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8/11/2019 RPB_Yaounde2011_final.ppt
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Prevention (not cure!)Pest problems
Where are pesticides used? A Manual
Good Agricultural & Warehouse PracticesIPM (and RPU)What to Apply?How to apply pesticides?When to apply?MRLs: case studies and communicationPolicy issues
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Cocoa pesticides are therefor a reason
Black pod diseases:Phytophthora spp. especially
P. megakarya
losses of ~90% if left untreated
respond well to chemicalcontrol coupled with good culturalpractices (crop sanitation,shade management, etc. )
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Phytophthora disease controlTraditionally: copper (oxide,hydroxide, oxychloride etc .)protective: since 1760senhanced control with
copper mixed withmetalaxyl (1977; ~M: 1996)other new(ish) AIs promoted(e.g . Carboxylic Acid Amidecompounds: 1990s)- but are they whatfarmers want to use?
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Mirid blast (tree die back) Crop loss estimates (Ghana ann.of about 100,000 T)
Insects
so they are sprayed with insecticides
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Cl
H
Cl
Cl
H
Cl
Cl
HHH
Cl
P h o
t o :
G A M a t t h e w s
Originally with insecticides such asHCH (lindane): 1950s - 2001
Long residualcontact actionSome fumigantactivityBroad spectrum
Now recommended:- pyrethroids- neo-nicotinoids
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Storage pests
I n s e c
t P h o
t o s c o u r t e s y
F E R A
, U K
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Insects or residues?
Possibly an important source of high residuesespecially sprays to sacks?
Phasing out of methyl bromide, heavy
reliance on phostoxin:resistance issues?
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all of which may leave residues
New regulations for residues on commoditiesin the EU, Japan & USA.Shipments of cocoa have been rejected byJapan (including herbicide residues).September 2008: EC/396/2005 came intoforce
MRLs first published as Regulation 149/2008/EC
residue tolerances of obsolete compounds (not Annex I,II) at default MRL of 0.01 mg/kg (ppm)Improved analytical methods?
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Specific advicerequested from ICCOmember countries
Neglected subject, noexisting manualfocusing on pesticide
issues in cocoaResponsiblepesticide use and itsrole in IPM
Complicated and inter-disciplinary, so
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Context
GAP, GWP: Good Agricultural
(& Warehouse) Practices
IPM: Integrated
Pest Management
ResponsibleUse of
Pesticides
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Good Agricultural PracticeGood Warehouse Practice
Frequently quoted: must beproduced according to GAP FAO - practices that addressenvironmental, economic andsocial sustainability for on-farmprocesses, and result in safeand quality food and non-foodagricultural product What does this mean inpractice?
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Responsible Pesticide Use (RPU)a sub-set of GAP and IPM:
How to apply?
What to apply?When to
apply?
targeting
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Overall objectives of manualSharing information on pesticide scienceConnecting interests of cocoa and otherstakeholders
Emphasisingsafety issues
Practices:in the field
and warehouse
Policies: residuerequirements inconsumer countries
Need s for:- extension
- R&D
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What do we mean by safety?
starting in the field
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Full protective clothing should always beworn when using pesticides
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The reality?
P h o
t o s :
G A M
a t t h e w s
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Contents A. Introduction (regulatory)B. Pesticides and their propertiesC. Safety, residues (and how to manage them)D. Good agricultural practicesE. Good crop storage practicesF. Recommendations
Appendices(including positive andnegative AI lists)
Back-ground
How to do?
Case study boxes
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Introduction and background
Update on legislation ( e.g . 91/414/EEC to berepealed 14 June 2011 and replaced by EC1107/2009 )
Message - stay ahead of the game Pesticide names and formulations: importance ofaccuracy
Biological activity,modes of transfer
Modes of actionTechnical problems resistance, resurgence
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Good Agricultural Practice starts in the pesticide store: pesticide selection
Lists are unavoidable(?)
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Pesticide lists: Appendix 3(1 st Edition had 2 categories)
A. Strategic list for key pests: EU/Japanese/USimport tolerances and evidence of efficacy
B. Compounds to be used with great CAUTION(limited time remaining, etc )
C. Lists of experimental and other potentially
useful control agentsD. Pesticides that MUST NOT BE USED for
cocoa
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Criteria for inclusion on Strategic list
EU, Japanese, (US) import tolerances;EU MRLs and their status should be checkedregularly; those listed here refer to Cocoa(fermented beans) as in Reg. (EC) No 396/2005.
show acceptable levels of low mammaliantoxicity and environmental impact d o n o t belong to the highest toxicity groupWHO/EPA Class.I.have proven efficacious against animportant pest species of cocoa, as publishedin (preferably refereed) literature
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Legal and practical notice
Manual stresses the need for accuracyand specificity, so for practical reasonsindividual compounds are discussed:
sometimes in detail, but Inclusion of compounds or products in thetext is for illustration only and does notimply recommendation or otherwiseNevertheless, an attempt is made toidentify strategic pesticides for cocoa
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Pesticide labels:(Trade names are for Marketing!)
Should be part of the registration process
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Labels in China
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National organisations primarilyresponsible for pesticide registration
Cameroon :Department of Regulation and Quality Control of Inputs and
Agricultural Products (MINADER) Cte dIvoire :Direction de la Protection des Vgtaux, du Contrle et de laQualit, (DPVCQ/MINAGRI), Abidjan Ghana :Environmental Protection Agency (Ministry of Food and
Agriculture), Accra Nigeria :National Agency for Food and Drug Administration andControl (NAFDAC) HQ: Abuja; cocoa issues: Lagos office Togo:Laboratoire de lInstitut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique(ITRA)
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Contents (continued)What are MRLs?
Not measures of safety!How to avoid exceedingthem
Hazards and risksEnvironmental safety Assessment of residues
Standard methods in
future editions?Good agriculturalpractices
Double rateLabel rateHalf rate
time after application PHI
MRL
d o s a g e
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Application, starting with suggesting tofarmers that tall trees are difficult:
to spray
to monitor
to harvest
c o u r t e s y
J .
C o o p e r
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Application: the importance of nozzles!
seeing spray to run -off as wasteful - costs money!
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Modern pesticides are too expensive
Spraying less by improving efficiencyConflict of interest with suppliers ofpesticides (main source of profit) alsoselling sprayers
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High herbicide residues
Most unlikely tooriginate from
cocoa fielde.g. 2,4-D: volatileFocus on qualityalong the wholesupply chain
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Drying:
also aboutPAH,M-OTA, etc .
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RecommendationsHarmonisation of standards byimporting countriesStrategic cocoa pesticides
Regional recommendations?
Strengthening of registrationR&D, communication: puttingresponsible pesticide use backon the agenda (in FFS etc .)Developing skills in pesticidescience
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Next generationof pesticidescientists?
many thanks in
advance for yourfurther ideas andcomments (for 3 rd edition end 2011)websites:
Download from:http://www icco org/sps
/cocoa