Roosevelt and the New Deal

Unit 2.2

Do the keyterms from page 58 up to page 67

Election of RooseveltVerkiesing van Roosevelt

• Lost confidence in pres. Hoover and his Republican government

• November 1932 –presidential elections

• Roosevelt won – realisedcapitalism (limited or no involvement of government) would no longer work on its own, government would have to become involved

• Vertroue verloor in pres. Hoover en syrepublikeinse regering

• November 1932 –presidentsverkiesing

• Roosevelt wen – besefkapitalisme sal nie meereie werk, regering salbetrokke moet raak

The New DealNuwe bedeling

• Series of measures implemented to rescue the American economy

• 3 aims:

- Relief : immediate relief to those affected worse by Depression

- Recovery: To get industries going and people back to work

- Reform: Reform of economic system

• Used the radio (media) to get message of optimism to people (important to get people on your side) – essential for economic recovery

• Reeks maatreels om Amerikase ekonomie te red

• 3 hoofdoelwitte: - Hulpverlening: onmiddelike

hulp vir die wat ergste geraakdeur depressie

- Herstel : Om nywerhede aandie gang te kry sodat mensekan werk

- Hervorming : verandering in hele ekonomiese sisteem

• Gebruik die radio omboodskap van optimisme teversprei – noodsaaklik virekonomiese herstel

The First part of the New Deal Die Eerste Nuwe Bedeling

• Relief and recovery • American congress(

parliament of united states) called in for session, referred to as 100 days

• New laws were passed to deal with worst problems

• Carried out by New government agencies (appointed by president) – alphabet agencies

• Hulpverlening en herstel• Amerikaanse kongres

(parliament van die VSA) ingeroep vir sitting, verwys na 100 dae

• Nuwe wette gemaak omprobleme aan te spreek

• Hierdie wette is uitgevoerdeur regerings agente –alfabet agente

Analysis of the First New Deal Ontleding van die Nuwe Bedeling

• Key areas identified in economy which needed immediate attention

- Financial crises – banks and businesses

- Unemployment - Agriculture - Industrial collapse – factories • Improve these parts of

economy by legislation(laws) and programmesimplemented by government

• Pak 4 belangrike afdelings van ekonomie aan

- Finansiele krisis- Werkloosheid- Landbou- Ineenstorting van nywerhede• Wetgewing en programme om

hierdie dele van ekonomie teverbeter

Legislation / Wetgewing

• The financial crises - Government closed all

banks – only allowed financially sound ones to re-open

- Laws guaranteed investments of small investors – stopped unsound businesses on stock exchange which do not contribute to economy

- Made loans available to pay mortgage bonds – avoid losing their homes

• Die finansiele krisis- Regering maak alle banke

toe – slegs die watfinansieel gesond word heropen

- Wette het beleggings van klein beleggers gewaarborg– stop ongesonde praktykeop aandele mark

- Maak lenings beskikbaar virhuisverband – vermei datmense hulle huise verloor

Programmes / Programme

• Unemployment : gave money to set up public work projects

❖ The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

- Gave work and taught skills to millions of young men –erosion control, tree planting, firefighting, flood control

❖ The Public Works Administration (PWA)

- Funding to build schools, hospitals other public buildings

- Hire of African American workers

• Werkloosheid : voorsienfinansies vir publieke projekte

❖ The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

- Voorsien werk aan miljoene- Leer vaardighede soos ersosie

beheer, plant van bome, brandbetryding, vloedbeheer

❖ The Public Works Administration (PWA)

- Bevondsing vir bou van skole, hospitale en ander publiekegeboue

- Indiensneming van Afro –Amerikaanse werkers

Programmes continueProgramme vervolg

• Agriculture : help farmers. Set up two agencies

❖ The Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA)

- Paid farmers subsidies to reduce production and destroy crops

- Reduce surplus and stabilized prizes

❖ The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

- Built dams control flooding to provide hydro electricity for industries

• Landbou : om boere te help. Begin 2 agentskappe

❖ The Agriculture Adjustment Administration (AAA)

- Betaal boere subsidies omproduksie te verminder en oestete vernietig

- Doel was om oorskotte teverminder en pryse te stabiliseer

❖ The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

- Bou van damme om vloede tebeheer vir opwerk van hidroelektrisiteit vir nywerhede

Programmes continue Programme vervolg

• Industrial collapse: promote recovery, increase wages so that workers can buy more. Stabilize prizes in businesses

❖ National Recovery Administration

- Codes for each industry - Fix prizing - Limit working hours - Set minimum wages - Banned child labour

• Industriele ineenstorting : gemik op herstel, verhogingvan lone sodat werkersmeer kan koop. Stabiliseringvan pryse in besighede

