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A Mini Project Report On “ROPE BRAKE DYNAMOMETER” Submitted to Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur In Partial Fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering Submitted By Purvansh B. Vaikunthe (48/B) Saket P. Kolhe (50/B) Pranav R. Padole (47/B) Neeraj K. Chaudhary (42/B) Piyush C. Piprikar (46/B) Shaunak S. Kulkarni Under the Guidance of Prof. Milind P. Kshirsagar Department of Mechanical Engineering St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering & Technology, Wardha Road, Nagpur (2013-14) A-PDF Merger DEMO : Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark

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  • A

    Mini Project Report

    On

    ROPE BRAKE DYNAMOMETER

    Submitted to

    Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur

    In Partial Fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering

    Submitted By

    Purvansh B. Vaikunthe (48/B) Saket P. Kolhe (50/B)

    Pranav R. Padole (47/B) Neeraj K. Chaudhary (42/B)

    Piyush C. Piprikar (46/B) Shaunak S. Kulkarni

    Under the Guidance of

    Prof. Milind P. Kshirsagar

    Department of Mechanical Engineering St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering & Technology,

    Wardha Road, Nagpur (2013-14)

    A-PDF Merger DEMO : Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark

  • Department of Mechanical Engineering, St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering & Technology,

    Wardha Road, Nagpur

    CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Mini Project entitled ROPE BRAKE DYNAMOMETER

    has been successfully completed by Purvansh Vaikunthe, Saket Kolhe, Pranav Padole,

    NeerajKumar Chaudhary, Piyush Piprikar, Shaunak Kulkarni students of 4th semester

    B.E. for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelors degree in Mechanical

    Engineering of the St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering & Technology during the

    academic year 2013-14

    Guide : Prof. Milind P Kshirsagar Prof. A. D. Pachchhao Designation: Asst. Professor. Head of the Department Mechanical Engineering. Dept of Mechanical Engineering SVPCET, Nagpur SVPCET, Nagpur

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    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    I am grateful to my respected guide Prof. Milind P Kshirsagar for his kind, disciplined

    and invaluable guidance which inspired me to solve all the difficulties that came across during

    completion of the project.

    I express my special thanks to Prof. A.D. Pachchhao, Head of the Department, for his

    kind support, valuable suggestions and allowing me to use all facilities that are available in the

    Department during this project. My sincere thanks are due to Pachchhao Sir, H.O.D., for

    extending the all possible help and allowing me to use all resources that are available in the

    Institute.

    I would like to thanks all the faculty members of Mechanical Engineering Department for

    their support, for the successful completion of this project work. The acknowledgement shall

    remain incomplete without expressing my warm gratitude to the almighty God.

    I would also like to thanks all my Family members and Friends for their continues

    support and standing with me in all difficult condition during this work.

    Purvansh B. Vaikunthe (48/B)

    Saket P. Kolhe (50/B)

    Pranav R. Padole (47/B)

    Neeraj K. Chaudhary (42/B)

    Piyush C. Piprikar (46/B)

    Shaunak S. Kulkarni

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    Department of Mechanical Engineering, SVPCET 2013-2014 ii

    INDEX

    CHAPTER

    NO.

    PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

    Acknowledgement

    List of figures

    List of tables

    Symbol used

    ABSTRACT

    i

    iii

    iv

    v

    vi

    I 1. INTRODUCTION

    1.1 Definition of Dynamometer

    1.2 Types of Dynamometer

    1.3 Absorption Dynamometer

    1.4 Transmission Dynamometer

    1.5 Theory of Dynamometer

    1

    2

    2

    2

    3

    3

    II 2. LITERATURE SURVEY 5

    III 3. WORKING PRINCIPLE

    3.1 Parts of a Rope Brake Dynamometer

    3.2 Construction of Rope Brake Dynamometer

    3.3 Working of Rope Brake Dynamometer

    6

    7

    7

    8

    IV 4. SURVEY OR COMPARISION

    4.1 Difference between Brake and Dynamometer

    4.2 Difference Between Rope Brake Dynamometer And

    Prony Brake Dynamometer

    11

    12

    12

    V 5. APPLICATION

    5.1 Applications of Rope Brake Dynamometer

    13

    14

    VI 6. CONCLUSION 16

    VII 8. REFERENCE 18

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    LIST OF FIGURES

    SR. NO. NAME OF FIGURE PAGE NO.

