ROM-SIGNEWS - JewishGen Winter 2000.pdf · SIG, has handledpro-bonoall legal matters for us—includingincorporation of ROM-SIG, Inc., early in 1999 and filing our application for

ROM-SIG NEWSA Special Interest Group Journal for

ROMANIAN JEWISH GENEALOGY

Fusgeyer Group from Town of Roman in Romania on journey to Hamburg, 1900

Inside This Issue:

From the Editor 2Letters 4Jews Leaving Romania (NY Times, 1900) 5ROM-SIG Cemetery Project 5The Romanian Jews in America 6Book Review: The Holocaust in Romania 10Shtetl Project: Burdujeni 11A History of the Jews in Ploesti 17The Jewish Population of Jassy from 1755 to 1860 18Lists of Jewish community members from various towns, 1940s 24Searching for Records of My Grandfather 29Book Review: Vie World Tliat Was 31Romanian Court Documents 32Bukovina 34Soldiers in 1877-1878 War Records 43The Pogrom of 1907, Recalled 54A Story of Amazing Mazel 55Sephardic Community in Timisoara 57Jews of Braila ; 58The Holocaust: Transylvanian Records 64Transylvanian Population Record 70Romanian Sources in New York City 71

Volume 8, Number 1 Winter, 2000

ROM-SIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 2000

A message from the ROM-SIG coordinator:Dear Members:

Sincere thanks foryour patience during this lengthy year-long wait between issues of ROM-SIG News. Sam Elpern'slegendary efficiency is sorely missed! Despite this protracted hiatus, ROM-SIG hasflourished remarkably overthecourse of this year. A hostof newvolunteers havebecome involved andan impressive array of new projects are inprogress. The lackof printed matter has beenoffset by the building of an infrastructure that willhelp to yielda rich lodeof new material for members of ROM-SIG andfor thewider community of Jewish genealogy in the months andyears tocome. In 1999 we welcomed 49 new members, bringing ourtotal membership to 325 from 9 countries. OurFamilyFinder now contains over4100 entries from 1100 researchers covering 400 towns. Thanks to ourfamily finder on-linewebmaster Bruce Kahn, the on-line family finder is now searchable by soundex.

ROM-SIG has blossomed thanks in part to the leadership efforts of the indefatigable Ellen Renck, [[email protected]].Ellen carried out a tremendous effort resulting in the creation of the Shtetls of Romania database. Withthe help of EdRosenbaum-who prepared the webpages-andAlan Grant[[email protected]] in Australia-who will be the shtetlsdatabase manager, Ellen's work has produced a searchable online database that contains notonly latitude and longitudebut alsocounty and region for hundreds of towns within the areacovered by ROM-SIG. Each townnameis in turnlinked to a town/shtetl webpage-most of whichstill needto be created by you! Over 600 visits to this new sectionof theROM-SIG website were logged between Nov. 6 and Jan. 9!

As ourCounty Research Coordinator, Ellen hasmanaged to organize "county" (judeti) research projects, to be managedbyindividual county coordinators who gather materials relating to each county, coordinate research relating to thecounty andsupport the development of town/shtetl webpages for localities within eachcounty. Australian MitchSelleck,[[email protected]] will be the counties website manager. Todate, the following individuals have volunteered toserve as countycoordinators. We welcome morevolunteers! Diane Goldman, [[email protected]], SATU MARE;Mona Friedman Morris, [[email protected]], IASI; RuthGavis, [[email protected]], NEAMT; IrwinKaufman,[[email protected]], BRICENI, KHOTIN; Cherie Korer, [[email protected]], MURESand MARA-MURES; Ellen Renck, [[email protected]], GALATI; JerrySilverbush, [[email protected]], SUCEAVA; RobertaSolit, [[email protected]], KISHINEV/CISINAU; Nancy Weinberg, [[email protected]], RADAUTI &CERNIVTSI/CERNAUTI; Irving Osterer [[email protected]] and David HartWilder [[email protected]],PRAHOVA

Ellen Renck has also been responsible forthe growth of the "resources" section of the ROM-SIG website onJewishgen.Ellen has ferreted out related websites from far and wide. ROM-SIG's new website review committee, coordinated byKathy Keane [[email protected]], is reviewing every site available that relates in some way to Romanian Jewishgenealogy and is developing a rating system to help ROM-SIG members and others navigate theirway through theabundance of materials available on the internet. Volunteer members of this committee include Hilary Henkin, HaroldHeyman, Ken Kalstein and Robert Strumwasser.

Several ROM-SIG members have volunteered to do translating work, including German translators Jack Bloom[[email protected]], ReneSteinig [[email protected]], and Susan Brown [[email protected]]. BrunoSegal, Monica Talmor and Josephine Nagelberg havehelped out with Romanian Translation, while Marcel Bratu isinvolved ina massive Romanian translation project that should provide us with most of the materials for the next coupleof issues of ROM-SIG News.

Leon Gold, [[email protected]], is coordinating theROM-SIG cemetery project, an ambitious undertaking withthe goal of creating a database of every burial in every Romaniansection of Jewish cemeteries in North America andIsrael and of everyJewishcemetery in Romania.

Monica Talmor, a stalwart volunteer contributor to ROM-SIG, will becoordinating our master database project, whichwill involve compiling a database of names (and sources) from all lists and articles everpublished in ROM-SIG Newsand from alldatabases being compiled by ROM-SIG members. Monica will be helped out byAdam Lowe andneedsmore helpers!

The ROM-SIG Romanian Jewish genealogy forum-open to any interested email user-has been up and running for thepastcoupleof months. Bev Rayburn is the forum moderator. She reviews every incoming messageand decides whetheror not to post them.


A very exciting project has been under negotiation for the past year and shouldyield material as soon as this Spring. Prof. Gyemant will be coordinating transcription, translation and creation of a database of censuses of Jewish merchants from Iasi and elsewhere in Moldavia from the 1850s. Co-sponsored bythe Diaspora Research Institute in Israel, this project will eventually includetranscription and translation of all censuses from Moldavia, Wallachia andTransylvania from the mid-18th thru mid-19th centuries. Your dues will helpto provide partial funding for this project, but additional contributions will benecessary in order to carry out the entire project.

This summer, at the Jewish genealogy conference in New York, I deliveredthree workshops on Romanian topics—and participated in a panel togetherwith Ruth Gavis and Irwin Kaufman. We hope to offer at least one workshopon Romania and we will be holding a ROM-SIG Luncheon at next summer'sconference in Salt Lake City. We encourage all of you to attend.

Besides these activities, numerous other volunteers have been activelyinvolved in helping ROM-SIG to further its mission. I would like to take thisopportunity to offer my sincere thanks to the following individuals, and toencourage every member-old and new alike-to find out how you can pitch into help move our work ahead. Jody Dudichum, her sister Beth, and their mom,Elaine have done a tremendous job doing all of the editing and layout work forthis issue of the newsletter. Needless to say, without their help you would notbe sitting and reading this. Jody and Beth were also helped out by ArleneEdwards and by Irv Oppman. Attorney Don Solomon, the Secretary of ROM-SIG, has handled pro-bono all legal matters for us—including incorporation ofROM-SIG, Inc., early in 1999 and filing our application for 501(c)3 status.Don is also and active member of the ROM-SIG Advisory Council. MarkHeckman has worked hard as the ROM-SIG webmaster and has providedvaluable contributions to the ROM-SIG Advisory Council. Rae Barent has putin many hours as membership chair, membership and family finderdatabasemanager and Advisory Council member. Rosanne Leeson and Ann Oppmanmonitor Jewishgen and the ROM-SIG forum for potential new members.Marilyn Newman writeswelcomeletters to new members. SteveGoldsmithwillbe helping to manage contentand edit materials for future issues of thenewsletter. Jim Hecht mails out back issues of ROM-SIG News and sends current issues to new members. Larry Herman handled the re-printingof our lastnewsletter. Gene Starn has generously helped with the mailingof the last threenewsletters. Nate Edeson will be managing requests for copyright permis-sion-a very important task.And thanks to members of the Advisory Counciland to all other volunteers for your ongoing contributionto the well-being ofour enterprise!

A final note regarding dues: Since ROM-SIG News was not published during1999,we will be extending the period covered by 1999-2000 dues throughDec. 31, 2000. New members since October 1, 1998 will not have to pay adues renewal until January, 2001.All other members are kindly requestedtomail in your checks for dues renewal immediately. Checks shouldbe for $25for those in the United States, $28 for those elsewhere, payable to ROMSIG,Inc., and mailed c/o Rae Barent, 4257 Saline St., Pittsburgh, PA 15217. Yourdues will cover at least two issues of ROM-SIG News in 2000, along with onecopy of the Family Finder. 1/3 of yourdueswillbe usedto support specialprojects such as the census transcription project. Any questions concerningdues shouldbe addressed to [[email protected]], or mailed to ROM-SIG,c/o Rick Bercuvitz, 1889 Workman Street, Montreal, QC CANADA, H3J 2P1.

Rick Bercuvitz, ROMSIG Coordinator

Administration;

..Ellen Renck

.. Ruth Gavis

•. . * '•• -., •,, •• \

'Ativ'mm Bwrtf?NatAbramowitz Paul PascalNora Banner Gene StarnCarlUMch GaryPalgOnJoel Ives MarleneZakaiRosanne Leeson Rita MargolisIrene Saunders Goldstein

"ROM-«lG!!«EW/!-•:•• £ROM-SIG Hews is published quarterlyby ROM-SIG Inc* the special interestfor RomanianJewish genealogy.ROM-SIG is a membership-basedorganizationrun entirely by volunteers.Our purpose is to aid individualsresearching their Romanian Jewishroots by providingthem with information, analysis and documents relatingto RomanianJewish genealogyandRomanian Jewish history^j &Annual dues are $25 for US, $28 allothers, payablein US funds. Backissues covering 1992-1998 are available for $15 per year. All communication regarding.membership enroll-ment, including dues paymentsshould be sent to:

ROM-SIG/Inc. •; '^V'*/'c/o Rae Barent,Membership Coord.4257 Saline Street \Pittsburgh, PA 15217 temail;[email protected]

Articles and information for ROM-SIGNews should be submitted on an IBMPC-compatible disk. Please do not sendoriginalphotographs or documents;sendcopies. Any material submittedwillbe returned uponrequest. All editorial material should be submitted to:

ROM-SIG Newsc/o Steven Goldsmith2217 NW 64th StreetSeattle, WA 98107email: [email protected]

All other inquiries and correspondenceshould be sent to:

ROM-SIG, Inc.c/o Rick Bercuvitz, Coordinator1889 Workman StreetMontreal, QC CANADA, H3J 2P1email; [email protected]


£ett&t6 to tfieDear Mr. Oppman,

A number of years ago, I wrote a briefvignette for ROM-SIG News about adiscovery that Al Leeds and I madeconcerning our grandfathers. Al recentlydied. Circumstances dictated that we

would not meet one another, though Alwould come visit each summer, close toour home in Connecticut. Yet we signedour e-mails to each other, AlFrumusican and Jack Frumusican.

Recently I received from ProfessorGyemant, my fathers birth certificate,with an earlier birthdate than any of usknew of. I have added it to completethis story, in tribute to Al.

Leeds Lead Leads to Prize

by Jack H. Bloom[jackhbloom@ aol .com]

A number of years ago on the RomanianSpecial Interest Group's Family Finder-which is a list of people with genealogical interest who are looking for relativeswith a certain last name and from a special city or town in Romania. I had posted that I was looking for Blum or Segallin Frumusica or Hirlau. (Segall was mymother's maiden name). A Mr. Al Leedsof DelRay Beach, Florida contacted me,to say that his grandfather, FroimLeibovici, was from Frumusica. Aftersome discussion, the best we could comeup with was together concluding that ourgrandfathers, living in that hamlet, probably knew one another. That was something but not very much. Well, onething lead to another and Al Leeds hitpay dirt. Professor Gyemant forwardedto him a copy of a birth registrationfrom Frumusica dated March 22, 1895.The document recorded the birth, toFroim Leibovici and his wife Hudla, ofa daughter; Esther Ruchel Leibovici.

I Who should be signed as a witness butmy then-38-year-old grandfather,Zalman Blum! Zalman was at that time

the father of 3-month-old Samuel

Blum, my father. (Calculated from thebirth date he had always toldus-December 28, 1894. Actually fromthe actual certificate he was a year andsome months.)

Just a few months ago, I received myfathers birth certificate. And there was

Froim Lebovici's signature as witness.

Zalman's and Froim's signatures appear,

as virtually all Jewish signatures onthese Romanian state documents do, inboth Hebrew and Romanian. It was a

thrill to see, even in photocopy, furtherevidence of Zalman's being, and hisobvious closeness to Froim Lebovici,Al's grandfather. I do have a photo ofZalman in an 1899 wedding, and a picture of him as a local honcho with a

group of fisgeyers of Botosani County.Fisgeyers (literally, those who go byfoot) were Romanian Jewish emigrantswho walked across Europe to Hamburgwhere they took ships to America.Family stories about Zalman, which Iheard from his daughter Leah in Israelin 1976, indicated that he was an important figure in the little town. Leah, inher nineties when I interviewed her,described him as the unofficial mayor.

So now Al Leeds and I know, thanks tothe Family Finder and Al's carefulperusal of his document, and my notingmy father's, that our grandfathers reallydid know each other well.

Attached for your viewing andgenealogical pleasure are translatedcopies of the evidence:

Registration, for births No 30

1895 March 22; 10 am; Birth Certificateof Esther Ruhla, Jewish, female, born,yesterday, 8 a.m. in the house of herparents from Frumusica. Daughter ofFroim Leibovici, 50, and Hudla, 47,merchants, residing, in this village.Declaration made by the father whopresented the child to us. Witnesses:Zalman Blum, 38, Herscu Feler, 32,residing in this village, who signedtogether with us.

Theodor Lupaceanu, mayor, andRegistrar of Storesti. (Storesti is a village about 8 miles north-northwest ofFrumusica).

State Archives in Botosani-FrumusicaRegister for Births No. 72

1893 Dec. 4,10 a.m. Birth certificate ofSmil Solomon Blum, Jewish, male,born in Dec, 2, 12 at night, in the houseof his parents in Frumusica, son ofZalman Blum, 45, and Marim, 40, bothmerchants, residing in this Village.Declaration, made by the father, whopresented us the child. Witnesses; FroimLeibovici, 40; Moise Sfarti, 30, both

merchants, residing in this village, whosigned together with us GavrilBancianu, mayor and Registrar ofStoresti.

Rick:

I noticed in the Newsletter you had alist of Romanian Jewish writers. David

Isaiah Silberbusch, the editor and shortstory writer was born in Zaleszczyki,Galicia and wrote primarily in Hebrewand Yiddish. He did however live for

some time in Romania and while there,published a Hebrew monthly, Ha-Or in1882. He wrote a story, Dimat Ashukim(The Tear of the Oppressed) dealingwith the oppression of the RomanianJews. I got this information from theEncyclopedia Judaica. By the way, Ifound soc.genealogy.jewish.

Jerry Silverbush

From Bruce Reisch:

To those interested in ancestors from

Radauti/Radautz, Bukowina (part ofRomania since WWI). In Israel, there isa group known as the Organization ofFormer Radautz Bukowina Residents. It

is a philanthropic society providing aidto those in need, with roots in Radautz,both in Romania and in Israel. This

group was responsible for the 1987 construction of a significant memorial tothe Jews of Radauti who perished inTransnistria. This memorial is located

not far from the main entrance to the

cemetery in Holon, Israel (Gush 15,Ezor 3, Rows 16-17). This sameOrganization was also responsible forthe publication of a Memorial (Yizkor)Book about Radauti, as well as a videotape honoring the community. TheYizkor Book consists of over 200+

pages , with many photos and illustrations, and was written primarily inHebrew, as well as German. Not manycopies of this Yizkor book are left. Forcontact with this Organization, andinformation on how to obtain copies ofthis Yizkor book, write to: Organizationof Former Radautz Bukowina Residents

POB 11244 Tel Aviv 61112 Israel (PostOffice Branch Zamenhof) For moreinformation on Radautz, visit your localShtetlink page:http://www.jewishgen.org/shtetlinks/radauti/radautz.html


From: The New York Times, October 14,1900

Jews Leaving RoumaniaWholesale Emigration Owing tothe Severity of the Laws Against the Hebrew

Washington, October 13 - Some months ago there suddenlyappeared at theImmigration Station at New York large numbers ofRoumanian Jews. They were all, or nearly all, withoutmoney andwererefused landing until bonds weregiventhattheywould notbecome public charges. The sudden and unexpected arrival of so many ofthis class of immigrants awakened aninterest in the question as to what was inducing themto comeherein suchlarge numbers.

TheCommissioner of Immigration at NewYork madearequest ofAssistant Secretary Taylor that an agent be appointed to visit Roumania to ascertain, if possible, the reasonswhichwere inducingso manyof the Jews to leave their homesandcome to this country. Robert Watchom, a special Inspectorof Immigration, who wasthen visiting in England, wasauthorized to go to Roumania to obtain the information.

Mr. Watchom hasjust returned andsubmitted his report to theTreasury Department throughthe Commissioner ofImmigration. It says that the Jewsfrom that countryare nolongercoming to the UnitedStates, contracthavingbeen madeby the Jewish Colonization Society with the GovernmentofBrazil, whereby large numbers of them, about 35,000, are dueto be sent to Brazil.

It appears from the report that the laws of Roumaniaare ofsuch a characteras to make it almost impossible for the Jewsto remain there and provide a living. As showing the status ofthe Jews in Roumania and the characterof the hardships whichthey are compelledto endure, Mr. Watchom in his report saysthat they are practicallydisenfranchised, and that while underthe laws of the country the children of citizens have access tothe public schools, free of charge, the childrenof the aliensaretaxedat the rate of 50 francs per annumeach. Much that isexceedingly humiliating and degrading to Jews is containedinthe textbooks in use in the publicschools,such, for instance as"A Jew never eats before he cheats." "A Jew is a leech and

lives on the blood he sucks from the poor peasants," and"Never believe a Jew on oath, even when he is expiring."