❖ National Recovery Administration

- Kodes vir elke nywerheid- Vasstel van pryse- Werksure te beperk- Minimum lone betaalbaar- Verbanning van

kinderarbeid

The second part of the New DealDie Tweede Nuwe Bedeling

• Reform America’s economy • Established system of old age

pension, health benefits, unemployment insurance, child welfare, poor relief, minimum wages, right to join unions

• Works progress Administration (WPA) provided work to millions with construction and conservation projects

• Artist – art projects

• Amerikaanse ekonomie tehervorm

• Stelsel van ouderdomspensioene, gesondheidsvoordele, werkloosheid versekering, kinderwelsyn, hulp aan armes, minimum lone, reg om by ‘n unie aan te sluit

• Works progress Administration (WPA) gee werk aan miljoenedeur konstruksie en bewaringsprogramme

• Kunstenaars – kunsprojekte

TEENSTAND TEEN NUWE BEDELINGOpposition to New Deal

• Rupublikeinse politisie:

- Beskuldig van diktatorskap, ondermynselfstandigheid, maak mense afhanklik van regering

• Gewone mense :

- Geglo hy land in rigting van sosialisme

• Leiers van sakeondernemings :

- Beskuldig van inmeng deur vasstelling van minimum lone, werlsure, erkenning van vakbonde, kwaad oor bydraes virbestaansveiligheid

• Ryk Amerikaners :

- Hoer belasting, ignoreerd gevoel

• Die hooggeregshof:

- Gevoel baie van handelinge was ongrondwetlik – bedreiging van sakepraktyk

• Republican politicians :

- Accused of dictatorship, undermined self – reliance, making people dependant of grants

• Ordinary people:

- Believed he is taking country towards socialism

• Business leaders:

- Accused government of interfering by setting of minimum wages, working hours, recognising of trade unions, resented having to pay social security for workers

• Wealthy Americans :

- Higher taxes, felt ignored

• Supreme court:

- Many acts to be unconstitutional –threatened power of business practice

Assessesering van Nuwe BedelingAssessment of New Deal

• Ekonomie herstel• Vertroue herstel• Pryse het gestabiliseer• Bankstelsel hervorm• Werkloosheid verminder• 1937 resessie ervaar –

regering het uitgawes begin snoei

• Werkloosheid kwessie eersteen WO 2 opgelos

• Demokrasie versterk• Voordeel uit projekte getrek

soos bou van damme

• Economic recovery • Confidence returned• Prices stabilised• Banking system was reformed • Unemployment reduced • 1937 recession – government

cut back on spending on projects

• Unemployment situation solved during WW 2

• Democracy got stronger • Advantages out of project –

dams

Assessesering van Nuwe BedelingAssessment of New Deal

• Beginsel van regering virwelvaart van burgers – virsiekes, bejaardes, werkloses- teenoorgesteldevan Rupublikeine

• Implementering van nuwebedeling posisie van president versterk

• Nie almal het voordeelgetrek, huurboere, deelsaaiers, inheemseAmerikaners steeds swaargetrek sowel as status van vroue

• Principle of wealth for citizens – grants

• Opposite to what republicans did

• Implementing of new deal made position of the president stronger

• Not everyone enjoyed benefits – tenant farmers, sharecroppers, Native Americans still suffered, and status of woman did not improve

Do the following activities

• Activity 1 page 61

• Activity 2 page 63

• Activity 3 number 1 up to number 5 on page 67

New Deal: Did capitalism weaken or strengthen?

Read page 65 and answer the following questions:

• What is socialism?

• Did the New Deal weaken or strengthen capitalism in the USA?

• How did WW 2 contributed to work creation?

Eugenics was a type of

scientific racism which tried to

shape the characteristics of

humans and animals by

controlling their reproduction.

Eugenic scientists believed

that:

• there were stronger and

weaker human characteristics;

• certain racial groups had more

of the stronger characteristics

than others;

• weak races must be destroyed

and strong races helped to

increase in numbers.

2. Eugenics was based on the

idea of ‘the survival of the

fittest’.

3. The Nazi Party was a political

party in Germany from 1919 to

1945, led by Adolf Hitler.

In 1933 Hitler became the leader

of Germany.

4. The Nazis believed that

Germans were superior to Jews,

Arabs, East Europeans and

Africans.

They called the people they

believed to be the ‘master race’

Aryans.

5. The Nazis used scientific

racism in Germany to prove their

superiority. They:

• used eugenics between 1933

and 1945 to help Aryans have

more children;

• sterilised thousands of people

who they saw as unfit;

• killed groups of people who they

saw as inferior.

6. The Jewish people attracted

the most attention from the

Nazis, who were exceptionally

anti-Semitic.

7.Anti-Semitism refers to a

feeling of hatered for Jewish

people.

The Nazis killed millions of Jews

because of anti-Semitism.

8. The genocide of the Jewish

people during the rule of Adolf

Hitler is known as the Holocaust.