    01 FIG. 1.1 Types of Dynamometer

    02

    02 Fig. 3.1 Rope

    07

    03 Fig. 3.2 Pulley

    08

    04 Fig. 3.3 Spring Balance

    08

    05 FIG. : 3.4 Rope Brake Dynamometer

    09

    06 FIG. : 3.5 ACTUAL VIEW OF ROPE BRAKE DYNAMOMETER 10

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    LIST OF TABLE

    SR. NO. NAME OF TABLE PAGE NO.

    01 TABLE 3.1 Parts of Rope Brake Dynamometer

    07

    02 TABLE 4.1 Difference Between Brakes And Dynamometer

    12

    03 TABLE 4.2 Difference Between Rope Brake And Prony Brake

    Dynamometer

    12

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    SYMBOLS USED

    W = weight attached

    S = Spring Balance

    r = Effective radius = rd + r1

    rd = Radius of Brake drum

    r1 = Radius of rope

    n = r.p.m. of the engine

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    ABSTRACT

    An absorption dynamometer consisting of a rope encircling a brake drum or flywheel,

    one end of the rope being loaded by weights and the other supported by a spring balance. The

    effective torque absorbed is obtained by multiplying the drum radius by the difference of the

    tensions.

    A dynamometer or "dyno" for short, is a device for measuring force, moment of force

    (torque), or power. For example, the power produced by an engine, motor or other rotating prime

    mover can be calculated by simultaneously measuring torque and rotational speed (RPM).

    A dynamometer can also be used to determine the torque and power required to operate a

    driven machine such as a pump. In that case, a motoring or driving dynamometer is used. A

    dynamometer that is designed to be driven is called an absorption or passive dynamometer. A

    dynamometer that can either drive or absorb is called a universal or active dynamometer.

    In addition to being used to determine the torque or power characteristics of a machine

    under test (MUT), dynamometers are employed in a number of other roles. In standard emissions

    testing cycles such as those defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US

    EPA), dynamometers are used to provide simulated road loading of either the engine (using an

    engine dynamometer) or full powertrain (using a chassis dynamometer). In fact, beyond simple

    power and torque measurements, dynamometers can be used as part of a testbed for a variety of

    engine development activities, such as the calibration of engine management controllers, detailed

    investigations into combustion behavior, and tribology.

    In the medical terminology, hand-held dynamometers are used for routine screening of

    grip and hand strength, and the initial and ongoing evaluation of patients with hand trauma or

    dysfunction. They are also used to measure grip strength in patients where compromise of the

    cervical nerve roots or peripheral nerves is suspected.

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    CHAPTER 1

    INTRODUCTION

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    CHAPTER 1

    INTRODUCTION

    1.1 Definition of Dynamometer: Dynamometer a device with a rotating shaft that is coupled to the shaft of a machine under

    test to measure the output torque or the required driving torque of the machine. The torque

    measured by the dynamometer is multiplied by the shaft angular velocity, measured by a

    tachometer, to compute the horsepower of the machine under test. Dynamometers are used to

    determine the torque and horsepower characteristics of electric motors, generators, internal

    combustion engines, gas turbines, and pumps.

    1.2 Types of Dynamometer

    1.3 Absorption Dynamometer: In this type, the work done is converted into heat by friction while being measured. They

    can be used for measurement of moderate powers only.

    Example: Prony Brake dynamometer and rope brake dynamometer.