Not only in matters of education,but in almost every walk oflife the disabilityof the alien (Jew) is self-evident. His choiceof callingof occupation is restricted very harshly. He is notpermitted to reside anywhere in Roumania except in oneofseventy-one towns designated as abiding places for Jews, andhe maybe dismissed even from these on the representation ofthe police officers that his presence is undesirable.He is notpermitted to follow the occupation of an apothecary, a lawyer,a stock broker, a member of the Bourse, the Stock Exchange, apeddler, or a liquor dealer.

Theseare onlya fewof thecallings deniedhim.Astill furtherimpediment is found in the regulation which forbids employersof labor to give employment to a Jew until they first haveemployed twoChristians, a ratiotheymust strictly follow no-

matterhow many they employ.

All Government civil employments are denied to Jews, butthey arecompelled to do military duty under theconscriptionlaw, although equal advancement is denied them onthegroundthat they are aliens.

It is stated, however, that under the amended constitution 800Roumanian Jews,"Heroes of Pleyna", or soldiers of the warof1877 have been collectively naturalized, yet theJews themselves state that more than 100 of these are still without theirnaturalization papers.

ROM-SIG Cemetery ProjectAt the annual meetingof ROM-SIG, heldduringthe JewishGenealogy SummerSeminar in NewYork Cityon August12,Rick Bercuvitz announced the launchingof the ROMSIG cemeteryproject The ultimate goal is to compilea database containing indexed burials from all Romanian sectionsof Jewish cemeteries worldwide, and of all Jewish cemeteries within Romania. This project will consist of several components, which will progress simultaneously. These include:• Identifying Romanian sections of Jewish cemeteries inmajor cities in North America.• Acquiring existing indices of burials in these sections.• Creating indices for Romanian sections where none exist• Gathering information for Romanian sections ofJewishcemeteries outside of North America (other than Romania).• Gathering lists of burials and copies of chevra kedisha registers for all Jewish cemeteries within Romania.

All work will be done in conjunction with the IAJGS cemetery project In those areas where IAJGS has already obtainedinformation regarding Romanian sections of Jewish cemeteries, we will be able to make use of their work and where weobtain new information we will share it with that project

In order for this project to succeed, we need broad volunteerinvolvement Here is how you can help:1) Locate the phone numbers) of any Jewish cemeteries inyour city/area2) Email the phone numbers to cemetery projectcoordinatorLeon Gold at [[email protected]] or mail them to himat 1658 Estate Circle, Naperville, IL 60565 or, better yet,3) Call the cemetery offices yourself, ask whether they haveany Romanian sections. If not, report back to Leon4) If so, find out whether there is a comprehensive index toburials in the Romanian sections

5) If so, find out whetherthis is available on computerand ifso, ask them if they could transmit the data to Leon Gold at[[email protected]].6) If there is an index but this is not section-specific try to findout how difficult it would be to separate out the Romaniansections and consider visiting the cemetery to do this7) If there is not an index, consider assembling a team andvisiting the cemetery to create an index yourself.Please contact Leon Gold before beginning this project tomake sure that nobody has already done this in your city.Yourcontributionwill help to make this project a success!


From:

The Roumanian Jews in Americaby D.M. Hermalin

I

Previous to the Russo-Turkish war (1877), in whichRoumania took an active part, gaining her independencefrom the Sultan's suzerainty, the Roumanian Jew was notoften heard of as an emigrant Sporadic migration, however, brought Roumanian Jews to every port of the globe,with the exception of America, which, for no particularreason, did not attract their attention. India and Egyptseem to have been more favored than other countries, andPalestine was holy ground, to which rich and piousRoumanian Jews resorted in their old age to die and to beburied in its sacred soil. America was spoken of as a country almost beyond reach, and of its material advantages theaverage Roumanian Jew knew nothing.

As early as 1810, according to the testimony of a fewRoumanian Jewish residents of New York, someRoumanians at Bombay, hearing of fortunes amassed inNorthAmerica and not finding India to their liking, sailedfor New York. Arriving at their destination, they thoughtthemselves the pioneers of Roumanian Jewry on theAmerican Continent, but they were told that others of thesame type had been their forerunners.

Diligent inquiry fails to ascertain the exact names, occupations, and dates of the earliest comers. However, it remainsand undisputed fact that even the sporadicemigration ofRoumanian Jews in the United States did not commencemuch earlier than 1850.

n

As late as 1870, a RoumanianJewish immigrant mightwander about the countryfor months without meeting oneof his countrymen. But after 1877,the emigration toAmerica began to increase, and almostat once the peculiarities of the immigrants obtruded themselves in Americanlife. These peculiarities were not religious and not nationalin character, they were chiefly gastronomic - the firstimpression made by the Roumanian Jew upon the AmericanJewish community was in the culinary department.

The religious cohesion that manifests itself in the formation of separate congregations was very late in coming.This strange behavior, so unlike the course pursued byother Jewish immigrants, is susceptibleof explanation. Theearly arrivals from Roumania were nearly all unmarriedmen and rather lax in the matter of religious conformity.Either they were indifferent to religious practices, or ifthey intermarried with the Jews from other countries, theypermitted themselves to be absorbed by the congregationswith which the families of their wives had affiliated.

After 1878, when the Jews of Roumania were hard pressed

by her government, and were compelled to seek a permanent home elsewhere, they began to take great interest inthe letters of their scattered countrymen. Comparing thedifferent reports with one another, they came to the conclusion that America, distant though it was, was best suitedfor their purpose.

The records show, however, that their migration toAmerica continued to be spasmodic. From 1878 until1882, the immigration gradually increased from 261 to1052, forty per cent of the whole number being womenand children. In the next year, 1883, there was a decreaseof a hundred, and since that time, though on the wholethere has been a constant increase, the percentage ofincrease has varied most irregularly. In fact, if it is desiredto know when the Roumanian Jews are more than ordinar

ily persecuted by their government it is not necessary tolook up the Roumanian edicts against the Jews; we havebut to study the annual variation in the number of arrivalsin this country. In 1888, for instance, there was an increaseof nearly two thousand as compared with the immigrationof the previous year, but the next year showed an increaseof only four hundred over 1887. This irregular course continued until 1900, when the Roumanian Jewish immigration reached amazing proportions.

in

During all these years, although Roumanian Jews went tonearly every part of the Union and the Dominion ofCanada, the city of New York was, as it still remains, thegoal of their wanderings. Almost all the Roumanian Jewsin America either were residents of New York, or hadpassed through the metropolis in seeking their fortuneselsewhere. This rule has been broken only since 1900,when well-known European benevolent associations transported a considerable number of Roumanian wanderers toCanadian shores.

After all, however, the bulk of Roumanian Jewish immigrantsstill remain in New York, and whateverpeculiaritiesof theirs survived expatriation can be studied nowhere asin the metropolis, in which they have established congregations and societies, and developed individual traits.

As has been said, the earliest Roumanian Jewish immigrants did not attempt to separate themselves from otherJews in religious affairs. But as soon as the more orthodoxclass began to arrive, and some of them became prosperous in worldly affairs, they thought of indulging in the luxury of a synagogue of their own, and they devoted themselves to the formation of societies somewhat on the

model of those they had had in their Roumanian home.

But the creature comforts were provided for earlier thanthe satisfaction of spiritual cravings. As early as 1884, twoRoumanians occupied a basement on Hester Street, wherethey manufactured grape wine, and served it in Roumanian

ROM-SIG NEWS, Volume 8,No. 1,Spring 2000fashion. Then they installed a complete Roumanian kitchen,whence issued all a Roumanian palate could desire. Otherswere encouraged to follow suit, and the Roumanian carciu-ma, (wine house) and brularia (restaurant) became a lucrative business in New York. The first patrons naturally wereRoumanians, but soon other Jews flocked to them and paidhomage to Roumanian culinary art.

In the same year, 1884,a few youths established the

borhood, organized for pleasure and entertainment.

IV

At the end of 1885, a score of Roumanian Jews assembledin a meeting, decided to hirea hall on the Bowery for thepurpose of holding religious service in the manner theywere accustomed to in the old country. They called themselves simply "The First Roumanian AmericanCongregation", without the usual addition of a Hebrew name.

Even at that late date the motives that led them to form acongregation of their own were not of a compelling nature.The Roumanian Jew in America who clings to his religiondiffers from almost all other immigrants of his calibre.They are eager to have their own rabbis or expoundersofthe Law, but he is satisfied with the religious authoritiesexisting, so long as they are orthodox. The foundation ofthe first Roumanian congregationrests on other than purely religious reasons. The Roumanian Jew is wont to pronounce the Hebrew language in a manner peculiar to himself. He differs even from the Galician Jew in this regard,nor does his pronunciation agree with the Hebrew of theSouth Russian, who is careful at least in the matter ofaccentuation. A loose and careless way of pronouncing theHebrew language became somewhat of a fad with theRoumanian Jew, and when he hears prayers recited withprecision, he feels repelled. Besides, the Roumanian Jewconducts divine service according to the Sephardic ritual,and as most of the East Side congregations consist ofAshkenazim, it was natural that he should provide for hisown religious need as soon as he could. Again, the Jew inRoumania is accustomed to resort to the synagogue onSaturdays at his leisure, as a place at which to meet andconverse with the friends and acquaintances whom hecould not see during the week. Once established inAmerica, he longed for the old time synagogue which washis club as well.

The first Roumaniancongregation, which met on theBowery, consisted of about fifteen members, who were notsufficientlyblessed with worldly goods to purchase a

scroll of the Law; they had to hire one of a Hebrew book-dealer on Canal Street. Thecongregation rarely met duringthe week. If one of the members had to recite Kaddish, heeither had to gather a Minyan himself, or visitthe synagogue of another congregation. Buton the Sabbath day thelittle hall was well filled. If a Roumanian Jew wanted tosee any one of his countrymen, he was sure to find himthere, orat least meet some one who knew his where-

Roumanisch-Ain'eril^^scher BmdCTb'unZfor theTurpose, about^.And mme svnag°gue foKiSa and domestic politicsas set forth in their constitution, of devoting themselves to wer* dt!tscussed' a"d above a11 the fate °fthose left behindthe study of social science. This society can hardly be !An me. coumiy ofAmalek" as *e Roumanian Jew incalled and original manifestation of Roumanian needs and Amenca 1S fond of callinS Ws native landcharacter, itrather mimicked similar societies in the neigh- Contrary to expectation, this first Roumanian congregation

did not thrive, and had it not been for the great massespouring in from Roumania, andfor the benevolent purposewhich it added to its religious objects, it would havedecayed entirely. It continued to meeton the Bowery until1893, when it took a ten years, lease on the buildingat 70Hester Street and established a synagogue at which thefull quota of religious services was held. At this momentits membership does not exceed two hundred. On a similarbasis, the congregation Kehal Adath Yeshurun, or theYassier Sheehl, was established in 1897. It also leased abuilding, 79 Hester Street, for a period of ten years, and itsmembership runs up to about the same number as themembership of the other.

Recently a third Roumanian Jewish congregation wasestablished in the section of Brooklyn calledWilliamsburgh, but it is not of more consequence than itspredecessors in New York City.

In short, the Roumanian Jew has not been very successfulin forming congregations in America. They have not, infact even exerted the attraction of a club house upon him;it has been demonstrated lately that he has given up seeking his friends at the synagogue. He now looks them up atthe Roumanian coffee-house, wine-cellars, and restaurants.Such Roumanian Jews as desire to affiliate with a religiousbody prefer the congregations formed by the SouthRussians or Bessarabians.They have even learned to overlook "short-comings" in pronunciation and liturgy. And theconditions that prevail in New York characterizeRoumanian Jewish communities wherever they exist in theUnited States; no matter in what numbers Jews fromRoumania may have gathered, they are not inclined toform congregations.

VI

As early as the beginning of 1889, there were a number ofRoumanian Jews in New York who were proud of theirAmerican citizenship. When they visited their newly-arrived compatriots, they would display the document thatentitled them to participation in the political affairs of theUnited States. The dream of the Roumanian Jew, to be anaturalized citizen, was at last realized. When he was able

8 ROM-SIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 2000

to grasp the novel situation, he not only prided himself onhis citizenship, but looked back with horror and contemptupon his native land, which had robbed him of his rights.Besides the oath sworn before the American Judge, hetook another,never to desert the country of his adoption.

It is a fact that in devotion to country, the Roumanian Jewin America excels almost every other foreign Jew. The reason probably is that the Roumanian Jew has suffered morethrough being considered and alien in the country of hisbirth than any other persecuted Jew of the present day.

The first Roumanian Jewish citizens of New York called a

meeting at 101 Orchard Street, and after a short debateconcluded to form a political organization. A discussionarose as to the party to which the club was to belong. Notone of the persons present was sufficiently conversant withthe principles of the different political organizations to bein a position to advise to which to give their support. Yetthey had been told that unless they took sides with the oneor the other party, their organization would amount to amere farce.

At this juncture a youth asked permission to speak. He wasa studentfrom a Roumanian University, and had but latelyarrived in America to join his parents, who had left himbehind to finish his studies.

The young speaker delivered a clever address on AbrahamLincoln, dwelling principally upon the effortsmadeby thispresident of the United States to establish equality amongmen, to level the barriers of race, religion, and color. Thespeaker concluded thus: "And now, my dear countrymen,this noble American, their friend of the enslaved andoppressed, was a member of the Republican party".

He was warmlyapplauded for his speech, whichwasdelivered in the Roumanian language, and many voicesexclaimedin the same tongue: "Traiasca Memoria luiLincoln!" ("Long live the memory of Lincoln!").Withoutfurther deliberation, the association concluded to give itspolitical support to the party that had produced a Lincoln,and so "The Roumanian American Republican Club" wasformed. But next year, after the members had had somepolitical experience, the name was changed into "TheRoumanian American Independent Citizens Association.Later the association took active part in the politicalreform movement in New York City. At the end of 1891,contact with professional politicians bred quarrels anddisharmony, and the association disbanded. Subsequentlyit was reorganized as a Democratic club, but the originalenthusiasm had evaporated, and it degenerated into anoffice seekers' society, lying dormant all year, and awakening only whencandidates are in the field, and promiserewards in return for votes. In short, the Roumanian clubsank to the lowdegree occupied by the typical politicalorganizations that infest the entire East Side of New York.

vn

A prominent figure in Roumanian-American Jewry worthyof honorable mention is the late Michael Rosenthal, whoarrived here early in the "eighties". Though a cobbler bytrade he plunged into business, first as a peddler; then heopened a saloon, and in a few years he had accumulated alittle fortune. He was himself almost illiterate, but he lovedmen of education, and he sought their society and advice.With the aid of such, he established, in 1885, a benevolentand endowment association, called 'The American Star"The earliest members of the order were Roumanian Jews

exclusively, but later others joined it. It is still flourishing,and it bears the reputation of being on of the best managedbenevolent associations in New York City.

In the same year, lodges composed entirely of RoumanianJews were formed in connection with the older Orders, anda number of societies sprang up with the double purposeof entertainment and charity. Most of the latter were ofshort duration. One of the exceptions is the "Carmen SylvaDramatic Association", which, however, is now about toshare the fate of the majority. This association was formedin honor of the Roumanian queen, whose nom de plume isCarmen Sylva, and who bears, among Roumanian Jews,the reputation of being a liberal woman. It was composedof young men and women, and one of its purposes was thecultivation of Roumanian language and dramatic literature.Severaldramatic performances were given during the winter season, which were well patronized by the countrymenof the young actors. But as the persecutions of the Jewsincreased in Roumania, hatred of Roumanian language andliterature grew with themin America, and the performances lost their patrons and the society its prestige.

vn

It is proper to devote some space to the Roumanian Jewishactors, who began to arrive in New Yorkas early as 1881.They played in a concert hall, on the Bowery, at that timeknown as the "Oriental Theatre" At the end of 1886, thebest Jewish company of actors and actresses came to NewYork and took up their headquarters at another concerthall, renamed in their honor, 'The Roumanian OperaHouse" The company soon attracted the attention of theentire Jewish population of New York; nevertheless theincome was not sufficient to support the members of thetroupe, and they suffered many hardships.

This companyof actors was fully equipped with plays,wardrobe, scenery, and even playwrights from Roumania.The authors composed all manner of plays, but the undertaking languished until 1891-1895, when skill began tocommand its due price. At present, the three greatest theatres on the Bowery, the People's, the Thalia, and theWindsor, are Jewish, and someactors have actually becomerich; all others are making a decent living. One manager, aspoor as a church mouse on his arrival in America, and at


first dependent upon what his wife could earn as asoubrette, has amassed a fortune of two hundred thousanddollars. His wife only recently retired from the stage.

In fact, it may be said that the Yiddish-press and literature,though not founded by Roumanian Jews, owe their presentmaterial and literary success greatly to Roumanian Jewishinfluence.

IX

A movement which attracted great attention throughout thecountry was started in 1890 by a Roumanian Jew namedJacob Ochs. His movement purposed to introduce a newMasonic Rite in this country designed to oppose the oldYork Rite in vogue in England and in the United States.This Jacob Ochs had been initialed into the mysteries offreemasonry while yet in Roumania, a circumstance whichgoes to show that he was possessed of exceptional intelligence and attainments, for in Roumania Jews are rarelyaccepted into the Masonic fraternity. When he arrived inNew York, he was recognized as a lawful Mason in goodstanding by the York Rite lodges. But according to hisnotions, the American Masons did not perform their dutiesas such, and he protested against their course. He wasdrawn into an altercation with the grand officers, and hereported their actions to several European grand lodges, atthe same time asking permission to organize new lodgesunder a European Rite, in order to show Americans whatreal Masonry is.