•It lasted from 1939 to 1945.

• At first, Jewish people were discriminated against and forced to work in factories.

• Later, six million Jews were murdered in special death camps.

Extermination of the Jews

The Nazi Holocaust

Racism + Social Darwinism

▪ At the end of the 19th

century, racism

combined with Social

Darwinism and

created ideas similar to

those Hitler would

espouse.

Racial Superiority

▪ In Mein Kampf (1925),

Hitler described a racial

hierarchy with:

▪ Aryans (the culture-

producing race) at the top

▪ Jews, Africans, and

Gypsies (the culture-

destroying races) at the

bottom.

Inferior Peoples v. Aryan Volk

▪ In his speeches he played

on fears that Germans

would one day be

outnumbered by inferior

peoples and idealized a

time when the Aryan

"Volk" lived in harmony.

Goal: Remove Inferior Types

▪ Hitler's goal was to remove the inferior types from Germany, making more lebensraum (living space) for the superior Aryans.

▪ The Jews were the special object of his hatred.

The Racial Hygiene Movement

▪ The Racial Hygiene

Movement (RHM), which

began in Germany in 1905,

had few supporters until the

Nazis came to power.

▪ “Only through [the Führer]

did our dream of …

applying racial hygiene to

society become a reality.”

-- Ernst Rüdin - Nazi psychiatrist

Euthanasia

▪ The RHM advocated the

removal of those who would

not improve the German race

and had no use in society –

those who Hitler called the

"useless eaters."

▪ This meant killing the

mentally ill, the terminally ill,

and the physically and

mentally handicapped. They

euphemistically called this

"euthanasia."

Eugenicis

▪ It also meant eugenics – the

science of improving the race

through selective breeding.

The Nazis required the

sterilization of those who

carried hereditary defects,

such as types of blindness and

deafness and certain diseases

which were thought to have a

genetic basis, such as

Huntington's Chorea and

epilepsy.

Sterilization

▪ To further purify the

race, women of mixed

blood were to be

sterilized.

▪ Those with ideal

Aryan characteristics

were bred like

livestock.

Physical Measurements

▪ The Nazi Bureau for

Enlightenment on

Population Policy and

Racial Welfare

recommended the

classification of Aryans

and non-Aryans on the

basis of measurements of

the skull and other physical

features.

Improving the Gene Pool

▪ Many of these ideas were not

unique to the Nazis. For example

in the early 1900s, many states

in The United States passed

compulsory sterilization laws

and prohibited intermarriage

between whites and African

Americans, Native Americans,

and Asians. However, the Nazis

were more ruthless and more

thorough in their efforts to

improve the gene pool.

"We do not stand alone" - Nazi

propaganda justifying the 1934

sterilization law, shows a German

couple surrounded by the flags of

nations which already had

identical laws. Neues Volk, 1936.

The War Against the Jews

▪ When the Nazis began

to wage war against the

Jews, they used rhetoric

and propaganda.

From an anti-Semitic children's

book. The sign reads "Jews are not

wanted here"

The Wandering Jew

▪ On November 8, 1937, a

propaganda exhibit entitled

Der Ewige Jude (The

Wandering Jew) opened. It

portrayed Jews as

communists, swindlers and

sex-fiends.

▪ Over 150,000 people

attended the exhibit in just

three days.

Communists and Thieves

▪ Jews were frequently associated with communists and thieves. The Wandering Jewlater became a notorious hate film, and associated the Jews with rats and other vermin.

The headlines say "Jews are our

misfortune" and "How the Jew

cheats." Germany, 1936.

Extermination

▪ For those with ears to

hear, Hitler promised

the extermination of

the Jewish people in a

speech to the

Reichstag in 193

▪ "...if the international Jewish financiers in

and outside Europe should succeed in

plunging the nations once more into a world

war, then the result will not be the

Bolshevizing of the earth, and thus the

victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the

Jewish race in Europe!"

-- Adolf Hitler, January 30, 1939

Harassment

▪ Harassment followed

the limitations on the

civil rights of Jewish

citizens.

Jewish children humiliated in the classroom.

Registration

▪ At first Jews were

required to register

and to wear yellow

stars as identification.

The Nuremberg Race Laws

▪ The Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935:

▪ Deprived Jews of rights of citizenship

▪ Prohibited marriage or sexual relations with

Aryans

▪ Prohibited employment of Aryans as household

help

▪ The Nuremberg Race Laws included:

▪ "The Law for the Protection of German Blood

and German Honor" (prohibiting German-

Jewish intermarriage)

▪ "The Reich Citizenship Law" (designating Jews

as subjects).

▪ "The Law for the Protection of the Genetic

Health of the German People" (requiring

potential marriage partners to submit to a

medical examination).

▪ If they were disease free, they would be issued a

"Certificate of Fitness to Marry."

