rOOT OF wORKFORCE rOOT OF wORKFORCE iSSUESiSSUES¥ The population of The population of Tuscany is aging Tuscany is aging

¥ The birth rate is the The birth rate is the lowest in EUlowest in EU

¥ Italians are retiring, and Italians are retiring, and young Italians are not young Italians are not replacing the blue collar replacing the blue collar workforceworkforce

Average unemployment rate Average unemployment rate in Tuscany is 4.7%in Tuscany is 4.7%

Youth unemployment rate Youth unemployment rate is 24%is 24%

Many over the age of 50 Many over the age of 50 choose to retire early, choose to retire early, and women choose to stay and women choose to stay home and raise their home and raise their familiesfamilies

Employment Status

Retirement IssuesRetirement Issues

The aging population is choosing to The aging population is choosing to retire over prolonging their work liferetire over prolonging their work life

There is a great retirement plan – no There is a great retirement plan – no incentive to workincentive to work

Since young Italians are unwilling to Since young Italians are unwilling to work, quotas for immigrant workers have work, quotas for immigrant workers have been implemented in the last 20 yearsbeen implemented in the last 20 years

Retirement IssuesRetirement Issues

The aging population is choosing to The aging population is choosing to retire over prolonging their work liferetire over prolonging their work life

There is a great retirement plan – no There is a great retirement plan – no incentive to workincentive to work

Since young Italians are unwilling to Since young Italians are unwilling to work, quotas for immigrant workers have work, quotas for immigrant workers have been implemented in the last 20 yearsbeen implemented in the last 20 years

‰Until 1973, Italy was Until 1973, Italy was a major emigration a major emigration nation, with millions of nation, with millions of workers working abroadworkers working abroad

‰In the 1980s In the 1980s immigrants came to immigrants came to Italy to workItaly to work

Between 1984 and 2004, the legal immigration rose Between 1984 and 2004, the legal immigration rose from about 300,000 to 2.6 millionfrom about 300,000 to 2.6 million

The leading countries of Italian immigrants are The leading countries of Italian immigrants are Romania, Albania and MoroccoRomania, Albania and Morocco

Immigrants Moving In

Tuscany has increased its’ flow of Tuscany has increased its’ flow of immigrants in the last year to 350,000immigrants in the last year to 350,000

Most immigrants are brought in for blue Most immigrants are brought in for blue collar workcollar work

The quota system reserved a subquota for special categories, nurses andinformation technology workers and high level management employees

Nurses are in short supply, therefore they are guaranteed priority to work.

Immigrants in the WorkforceImmigrants in the Workforce

₪Most immigrants are younger; Most immigrants are younger; about the same number of men and about the same number of men and womenwomen

₪Immigrants work jobs that the Immigrants work jobs that the native population, especially the native population, especially the younger population, does not want younger population, does not want toto

₪ Top industries that immigrants Top industries that immigrants hold jobs in are hotels and hold jobs in are hotels and restaurants, construction, and restaurants, construction, and transport and postal servicestransport and postal services

Hotels and restaurants - 70,544

Construction - 65,065

Transportation & postal services - 29,425

Job starts by immigrants in blue collar industries

Immigrants are bringing up the unemployment rate for native Italians

20% of job starts in Tuscany, in 2003, were by immigrants

In 2003 alone, there were 771,813 hires of foreign borns

There are about 65,000 work permit holders

An economic workforce issue is An economic workforce issue is that immigrants are sending their that immigrants are sending their money out of Tuscany.money out of Tuscany.

The net flow of money is The net flow of money is negative, immigrants are sending negative, immigrants are sending more money out of the country to more money out of the country to their families, than Italy is their families, than Italy is receiving.receiving.

Immigrants Immigrants also help the also help the economyeconomy

They pay They pay about 1.87 about 1.87 million Euros million Euros in taxes each in taxes each yearyear

Language BarriersLanguage Barriers Tuscan workforce has mostly Tuscan workforce has mostly Italian fluent workers, even if they Italian fluent workers, even if they are immigrants.are immigrants.

Romanian immigrants feel the Romanian immigrants feel the least need to learn Italian least need to learn Italian

Romanian and Italian are both Romanian and Italian are both Latin languages so it is easier to Latin languages so it is easier to understand without actually speaking understand without actually speaking the languagethe language

Tuscan workforce is male dominated

Women choose to stay home to take care of children and elderly

Immigrants have a very small gap between gender in employment

The gap in employment is slowly shrinking with Italy’s legislation dedicating time to avoid gaps and offer equal opportunities

39.3 percent of workforce is female39.3 percent of workforce is female

44 percent of new hires are women44 percent of new hires are women

Only .4% of women in the workforce Only .4% of women in the workforce hold management positionshold management positions

3.4% of men in the workforce hold 3.4% of men in the workforce hold management positionsmanagement positions

Women in the Women in the WorkforceWorkforce

Salary and Salary and education Issues in education Issues in

WorkforceWorkforce$ On average, women make On average, women make substantially half of what men substantially half of what men makemake

$ 27.2% of women in the 27.2% of women in the workforce have college workforce have college degreesdegrees

$ 25% of men in the workforce 25% of men in the workforce have college degreehave college degree

$ 66 percent women have high 66 percent women have high school diplomaschool diploma

$ 64.4 percent men have high 64.4 percent men have high school diplomaschool diploma

For every 10 women that leave the workforce, 15 women are hired

For every 10 men that leave the workforce, 8 men are hired

Women hold part time jobs more than men because of family responsibilities

Changes that have been implemented by legislation

have worked to make a better working climate, equal

employment and accommodations for women

and motherhood. This is a big step to make the workforce a

better place for women in Tuscany.

A Better Place for WomenA Better Place for Women

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http://www.db.caritas.glauco.it/caritastest/informiamoci/Riviste_e_pubblicazioni/Sussidi2007/Libri/dossierimmigrazione2007/materiale/immigrazione_inglese.pdf

(2007). Italian banking association. Retrieved May 30, 2008, from European Commission Web site: http://ec.europa.eu/employment_social/equal/data/document/0705-graz-ws4-itbank_en.pdf

Chaloff, Jonathan (2005, June). Immigration as a labour market strategy - European and North American perspectives. Retrieved May 30, 2008, Web site: http://www.supplierdiversityeurope.eu/multiattachments/2557/DocumentName/ItalyImmigrationLabourMarketStrategyChaloff.pdf

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References