Strangely enough, of all the European grand lodges onlythe Spanish Rite of Madrid seized the opportunity, andinvested Mr. Ochs with full authority as its representativein the United States. The first Masonic lodge formed underSpanish jurisdiction consisted only of Roumanian Jewishimmigrants, but later Mr. Ochs invaded American territoryand organized Masonic lodges among native Americans.His influence spread rapidly, and lodges were organized inNew York by Jews, Italians, Spaniards, Frenchmen,Germans and Americans. After the field had been so well

covered in New York, he went to Brooklyn and then toPhiladelphia, Boston, Chicago and other large towns,everywhere meeting with great success.

After four years of unceasing labor, he was arrested on thecharge of fraud; he was accused of having collected initiation fees for a society, without authorization. TheAmerican press of New York and its vicinity, influencedby York Rite Masons, was very bitter against him. But thetrail never came off; his credentials showed that he hadacted honorably and lawfully, and the case was dismissedon motion of the District Attorney. In the meantime thelodge* he had formed fell into a state of neglect and disorganization. However, some of them, consisting ofRoumanian Jews, who knew the integrity of Mr. Ochs,weathered the storm, were reorganized and became mostefficient agents of charity and benevolence. Recently, they

set themselves free from Spanish sovereignty, and withmuch difficulty they established "The Grand Orient ofNorth America of Free and Accepted Masons" and theorder is recognized by almost all European grand lodges.

X

The occupations of the Roumanian Jews in the UnitedStates do not differ materially from the occupations of others, with the exception of their wine-cellars, coffee-houses,and restaurants. On the whole, it should be said, theRoumanian Jewish spirit is inclined towards commerce,although thirty-five per cent of the immigrants are artisans,chiefly tailors and carpenters. When they arrive inAmerica, they speedily find work at their trades; they workhard, and accumulate as much as possible and after a fewyears of industrious labor they nearly all start some business. If they succeed, they continue to strive; if they fail,they return to their original calling. Among the others, whohave been engaged in commerce all their life, there israrely one to be found who applies himself to the learningof a trade on his arrival in this country, a practice so common with other immigrant Jews. As a rule, they becomepeddlers, dealing in all kinds of merchandise, chieflynotions, dry goods, and jewelry. In this capacity they journey, not only through the State of New York, but almost allover the country, and then settle down to a permanentoccupation, either in New York City or at some otherfavorable spot. Among them are successful merchants,with establishments, not only on Grand and Canal Streetsin New York, but also on Maiden Lane and Broadway.They are engaged in the wholesale diamond and woolentrades, and some in the banking business on Wall Street.

Roumanian Jews follow similar occupations in the largertowns of Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. In other localities they have not yet succeeded to such a degree as toattract attention, unless an exception be made in favor ofsome noteworthy business establishments in a fewSouthern towns. After the recent war with Spain, a considerable number of Roumanian Jews went to Cuba and

Puerto Rico and report has it that their business is thrivingon both islands. Some five months ago a party of sixyoung Roumanians left New York for the HawaiianIslands. Nothing definite is yet known about them.

Roumanian Jewish young men who came here with theirparents, after having striven in vain while in Roumania toattain to one of the learned professions, take up specialstudies immediately upon their arrival, and qualify themselves as physicians, lawyers, dentists, and engineers.Above ten percent of East Side lawyers and physicians inNew York are Roumanians. It is said that PhiladephiaDental College is always attended by a fair percentage ofRoumanian students. Dentistry seems to be a favorite profession with them, and the famous Philadelphia institutionattracts them. Not a few of the dentists have returned to


European countries after graduation and are practicingtheir profession there with considerable success.

XI

The Roumanian cafe as well as the Roumanian wine-cellar

and restaurant is being conducted in New York more orless the same way as in Roumania. The Roumanian Jewsgather at these public houses for many purposes besideseating and drinking. They serve as meeting places forfriends, where they discuss business and social matters,and where above all in Oriental fashion, over a cup ofblack coffee and through the blue smoke curling up fromtheir cigarettes, they indulge in a game of cards or chess.The cafe is a perfectly innocent resort, and it is the onlyplace at which the Roumanian Jew finds enjoyment.Latterly the custom has grown up of having Roumanianmusic in the public houses, and another touch is thusadded to the homelike surroundings, arousing sweet memories in the frequenters.

The owners of the cafes and similar places are doing athriving business on the East Side of New York, somehave even accumulated fortunes. By a moderate estimatethere are in New York one hundred and fifty restaurants,two hundred wine-cellars, with lunch rooms attached, andabout thirty coffee-houses kept by Roumanian Jews.During the last three years the Roumanian resorts havebeen frequented by all classes of Jews and lately by not afew non-Jews.

xn

With the growth of the Roumanian Jewish population, thewealth of the earlier immigrants has increased. The situation of their brethren in Roumania appealed to their generosity and two years ago, under the leadership of theactive and talented Dr. P.A. Sigelstein, one of the prominent physicians of New York, the admirable "RoumanianHebrew Aid Association" was formed. The association wascalled into existence in 1898 by a few Roumanian Jews,for the express purpose of ameliorating the condition ofthe poor immigrantsarriving from Roumania. It has quickly grown into a powerful charitable institution, and whenthe great influx of Roumanian refugees came in 1899 and1900, it was able to extend a helping hand to the unfortunates. It has attracted the attention of many charitablyinclined Jews, and large sums have been entrusted to it fordistribution among its wards. According to the last reportof the association, $1201.76 was expended from dues collected from members. But the whole sum disbursed wasapproximately $30,000.

In 1900, the association sent 1362 persons to almost all thestates of the Union; 402 of them were married, and twenty-two persons, who had become invalids through theirhard journey and exposure, were furnished with means oftransportation to return to their native cities in Roumania.

During the same year, 269 applications for relief fromRoumanian Jewish residents in New York were received;twenty-four were denied, and the remainder cost the association $330. Of the new arrivals, nearly two thousandwere started as peddlers and for about the same number ofartisans work was procured. The association has alreadymade a good record for itself and it is continually preparing for the new emergencies to be expected.

By a moderate estimate, there are nearly forty thousandRoumanian Jews on American soil, twenty-four thousandof whom are living in Greater New York. On the whole,they are an industrious class of people, and grasp at everyopportunity to Americanize themselves. They have a proper appreciation ofAmerican institutions, and learn to speakand read the English language in a shorter time than otherforeigners. They regard the United States as their permanent home and do everything within the bounds of possibility to qualify themselves to be worthy citizens of the greatRepublic that has offered them a secure haven of rest.

March 20, 1901

Book Review

The following book review was in "Booklist" magazine apublication used by librarians. My wife is the librarian atthe Bronx, H.S. of Science. It may be useful for ROM-SIGmembers. Apparently, it will be available in January 2000.I have no connection with anyone that has anything to dowith this book.

Joel Ives

Fair Lawn, NJ, U.S.A.

Ioanid, Radu. The Holocaust in Romania: The DestructionofJews and Gypsies under the Antonescu Regime, 1940-1944. Jan. 2000, 340p. index. Ivan R. Dee, $30 (1-56663-256-0). DDC-.940.53 Ioanid, who was bom and raised inBucharest, begins this definitive account of the Holocaustin Romania under the rule of Ion Antonescu by examiningthe roots of that nations's anti-Semitism. When Antonescucame to power in September, 1940, living conditions worsened considerably, and Ionid chronicles the fascist anti-Semitic legislation that followed. The eventual result wasa series of deportations carried out under murderous conditions. The administrative and legal measures authorizingthese deportations, as well as pogroms and the resettlementof Jews in ghettos, are described in detail. The authorrelies primarily on previously unpublished Romanian documents in the archives of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial

Museum and the National Archives in Washington, alongwith records from the Yad Vashem in Jerusalem and testimonies of survivors. The Holocaust in Romania is a testament that such cruelty can and did take place in a modemcivilized nation.

- George Cohen (Reviewer)

ROM-SIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 2000 11

"Shteti" Project: BurdujeniBy Ruth Goldsmith

The Informants:

My informants were my Aunt Becky, my father's only sister who left Burdujeni for Canada in 1921 at age 20, andmy father, Jack Alter, who was brought to Montreal by hissister in 1928 when he too was 20.

Their immediate family in Burdujeni consisted of theirfive brothers, father, a tinsmith and shopkeeper, andMother, Freyda, the town's nurse-doctor-social worker-philanthropist-the one to whom all turned for help andguidance.

My grandmother was bom in Burdujeni, my grandfather inAustria. He had come to Burdujeni to work on the construction of the railway station, a project for whichmanyforeign labourershad been imported.

The Shteti:

In 1792, Jews began to settle in Burdujeni, a shteti inMoldavia which was in northwestern Rumania on the

Austro-Rumanian border. In 1820, there were 183 Jewishtaxpaying head of families; by the middle of the century theJews constituted the majority of the town's population - in1859,1,140 Jews represented two-thirds of the population.By 1899, the Jewish population had increased to 2,038'.

Outsidethe shteti, one was in an overwhelmingly Christianrural environment, for the Jews of Rumania were forbidden to settle in rural areas.

Before 1918, the Suceava River formed the border betweenAustriaand Rumania - it was here that the Burdujeni andpeasant children swam. The countryside was lush and fertile; forests and rich farm lands covered with wheat, com,and fruit and nut trees surrounded the town; chicken andegg farming was carried on by the peasants.

Certain factors contributed to making Burdujeni a somewhat more worldly town than one would expect of a shtetiof this size.

The people of Burdujeni had economic and social contactwith the city of Jassy, the capital and oldest Jewish community of Moldavia2, and with Botosani, only 25 kilometers away, the second largest and most important Jewishcommunity of Moldavia3.

Because of its location almost directly on the Austrian border, Burdujeni was the town from which Rumanian andRussian emigres, hoping to get to America, stole intoAustria. The townfolk were used to the sight of strangerscoming and going.

The railroad station was the second largest in the country.It was the first stop for the express train from Vienna toBucharest and was the first impression that travellers had

of Rumania. Consequently, the station was very large andelegant and housed three restaurants - first, second, andthird classes.

The town exported eggs and walnuts which the Jewishmerchants collected from the surrounding villages. Myfather remembers collecting the eggs, candling them andpacking them into large straw-filled crates which weredelivered to the railway station to be shipped to Braila, aport on the Danube in Southeast Rumania, for export toGermany.

Burdujeni consisted of three streets - Stefan eel Mare, thebusiness street, where the shopkeepers lived and worked;the Intergas, which was the street of the artisans andcraftsmen; and the Budergas, the street of the workers,which led to the public bath.

Stefan eel Mare had cobblestone sidewalks and numberedbrick houses; the sidewalks of the Intergas were paved aswell, but the houses were shabbier than on the main street:the Budergas was completely unpaved.

The three streets, extending in an east-west direction,merged in the countryside to become one highway leadingto the railroad station.

Basically, the town was made up of small shopkeepers andcraftsmen who bought from and sold to each other and thepeasants of the countryside. Business with the peasants wastransacted mainly on Tuesdays and Thursdays, the dayswhen the farmers brought their produce to the market

There were two or three families in the town who were

Rumanian citizens. This unique situation had arisen fromthe Rumanian revolt against Turkey in 1877, after whichall participants had been granted citizenship. These few inBurdujeni were referred to as "the Drepnikers" a Yiddish-Rumanian expression meaning "those who had rights" -that is, they could vote, own property, and send their children to university.

Hasidism was widespread in Moldavia because it borderedon Galicia and Russia. In the eighteenth century, Hasidismhad spread to Jassy and from there into the rest ofMoldavia4. Burdujeni's Jews were about evenly dividedinto Misnagdim and Hasidim, very few of whom worebeards and earlocks. My aunt and father recall that generally both groups got along well, with limited animosity orconflict.

Rumanian Institutions:

The town administration consisted of the Mayor - "thePrimar" - who had been appointed by the Governor, a cityclerk, tax collector, notary, and the Gendarmarie. The"Primaria" - City Hall - which was the town's handsomestbuilding, held the government offices and the headquartersof the Gendarmarie.

Baksheesh was the name of the game in dealing with gov-


eminent officials. It operated in the following manner.Taxeshad to be paid in person, by a certain date. However,to ensure that the tax collector would receive the paymentwithinthe specifiedperiod, so as to avoid a penaltyforlate payment, one had first to bribe him so that he wouldn'tbe too busy to receive you on yourappointed day.

It was the City Hall's responsibility to maintainthe gravelroads in the shteti and to provide night watchmen for security. Every male was obliged to give his service for a certain number of days per year for these jobs. The wealthierJews were able to bribe the officials so that only the non-Jews and poor Jews were forced to do this work. TheGendarmarie, a Chef and eight or ten gendarmes, keptorder in the town, particularly on market days when thepeasants frequently became drunk.

The Chefs appointment in the shteti generally lasted twoyears, so that delicate, preliminary contact had to be madewith each new Chef. The crucial issue to be determined waswhetheror not he was "good" - that is, did he accept bribes?

Usually, however, all Chefs turned out to be "good" by theend of their service, so good in fact, that it was incumbenton every shopkeeper, according to the size of his business,to pay a certain sum to keep his shop open on Sundays.

On the whole, relations between the Jews and theGendarmarie wereamicable - the latter, in most dealingswith the Jews did not walk away empty-handed.

The notary notarized the innumerable documents whichone was required to have - birth, marriage, and death certificates, passport applications and the like.

The state hospital was staffed by two doctors, both ofwhom wereJews who hadconverted to Christianity inorder to practice medicine in a state institution. The Jewsregarded the hospital with dread, fearing it as a place fromwhich one did not return.

There being no dentist in the shteti, the people fromBurdujeni went to Suceava for dental work.

The public telephone was located in the post and telegraphoffice. (There was only one private telephone in the shteti.)To receive a telephone call, the procedure was as follows:The caller sent a telegram to the Burdujeni post office saying that he would telephone Reb Laster at 3 o'clock. Thistelegram was then delivered to Reb Laster, who wouldappear at the post office at 3 o'clock to receive his call.

Despite the elegance of the railroad station, it was oftenthe scene of hysteria, for it was only minutes before a trainwasdue to arrive that the clerkgot around to opening theticketoffice. Peoplewho mighthave been waiting forhours to buy a ticket would push and shove at each other,yelling excitedly, only to discover that the train hadalready departed.

Many Jews, however, nevereventried to buy a ticket.

They simply climbed aboard the train and waited for theconductor to begin his rounds. When he called out in abastardizedYiddish, "half for me, half for you," they knewthey were safe and would be travelling for half-fare on thattrip.

The Non-Jewish Population:

An economic interdependence existed between the shtetiJews and the peasant population surrounding them. Thepeasants sold their farm produce to the Jews and in turnbought the Jews' shop goods.

This business relationship was the sole point of contactbetween the two groups, and in the following situation onefeels how condescendingly the Jews viewed the peasants.My family often went directly to the peasants' dwelling fortheir milk. They always brought with them a bucket ofwater to ensure that the peasant could have no excuse fornot washing his hands before he began the milking.

Burdujeni had two pork butchers whose clientele was thepeasantry, the government officials, and the few otherChristians of the shteti. The pork shops were open forbusiness on Saturdays, although generally, there was littletraffic. For the peasants, there was no inducement to cometo town because all other shops were closed.

At one time, rumors circulated amongst the Jews that acertain Jewish matron, who employed a Christian maid,was a customer of the pork butchers. It was never quiteascertained whether the maid was buying this meat solelyfor herself or for her mistress' household.

The Christian saloon was owned by one Botez (from"botezat',' meaning christened) whose grandfather had converted many years before from Judaism. It was somewhatironic that when the Jewishchildren wanted to antagonizeBotez, they called his children "dirty Jews'.'

Relations betweenthe Jews and the non-Jewish populationin and aroundBurdujeni were generally stable.Althoughthe government passed harsh, restrictive legislation againstthe Jews, and anti-semitism was rampant, there were fewpogroms in Rumania. One exception was the revolt of1907 during which the peasants turned against the landlords and subsequently against the Jews. Burdujeni founditself in a uniquely fortunate position because of its proximity to the Austrian border and Franz Josefs generallyfavorable attitude to the Jews. Franz Josef opened Austria'sdoors to Burdujeni's Jews and the entire town fled to Itjcan,a town close to Suceava. During the mad scramble toescape, my father's brother was left behind. Fortunately,his absence was noticed before the family had gone far,and he was retrieved.

When the townspeople returned to the shteti, they foundtheir shops smashed and pillaged, but all in all, consideredthemselves lucky to have escaped without any loss of life.


Jewish Institutions:

In 1898, the Jewish Colonial Association founded a Jewishschool for boys3. There were also three heders in the town,and those children who attended the Rumanian schoolshad lessons with the melamed after their classes.

Children did not start school in Rumania until they wereseven, so until they became of age boys attended heder.

The Chevre Kadishe Society tookcharge of all aspects of afuneral, which included the washing of the bodies, supplying shrouds if necessary and carrying the deceased to thecemetery where they were buried without coffins.

Wealthy people who had notfulfilled what thecommunitydeemed to be their responsibility were not buried until thedeceased's family gavea contribution to the community chest

The shteti wasrelatively well-offand had few paupers orbeggars, for mostweretoo proudto beg even if they werein need. However,beggars did come from Suceava toBurdujeni from time to time,

There was a charity drive once or twice a year and at holidays as well, every homehad a charity box into whichafew coins weredropped on Fridays. In this way, the poorand sick were able to be cared for.

From my father's recollections, charity often took the formof a woman like my grandmother who would send her children out on Thursdays to collectchicken, vegetables, candles, andthe likefrom theneighbours. She thenmade up asmany parcels for the poor and widows as were requiredandon Friday her children delivered the Shabbos baskets.

Burdujenihad two shoktim, each with his own followingwho claimed that the other shokhet wasn't kosher enough.Before someone could have his chicken slaughtered, hehad first to buy a "ticket" This represented the tax whichwas levied on kosher meat, the proceeds of which wereused to pay the shoktim and Rov. This "ticket" wasbrought to the shokhet who then tore it up and slaughteredthe chicken.

The bath was privately owned by a man called "DerBader" by the town. It was a Turkish bath in which a non-Jewish attendantwas employed to pour boiling water overthe stones. There was also a Jewish woman employed toattend to the women in the mikve and to cut their nails.

