law Review 307 (1992).

“Salvaging the Sentencing Guidelines in Seven Easy Steps,” 4 Federal Sentencing Reporter 355 (1992); reprinted in Federal Criminal Law and Its Enforcement, 2nd ed., edited by Norman Abrams and Sara Sun Beale (West Publishing Company 1993); in 10Federal Sentencing Reporter 51-55 (1997); and in Federal Criminal Law and its Enforcement, 3rd ed., edited by Sara Sun Beale et al. (West 2000).

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“The Politics and Processes of Sentencing Commissions,” 37 Crime and Delinquency (July 1991), pp. 307-29.

“Mandatory Penalties and the U.S. Sentencing Commission’s ‘Mandatory’ Guidelines,” 4 Federal Sentencing Reporter 129 (1991).

“Public Prosecution and Hydro Engineering,” 75 Minnesota Law Review 971 (1991).

“Between Prison and Probation: Intermediate Punishments in a Rational Sentencing System” (with Norval Morris), NIJ Reports (January 1990); reprinted in Principled Sentencing, edited by Andrew von Hirsch and Andrew Ashworth (Northeastern University Press 1992); and in The Criminal Justice System: Politics and Policies, 9th ed., edited by George F. Cole, Marc C. Gertz, and Amy Bunger (Cengage 2009).

“Stated and Latent Functions of Intensive Supervision Probation,” 36 Crime and Delinquency (January 1990), pp. 174-91; reprinted in Opposing Viewpoints, 5th and later editions, edited by David L. Bender (Greenhaven Press 1991); and in Contemporary Community Corrections, 2nd ed., edited by Thomas Ellsworth (Waveland 2000).

“Research on Drugs and Crime,” in Drugs and Crime, edited by Michael Tonry and James Q. Wilson (University of Chicago Press 1990).

“Are the U.S. Sentencing Commission’s Guidelines ‘Working Well’?” 2 Federal Sentencing Reporter 122 (1989).

“Family Violence in Perspective” (with Lloyd Ohlin), in Family Violence, edited by Lloyd Ohlin and Michael Tonry (University of Chicago Press1989), pp. 1-18.

“Presiding in Criminal Court” (with Norval Morris), Judicature, pp. 7-11 (1988).

“Sentencing Guidelines and the Model Penal Code,” 19 Rutgers Law Review 823 (1988).

“Structuring Sentencing,” in Crime and Justice, volume 10, Michael Tonry and Norval Morris, eds. (University of Chicago Press 1988), pp. 267-337.

“A Survey of Sentencing Guidelines and their Effects,” in Andrew von Hirsch, Kay Knapp, and Michael Tonry, The Sentencing Commission (Northeastern University Press 1987); reprinted in part in Criminal Procedures: Cases, Statutes, and Executive Materials, edited by Marc L. Miller and Ronald F. Wright (1998 Aspen).

“Enforcing Sentencing Guidelines: Plea Bargaining and Review Mechanisms” (with John C. Coffee, Jr.), in Andrew von Hirsch, Kay Knapp, and Michael Tonry, The Sentencing Commission (Northeastern University Press 1987).

“Prediction and Classification: Legal and Ethical Issues,” in Prediction and Classification, Don M. Gottfredson and Michael Tonry, eds. (University of Chicago

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Press 1987), pp. 367-413; reprinted in part in Principled Sentencing, edited by Andrew von Hirsch and Andrew Ashworth (Northeastern University Press 1992) and in Principled Sentencing: Readings in Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., edited by Andrew von Hirsch and Andrew Ashworth (Hart Publishing 1998).

“Sentencing Commissions and Sentencing Guidelines—The Second Generation,” in Sentencing Reform in England: Guidance or Guidelines, Ken Pease and Martin Wasik, eds. (Manchester University Press 1987).

“Blacks, Crime Rates, and Prisons” (with Norval Morris), in The Pursuit of Criminal Justice, edited by Gordon Hawkins and Franklin E. Zimring (University of Chicago Press 1984).

“A Critical Review of Impact Evaluations of Sentencing Innovations” (with Jacqueline Cohen), in Research on Sentencing, volume 2 (National Academy Press 1983), pp. 305-459.

“Hard Choices” (with John C. Coffee, Jr.), in Reform and Punishment, Michael Tonry and Franklin E. Zimring, eds. (University of Chicago Press 1983), pp. 155-203.

“The Allocation of Sentencing Authority in the United States,” “Jury Sentencing,” and “Sentencing Councils,” Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice (3 vols., ed. Sanford H. Kadish, Macmillan 1983).

“Comparative Criminal Procedure—Symposium,” Maryland Law Review (1982).

“Criminal Law—the Missing Element in Sentencing Reform,” 35 Vanderbilt Law Review 607 (1982); also in 60 Waseda Law Review 671 (1985) [Japanese translation byTadashi Morijama]; reprinted in The Sentencing Process, edited by Martin Wasik (Dartmouth 1996).

“More Sentencing Reform in America,” Criminal Law Review, March 1982, pp. 157-67.

“Professional Mediation Services for Prisoners’ Complaints” (with William Reynolds), 67 American Bar Association Journal 294 (1981).

“Real Offense Sentencing—The Model Sentencing and Corrections Act,” 72 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 1550 (1981).

“The Sentencing Commission in Sentencing Reform,” 7 Hofstra Law Review 315 (1979).

“Sentencing Reform in America” (with Norval Morris), in Reshaping the Criminal Law—A Festschrift in Honor of Glanville Williams, Peter Glazebrook, ed. (Stevens, London 1978); reprinted in The Pursuit of Criminal Justice, edited by Gordon Hawkinsand Franklin E. Zimring (University of Chicago Press 1984); reprinted in Thinking about Punishment, by Michael Tonry (Ashgate 2009).

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“Juvenile Justice and the National Crime Commissions,” in Pursuing Justice for the Child, Margaret Rosenheim, ed. (University of Chicago Press 1976).

Review essay on Cannabis, Canadian Commission of Inquiry into the Non-medical Use of Drugs, and Marihuana—A Signal of Misunderstanding, U.S. National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, 82 Yale Law Journal 1736 (1973).

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