▪ The certificate was required in order to get a

marriage license.

Kristallnacht

▪ During the evening of November 9, 1938,

the "night of broken glass," many Jewish

businesses, synagogues and homes were

destroyed by mobs of people fired by

propaganda and fueled by their own

prejudice and ignorance.

▪ Kristallnacht was a massive coordinated

attack throughout the German Reich.

The burning of a synagogue during Kristallnacht

In Retaliation for Nazi Mistreatment

▪ The attack came after Herschel

Grynszpan, a 17 year old Jew

living in Paris, shot and killed

a member of the German

Embassy in retaliation for the

poor treatment his father and

his family suffered at the

hands of the Nazis. His family,

along with thousands of other

Jews, had been transported in

boxcars and dumped at the

Polish border.

“Rise in Bloody Vengence”

▪ The German propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels, incited Germans to "rise in bloody vengeance against the Jews.

▪ Mob violence broke out as the German police stood by and watched.

▪ Storm troopers and members of the SS beat and murdered Jews along with the mobs.

▪ Nearly 1000 synagogues were burned and thousands of Jews rounded up.

Synagogues burned on the night of Kristallnacht

Ghettos

▪ Jewish people were

herded into ghettos

(walled off parts of the

city in which the

people could be more

easily controlled).

Joseph Goebbels

called the ghettos

"death boxes" Waiting for a drink of water in the Warsaw

Ghetto, where water and food were in

short supply.

This ration card from October 1941 entitled a resident to 300

calories a day.

Children climbing the walls to smuggle food into the Warsaw Ghetto

The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising April - May 1943

Concentration Camps

▪ In the next phase of the

"final solution" Nazis

separated out the young,

the old, and the ill and sent

them to their deaths. The

gas chamber was used in

the extermination camps

such as Auschwitz. Those

who could work obtained

only a temporary reprieve.

Inmates at Sachenhausen wearing

identifying badges

Barracks at Auschwitz

Prisoners at Dachau

Children victims of Nazi medical experiments

Jewish prisoners are loaded onto the train from Westerbork, a transit camp, on

their way to a concentration camp

The Final Solution

▪ In January 1942 high Nazi officials met to

discuss the "final solution of the Jewish

question," in the Berlin suberb, Wansee.

Known as the Wansee Conference, this

meeting did not begin the killing of the

Jews, but in it the Nazis articulated their

plans clearly and determined on a

systematic method to carry them out.

The final destination for those who could not work, the gas

chamber. This is the gas chamber at Flossenburg.

Einsatzgrubben

▪ Not all murdered Jews

were killed in the camps.

A mobile killing force

called the Einsatzgrubben

conducted many

executions, particularly in

the Ukraine and Baltic

states.

Jews from Lubny (Ukraine)

assembled just prior to execution

Jewish victims who have been asked to

remove their outer garments prior to execution

Einsatzgrubben executions in the Ukraine

Jewish citizens of Kiev marching to Babi Yar

The ravine at Babi Yar, scene of mass executions in 1941. Ensatzgrubben killed

33,000 citizens of Kiev by gunning them down on the edge of the ravine.

Liberation

▪ In 1945 the camps were liberated. In the last

days the Nazis were still unwilling to give

up the plan to exterminate the Jews. They

either executed Jews in the camps as they

abandoned them, death-marched them into

the interior of Germany, or cut off food and

water, leaving them to die.

Children at Auschwitz. The lucky ones were liberated in 1945.

Mass grave site at Bergen-Belsen. The British found many dead

when they liberated the camp.

Examples of resistance to Nazism

▪ Sophie Scholl and the White Rose Movement

- University students who were former members of the Hitler youth group

- Seen how Jews were killed

- Designed pamphlets criticising the Nazi Party and ask to boycott Nazi meetings and stop to work in factories were weapons is produced.

- When Gestapo realized it, the leaders of the group were sentenced to death

Dietrich Bonhoeffer and the

confessing church

▪ Became a leader of the Confessing Church

▪ Challenged Hitler by sending a letter complaining about how Christianity had been removed from Germany

▪ Nazi’s removed church leaders from their churches – some was sent to concentration camps

▪ Bonhoeffer became a anti – Nazi resistance worker, helping Jewish families escape Germany

▪ Connected to a plot to assassinate Hitler

▪ Nazi’s executed him

Warsaw Ghetto uprising

▪ 300 000 Jews sent to Warsaw for mass killings

▪ Put in ghettos where they were badly treated

▪ Jews established underground resistance called Jewish fighting organisation

▪ Started protest in April 1945

▪ Did not have a strong army but managed to fight the Nazi’s for 4 weeks

▪ Nazi’s set Ghettos on fire and defeated them

References

▪ Adapted from Holocaust Nightmare: A

HistoryWiz Exhibit