The shtetl's Rov - the VisniSer - was a Hasid from Visniâ, atown in the Bukovina. He had no children, much to hisand his followers' sorrow, but he had a nephew living withhim. He was the leader of the Vi§ni{er Shul where my family prayed. Some of the other shuls were the Big Shul,which the tradesmen attended, the Old Shul, the New Shul,and the "Plub" Shul.

My Family's House:

My father lived in a three room house at number 92, on

the Federgas, the business street. The front room consistedof the shop and a partitioned area which was the kitchen;the secondroom was the bedroomand dining room, usedfor Shabbos and holidays; the third room was the "salon"and storage room.

My grandparents, helpedby their oldest son, sold glassware,dishes,cutlery, and tin goods.The shopdid a lively businesswhichenabled the family to live relativelycomfortablyandplacedthem among the town'smore prosperous.

The kitchen consisted of two shelves, one each for themilk and meat dishes, and a small wood stove which mygrandmother rose to light at 5:30. It was the children'sresponsibility to take turns to blow on the wet wood sothat it would catch fire. Near the stove was a small alcovewith a table and some chairs.

The bedroom containedtwo beds in each of which sleptfour people, a long chair which unfolded to become anotherbed, and a long-table. There was also a large, built-in brickoven which was used for baking and cooking, and onlyrarely just for warmth. During the winter, the childrenlooked forward to Thursday and Friday with great anticipation, not only for the delicious Shabbos food that emergedfrom the oven, but also for the warmth that it provided.

The "salon" was rarely used; for one thing, in winter itwas far too cold to be livable. This room held a largearmoire with mirrored doors, a hand-woven carpet, andsome trunks of assorted sizes in which clothes, underwear,and linens were stored.

At the back of the yard was a small hut which was the outhouse, the barrel of which was regularly emptied by apeasant who was unceremoniously called "der Drekher".

At night, the children were often too frightened to crosstheir yard to go the outhouse. They preferred to use"Eleazak's wall" which partly surrounded his house andwhich was conveniently located near number 92. No matter how late Eleazak stayed up to surprise a culprit, henever was able to catch anyone in the act and in the morning frequently found near the wall little reminders of thenocturnal adventures.

Shabbos:

Fridayafternoon, of course, was a very busy time. Shopsclosed early, the men were off to the bath, and the womenput the final touches to the children, the house, and theFriday evening meal. For the women, the day had begun at4 or 5 a.m. when they rose to knead the challah dough. Myaunt recalls that she was so upset by how much work herharried mother had on Friday, that instead of returning toher job at the dressmaker's she would stay at home afterlunch to help her mother, much to the dressmaker's displeasure.

At shul, my grandfather would immediately look around


for a stranger spending Shabbos in Burdujeni. If so, hewas almost always the guest for Shabbos at my grandparents' home.

Carp, soup, and chicken were the fare for the Fridayevening meal, which was spent in a leisurely fashion withmuch talking and singing, After supper, the boys of thefamily visited with their friends, and their parents usuallywent to bed. When the Shabbos guest stayed overnight,one or more of the children slept on the floor.

Saturday morning, many of the religious men went to themikve before going to shul. Then it was the women's turnat the mikve, after which some of them gathered with mygrandmother in her home where she led the women'sprayers.

There was no emv around the town, and my aunt recallsthe men badgering the children to carry the talesim andsiddurim to shul. My ever-watchful grandmother wouldstand outside her house on the lookout for anyone strandedwithout a child to help him. When she spotted a helplesssoul, quick as a wink, she rushed into her house to quicklydress one of her children who would carry the man's talisand siddur to Shul.

After lunch, the boys and girls went walking in the woods.Often they walked barefoot to Suceava, at the outskirts ofwhich they again put on their shoes, to stroll through thepublic gardens while listening to a band which played inthe square.

When a family had a Shabbos guest, it was customary forthe neighbours to send nuts, cakes, or puddings in honor ofthe guest. Towards the end of the day, after all had rested,it was expected that the neighbours would visit and partake of the sweets that they had sent.

Shabbos ended quietly and again friends came together,often to discuss their children in America and to read theirletters to one another. Mothers cried and sang sentimentalsongs which told of their children far from home. Twosongs that my father remembers in particular are "PaperChildren" and "A Letter to Momma"

Finally, with thoughts once again turning to the new weekand its worried, all went to bed.

Holidays:

The Sulijer Rabbi, from Sulija a town near Botosani, usedto spend Chanukah at the houseof my father's UncleMayer,where the Rabbi's followers gatherednightly for drinking,singing, and dancing. During the day, the Rabbi was available to the women, dispensing advice and guidance.

Around this time of year, the womenof the shteti begantheir preparations for Pesach. Fattened geese, boughtfromthe farmers, werekilled by the shokhet, then cleaned andskinned. ThePesach utensils were taken out of storage inorder to render the goose fat, which was then stored in the

cellar until Pesach. The cracklings were then used to makevarenikes for Chanukah.

During the winter, the young girls frequently gatheredtogether to sing and to strip the goose feathers of theirdown to be used for the making of pillows and comforters.

At Purim, the children masqueraded from house to house,putting on little plays and receiving small gifts; the fewbeggars went from door to door collecting coins, which inmy grandparents' house had first been stored under thetablecloth. Shalakhmones, containing hamantashen, strudeland sweet challah with raisins, was sent to the friends andneighbours. All went to shul to hear the reading of theMegillah and where the children tried to make as muchnoise as possible with their graggers.

The baking of the matzos was begun after Purim in thehekdesh which was emptied, and thoroughly cleaned andwhitewashed.The matzos were sold and carried awayimmediately for there were no storage facilities; it was thenup to each family to store its matzos at home until Pesach.

As Pesach approached, an air of expectancy developed inthe shteti. In my grandparent's home, the walls and ovenwere whitewashed, the tables and benches kashered.Because of the nature of their shop, my grandmother usually had enough dishes, and pots and.pans for Pesach, sothat she didn't have to kasher her everyday ones. However,on more than one occasion, to please a customer, mygrandmother had to sell a certain item from her kitchenbecause the store's supply had run out.

If a child was especially lucky, he had a new suit or pair ofshoes to wear for the seders, which my father recalls asjoyous and boisterous occasions, for Rumanian Jews lovedwine as much as the rest of the Rumanians.

Simchas Torah was the happiest time of all. Rumania wasa wine-producing country and this was the time of year forthe new wines. The afternoon of Hoshana Rabba markedthe beginningof the festivities, when the neighbours beganto congregate. First, they ate sour pickles to work up theirthirst, and then the drinking, singing and dancing began inearnest.

In the evening, the whole town participated in a candlelight procession, after which each set off for his own shuland the Hakafos. Drinking and singing resumed at service's end and continued late into the night.

Some Customs:

Weddings were of course, joyous occasions in the shteti.From the time of the groom's being called to the Torah, hewas not left alone until the time of the wedding. The ceremony took place most often on Tuesdays and Sundays inthe shul courtyard in summer, or inside during the winter.Poor people were married early on Friday afternoon toavoid having a wedding party, which they couldn't afford.

ROM-SIG NEWS,Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 2000 15

After theceremony, the bride andgroom walked at thehead of a procession to the feast, which was usually heldin the large room of theJewish school. Thecouple waspreceded by the water carrier who spilled water in theirpath as a symbol of good luck.

the musicians - hired from Botosani, or gypsies from thesurrounding areas who played little marches in their honor.

The banquet was prepared by the mothers of the bridalcouple and their friends, or by a woman in the shteti whowas hired by those who could afford this luxury. It was the

She was fondly referred to as the "Doktorke"A sick person would first call on Freyda; if she thought it necessary,the doctorwas then summoned, and he knew that if Freydawanted him, he was really needed.

When she died in 1941, two months before the Jews wereAs the guests approached the school, they were greeted by transported to Transnistia, her funeral was the largest in♦u« „ i ~a c t>«* •__ * ., me jjjgjjjjy 0fme town, and a eulogy, which was an

unheard of practice, was delivered by the Rov.

Kandle, the "Gonif', the owner of the dry goods store wasnotorious for his stinginess and for the fact that he cheatedhis customers, in particular the peasants. His wife was a

custom tohave a long table set with assorted jams and jugs good and generous person who had toresort totrickery toof cold water at the entrance of the hall. This sweet wasthe first refreshment served to the guests and to the bride,and groom for the breaking of their fast. The well-to-doobserved the custom of feasting for seven days after thewedding, with the traditional seven blessings recited afterevery meal.

Women gave birth at home, aided by a Christian midwifeand her assistant, my grandmother. (Her predecessor hadbeen hermother). Adoctor wassummoned only if complications arose.

hide her charitable deeds from him.

My aunt recalls that on one Shavuous the smell of mygrandmother's bagelach made Kandle so envious, that heactually became physically ill. Finally, his wife was forcedto ask Freyda for some bagelach to please a sick man.

Kandle's son, Rivele, was the town crier. He was somewhat retarded, which explains his lowly position, althoughhe came from a family of the town's upper class.

One of the town's two doctors caused somewhat of a scandal when his housekeeper bore his child. Eventually, thematter settled down, and the housekeeper and the childcontinued to live in the doctor's house until she marriedand moved away.

Some Political Developments:

Burdujeni was a prosperous shteti, consisting mainly ofartisans and small shopkeepers. The area had no factoriesand there were virtually no apprentices or employees.There was simply no grass roots base here for Socialism todevelop, and very few rallies or meetings were ever held.

Zionism, however, took profound hold in Burdujeni, as itdid in all of Rumania. In 1873, the first pre-Zionist groupswere established, with participants emigrating to Palestineand dedicating themselves to agriculture6. In 1896, Herzl'sDer Judenstaat was translated into Rumanian and appearedin Botosani7; soon, this book and Hebrew newspapers fromJassy found their way to Burdujeni. Zionist speakers whoappeared in the shteti were greeted enthusiastically bymost, except for the most orthodox.

With the publication of the Balfour Declaration the activityincreased - a youth movement developed and not a weekpassed without some meeting or rally being held.

The War Years:

In 1916, when Rumania entered the war, my grandfather,because he was Austrian, and his oldest son were internedin a camp deep in Rumania. For the next two years, mygrandmother carried on alone in the shop and at home, andreported to City Hall weekly.

Because most of the peasants had been drafted, farm

The new mother stayed in bed for a week after the birth,covered by a white sheet and red ribbons as protectionagainst the evil eye.

On the eve of a malebaby's circumcision, young hederboys were brought to the room of the mother and infant toread prayers, after which the boys filed out in order andwere given sweets. A humorous anecdote about one of thetownsfolk is told in connection with this custom: Kandlewas a rich but stingy man. Rochel Kandle's had given birthand the heder boys had been summoned to her house.However, as the boys marched out to receive their sweets,Kandle chalked a mark on each lad's back to prevent himfrom returningto the line and getting a double portion.

On the Friday night following the birth of a boy, the family and friends celebrated the ceremony of Sholem Zokher,at whichguests were traditionally served chick peas,kichel, and cake. The Bris was a more formal affair, withguests being seated at dinner after the ceremony.

The custom of giving a very sick child the name of "Alter"stemmed fromthe hope of deceiving the angelof deathwho wouldfind it less tempting to carry away an old manthan a child.

Some Interesting Persons:

The best known and most loved person of Burdujeni wasmy grandmother Freyda. She was wise, good-looking,witty, efficient, energetic, a strong businesswoman and anexcellentcook and baker, it was to her that the poor andrich alike came for guidance, be it for monetary or "psychological"help, or just for a comforting word.


labour was in short supply. My aunt recalls that for thewomenand girls the war years were spent living in fear ofthe Russian soldiers who might rape them or kidnap themfor enforcedfarm labour or to sabotage the railway tracksto slow the German advance.

Before the Russian advance, the Rumanian governmenthad ordered that all whiskey from all saloons be spilledinto the streets. Children lined up with pails to catch thewhiskey as it trickled down the roads, and this is whatsaved many families from starvation during the waryears, for they were able to trade the whiskey for theRussian soldiers' bread, coffee, tea and sugar. All foodand merchandise had been appropriated by the Rumaniangovernment and officials ignored this brisk trading.However, it was implicitly understood that all trade wasto be an exchange of goods, not one of money.

The war was an ever-present reality for Burdujeni.Russian soldiers had marched through here on their wayto Vatra-Dornei in the nearby Carpathians; in the shtetione could hear the gunfire, and wounded soldiers werebrought to Burdujeni's hospital, homes, and schoolswhich had been converted into hospitals. The town hadalso become a centre for refugees who had fled from thefighting in the Bukovina.

Immigration:

After World War 1, the population of Burdujeni was1,244 Jews8, a decrease of almost 50 per cent in 20 years.Mass migration from Rumania had begun in 1900 due toincreasing persecution and internal economic crisis, andthe revolt of 1907 speeded up the process9.

For my grandparents, emigration meant losing their onlydaughter and two sons, only one of whom they ever sawagain. The period prior to departure was filled with deep,conflicting emotions excitement and fear on the part ofthose who were leaving; relief and hope on the part ofparents that one's child would find a better life inAmerica and would prosper sufficiently so that otherfamily members could follow, and despair that one's childwas gone forever.

My Father's Visit:

In 1935, after having lived in Canada for seven years, myfather set sail on the Normandy bound for Le Havre.From there, he travelled for several days by train, arriving finally in Burdujeni at 2:30 in the morning. By 3o'clock almost the entire town was awake to greet him,having been awakened by Rivele the Town Crier calling,"Alter is here from America!" One can imagine theexcitement that met him, for it was a rarity for an emigreto visit his home town.

By the following day, however, my grandmother's equilibrium was sufficiently restored so that she was ready toresume her roleas town guardianand she proceeded to

tell my father of the misfortune that had befallen thetown water carrier. His horse had died, and the poor manhad no means of transporting the water. That was all shehad to say - without another word, my father pulled somebills from his pocket and handed them to her.

My father's immediate impression was that "to me itlooked like the town sank". In addition to this depressingreality of the shtetl's size and appearance, he saw the economic repercussions of the repressive legislation beingpassed by the Rumanian government. A recent law statedthat a Christian need pay only 10% of any debt owed to aJew, and that this 10% was payable over 10 years. Thisplaced the Burdujeni shopkeepers, the majority of whoseclientele was the peasantry, in a frighteningly precariousposition.

Added to this unrest, was the hitherto unknown problemof unemployment which was the result of a law proclaiming that only 5% of a factory work force could be Jewish.Many of the shteti sons who had worked in factories inthe cities had been fired and forced to return to

Burdujeni.

By this time, many of the people with whom my fatherspoke were desperate to leave, but few countries wouldhave them. A handful from Burdujeni were able to get toPalestine and South America. My grandparents were anxious for my father to marry a town girl, a pharmacist, toenable her to leave with him, but after much agonizing,he found himself unable to marry her, and shortlyreturned to Canada.

FOOTNOTES

1. Encyclopedia Judaica Volume 4, page 1510

2. Ibid

3. Ibid

4. Ibid

5. Ibid

6. Ibid

7. Ibid

8. Ibid

9. Ibid

Volume 9, page 1294

Volume 4, page 1271

Volume 9, page 1294

Volume 4, page 1510

Volume 16, pages 1133-34

Volume 16, pages 1133-34

Volume 4, page 1510

Volume 14, page 393


History of the Jewish Communityof Ploesti from 1690 to 1906Translated by Josephine Nagelberg

To His Majesty Carol with our deep devotion, respectand loyalty from the Jewish Community ofPloesti

When did the Israelites settle in Ploesti? We can tell by theage of the Jewish cemetery. The first Jewish cemetery wasestablished either at the end of the 16th century or the beginning of the 17th century. We don't really know where thiscemetery was, supposedly it was somewhere on the outskirtsof Bucov, where today a huge hill still stands south of the gasfactory, and is marked by a stone cross. The Jews were buried

After the building of this synagogue, the Jews decided to builda cemetery. It took 40 years. It was bought in 1818 and openedin 1821 on Vlad Tepes Street. Between 1780 and 1821, all theburials were done at the cemetery on the Bucov Way.

A very interesting thing happened in 1804. Two Jewish people died on a Friday night. Because there was no time totransport this man and child to the cemetery on Bucov Way,the two bodies were buried in the synagogue yard. The stonesfor these two graves could be seen until the last decade. Someof the synagogues leaders were also buried here. Aron Wolf,Luca Moise, Jacob Solomon, Nahmauskohn. Solomon Sin(son of) Jaracu Koppel, Baruch Sabetai (caldarar-the one whouses buckets in construction to carry the cement or the mortar), Rafail Eechaskel Goldenberg, Iehuda Sin Isac Dreath,there until 1818 when the new cemetery of Vlad Tepes Street Avram Leib Gmnberg> and Wolf Spiwack ar£ a,so sequestered

was established in ISIS. on this land Today the synagogue is administered by Mr.The church ofOrli Valley, near Bucov, had stone steps made Moise Brenner.from the Jewish grave stones taken from the old cemetery.Only a few of the old stones survived the destruction of time.These stones had been previously used for the Jewish peoplewho lived in small towns that didn't have a Jewish cemetery.

Early Jewish communities had four major institutions: thesynagogue, the cemetery, the school and the communal bath.Through the decades, the Jews rented houses to pray in different parts of the town. At the beginning of the 17th century,they built a synagogue on Bazau road, today the Postal OfficeRoad, which could be seen until the beginning of the 18thcentury. At the middle of the 17th century, the Jewish peoplebuilt a synagogue on VladTepes Street and in 1780 built anew synagoguecalled the Old Synagogue which was laternamed the Little Synagogue. Today, this synagogue bears thename The Rabbi's Synagogue. It was restored in 1891 and isstill standing today.