    FIG. 1.1 Types of Dynamometer

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    1.4 Transmission Dynamometer: In this type, the work is not absorbed in the process, but is utilized after the measurement.

    Example: Belt transmission dynamometer and Torsion dynamometer.

    1.5 Theory of Dynamometer:

    Dynamometers are used for measurement of brake power. To measure brake power, the engine

    torque and angular speed have to measured. A typical dynamometer is shown.The rotor is driven

    by the engine under test by mechanical, hydraulic or electromagnetic means. The rotor is coupled

    to the stator. For each revolution of the shaft,

    Work done = 2RF

    Now, external torque = SL, where S is the scale reading and L is the length of dynamometer

    arm.

    Therefore, SL = RF for balance of dynamometer.

    The power is given by, Brake Power = 2NT / 60

    In the absorption dynamometers, the entire energy or power produced by the engine is absorbed

    by the friction resistances of the brake and is transformed into heat, during the process of

    measurement. But in the transmission dynamometer energy is not wasted in friction but is

    utilized in doing work. The energy or power produced by engine is transmitted through the

    dynamometers in some other machines where the power developed is suitably measured.

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    CHAPTER 2

    LITERATURE REVIEW

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    CHAPTER 2

    LITERATURE REVIEW

    1. Guan and Huang (2003) proposed a method to measure disc brake squeal propensity. In the past via the complex eigen value analysis, positive real parts always indicate the level of

    instability. Instead of using this generic parameter to show degrees of instability, they

    attempted to analyze the squeal problem from the viewpoint of energy. The total feed-in

    energy was used to indicate the squeal tendency of the brake system, which was derived

    using the magnitude and phase of the modal shape coefficient vector. They concluded the

    proposed method would be able to predict disc brake tendency as similar as the positive real

    parts of t he complex eigen value analysis. Furthermore, the method allows disclosing the

    influence of structure design parameter on the squeal propensity and also helps analyzing

    the effectiveness of various modifications to reduce/eliminate squeal.

    2. Moirot et al (2000) proposed an analysis to deal with the squeal problems. The analysis had three major aspects that differ from typical complex eigen value analysis. The proposed

    analysis, first performed non-linear static calculation to determine the contact surface

    between the disc and the pads. The second aspect was they considered the damping that due

    to friction and the final aspect was the projection of the whole structure on a real modal basis.

    3. Chung et al (2001) presented an analysis approach by transferring the equations of motion

    from transient domain to modal domain that the transformation could significantly reduce

    the complexity of the complex eigenvalue analysis. The modal domain analysis could

    provide mechanism underlying the mode-coupling phenomenon. The instability was

    investigated based on the propensity of modes to couple and cause squeal. From the

    analysis, even if modes were separated enough in frequency that there was no instability, it

    was still possible to predict which mode might couple and create instability if the modes

    were slightly shifted. Thus, it could provide the guidance needed to design squeal-free

    system. The proposed analysis proved to be successful as good correlations were achieved

    against experimental results.

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    CHAPTER 3

    WORKING PRINCIPLE

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    CHAPTER 3

    WORKING PRINCIPLE

    3.1 Parts of a Rope Brake Dynamometer:

    The basic parts of a rope brake dynamometer are as follows:

    1. Ropes

    2. Pulley

    3. Dead Weight

    4. Spring Balance

    5. Plywood frame

    SR. NO. DESCRIPTION MATERIAL QUANTITY

    01 Rope Synthetic Fibers 01

    02 Pulley Wood 01

    03 Dead Weight Cast Iron 01

    04 Spring Balance Mild Steel 01

    05 Plywood Frame Plywood 01

    3.2 Construction of Rope Brake Dynamometer: 1. Rope: A rope is a linear collection of natural or artificial plies, yarns or strands which are

    twisted or braided together in order to combine them into a larger and stronger form, but is

    not a cable or wire. Ropes have tensile strength and so can

    be used for dragging and lifting, but are far too flexible to

    provide compressive strength. As a result, they cannot be

    used for pushing or similar compressive applications.

