8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 1/22

DR.MADHAVI M.D

ASST.PROFESSOR

DEPT OF PHARMACOLOGY

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 2/22

Drugs are injected into large muscles such as

deltoid,

gluteus maximus

lateral aspect of the thigh inchildren.

A volume of 5-10 ml can be given at a time.

ADVANTAGES:

Absorption is more rapid as compared to oralroute.

Mild irritants, depot injections, soluble substances

and suspensions can be given by this route.

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 3/22

Aseptic conditions

are needed. Intramuscular

(i.m.) injections arepainful and maycause abscess.

Self-administration is

not possible. Injury to the

nerves.

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 4/22

  Intradermal route

The drug is injected into the layers of the skin, e.g.BCG vaccination, drug sensitivity tests, etc.

SUBCUTANEOUS

The drug is injected into the subcutaneous (s.c.)

tissue, e.g. adrenaline, insulin, etc.

ADVANTAGES: Self-administration is possible, e.g.Insulin.

Depot preparations can be inserted into thesubcutaneous tissue, e.g. Norplant for

contraception.

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 5/22

The drug is administered in the form of patchesthat deliver the drug into the circulation forsystemic effect .

Eg:Scopolamine - motion sickness

Nitroglycerine - angina

Oestrogen - hormone replacement therapy (HRT)Fentanyl – analgesia

Nicotine – smoking cessation

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 6/22

Patch size 5-20 cm2

Site of application :

chest,

abdomen,

upper arm,

lower back,

buttock,

mastoid region

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 7/22

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 8/22

ADVANTAGES :

Self-administration is possible.

Patient compliance is better. Duration of action is prolonged.

Systemic side effects are reduced.

Provides a constant plasma concentration of the drug.

DISADVANTAGES :

Expensive.

Local irritation may cause dermatitis and itching.

Patch may fall off unnoticed.  Route is unsuitable when drug dose is large

Large molecular size drug makes absorption difficult

Route is unsuitable for highly hydrophilic drugs

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 9/22

 

Volatile liquids and gases e.g. generalanesthetics ,

Bronchodilators & steroids –local effect

ADVANTAGES :Quick onset of action.

Dose required is very less, so systemic toxicityis minimized.

Amount of drug administered can beregulated.

DISADVANTAGES :

Local irritation -- increased respiratory

secretions and bronchospasm.

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 10/22

Simplest mode of administration of a drug atthe site where the desired action is required.Systemic side effects are minimal.

1. TOPICALDrug is applied to the skin or mucous membrane

at various sites for localized action

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 11/22

A.ORAL CAVITY : As suspension, e.g. nystatin; asa troche, e.g. clotrimazole (for oral candidiasis),

etc.

B. GI TRACT: As tablet which is not absorbed, e.g.neomycin (for sterilization of gut before surgery)

C. RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL: As enema

D. EYE, EAR AND NOSE: As drops, ointments,sprays, etc.

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 12/22

E. BRONCHI: As inhalation, e.g. salbutamol,ipratropium bromide, etc.

F. VAGINA: As tablet, cream, pessary, etc.

G. URETHRA:  As jelly, e.g. lignocaine

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 13/22

Injecting adrug into theartery

Used fora) cancerchemo therapy

b) Diagnostic-angiograms

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 14/22

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 15/22

intravenous 30-60 seconds intraosseous 30-60 seconds inhalation 2-3 minutes sublingual 3-5 minutes

rectal 5-30 minutes  intramuscular 10-20 minutes subcutaneous 15-30 minutes ingestion 30-90 minutes transdermal (topical) variable (minutes to hours)

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 16/22

Liposomes are colloidal, vesicular structures composed

of one or more lipid bilayers

Size range is 25-5000nm

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 17/22

Cancer Therapy

Cystic fibrosis

Treatment of Leishmaniasis

Fungal Infection

Immunological Adjuvant

Immunoliposome

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 18/22

Defined as particle sized below 1µm,formed bymonolayer of phospholipids

Uses :

Rolipram as nanoparticles used in Crohn’s disease

 Nanosuspensions & nanocrystals

Polymeric nanoparticles

Colloidal gold in treatment of cancers

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 19/22

 Free flowing powders consists of spherical particles

of size less than 125µ

Each particle is a matrix of drug in polymer

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 20/22

Monoclonal antibodies are derived from asingle hybrid cell or clone of cells .

Single species of antibody that recognise & react

with a specific antigen only.Based on origin :

Murine

Chimeric (partly human– partly mouse)

Humanised

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 21/22

Eg. Trastuzumab – breast cancer

Rituximab – lymphoma

Infliximab – rheumatoid arthritis

8/12/2019 Routes of Drug Administration II

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/routes-of-drug-administration-ii 22/22

THANK YOU