On June 17, 1818, the Jewish community bought and paid700 talere to Qonita Geauta for a house and two and a halfpojoone of land for a new cemetery.This was at the outskirtsof the town. Today the cemetery is close to the center of it.The last burials were done here 20 years ago. Many of thestone graves were removed to make room for the new buildings around the cemetery. The markers that were put there inplace of the stones are hard to see and find. Here and thereare little raised mounds of dirt that might be a Jewish grave.Onestanding grave stone has written in Hebrew an inscription that says, "There rests in peace a tightous and pious man,Mr Eliazar, son of Ghedaliachu, who died on a Saturday, the18th day of the month of Yiar in 581 (1825)"

The Jews had their own Hevrat Kadisha for both

Ashkenovrim and Sforadim. But in June 1830, the Sforadimrequested from the Grand Rabbi of Bucharest to have theirown. The request was denied. The only thing they wereallowed to have separate from the Ashkenovrim were the"rohateiu" or the washers. The Grand Rabbi decided that the

cemetery should be under the Ashkenovrim leadershipbecause it was the Ashkenovrim who bought the land andthey should also have the control over the Hevrat Kadisha. Ifthere was a death amongst the Sforadim, then the rohateiuwould prepare the body and bury according to the Sforadimrituals. The middle class would pay the Ashkenovrim for theirgraves, but the poor would be buried for free. If there wassomething to be sold, the two sides voted together at the samelevel. There was to be no separation as for the good of theJewish community.

Signed by Haim from Focsani, the Grand Rabbi, Tevi Heis,son of Israel Manking, David Hoffman, Iuda Leib, son ofSolomon, the year of 570 (1810).

The Committee of the Jewish Community of PloestiPresident-Max ShapiraSecretary-A.D. RosenEditor-A.D. Rosen


The Jewish Population of JassyFrom 1755 to 1860DUMITRU F/ANESCU

In recent decades, demographic studies in Romania havebecome a constant concern of researchers in history. Thelarge and rich bibliography, which includes a great manyundertakings, special reviews, thematic volumes, collections of documents, etc., emphasizes the usefulness ofknowing more about the evolution of Romanian society.Most studies of the principalities looked at the populationas a whole in terms of jobs, sex, age, social categories,density, territorial enlargement, etc., and examined minorities only tangentially. They were not numerous until theend of the 18th century; then studies of the Jewish population increased in the first half of the 19th century.

The main sources for the demographic studies were thepopulation statistics. There were other sources as well;unfortunately, they were mostly tax records and other fiscal documents-so people who were exempt from those fiscal obligations were not included. Thus, we must be cautious in drawing conclusions about population numbersand composition based on fiscal sources. In addition, datesare sometimes missing because of the intentions or conditions of those who drew up the statistics.

When discussing minorities, it is difficult to establish theirexact number, their social functions, their jobs, etc.-espe-cially before the Organic Statutes (1831-32) were put intooperation. Some of the Jews were foreign subjects, whowere omitted from the documents. Foreign subjects included not only people who were actually foreigners, but alsomany natives who, for economic reasons or to avoid thefeudal system, opted to become foreign subjects. The number of foreign subjects in Moldavia increased significantlyafter 1829, when foreign trade was no longer blockedbythe Turkish monopoly; many foreign merchants and craftsmen moved into Moldavian towns, includingan importantnumber of Jews.

The earliest internal document in which we can find thenumber of inhabitants of Jassy dates from 1855.Information from before that time, coming from noteswritten by foreign travelers who passed through the oldcapital of Moldavia, was scarce, sometimes overestimated,and even contradictory. The 1755 document recorded thehouses in Jassy at that time, not the people. Most of therecorded 66 Jewish households were concentrated on two

important trading streets; 23 on Ulija Ruseasca. (Russianstreet), and 28 on Ulita Hagioaei (Hagi street). Theirnames are without any fiscal details, except for nine people who belonged to the Jewish guild.

Jassy had 1353 houses in 1775; Gh. Ghibanescu, the firstannotator,estimated the population at about 7,000 people-much below the actual figure. Among the 94 foreign fami

lies, there must have been some Jewish families; otherwisewe cannot explain why the Jews were estimated at about400 people, compared to 60 Armenians, 120 Albanians,200 Greeks, 20 Lipovenians (a Russian group), 60 Serbs,80 Hungarians and 500 other foreigners. Ghibanescu mentioned that he had the 1760 document organizing thehahambashi (the dwelling of the kosher butcher) and theJewish school of Prince Alexandra Ilias. The text, which atthat time (1921) was owned by Albert Daniel, providedmajor details about the beginning of the Jewish community in Jassy and defined its rights and obligations.

Another important document from the 18th century covered all of Moldavia. It is the Catagraphy of 1774, writtento serve the interests of the Russian occupation. As inother sources of this type, the people were recordedaccording to their financial obligations to the Treasury e.g.,the landlords with their houses and shops, including theshops belonging to monasteries. Despite these imperfections, the figures in the Catagraphy shed light on thedemographic and economic evolution of Jassy. Of the 171Jewish families, 12 settled on Ulija Mare (Large Street),10 on Barboi, 44 on Uli{a Ruseasca, 16 on Ulija Veche(Old Street), and 43 on Ulija Hagioaiei. No Jewish families lived in any of the 18 residential quarters and mainstreets of the town. The 171 families owned 13 houses and

144 shops; none owned a tavern. Of the shops owned byJews, 12 were on Ulija Mare, 44 on Ulita Ruseasca, 10 onBarboi, 16 on Ulija Veche, 8 on Ulija Tirgul Fainei (FlourTownlet Street), 43 on Ulija Hagioaiei, and 6 on UlitaStrimba (Crooked Street) and Ulija Sirbeasca (SerbianStreet). For the most part, the Jewish families lived wheretheir shops were located.

Unfortunately, the Catagraphy of 1774 did not identify theJews among the foreign subjects, although there weremany. The only mentioned subjects were the 113Armenian families owning six houses and 75 shops. Still,even though it was incomplete, the Catagraphy recordedthe contribution of the allogenous people to the economicand commercial development of the town and the surrounding area; in 1774 it had 934 houses, 695 shops and68 taverns. The document's omission of foreign subjectsand those who had no fiscal obligations make it difficult toevaluate population and economic power of the mostimportant town in Moldavia.

Through the end of the 18th century, there were severalaccounts by foreign travelers about Jassy and its population. Most of these were referred to in studies by M.Costachescu, RP. Panaitescu, Gh. Platon and EcaterinaNegruti. Among internal sources, on the other hand, wehave an 1803 document that is important to our problem. Itis Condica VistierieiMoldovei pe sfertul octombrie 1803(Register of the Moldavian Treasury in the First Quarter ofOctober 1803), published by Theodor Codrescu in his collection Uricariul under the title Condica liuzilor (People's


Register). Bygiving it that name, Codrescu clearly indicated that he intended to use it as a register of the inhabitants(liude) of Moldavia-i.e., a catagraphy.

The treasury compiled four quarterly registers each year.This one included year-to-year changes as well as quarter-to-quarter changes, which gave the treasury a fairly accurate picture of the number of taxpayers and the economicstateof the villages and towns. The treasury categorizedeach village as rich, average or poor; this, plus the residents' jobs, formed the basis of the tribute levied on thevillage by the treasury. It was paid in cisla (in common),with the community taking into account the number ofpeople in each household, the number of cattle it owned,and the size of its vineyards. A vineyard possessed byadscripts was viewed as quasi-property.

After 1831, when the Organic Statutesprovided for thedeclaration of goods, it was no longer necessary for cata-graphies to mention the economic state of villages. We canpresumethat before 1803 there was a catagraphyofMoldavia on which the Treasury based its registers, andthat this is what Codrescu named Condica liuzilor. Suchregisters still exist-one from 1814, and one from 1827.

Condica liuzilor, which is in the Library of the RomanianAcademy, is not much differentfrom the Catagraphy of1774. It lists the same streets in Jassy, and includes onlythe residentswho were obliged to pay the tribute. It alsogives the number of people who were absolved of fiscalobligations and the names of those who absolved them..The document lists 3,199 family heads, which enables usto estimate the population of Jassy at the beginning of thecentury at approximately 16,000. The same source statesthat Jassy had 367 Jewish families and 532 families of foreign subjects. The appearance of consulates in the capitalof Moldavia caused a spectacular increase in the numberof foreign subjects, including many natives who wanted toavoid the abuses of the local administration. The 532 Suditfamilies included 232 Russian Christian families and 141

Jewish families. The total of 508 Jewish families account

ed for one-sixth of the families living in the capital.

There is also a register from 1808 named Scriereasufletelorsi afamiliilor a starii de gios din targul Esi(Recording of the People and Families of the Poor in theTown of Jassy). It recorded only the poor inhabitants ofJassy, and it had no tables (the existing table was createdby the archivists of Jassy to make research easier).Compiled in April 15, 1808, it had many features in common with the Catagraphy of 1774. For example, after eachperson's name, it gave his occupation; this eventuallybecame the family name, which possibly was used by theRussian army. Such statistical tables may have existed forother towns and small towns in Moldavia; if so, they werelost during the great fire in 1827 in Jassy.

Unlike other catagraphies, the register of 1808 also record

ed the numberof Gypsies and servantsbelonging to thelandlords. The figures are approximate, since it was impossible for the messengers of the treasury to enter the landlords yards. The treasury instructed its men to be cautiousat the courts or properties of the landlords, and to get thefigures mostly from the people's accounts. Records of theprivate Gypsies showed which landlord's court ormonastery they belonged to-so, indirectly, we learn of themasters who were usually not recorded in the statistic documents. The 1808 register was also the earliest knowndocument to record the total number of inhabitants-notonly the taxpaying heads of families. Consequently, thefigures of 3,307 families and 16,410peopleappear to beclose to the actual population.

In 1808 the growth rate of the Jewish population was acceleratingpartlybecauseof natural increase and partlybecause of immigration from Galicia and Podolia. In 1808,according to the register, 452 Jewish families with 1,926people had fiscal obligations to the state. There were 80merchants, 71 craftsmen, 20 journeymen, 4 apprentices,104servants, and 22 people with other occupations. Thevarietyof vocationsamong the Jewish populationshouldnot surprise us; the 1808 document recorded 429 merchantsin 23 differenttrades and 1,125artisans in 77 differentjobs.

To the above figures on the Jewish population in 1808, wemust add 53 Jewish families with 261 people who wereRussian subjects, and 147 families with 682 people whowere Austrian subjects. The foreign subjects also includednine French families with 61 people. The figures suggestthat the Jewish population increased by 20%.

An important source on the population of Moldavia is theCatagraphy of 1820. It was compiled during a time ofwidespread public dissatisfaction and unrest in the principality. Scarlat Alexandra Calimachi's reign ended on June20, 1819, leaving a treasury weakened by the tax dodgingof a population alienated by the arbitrary way in which thetribute was established and raised. The abuses of the

administration were exposed in complaints to Caimacamia(the Prince's substitute) and then to the Moldavian PrinceMihai Sutu, whose reign began October 29 of that year.

The Catagraphy of 1820 was not very different from previous documents of this type. It omitted those who wereexempt from paying imposts, and added a greater coefficient of error for the massive tax dodging. In a letter datedFebruary 15, 1820, the treasurer Iordachi Roznovanuwrote that one of the abuses "les plus desastreaux qui seremarquaient sous le gouvernement precedent etait lamultiplicite des letters d'affranchissement d'import", andthat this category included only the richest taxpayers. Heemphasized that in the Putna district alone there were2,500 absolved families who were ordered to pay imposts, and that the situation was similar in other districtsas well.


Despite the lack of accuraterecords, it is certainthat Jassyexperienced a significant increase in population and thatthe increase was much greater amongJews and foreignsubjects than among other categories. The number ofcraftsmen also increased, as did the number of practicedprofessions-which jumped from 77 in 1808 to 87 in 1820.

The native Jews included 664 family heads, of whom therewere 63 merchants, 235 artisans, 35 journeymen, and 43 inother professions such as kosher butchers, coachmen,French teachers, etc. The foreign subjects included 1,145family heads, of whom there were 105 merchants, 347 artisans,63 journeymen, and 27 in other professions. Amongthe foreign subjects were 489 Jewish families, of whom141 were Russian subjects, 294 were German, 50 werePrussianand 4 were French. Of the 4,166 families havingfiscal obligations to the state in Jassy in 1820,1,153 families were Jewish-more than a quarter of the total.

Most of the Jewish families in Jassy lived in the tradingarea-187 in the Lower Town, 126 in Brosteni, 139 in theHagioaia residential quarter, 154 in Majilor, 125 inMuntenimele, 60 in Podul Vechi and 57 in Barboi. A general abstract of Moldavia from 1820 provides similar statistics for the Jewish population of Jassy: 1,050 familieswith fiscal obligations amounting to 3,000 lei; of these,770 families were foreign subjects.

On May 24, 1823, the new native prince, Ion SanduSturdza, ordered a new catagraphy to be made. Its purposewas "the correction of setting the tribute and the correctionof the absolved lawful members of guilds and servants ofanybody, and other good decisions and laws for the common welfare". Thus, this catagraphy not only had a financial interest; it was meant to be a documentary basis for"other good decisions and laws". For this reason, the princeasked those charged with its implementation to investigatecarefully and inform the court about "robberies and otheroppressions suffered by inhabitants from high officialsofthe districts or from anyone else'.' Unfortunately, who wereentrusted with this work-the landlords-were themselvesthe major tax dodgers, so they procrastinated. Ion SanduSturdza, who had threatened to use the sword and maceagainst the recalcitrant landlords when he became prince,sent a new order on October 9, 1824, in which he set adeadline of October 25. The catagraphy was finished in1824, but was completely destroyed by the fire of 1827.Otherdocuments indicate the importance assigned to it: acommittee in Jassy coordinated the work, and each districthad a committee that cooperated with the prefect and thehighest financial official.

In the statearchives of Jassy is a very important registerfrom 1824with an accounting of foreign subjects. Thework was begun in 1822 but the time it tookto investigateeach person andhis documents postponed its completionuntil 1824.The catagraphy recorded names and nick-names, place of origin, dateof arrival in thecountry, occu

pation, etc.-and, for some, information about their parents,in-laws and children. Most of them resided in towns and

small towns.

In 1825, by order of Ion Sandu Sturdza, a catagraphy wasmade of all inhabitants of Moldavia. All that remains in

the archives, however, is a general abstract completed in1826. The abstract is convincing proof that the 1825recording was not limited to fiscal categories; it includedthose "without tribute"-i.e., landlords, Gypsies and clergymen. The population of Moldavia between the Prat Riverand the Carpathians was estimated at 1,115,325, includingabout 25,000 Jews. More than three-quarters of the Jews(3,779 families) lived in towns; the rest (1,142 families)settled in villages. Jassy had 1,050 Jewish families of the5,000 in the entire principality, which meant that they represented a little more than 20% of the total population.Their fiscal obligations for three months totaled 4,398 lei.More than 1,000 families were foreign subjects.

The investigations into the absolved landlords, who outnumbered the taxpayers, produced a number of statisticalworks on fiscal categories. Some of these have been preserved and used for comparative purposes with subsequentcatagraphies.

Up to 1831, when the first demographic statistics conforming to the Organic Statutes were completed, many suchstudies were made. They were plentiful in the 1828-30period of the Russian-Turkish war, which indicates thatthey were made for the Russian armies of occupation.Allowing for errors, these documents were close to theactual demographics of Jassy at that time.

The archives of institutions subordinate to the treasury-thelegislature and the district prefects-containan importantnumber of files and registers from the census and statistical work performed by these bodies during 1828-30.At thetime, there was a great deal of correspondence among theinstitutions in regard to demographic problems. The basicsources used by treasury employees in setting and collecting imposts includedlists of landlords, the census registersof the privileged, guild members, servants, foreign subjects, Jews-plus complaints of those dissatisfied with thefiscal category to which they were assigned.

A bulky file from 1828, containing lists of "numbers ofinhabitants living in towns, guild members, servants, theabsolved, tribute payers and all other strata living therewith their names and nicknames',' is another source on thepopulations of the towns and small towns of Moldavia. Puttogether in a very short time, it does not offer much information. According to the file, Jassy had 424 families offoreign subjects in the residential quarters of"Muntenimea," Tatara§i, Brosteni and Feredeile, and 634Jewish families of whom 254 were in Muntenime, 132 inTatarasj, 174 in Brosteni and 74 in Feredeile.


This 1828file was compiled by employees of the districtadministrations and, in Jassy, by the police, to fill in missing information that had been lost the previous year or hadnot been sent in. Since the file contributed to the 1828abstract for the principality, it contains the same figuresmentioned above: 424 families of foreign subjects and 634Jewish families.

For the years 1829-30, documents included a new categorycalled statistical sciences. Two of these documents are

especially important sources of information on the population of Jassy. One was made for the Russian administrationheaded by General P.D. Kisselev. The accompanyingreport of the legislature dated September 1, 1830,addressed to Kisselev, noted that the population statisticsfor the towns and small towns of Moldavia were based onprevious catagraphies; new information from prefectoffices would be sent in later.

Of the 3,646 foreign subjects in Moldavia, 1,772 lived inJassy; of the 7,535 Jews, 4,138 lived in Jassy. Only theadministrative residences of the prefect offices wererecorded as towns; the other urban settlements wererecorded as small towns. Some small towns were not

recorded at all, such as Sulijoaia, (Botosani district),Namoloasa (Covurlui), Tg. Frumusjca (Harlau)-eventhough their prefect offices sent in the necessary documents. The figures in this statistic work (with the exception of the total for Jassy, given as 59,880) were the sameas those in the second document, "Summing Up theStatistical Sciences of the Town of Jassy"

The latter document is a comprehensive statistical pictureof Jassy in 1830. It recorded 7,437 houses, 4,274 smallshops, 10 monasteries, 48 churches (Orthodox, Armenian,Catholic, Lutheran and Mosaic), many workshops andshops, 274 landlords, and all fiscal categories except formerchants and craftsmen. It set the total population at37,047. Every one of the 21 streets or residential quartersmentioned in the document contained at least one familyof foreign subjects or Jews. The 4,138 Jews were concentrated in Tg. Cucului (496), Ulita Sf. Vineri (499), UlijaTg. de Jos (498), the Brosteni quarter (499), the de pe Iazquarter (346) and Podul Lung (296). The 1,772 foreignsubjects were grouped mainly in the Tg. Cucului area(196), Podul Lung (168), Podul Vechi (156) and Tg. deSus (155).