    Rope is thicker and stronger than similarly constructed

    cord, line, string, and twine. We have selected rope of

    10mm Diameter.

    TABLE 3.1 Parts of Rope Brake Dynamometer

    Fig. 3.1 Rope

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    2. Pulley: A pulley is a wheel on an axle that is designed to support movement and change of

    direction of a cable or belt along its circumference.

    Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to lift loads,

    apply forces, and to transmit power. In nautical

    contexts, the assembly of wheel, axle, and

    supporting shell is referred to as a "block." Pulley

    that we have chosen is 90mm in diameter.

    3. Dead Weight: Its a heavy weight or load. Dead weight we have selected is of 457gm.

    4. Spring Balance: A spring balance apparatus is simply a spring fixed at one end with a hook to attach an object

    at the other. It works by Hooke's Law, which states that

    the force needed to extend a spring is proportional to the

    distance that spring is extended from its rest position.

    Therefore the scale markings on the spring balance are

    equally spaced.

    3.3 Working of Rope Brake Dynamometer: In a rope brake dynamometer a rope is wrapped over the rime of a pulley keyed to the

    shaft of the engine. The diameter of the rope depends upon the power of the machine. The

    spacing of the rope on the pulley is done by 3 to 4 U-shaped wooden blocks which also

    prevent rope from slipping of the pulley. The upper end of a rope is attached to the spring

    balance whereas the lower end supports the weight of suspended mass.

    If the power is high, so will be the heat produced due to friction between the rope and the

    wheel, and a cooling arrangement is necessary. For this, the channel of the flywheel usually

    has flange turned inside in which water from a ripe is supplied. An outlet pipe with a

    flattened end takes the water out.

    Fig. 3.2 Pulley

    Fig. 3.3 Spring Balance

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    A rope brake dynamometer is frequently used to test the power of the engines. It is easy

    to manufacture, inexpensive, and requires no lubrication.

    If the rope is wrapped several times over the wheel, the tension of the slack side of the

    rope, i.e., the spring balance reading can be reduced to a negligible value as compared to the

    tension of the tight side (as T1/T2 = is increased). Thus one can even do away

    with the spring balance.

    Let,

    W = weight attached

    S = Spring Balance

    r = Effective radius = rd + r1

    Where,

    rd = Radius of Brake drum

    r1 = Radius of rope

    n = r.p.m. of the engine

    Therefore, Braking Torque, Tb = (W-s) * r

    The power absorbed by the engine = ()

    (KW)

    ENGINE SHAFT

    SPRING BALNCE

    WOODEN BLOCKS

    FIG. : 3.4 ROPE BRAKE DYNAMOMETER

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    FIG. : 3.5 ACTUAL VIEW OF ROPE BRAKE DYNAMOMETER

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    CHAPTER 4

    SURVEY OR COMPARISION

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    CHAPTER 4

    SURVEY OR COMPARISION

    4.1 Difference between Brake and Dynamometer

    Sr. No. Brakes Dynamometer

    1 Principle object is to absorb

    energy. Works on principle of absorption.

    2 It is used to retard or stop. It is able to measure absorb K.E.

    transmitted to prime mover.

    3 No torque or power is measured It measures, torque and hence

    power.

    4.2 Difference Between Rope Brake Dynamometer And Prony Brake Dynamometer:

    Sr. No. Rope Brake Dynamometer Prony Brake Dynamometer

    01 Cooling arrangement is required, since

    friction is developed

    No cooling arrangement is required.

