Roman ReformersRoman Reformers

Tiberius GracchusTiberius Gracchus Became a tribune in 133 Became a tribune in 133

B.C.B.C. Wanted to divide up Wanted to divide up

public lands and give to public lands and give to poorpoor

Vetoed by another Vetoed by another tribunetribune

Eventually, Senate Eventually, Senate staged a riot and had him staged a riot and had him and his followers killed and his followers killed

Gaius GracchusGaius Gracchus Tiberius’s younger brother, Tribune Tiberius’s younger brother, Tribune

in 123 B.C.in 123 B.C. Had government take over sale of Had government take over sale of

wheat and sell it to the poor below wheat and sell it to the poor below market price.market price.

Eventually, 1/3 Romans were Eventually, 1/3 Romans were receiving wheat for freereceiving wheat for free

Senate felt threatened and in 121 Senate felt threatened and in 121 B.C. had him killed B.C. had him killed

Gaius MariusGaius Marius General who became consul in General who became consul in

107 B.C.107 B.C. first lower class Roman to be first lower class Roman to be

elected to such a high officeelected to such a high office Set up professional army, Set up professional army,

everyone could join.everyone could join. Offered pay, land, pensions, and Offered pay, land, pensions, and

itemsitems Helped by providing jobs, hurt Helped by providing jobs, hurt

by making soldiers loyal to by making soldiers loyal to general rather than the general rather than the government government

Lucius SullaLucius Sulla General who opposed Marius; Sulla General who opposed Marius; Sulla

took his army and seized the citytook his army and seized the city Civil War broke out, in the end Sulla Civil War broke out, in the end Sulla

made himself dictator of Romemade himself dictator of Rome Believed power of Senate was key Believed power of Senate was key

to end Rome’s troublesto end Rome’s troubles Senators had more duties, power of Senators had more duties, power of

Tribunes weakenedTribunes weakened Generals could not have more than Generals could not have more than

one year at a timeone year at a time

PompeyPompey

Part of Triumvirate, Part of Triumvirate, Believed in a Believed in a republic ruled by republic ruled by upper class senatorsupper class senators

After Crassus’s After Crassus’s death, he was death, he was murdered giving murdered giving Caesar full control Caesar full control

Julius Caesar Julius Caesar Well-educated politician who became a soldierWell-educated politician who became a soldier Named governor of Roman province in 58 B.C.Named governor of Roman province in 58 B.C. Conquered Northern France, Belgium, and invaded Conquered Northern France, Belgium, and invaded

BritainBritain In 50 B.C. Senate ordered Caesar to break up his In 50 B.C. Senate ordered Caesar to break up his

legions and return home; Instead by 46 B.C. he legions and return home; Instead by 46 B.C. he became dictator of Romebecame dictator of Rome

Redistributed state lands in Italy and founded new Redistributed state lands in Italy and founded new colonies overseascolonies overseas

Gave land to thousands of ex-soldiers who had noneGave land to thousands of ex-soldiers who had none Built roads, drained marshes for land useBuilt roads, drained marshes for land use

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar In 50 B.C. Senate In 50 B.C. Senate

ordered Caesar to break ordered Caesar to break up his legions and return up his legions and return home; Instead by 46 home; Instead by 46 B.C. he became dictator B.C. he became dictator of Romeof Rome

Redistributed state lands Redistributed state lands in Italy and founded new in Italy and founded new colonies overseascolonies overseas

Gave land to thousands Gave land to thousands of ex-soldiers who had of ex-soldiers who had nonenone

Built roads, drained Built roads, drained marshes for land usemarshes for land use

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar Keep the poor and the Keep the poor and the

idle from turning into idle from turning into unhappy and angry unhappy and angry mobs. mobs.

Doubled the size of Doubled the size of the Senatethe Senate

Gave business a Gave business a chance to become chance to become senators.senators.

Cut back on activities Cut back on activities of the publicansof the publicans

Julius CaesarJulius Caesar

Gave citizenship to Greeks, Gave citizenship to Greeks, Spaniards, GaulsSpaniards, Gauls

Adopted a new calendar based on Adopted a new calendar based on the Egyptian calendar, called it the the Egyptian calendar, called it the Julian calendar, similar to what is still Julian calendar, similar to what is still used today!used today!

Killed him as they were afraid he was Killed him as they were afraid he was going to make himself kinggoing to make himself king

Mark AntonyMark Antony

Member of Member of another another triumvirate with triumvirate with Octavian and Octavian and Marcus LepidusMarcus Lepidus

Took command of Took command of Rome’s territories Rome’s territories in the Eastin the East

Caesar’s closest Caesar’s closest follower and a follower and a popular general popular general

OctavianOctavian Caesar’s grand Caesar’s grand

nephew and nephew and adopted sonadopted son

Took charge of the Took charge of the WestWest

The triumvirate The triumvirate began to fight, began to fight, Octavian won and Octavian won and was sole ruler of was sole ruler of Rome Rome