Five synagogues or Jewish schools were located on Sf.Vineri, Cacaina, Tg. de Sus, Rufeni and Tatarasj; they hadabout 350 fathoms of land for the buildings and theircemeteries. Jassy also had a new residential quarter namedMahalaua with 149 Jews and 59 foreign subjects.

Beginning in 1831, the catagraphies were compiledaccordingto provisions in the Organic Statutes concerningthe taxation systemand the administrative organization.The first septennial census took place in February 1831.

The treasury worked out rales based on those in Wallachia,appointed committees for each district, printed forms, gavethe committees the population documents in its archives,and set deadlines.

The committees that worked on the catagraphy in 1831-32left 650 files of correspondence, the original registers ofdistricts, towns and small towns, and various summaries.The lists prepared by landowners give an indication of thesocio-economic status of the villages before the reformswere applied. The activity of the committees was periodically checked by treasury representatives, and even by theminister of finance, Alexandra Sturdza, who sent orders onhow to act in various cases. These orders show that the

committee members favored some landlords by not recording "all the souls means to be recorded"

The orders also called attention to people "who we not settled or are jobless" and who worked for various masters;their names were unknown in the past, even though theyfilled the landlords' yards and courts. The committees wereinstructed to record "all souls, and then the others like servants, butlers, coachmen, gardeners, house domestics,those married and who are paid for different jobs, either incourts or outside, and to note the names of the landlordsthey served'.' The committees were repeatedly advised notto omit anything, since the catagraphy was an official document and therefore should record all those who had jobsand were members of corporations, as well as the farmerswho lived in towns.

This first statutory catagraphy was especially importantbecause it was to be the main source for subsequent surveys. In Jassy, the committee recorded useful informationsuch as whether a master had a shop or worked at home,whether he rented or owned the shop, whether he workedalone or with others. There were also some details about

journeymen and servants who worked in small shops. Theword "apprentice" was used only once, since it was not inwidespread use; the concept was expressed by the word"servant". It was seldom shown who a journeyman workedfor, but it is plausible to assume that he worked for themaster who was listed in the records before him. Most of

the masters were corporation with up to eight journeymen,making clothes or feeding the town. There was considerable specialization in all branches of activity, expressed bythe great number of corporations: more than 90 specialitiesinvolving 5,609 masters.

The orders were very specific concerning the minoritypopulation. For example: "In the chart marked "S" are tobe recorded all townspeople who pay tribute, and the Jewsor other merchants as well, belonging to any nation, whohave a trade or other job, having shops or not". There werealso minute details about foreign subjects: name, parents'names, nickname, place of residence, trade or occupation,etc. Foreign subjects were divided into three categories:


1.Thosenatives who are under foreign protection;2. Those foreigners who were born in Turkey, settled inMoldavia, and are under foreign protection;3. Thosecomingfrom abroad, having proof of their citizenship.The 1831 statistics for Jassy compiled from many files andregisters, indicate a population of about 45,000-50,000people. These included 1,123 foreign subjects-685Austrians, 100 Prussians, 60 French, 232 Russians and 46British. It is difficult to discern how many of them wereRomanians, Jews or other ethnics, since there were nodetails of this kind. The "Catagraphy of Foreign Subjectsin Towns and Small Towns", covering Moldavia betweenthe Carpathians and the Prat River in 1831, notes thatthere were 3,063 family heads-of whom more than one-third lived in Jassy. We lack an account of the Jewish population in 1831, but there are statistics from 1832 thatshow how attractive the Moldavian capital was to theallogenous population. At that time, Jassy was a strongtrading center with a solid base of crafts. Another document, concerning the entire principality, reinforces this picture: of the 5,602 merchants, 857 lived in Jassy; of the5,080 artisans, 926 lived in the capital.

The documents related to the first official catagraphy provide some explanation for the peasants' uprisings in 1831.They show the abuses of the high officials who perpetuated the tax dodgingby failing to record many people. Atthe beginning of 1832, there were 138,611 recorded headsof families; the survey completed in November 1832counted 152,401 heads of families.

TheOrganic Statutes made important progress in adoptingperiodic catagraphies, a characteristic of the modem census. The organizing structure, the orders, the committees,the printed forms, the publicizingof the project, and thepublishing of the results synthesized the experience in theRomanian principalities in the 18th century and in the firstdecades of the 19th.

In 1832, a survey was made of all 40 towns and smalltowns, using a special printedform. It was triggered by anexceptional situation: the epidemic cholera of 1831, whichclaimed 1,783 victims in Jassy alone. The files contain thecorrespondence and a very relevant statistical chart. Thepopulation of Jassy was given as 48,148, plus an estimated1,000-1,500 temporary residents. The 1,345 foreign subjects included 715 Austrians, 70 French, 109 Prussians,303 Russians and 68 British. The 11,612 Jews accountedfor about 23% of the population. Jassy had 5,704 houses,20 monasteries, 43 churches (39 Orthodox, 1 Armenian,OneCatholic, oneLutheran, one United and 5 synagoguesor Jewish schools), 11 mills, 33 factories and 13 distilleries. Jassy had an active population; in addition to the5,609 traders and artisans mentioned in the catagraphy of1831, the 1832 statistical project counted 11,185 journeymen, people without specific jobs, and servants.

Of the 1,345 foreign subjects, 369 were merchants and 654were artisans. The 1,326 Jewish merchants and tradersincluded 161 petty traders, 68 publicans, 58 sellers of alcoholic drinks, 21 mediators, 10 haberdashers, 2 dealers incotton fabric, 27 peddlers, 2 timber dealers, 15 merchantsof luxury items from Leipzig, 5 tobacconists, 46 brokers, 4billiard hall owners, 22 butchers, 22 dealers of animal legs,16 landowners and other capitalists, 6 glass sellers, 20journeymen dealers, 1 cook, 1 barrel manufacturer, 2 dealers in women's winter dresses, 1 confectioner, 1 furrier,114 tailors, 73 shoemakers, 12 capmakers, 1 caramel confectioner, 3 lantern makers, 4 bathhouse attendants, 6 jewelers, 2 carpenters, 9 stone masons, 2 bread bakers, 41glass manufacturers, 3 saddle dealers, 11 adze carpenters,7 house painters, 3 dyers, 3 clockmakers, 5 tinsmiths, 5silver jewelers, 6 braziers, 23 fur cap makers, 3 bookbinders, 2 hat makers, 5 cotton makers, 14 rack wagonowners and 143 journeymen and servants.

Prior to the appearance of the next catagraphy in 1838,other documentary sources provided information on theJewish population of Jassy. When the town's administration planned to pave 17 of the main streets in 1833, it initiated a special survey of the houses, workshops and shops.On the streets C.A. Rosetti and Ghica Voda, 54 of the 115houses and shops were Jewish (i.e., 47%); on AnastasiePenu, 22 of 77 (28%); on Cuza Voda and Elena Doamna,16 of 72 (22%); on I.C. Bratianu, 22 of 156 (14%); onCizmariei, 4 of 30 (13%); on Unirea, Universitatea Veche,Gh. Marzescu, C. Negri, and col. Langa, 13 of 120 wereJewish (10%).

Between 1832 and 1838, the treasury was confronted withcomplaints from the people, which made them changesome things in the next catagraphy.

Documents related to the catagraphy of 1838 illuminatethe new methods for collecting data and taxes, the abusesof committee members, the flight of peasants from one settlement to another because of the infractions of somelandowners, the changes in fiscal categories, and the large-scale tax dodging by natives who became foreign subjects.

Contrary to expectations, the 1838 catagraphy had shortcomings similar to those in previous years, even thoughthe authorities gave explicit orders not to pass over theallogenous population. The 678 heads of families of foreign subjects included 14 Russians, 452 Austrians, 115Prussians, 43 French, 29 British and 25 Greeks. Of these,46 werenatives,79 came from Turkey as foreign subjects,and the rest arrived from different European countries withproof citizenship. An 1839 abstract concerning taxes to bepaid by artisans and journeymen mentions that there were3,675 heads of Jewish families in Jassy involved in tradingand crafts; they had to pay 220,500 lei to the state, almosta half of the 518,418 lei paid in the 13 districts ofMoldavia and Jassy.


During the years 1838-44, new problems arose for thosewho compiled the fiscal accounts, in addition to the continuing organizational deficiencies. The Gypsies and clergymen who were exempted from tribute by priests andprivileged people had to be settled in towns or villages.Some small villages with families were merged into largercommunities. Some people did not have specific jobs;some people moved from one estate to another or to townsin order to escape their obligations to landlords; newtowns appeared. The treasury began working on the catagraphy 1844, starting in Jassy.

The catagraphy of 1845 holds special importance for us.The methodology was not uniform throughout the principality; statistics were drawn from many situations and documented in Many files.62 The population of Jassy wasestimated at nearly 63,000 inhabitants (using the commonformula of multiplying the number of families times 5);nearly 50% were Jewish. These included 1,188 native merchants and 1,620 native artisans; 995 foreign subjectsworked in these fields, while 197 worked in other fields.Of the 6,178 Jewish heads of families, 5,160 were tradersor craftsmen.

The allogenous population was an important part of theeconomy. The 995 foreign subjects (78 Russians, 482Austrians, 175 Prussians, 34 French, 32 British and 194Greeks) were advocates (3), architects (4), chemists (19),clockmakers (2), sculptors (2), engineers, teachers of foreign languages, doctors, milliners, guitar teachers, danceteachers, house painters, musicians, singing teachers, pianoteachers, pianists, booksellers, pubowners, shoemakers,coachmen, locksmiths, confectioners, jewelers, silver jewelers, torch makers, writers, coachmakers, etc.

Of the Jewish families, 785 were foreign subjects and5,393 had dual loyalties. All of the heads were artisans ormerchants, active in 23 branches.

The tax obligations of foreign subjects and Jews were different from those of the natives, who paid in proportion tothe volume of their business. Even though the foreign subjects paid the same taxes as did the natives, they wereabsolved from many obligations that could have reducedthe profitability of their businesses. For the Jews, the situation was more complicated; they had a separate fiscalregime and paid taxes in a special manner.

An important 1849 document was the "Abstract ofAuthorized Merchants and Artisans with their Journeymen,and of Escaped Greek Serbian-Bulgarians from over theDanube, and of Jews from the Towns of the Principality".The information does not change much of what we alreadyknew about Jassy: 2,000 native artisans and merchants,and 4,528 Jews. The number of Jews in Jassy was almosthalf the total (10,509) in the other 43 Moldavian towns.

The catagraphy for the fourth period was to be made in1852. However, the new prince, Grigore Alexandra Ghica,

wanted it to be done earlier, for two reasons. First, hewanted the "setting of the tribute" to start at the beginningof 1852. Second, he wanted to hasten the resolution of"the needs and hardships suffered by some villages, especially those with smaller populations'.' So from May 30,1851, he ordered that the work begin as soon as possible.The forms were printed at the Albina Institute and distributed to the committees along with the state order.

The 1851 catagraphy represented a degree of progress, duelargely to the contributions of specialists such as N. Sut,uand C. Negrazi, the manager of the treasury. The activityproduced a rich documentary record; unfortunately, muchof it-the census registers and the abstracts-disappeared.Some of the missing material can be reconstructed fromother documents, giving us an idea of the population ofJassy. In 1851, there were 1,349 native artisans whoworked in 23 professional branches, and more than 800merchants. Of 5,936 Jewish families, only 532 (fewer than10%) were foreign subjects; 3,195 worked in 35 tradingbranches and 69 crafts.

The last census-a modern one-was made in 1859 under

the leadership of Ion Ionescu de la Brad. At that time, amemorable one in Romanian history, Jassy had a population of 65,745. Among the heads of families were 3,024artisans, 462 traders, 1,092 foreign subjects and 6,865Jews. There were 34,183 men and 31,562 women, including 3,300 foreign subjects and 30,460 Jews (about 46% ofthe total). A "chart of the merchants in Jassy" lists 469natives, 533 foreign subjects and 2,998 Jews. The taxespaid by these 4,000 traders in three months brought thetreasury 92,790 lei.

The foregoing data prove that during the century from1755 to 1860, the demographics of Jassy made notableprogress. During that time, Jassy became an importanttrading and craft center which attracted the allogenouspopulation. Foreign subjects arrived in the Romanian principalities mostly after 1774 when the monopoly of theOttoman economy was loosened; their presence increasedafter the 1829 declaration of liberty for foreign trade. Thenew economic importance of Moldavia and Wallachiamade the Romanian territory a focus of interest for thegreat powers, who saw it as an attractive source of trade.When the principalities' agricultural production was channeled into trading, a sizable population of foreign merchants and artisans appeared in Romanian towns; togetherwith the natives, they contributed to the establishment ofcontacts abroad and to economic prosperity at home.

From the data, we can see that the principality's highest percentages of foreign subjects and Jews were in Jassy. Theirpresencewas also advantageous from a social perspective.Among the foreign subjectsand Jews were architects, teachers, engineers, artistsand lawyers who contributedto thecultural development of the Moldavian capital, and wereeasily integrated into the Romanian way of life.


Jewish Communal Leaders from the Town of ROMAN, 1943*

Name Age Profession Placeof OriginActual Domicile

Number & Street Observations tRorhlich Leon 44 Bacau Petrodova 8 lDozemberg ?aciricus 64 Industrialist Bacau Miron Costin 61 2Horovitz, Josif 58 Iasiz PetruRares8 2Dacher Josif 65 doctor Siret (Bucovina) Asprodul Arbore34Istein Iulius 65 merchant cor. Mogosesti jud. Roman Stefan Cel Mare 145Leibovici Iosef 46 Roman Sucedciva 76 'Iancovici Iosef 39 Roman Stefan eel Mare 139Schwartz,Izrael 61 merchant Roman Bogdan Dragos 6 2Stein Iosif 45 Roman Sucedova 143Rozen Ian 47 furrier Botosani Stefan Cel Mare 3KatzLezier 44 merchant BateniBalsjud. Roman Aprodul Arbore30 'Fuchs Moise 59 Bena Tecuci Stefan Cel Mare 42Reznic Meier 48 doctor calorasi (Capcom) Basarobai Sucedava 174Schweitzer Weloet 45 accountant Roman Stefan cel Mare 232 2Laufer, Dejvid 45 Agt on comm. brief/bero cie? Stefan Cel Mare 232 'Bercova Vigder 56 merchant Roman Stefan Cel Mare 197Bran or Brau Lubu? 52 dentist Roman Stefan Cel Mare 213 2Daniel Mauriciu 47 - Bucresti Stafan Cel Mare 186 'Knitel Moise Marcel 36 merchant Harba (Botosani) Stefan Cel Mare 169Kessler Bernhard 47 merchant Roman Stefan Cel Mare 135Kessler Iosif 45 merchant Botosani Sucedava 145Neuman D. Meier 53 dentist Chisinau Stefan Cen Mare 251PinslerIsaac (Iaricu) 56 merchant Roman Stefan Cel Mare 29?Buzolanci Iosub 44 doctor Roman Gh. Asache 3?tape THascal 33 doctor Roman Gh.ASache3?tape? 41 doctor Roman I.C. Brateanu 3?tape 36 doctor

?tape? 43 dentist

Barajud. Roman

?tape? 35

Podul Iloaei jud. IasiDr.Kiegler7Caza Vada 4

doctor

Friedman Oscar 40

Todiestijud. Vaslui J.C. Brateanu 5

GhetnerlacobRadauti (Bucovina) Stefan Cel Mare 29

32 RomanAbraham Iosef 39 Roman

Aproducil Arbore22

Leizer Bercu 36Carmen Sylva2

Roman Alexanre Lahovare 1Leiba Moise 36 Roman Leiedava 161Moser Gluck 38 Guta Heimaratan (Bucovina) CazaVoia 9*TABEL NUMINAL from Fond 7633, Folder 1compiled and according with (? the ruling) 12 S741 from June 1943 bythe Regional Police of IASIt The original table contained alimited listing for "function performed for the Jewish community'.'1Didn't belong to any political party2Belonged to the Masonic league Progresul3Member ofthe National Peasant Party

Misc. - Piatra Neamt# Name

1 Katz Hascal

Age Profession60 merchant

Origin County Address # Political activity

3 Iancovici Cheudel 38 AccountantPiatraNeamt Neamt M. Cagoluneanu 54 Not active in pol.Piatra Neamt Neamt Cal. Loznoraim 30

2 Wexler, Mendel 53 merchant

4 Abramovici, Lazar 48 furrierTg. Neamt Neamt Sublet Gh. Papa 4Dorohoi Dorohoi Casa Vada 138 Idem

5 Calmanovici Ianna 44 merchant Piatra Neamt Neamt Cal. Roznoraiu 13 Idem6 Calbeci, Iani 52 Lumber merchant Piatra Neamt Neamt B. Co escu 267 Ipcar Felix8 David HS.

Salemonzis/Salamonica

41 Office worker PiatraNeamt Neamt C. Sparce

46 Fara Piatra Neamt Neamt CuzVada 296


List of delegates who collected for the Zionist organization Keren Hayessod, 1940County/Judetul Name of the delegate Region Nr. Of Permit

Falticeni D?na Rosa Bresis Whole country 41

Falticeni D-l S. Rosenblatt Roda idem 46

Falticeni D-l av. B. Schacter idem 47

Falticeni D-ling. Ionas Spindel idem 49

Falticeni D-l dr. H. Ivanier idem 50

Falticeni D-l Michel Leiba idem 51

Falticeni D-l av. M. Rubin idem 48

Falticeni D-l av. S. Rosenhaupt idem 126

Falticeni D-l dr. Imannuel Olsvanger idem 125

?Falticeni H. Coiler Iasi county 13?