    02 Its accuracy is comparatively more. Its accuracy is comparatively less.

    03 Its Construction is Simple. Its construction is complex.

    04 It is comparatively cheaper. It is comparatively expensive.

    05 It consists of less no. of parts. It consists of more no. of parts.

    06 =()/60 =/60

    TABLE 4.1 DIFFERNCE BETWEEN BRAKES AND DYNAMOMETER

    TABLE 4.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROPE BRAKE AND PRONY BRAKE DYNAMOMETER

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    CHAPTER 5

    APPLICATION

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    CHAPTER 5

    APPLICATION

    5.1 Applications of Rope Brake Dynamometer: 1. The main application of a rope brake dynamometer is to test IC Engine.

    Dynamometers are useful in the development and refinement of modern engine

    technology. The concept is to use a dyno to measure and compare power transfer at

    different points on a vehicle, thus allowing the engine or drivetrain to be modified to get

    more efficient power transfer. For example, if an engine dyno shows that a particular

    engine achieves 400 Nm (295 lbfft) of torque, and a chassis dynamo shows only

    350 Nm (258 lbfft), one would know to look to the drive train for the major

    improvements. Dynamometers are typically very expensive pieces of equipment, and so

    are normally only used in certain fields that rely on them for a particular purpose.

    2. It is also used in Pelton Wheel Turbine to measure the torque, then power. The turbine whose torque is to be measured, its shaft is connected to the shaft of rape

    brake dynamometer on which drum or pulley is mounted. Rope is wrapped on the

    periphery of drum. Tension is provided from the both ends by attaching one end of rope

    with spring balance and other with dead weight. This restricts the motion pulley which

    gives reading in spring balance. Ultimately torque can be calculated.

    3. It is used for measuring the torque in Francis Turbine. 4. It can be used for measuring torque of any rotary member, simply by

    coupling it with shaft of dynamometer.

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    CHAPTER 6

    CONCLUSION

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    CHAPTER 6

    CONCLUSION

    A brake is an appliance used to apply frictional resistance to a moving body to stop or

    retard it by absorbing its kinetic energy. In general, in all types of motion, there is always some

    amount of resistance which retards the motion and is sufficient to bring the body to rest.

    However, the time taken and the distance covered in this process is usually too large. By

    providing brakes, the external resistance is considerably increased and the period retardation

    shortened.

    A dynamometer is a brake incorporating a device to measure the frictional resistance

    applied. This is used to determine the power developed by the machine, while maintaining its

    speed at the rated value.

    The functional difference between a clutch and a brake is that a clutch connects two

    moving members of a machine whereas a brake connects a moving member to a stationary

    member.

    The determination of power delivered to rotating machinery simultaneous measurement

    of torque and shaft speed. Machines used for torque measurement under test bed condition are

    called dynamometer. The type of dynamometer to be used depends on the nature of machine to

    be tested.

    Absorption dynamometers working principle is that the power measured is converted into

    heat by friction or by other means. The power absorbed is lost as heat and is dissipated to the

    surrounding where it have no use.

    These are used for measurement of power of generator, electric motor, turbines and

    engines. Dynamometers are capable only of power absorption include various forms of

    mechanical brakes working on dry friction, fluid friction and eddy current brake.

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    CHAPTER 7

    REFERENCES

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    CHAPTER 7

    REFERENCES

    1. Prabhu, T.J., Fundamentals of Machine Design. 2. Khurmi, R.S. and J.K. Gupta, Theory of Machines. 3. Sundararajamoorthy, T.V. and N. Shanmugam, Machine Design. 4. Thipse, S.S., Internal Combustion Engines. 5. Mathur, M.L. and R.P. Sharma, Internal Combustion 6. SS Rattan, Theory of machines (TATA McGraw Hill Publication). 7. V. Ganeshan, Internal Combustion Engine (TATA McGraw Hill Publication). 8. Winther, J. B. (1975). Dynamometer Handbook of Basic Theory and Applications.

    Cleveland, Ohio: Eaton Corporation.

    9. Martyr, A.; Plint, M. (2007). Engine Testing - Theory and Practice (Fourth ed.). Oxford. 10. www.rugusavay.com 11. www.dynamometers.org 12. www.dyno-dynamometer.com 13. www.idosi.org