"Falticeni C. Sterman Besarabia 51

?Falticeni H. Landa•i

53

?Falticeni Dr. P. Baltan •I

55

?Falticeni G. Cogan it

54

?Falticeni M. Sterenberg ii

56

?Falticeni S. Polomovskiii

57

11 Dec 1941: Members of the HUSI Jewish community# Name Position Age Profession Place of Origini Sternberg User President 36 Doctor Husi

2 Carniol Hers Vice President 36 Attorney Husi

3 Apfelbaum Moisa ii

58 Tailor Husi

4 Seiton Saul Gesier 53 Merchant Dranceni

5 Brand Herman Membra 39 Farac. Epureni Falciu6 Segal Daniel it

40 Attorney Husi

7 Cesner, Moise •t

68 Merchant Husi

8 Michel Nucham zis Natan Mihalovice " 40 Tailor Husi

9 Cupferberg, Saul H

33 Merchant Codnesti Vaslui

10 Steinberg, Carol ii

38 Tailor Husi/Negrecti/Vaslui11 Volf OisieHerscu

ti

48 B rater Negresti Vaslui12 Barac Herman Cenzor 57 Merchant Husi

13 Greisler Simonti

50 C?ssor Vatra Dornii

14 Bichman Haim ti

30 Comerc Husi

15 Iticevici Berouti

32 Comerc Husi

The Jewish community of Tirgul Frumos# Name Place of Origin Domicile Profession Agei Freitag Solomon Harta Dorohoi Verdeanu 3 Liber 65

2 Froim Nachman Tg. Frumos C. Voda 144 Liber 6?

3 Matius Catz Tg. Frumos Avram Iancu Liber 45

4 Feldzohn Moise Iasi Avram Iancu Merchant 55

5 Caufman Iancu Tut. Severin Gh. Cejbuc Merchant 46

6 Moise I. Moise Tg. Frumos CVoda Merchant 60

7 Postelnicu Lazar Tg. Frumos C.Voda Merchant 52

8 Beren H. Beer Lespeni Verdeanu Merchant 60

9 Mareu L. Alter Tg. Frumos A. Iancu Merchant 46

10 Popper Iosef Tg. Frumos C.Voda Doctor 35

11 Braunstein David Tg. Frumos A.Iancu Merchant 54

12 I. Leib Cunea Tg. Frumos A.Iancu Liber 74

13 Barehat, Faibis Podul Iloaei C.Voda Merchant 38

26 ROM-SIG NEWS, Volume 8,No. 1, Spring 2000

14 Dec 1941: members of the IASI Jewish community# Name

1 Iosef Iacob

2 D. Grinberg

Place of origin Domicile

Old Kingdom Sf.Teodor4

Profession AgeIndustrialist 40

idem C. Voda 23 Dentist 51B. Fischer

4 D. FruhlingStefan c. Mare 10 Doctor 51

Smil JagherH. Stralovici

Isac Popper8 M. Moscovici

Refill Pocher

10 L. Marcusohn

11 A. Hahaun

12 Pincu Segal13 B. Glantz

14 Aizin Itic

15 N.I. Rainobici

16 H. Ghelman

17 Aron Kaiserman

18 M. Bercovici

19 Martin Velt

20 I. Rosenhaupt21 Aron Stivel

22 Rafail Haim

23 M. Salmovici

24 M. Segal25 D. Mitelman

26 Isac Moscu

27 Ionel Fruhling28 Iasif Segall29 L. Lebeibovici

30 Lazar Klimer

31 Laon Haimovici

32 Pincu Lazar

33 Bamoil Baghian34 S. Frachtman

35 Aron Siegler36 Saul Fattlich

37 N.I. Braunstein

38 Maior H. Rapaport39 Sami Kaizerman

40 Adolf Katz

41 Aron Avram (Abramovici)42 DanielMarcus43 Berman David44 Die Mandelzen45 Smil Waldman

46 Iosef Haimovici

47 Sam. Sayan48 IosefAlter

49 Carol Pizio

Lozcunchi 6

Palat 43

Brateanu 25

E. Doamna 47

Saulescu 1

C. Voda 6

Rosatty 31Sf. Lazar 47

Peamt51

G. Negri 53Pantelimon 12

Tratuanu 14

Basarabia-resided in Iasi 20+ years Sendu 1Old KingdomOld Kingdom

Ipsilante 17Brateanu 154

Bucovina-resided in Iasi 20+ years Cucu 12Old Kingdom am. Panu 72

Basarabia-resided in Iasi 20+ years Nemteasca 2Old Kingdom Brateanu 112

Marzesen 16

C. Vada 73

C Vada 20

Socola 36

Gl. Gerchek 2

Col. Langa 3V. Lupu 98C. Negri 37El. Doamria 17

An. Panu 6

El. Doamria 33

El. Doazma 33

Gh. Voda 43

Sf. Sava 14

Saulesen 2

Saulesen 17

Piata Halei

Piata Halei

S-dela Golia

C. Voda 19

C. Negri 17Sf. Lazar 20

C. Negri 28C. Voda 20

C. Voda 3

Padurei 12

Zmau6

Doctor 55

Merchant 55

Merchant 66

Procuniat 63

AttorneyLandlord

48

75

Landlord 64

Industrialist 59

Merchant 65

Merchant 71

Industrialist 76

Profesor 40

Doctor 47

Isdustrias 45

Doctor 58

Farmacist 49

AttorneyMerchant

40

46

Merchant 43

Attorney 37

Doctor 34

AttorneyMerchant

49

52

Industrialist 48

Doctor 46

Industrialist 41

Industrialist 50

Merchant 47

Landlord 65

Merchant 42

Industrialist 67

Merchant 54

Merchant 41

Proprieter 67Doctor pens. 68Merchant 50

Merchant 44

Industrialist 63

Industrialist 63

Merchant 53

Industrialist 63

Merchant 82

Industrialist 34

Landlord 51

Procurist 44

Procurist 46


Jewish Community, compiled by the police of PascaniName Position Age Profession Place of Origin

1890 B. Herscovici President 41 Attorney com Sufesti jud. RomanSmil Brisler Vice Presedint 41 Merchant Etusman

M. Ghemer 65 Merchant Roman

Lupu Herscovici Member 48 Merchant PespegiDavid Svartz 42 cobbler PascaniMoise Saifer treasurer 39 Merchant Saului jud. DorohoiSmil Leib Casmara zis L. Lujoivici MemberLeon Iosub

Haim Herscu Cohen

Iancu Moige SegalAvram H. Leizerovici

Iancu S. Marcus

Officers of the Jewish communities of:BACAU

Name

Grad Misu - IndustrialistAge46

Abromovici Misu - Industrialist 48

Herman Brill - Inustrias 41

Fainara Beno - inginer 38

Vatara David - boiangiu 39

Nachmansohn David - Industrialist 44

Aizicovici Iacob - Industrialist 43

47 Merchant Mihelileui jud. Dorohi49 Merchant Ruginoasa J. Baia43 Merchant Pascani

39 Merchant Pascani

39 Merchant Husi jud. Falciu68 Merchant com. 6 Tuiculujud Tecuci

Place of Origin and Domicile"Bacua: Bacau str. Nelel No. 5

Moinesti: Bacau Cristoveanu No. 5

Bacau: Bacau Alex, cel Bun 13

Constanta: Bacau G-l Prezan No. 8

Bacau: Bacau D. Cantemir No. 5

Bacau: Bacau C. Marasesti No. 24

Braila: Bacau Florilor No. 348 Mendelovici Marcu - merchant 42 Braila: Bacau M. Viteazul No. 1229 Simensohn Simon - Attorney 42 Tg Ocna: Bacau I. Struza No. 610 Zalman Schvab - merchant 46 Bacaciuni: Bacau M. Viteaza No. 9711 Sulemsohn Leon - Industrialist 42 Bacau: Bacau G-l Averescu No. 1412 Lazarovici Pascal - merchant 49 Staniseati-Tecuci: Bacau M. Viteazul No. 8213 Grimberg David - merchant 40 Cucova-Putna: Bacau M. Viteazu No. 10514 Drimer Ieriham - Industrialist 43 Dorohoi: Bacau str. Alex, cel Bun. 15

TGOCNAi Aizengratz Isac - merchant 44 Valea Rea: Bacau Busuioc 212 Iosef Lazar - merchant 45 Valea Rea: Bacau D. Cantemir 23 Nachman Sender - merchant 38 Tg Ocna: Bacau Bueuioc 164 Herscovici I. Avram - merchant 62 Darmanesti: Bacau R. Maria 125 Grimberg A. Avram - merchant 39 Valea Seaca: Bacau M. Vitsazu 1056 Iacobsohn Iancu - colector 44 Roman: Bacau V. Alexandri 347 Rosemberg Mendel - intendent 53 Sacel Maramures: Bacau B. Carol 25

MOINESTIi Leibovici Sloim - merchant 43 Moinesti: Bacau Oituz 432 Haimsohn Manase - Industrialist 55 Moinesti: Bacau B. Nationala 103 Litman Moise - contabil 60 Moinesti: Bacau Precista 224 Argintaru Leon - merchant 42 Moinesti: Busuioc 395 Natansohn Solomon 43 Lucacesti-Bacau: Bacau 15 Aug. No. 106 Hoisie Mendel - merchant 49 Herta-Dorohoi: Bacau Leca No. 137 Solomon Hascal - merchant 35 Moinesti: Bacau L. Sturza 53


Council of Jewish community of ROMAN December 1941# Name Age Origin County Address Profession Pol. Affil.1 Berthold Rorlich 44 Roman Roman Stef. Cel Mare 240 Industrialist '2 Julius Istein 62 Mogosesti Roman Stef. Cel Mare 145 merchant '3 Iosef Stein 42 Roman Roman Sucealava Industrialist 24 Davia Laufet or r 44 Siret Radauti G. Makarovici 14 accountant

5 Leizer Katz 43 Botosani Botosani Stef. Cel Mare 2

6 Welwel Schweitzer 41 Roman Roman Stef. Cel Mare accountant

7 Isac Fertig 38 Roman Roman Miron Costin 66 2

8 Iosub Leizerovici 40 Roman Roman Panaife Donici 17 merchant 29 Pinca Iacob 37 Roman Roman Stefan Cel Mare fanet pari. 210 Dr. Maximilian Reznie 44 Calatesti Lapusna Seicedava drVcapt. in reserve11 Iosef Horovitz 56 Copoci Iasi Stefan Cel Mare 92 pharmacist 212 Zigmeina Goldenstein 64 Roman Roman Gl. Makarovici 17 merchant 213 Iosef Bentin 68 Adjadeni Elena Doamina merchant 2

14 Ghidale Marcovici 67 Roman Stefan Cel Mare watchmaker

15 Iosef Jancovici 37 Romanti fancl. part. !

16 Simon Moscovici 70 Tg. Neamt Neamt Regala locksmith 217 Leon Salovici 76 Falticeni Baia Sucedava libera 318 Iancu M. Goldman 41 Pascani Baia Stefan Cel Mare merchant 219 Iancu Greinberg 60 Roman Roman " 3

20 Karl Greinberg 50 Damienesti Roman Bogdan Vagas 10 tt 2

21 Iancu Poiliei 47 Roman Anapatete Unite tailor 2

22 Pincu Kaufman 61it it

merchant

23 Leon Kahn 50it

Sucedava

1 National Liberal2 National Peasant3 Geoigist

Misc. List from Piatra Neamt, 1941# Name Age Profession Origin County Address

1 Aizic Fischer 39 Attorney Piatra Neamt Neamt Casa Vada 73

2 Katz Hascal 60 merchant Piatra Neamt Neamt M. Cagoluneanu 543 Iancovici Cheudel 38 Accountant Piatra Neamt Neamt Cal. Loznoraim 30

4 Gutman Michel 54 merchant Gheraivi Roman Casa Vada 204

5 Wexler, Mendel 53 merchant Tg. Neamt Neamt Subkt Gh. Papa 46 Herscovici, Herscu 46 Piurctianor Piatra Neamt Neamt Cal. roueraim 24

7 Abramovici, Lazar 48 furrier Dorohoi Dorohoi Casa Vada 138

8 Lupu Iosub 65 firigar Roman Roman Casa Vada 214

9 Rabin Sosfer 66 pat blauar Piatra Neamt Neamt Casa Vada 5

10 Wolf Jean 55 pictar firme ii n

34

11 Gartenberg Iulius 70 merchantti ti

Stefan Cel Mare 20

12 Mayer Hascalovici 56ti tt ti Cuza Vada 122

13 Colmanovici Sama 44ti ti ti Cal. Roznoraiu 13

14 Filip Rosenthal 42ii it it Cuza Bada 193


Genealogical Adventures:Searching For Records of MyGrandfatherBy Jay Friedman

As a boy in New York City inthe 40's and 50's I always knewmy mother's father as "GrandpaWerther'.' He was a pleasant gentleman, deliberate of speech with aslight foreign accent, who alwayssomehow seemed to be enjoyinglife. Sometimes my motherwould take me to visit his

business on 30th Street, which

they called "The Place'.' Therehe designed women's undergarments and published a trademagazine for this industry.

My mother, an editor, greatlyadmired her father, and likes to saythat he taught her all she knows about the writer's craft.When I was young, every so often she would delight insaying, "your grandfather's name is not Werther at all; hewas bom Isidor Friedrich Botosaneanu'.' But she would saythe name fast, reveling in how outlandish his name soundsto American ears, and would always add, as if the namewas not enough, that "he came to the United States in 1903after walking from Romania to Hamburg and Paris'!

As a boy and young man I only gave passing thoughts tothis story, but it lay there dormant, and like every ROM-SIGmember I soon reached an age where genealogy and historybecame important and so decided to find out more about mygrandfather and Romania and how he came to the USA.

Before I begin, readers should know that my mother'smaiden and married names are the same, since she, bomFrederica Friedman, married Howard Friedman, my father,who was no relation. Now to the story. I began myresearch by quizzing my mother at length and foundout Isidor Friedrich Botosaneanu was bom January 5,1884. Many years later he stated on his US citizenshipdocuments and in a preface for an Esquire magazine articlethat he was bom in Bucharest, but my mother says he wasmost likely bom in Iasi. He was the eldest of 7 or so sisters and a brother.

Isidor's father, bom Friedrich Friedman in about 1853 in

Munich, Germany, had a secular education as an architectand engineer. Friedrich migrated to Romania sometimebefore 1883. Why he migrated is not known, but he waspossibly a "Sudit", who, as described in a 1996 ROM-SIGNews article, were colonizers encouraged by theRomanian government to migrate to Romania in the nineteenth century. In Romania, Friedrich worked as an

accountant and, like many Jews there, was also a cattledealer. To facilitate business relationships with theRomanian government, he changed his Jewish surname toBotosaneanu. Isidor's mother. Ana (nee Sindel circa 1860),was bom in Romania, probably in Iasi. Isidor, his motherand his siblings all used Friedrich as a middle name, similar to a patrymonic in Russia. This puzzles me, as traditionally Jews do not name a child after a living relative,but maybe the Botosaneanu's were different.

I recently engaged the services of Professor LadislauGyemant to do further research on Isidor's family in Iasi.While doing other work in Pungesti, a small town south ofIasi, he unexpectedly discovered there the birth records ofthree of Isidor's sisters. The eldest of the three was bom in

November 1893, meaning the family had moved therefrom Iasi at some point before that date.

Isidor told my mother that until 1899 the family had apleasant life and were fairly well to do. Like his father,Isidor received a secular education, some of which was ina military school. He also told my mother that among hisactivities as a student were writing poetry in the Romanianlanguage and being a member of a political group that wasin opposition to the right wing government of the country.In 1937, Isidor told Esquire Magazine that he had attendedthe University of Bucharest, though this is unlikely as heleft Romania at age 16.

Isidor's life in Romania then changed dramatically becauseof two events. The first is described by the writer IrvingHowe: "In 1899, when economic depression led to famine,a pogrom was organized in the city of Iasi by its policechief, violent denunciations of Jews were delivered in the

parliament and Jews were expelled from entire districts."1

The second event my mother recounts with a devilishgleam in her eye. This was Friedrich's death in 1900, following a carriage accident under somewhat scandalous circumstances, as he was on an outing with another woman(that is, not Ana). It was winter, which can be extremelycold in Romania, and the carriage had fallen into a ravine.The pair was exposed to the weather for some time andFriedrich succumbed to pneumonia.

At this point I must digress from my mother's story, as shedid not know from where in Romania Isidor left for the

United States, nor the name of the ship that carried him toNew York in 1903, which I considered important missinginformation. So, in 1995 I began research at the MormonFamily History Center near my home in Atlanta. At thecenter I found out that New York ship arrival records wereindexed on microfilm according to the traveler's last name.I tediously read through film after film pertaining toBotosaneanu and Friedman, and turned up several falseleads, nothing relevant.

However, my mother did have Isidor's US Certificate OfCitizenship. Fellow researchers at the center told me that a

30 ROM-SIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring2000

Certificate OfCitizenship is preceded by a Petition ForNaturalization, on whichmy missing information shouldappear. I wrote the Immigration and NaturalizationService2and found out I couldindeed request a photocopy of thepetition, but for privacy reasons it had to take the form of aFreedom Of Information Act request, along with evidencethat Isidor was deceased. Research in the NY Times microfilms turned up his obituarynotice, enabling me to submitthe request in May 1997. Several weeks later, I receivedcopies of petitions he submitted in 1913,1936 and 1939.

On the petitions Isidor reported that his last place of residence in Romania was the town of Roman, about 60 milessouthwest of Iasi and west of Pungesti. The family musthave moved there from Pungesti in 1899or 1900,possiblyas a result of the above-mentioned expulsion of Jews fromcertain districts and/or the death of Friedrich. In Roman

they lived in a section called "Mosaik",which may mean itwas a Jewish neighborhood or ghetto.

In 1900, perhaps because of the pogroms and/or repercussions from his involvement in political protests, as well asfinancial problems resulting from his father's death, Isidorand his family decided to leave Romania. As will be seenlater, it is not clear whether Ana and her daughters preceded Isidor and his brother luju to the United States orwhether they followed later, but Isidor left Romania in asingular way,again described by Irving Howe: "There followed a remarkable episode in which Jews....began toleave as "fusgeyer" (walkers, wayfarers) who trampedacross the country....for the purpose of journeying on footto Hamburg and thence to America. The fusgeyer established a 'press' of their own. In these newspapers we findappeals for aid, articles in which they say farewell to theirold home, and sometimes a bit of verse."3

In 1900, Isidor left Romania as a "fusgeyer','a group ofwhom may be seen en route in the front page photo. Isidor'sjourney would have taken many weeks on foot, since, as thecrow flies, the distance between Roman and Hamburg isabout 900 miles. As Isidor told my mother, he wrote most ofhis group's "newspaper", which was actually a series ofpamphlets promoting the emigration of Jews to the US.These were then sold to the Jewish populations of the townsthey passedthrough to raise funds for their livingexpenses.

From Hamburg, Isidor made his way to Paris. There heclaimed to have enrolled in an art school, the AcademieJulian, to study decorative art, costume design and draftsmanship, areas in which he later excelled in the USA.However, in 1993,1 researched the complete enrollmentrecords of the Academie, which are on microfilm at theFrench National Archives, and did not find Isidor's name.

A friend, who is an immigrant from Romania and who hashelped with some of my research, tells me that it wouldnot be out of character for a Romanian to inflate his curriculum vitae if need be, which might explain this andother inconsistencies and possible exaggerations in Isidor's

story. My friend adds that, no doubt, at a minimum Isidormust have walked past the Academie Julian and expresseda desire to attendclasses there, but whetherhe actually didrequires further research. My mother's opinion is that heattended the Academie under an alias, as he may havebeen wanted by the Romanian police because of his political activities. The story continues with that reservation.

The Academie Julian, founded in 1868, catered to foreigners, as only students who could pass an examination in theFrench language and do a free-hand drawing of a nudemodel could attend the more prestigious state-run Ecoledes Beaux-Arts.

Isidor stayed in France a year or so and then departed forthe USA. Although he stated on his Petition ForNaturalization that he sailed to the United States on the

French Line ship La Lorraine, the stated date of arrival,January 15, 1903, was a figment of his imagination. This, Ifound out when I applied to the National Archives4 inWashington for a copy of the passenger list for LaLorraine's arrival in New York on that date and was told

there was no such ship's arrival. A perusal on microfilm ofthe NY Times daily snipping news section for January,1903 confirmed this, for on that date, La Lorraine was tiedup at her dock in Le Havre. It would take me many moremonths to find out Isidor's real date of arrival in the USA.

I approached this aspect of the research by assuming thatIsidor had the month of January 1903 correct, but had forgotten the exact day and so invented the 15th on theassumption that nobody at the INS would be the wiserwhen he filed his petition. This was the case, as his citizenship was indeed granted in 1939.

However, it was a problem for me, since the NY Timesshipping news showed La Lorraine to have arrived in NewYork twice during that month, on the 3rd and the 31st. TheNational Archives would do a search at a reasonable cost

for a name on a passenger manifest for a given ship'sarrival date, and send a photocopy of the relevant page, butnot for a name on two possible dates.

So, taking a shot, I asked for a search for his name on theJanuary 31,1903 arrival date. Weeks later I received a letter saying there was no such name. Not discouraged, I thenmade the same request for the January 3rd arrival, butagain was told there was no such name. At that point I wasvery discouraged, but wanted to see for myself, and sothrew caution to the winds, sent the National Archivesmore than $100 and asked for photocopies of every pageof the manifest for both arrival dates of La Lorraine. Againweeks went by, but finally in April 19981 received a thickpacket with page after page, written in flowery longhand,which listed hundreds of immigrants from all over Europewho had arrived on that ship on those dates. You canimagine my triumphant feeling when there, on one of thelast pages of the January 3rd arrival, was Isidor's name, aswell as that of his brother luju, along with all sorts of other


information on both of them that I had been trying to findout for several years. I don't know why the NationalArchives staff failed to find the names themselves. And so

the story continues.

Isidor and his 11-year-old brother had left Le Havre on LaLorraine on December 27, 1902. (It is unknown how orwhen luju left Romania and arrived in France.) Eight dayslater they declared to the Ellis Island authorities that theyhad no money, that Isidor's profession was "scholar',' thattheir last place of residence was "Roman Mozaik" and thatthey were going to join their mother, Ana F. Botosaneanu,at 77 Eldridge Street in Manhattan.

This is another inconsistency, as Isidor had told my motherthat, in the immigrant tradition, he and luju had arrived inthe USA before the rest of the family and saved enoughmoney to finance the voyage to the US of Ana and theirsisters in about 1905. Since Isidor was only eighteen at thetime of their examination at Ellis Island, they may havesaid Ana was already in New York to dispel any notionthat being so young they would become public charges andpossibly risk being refused admission.

Whichever the case, they were admitted, and shortly thereafter Isidor changed his name to Werther Friedman. Mymother says he never liked the name Isidor and took hisnew given name from the main character in Goethe's"Sorrows Of Young Werther", a work he admired. Nodoubt he reverted the family name back to his father'soriginal surname because Botosaneanu is unpronounceablefor most English speakers and, more importantly, becausein the United States there was no further need to deempha-size their religion. (luju became Jack Friedman.)

Werther's photo was taken for a frontpiece of a book ofpoetry he wrote in 1918. Like many immigrant Jews, heprospered in the USA, where he was known as a bon vivant

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and, like his father, was known to have an eye for ladiesother than his wife. That he also loved an excuse to raise

his arm with a glass in hand is evident in Photo 2, whichshows him and my father Howard enjoying a cold brew at

his Englewood, New Jersey summer home in 1940, whilemy mother Frederica, glass-less, looks admiringly on.

Werther died January 16, 1956 in New York City.

NOTES:

' The Immigrant Jews oFNew York: 1881 to the present. Irving Howe.

Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976. pp. 32-33.

: Immigration And Naturalization Service, 2nd Floor ULL1CO Bldg,425 I Street NW, Washington. DC 20036. Attention: FOIA/PA Officer

' Howe, op. cit

4General Reference Branch (NNRG), National Archives and RecordsAdministration. 7th and Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC20408.202-501-5170

B00k Review by Rae BarentThe World That Was: Hungary/Romania by Rabbi YitzchakKasnett is the third volume in a series of handbooks for stu

dents in grade schools and high schools titled The LivingMemorial under the leadership of the Hebrew Academy ofCleveland. Since the Hebrew Academy is traditionally oriented, so too is this book. While the aims of this student work

book, to make young people more aware of the destruction ofEuropean Jewry, are admirable, there's not much here for ourpurposes. About half the book is given over to homeworkassignments and classroom exercises.

Another quarter is made up of is reminiscences of living inRomania and Hungary with many photos from both the prewar and the post-war period. The section on the history ofRomania does have some interesting bar graphs.

• 1899-% of Jewish Population: A Sampling of Towns inMoldavia - for example Botosani with 51.8%• 1904-% of Jewish Artisans in Selected Trades in Moldavia-

engraving was at the top with over 80%.• Percent of factories owned by Jews• Distribution of Jews by occupations in Romania

There is no index, but the Table of Contents will give yousome idea of what the book is about:

The first section - Teacher's Guide and Student Exercises -

consist of simply drawn maps paired with the same map withno labels...students are to provide these.

The next two chapters are about Hungary-an Overview ofJewish life and a photo montage of Hungarian synagogues.Then we have an overview of the History of Jewish Life inRomania followed by a photo montage of TransylvanianRabbis.

The rest of the book is Personal Reminiscence - about the

Capathians. about Sighet, about Munkacs, about Budapest,even about Rabbi Sender Deutsch .

The only other possibly valuable section is one dealing withthe social structureof Romania which combines some historywith an overview of the kinds of employment permitted toJews, of the comparatively mild treatment, and the subsequentmovement of Jews from Poland and Russia into Romania.


Romanian Court Documents and Translations:Submitted by Larry Herman

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iLf^ jteZtJ^t*. SLt*c<d&2"fao$***J lu*4m&* fi^/i-'£<+*<&*.

e*.<,&*t~t. r>£s>++£ ^vt+îc **«?**<'4X&*A*?C •£& -?*** <?-i£- -£-*'

,+4+-. 0&+J& s<»~" svei+i'X st**#•-** -i*-»#-* j.<x->*' r*f*jt-

fa^ M Urn*.* <r $*** <& ^W7 J< **«y *y** •

>t Ja J&tt'rStoZ ?&

£ke£o>i<r6- •->**< -<fc*< s*M-£ J,

4^ *W &m&* #*»<&*. tfitwtJ J/6~"~Wtfttft.

Mr. Prosecutor:

I, Mendel Moise Iancu, fromBurdujeni town From theday of 6 of March. I was athome. A group of men led byTeodor Stirbu from Saligeni,Jon Tipufran Fetesti and VasilI. Marchitan from Saligenialong with other men invadedmy store and broke all thedoors and windows.

Faced with this situation I ran

together with my wife andchildren to Grigore Rotarufrom Burdujeni. After thisuprising quieted down at thesame day around 3:00 PM, Ireturned home. However,

Vasil Marchitan return with a

hammer with the intention of

killing me after which again Iran to my friends and I'vereturned Thursday. When Ireturned home, I found all the

things destroyed and the bestthings stolen. In addition,they stole a wagon of cereals(hay, etc.) from the silo.

The thugs were: 1) IonicaRisca; 2) Simion Sterli; 3)Teoder Bandur; 4) CatincaHie Iftimesco; 5) IonAnichitoie; 6) Ion Rusu; 7)Paraschiva Iftimesco. From

these seven, five were reported by their own children,who have stated to the gendarme (military police).After these statements they'vereturned part of the cereals.The way Teoder Bandur,Catinca Iftimescu and Ionica

Risca. Ion Brisu stole a lot of

other things and part of thecereals.

(Signed)

Respectively yours,

Mr. Prosecuter of the

Tribunal

Botosani

.^, *<i~t^? *t /-m* -£e~

JlLw^ $&**&*. &&'Sft


We found a letter in Paraschiva Iftimescu's attic and the gendarme by the name ofDascalescosearched the attic and home and I've recognized three doiles and lots oflumber (construction)and wood (fire).

I claim that of the statements of Maria of Gheorghi (George) Cloraei (George's wife Maria),Aglaia Costache Partolie, Grigore, Simion, Sterle, Costache, Ionica Risca, Anica of ManoliDaniline, who also Ion Anichetoei when he stole and carried with the wagon the cereals frommy home. I present as a witness. Gendarmes V. Dascalescu, Alecu Dimitriu and Marinine,who had a search warrant and they found part of my things that they recognized to be mineand they returned them to me.

I respectfully submit to be reimbursed the sum of 4,000 leis (enormous sum for time) and askfor prosecution of the above named individuals.

[Signature Line)

Please receive my respect

Mendel Moise Iancu

t4ite *<<*t/f*jr(pe £/e*isf~,eJ*&£. e£*J? t*/»*~*~'V

33

34

From:

Bukovina

Submitted By:Mr. David Fox

969 Placid Ct.

Arnold, MD 21012-1527

February 1919

GEOGRAPHY:

PHYSICAL AND POLITICAL

(1) POSITION AND FRONTIERS

THE Bukovina is in the extreme

east of the Austrian Empire. It liessoutheast of Galicia, between

47° 12' and 48°40' north latitude and

24°55' and 25*31' east longitude,and has an area of 10,441 sq. km.(about 4,030 sq. miles), or roughlytwo-thirds that of Yorkshire.

On the north and northwest the

Bukovina marches with Galicia.

Elsewhere its boundaries are those

of Austria, touching on the southwest on Hungary, on the southeaston Rumania, on the east onRumania and Bessarabia.

The Galician boundary is for the most part well defined: itascends the Dniester for some 35 miles, thence strikessouth along an arbitrary line to the junction of theCzeremosz with the Pruth, ascends the former river to thesource of the Bialy Czeremosz on the northwestern slopesof the Carpathians, and so gains the Hungarian frontier.

The boundary between the Bukovina and Hungary is muchbroken, but follows in parts the courses of the Cibo, theGolden Bistritz, and the Tesna, and in part the watershedof the Dorna. The same applies to that which in the southdivides the Bukovina from Rumania which follows for

some distance the courses of the Neagra and the GoldenBistritz, in part the watershed of the Sucha, crosses theMoldova at Kornoluncze, and reaches the Suczawa justabove its junction with the Sereth.

The Suczawa, the Sereth. and the Pruth all play a part indetermining the eastern boundary, which between theserivers follows minor topographical features. Between thePruth and the Dniester the Bukovina-Bessarabia boundaryis marked partly by the Rakitna, partly by a smaller streamand some intervening hills.

(2) SURFACE AND RIVER SYSTEM

Surface

The Bukovina is a highland, rising in terraces from the

ROM-SIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1,Spring 2000

northeast to the southwest. It falls naturally into two parts,a mountain region and a hill region, the division beingclearly marked by a line running roughly from Wiznitz onthe Pruth to Gurahumora on the Moldova. To the south

west of this line is a complicated system of densely-wooded mountains of sandstone formation, the ridges runningfrom northwest to southeast. The valleys are steep and narrow, sometimes opening out into alluvial flats where cultivation is possible. In the southwest, in the neighbourhoodof the Doma and the Golden Bistritz, the mountains reachan average height of over 1,500 ft., Giumalaul (6,100 ft.,1,859 m.) being the highest point in the Bukovina. Thesemountains form part of the mass of the WoodedCarpathians, and fill all the space between the GoldenBistritz and the Suczawa, the central point of the spacebeing formed by the Luczyna Mountains. This group contains the sources of the Czeremosz, the Suczawa. the

Moldova, and the Golden Bistritz, and is thus the mainwatershed of the country. The mountains in the extremesouthwest of the Bukovina, are spurs of the Kelemen group.

The hill region of the Bukovina consists of gentle, rollingridges of limestone and clay rising to some 1,650 ft. It iswatered by the Pruth, the Sereth. the Suczawa, and theMoldova, which flow at an approximate height of 650 ft.,and here make great curves to the southeast. The Suczawa,the largest of these rivers divides the Bukovina into twoalmost equal parts. The valley bottoms are flat and open,


while the higher regions have to a great extent beencleared of their woods except on the steepest slopes, andthe land has been ploughed.

The mountain region of the Bukovina, is of little value forcultivation, but, in addition to its extensive forests, provides good summer pasture for numbers of cattle. The soilof the hill region consists largely of loess or of alluvialdeposits; it is therefore fertile and well suited for cultivation, which is being rapidly developed. The most fertileregion, containing some two-thirds of the agricultural landof the Bukovina, lies between the Pruth and the Dniester.Fertility decreases between the Pruth and the Sereth, andthe hill region on both sides of the Suczawa is the poorestpart of the province, wheat being grown only in very smallquantities. On the other hand, the region south and east ofSuczawa is very rich. Floods are a hindrance to agriculturein many valleys. The Bukovina is plentifully supplied withwater, except in the district to the south of Suczawa andsouthwest of Bossancze, where rainwater cisterns are necessary both for man and beast.

River System

With the exception of a few small streams in the north,which are tributaries of the Dniester, all the rivers of theBukovina, belong to the Danube system, and flow to theMoldavian-Bessarabian plain. The southern rivers—theCzeremosz (an affluent of the Pruth) and the Sereth, withits tributaries the Suczawa, Moldova, and the GoldenBistritz-run in rough parallel courses, and take their risewithin the Bukovina, in the neighbourhood of the LuczynaMountains. Only the Dniester and the Golden Bistritz havewell-defined rocky beds; the other rivers divide into armsround islands in broad alluvial valleys as soon as theyemerge from the mountains, often changing their courses,and causing serious damage by their floods.

As has been said above, the Dniester forms the northernboundary of the Bukovina as far as Onut, where it is some270 yds. wide. Its depth varies from 2 to 6-1/2 ft., and itsbanks are sometimes nearly 500 ft., high. Its bed is rocky,but contains in places a number of difficult sandbanks.Hence, though navigable by small boats, it is chiefly usedby rafts.

The Pruth, one of the largest tributaries of the Danube,flows right across the country at its narrowest part, parallelwith the Dniester, through a valley, which is wide andopen to the north, but on the south merges into a mountainous district. The Czeremosz, formed by the junction ofthe Bialy Czeremosz (which, like the main stream itself, isa boundary-river of the Bukovina) and the CzarnyCzeremosz, is its most important tributary, and has thePerkalab as its affluent on the left bank. The Sereth, another left-bank tributary of the Danube, rises in the westernmountains near the Szurdyn Pass, on the opposite side ofthe watershed to the Suczawa, and flows in a course which

curves from northeast to southeast right through theBukovina, whose borders it leaves not far below the townof Sereth.

The three remaining important rivers of the Bukovina-theSuczawa, the Moldova, and the Golden Bistritz-are allright-bank tributaries of the Sereth, though they join thatstream outside the borders of the province. Of these tributaries, the Suczawa rises near the Iswor Pass and opens outbelow Straza to water the largest piece of open ground inthe country; the Moldova, whose course lies through deepvalleys, receives two important affluents, the Sucha on theright bank and the Moldawitza on the left; and the GoldenBistritz rises in Transylvania, entering the Bukovina at analtitude of 3,172 ft., and receives the Dorna on the rightbank and the Cibo on the left.

The Dniester is the only river in the Bukovina, which is navigable otherwise than by rafts. The water in the Sereth, theSuczawa, and the Moldova is always sufficient for rafts, buttheir streams are not regulated and sandbanks are numerous.

(3) CLIMATE

The climate of the Bukovina is severe and thoroughly continental. The eastern regions are characterized by violentwindstorms, which cause sudden variations in the temperature amounting to as much as 64°F (18°C). The rate ofhumidity is comparatively low and the climate in generalapproximates to that of Russia. In the mountain region thefrost continues on an average from September 1 to June10; in the hill district from October 1 to May 20. July isthe hottest month, January the coldest. The following tableshows the difference in average temperature between themountain region and the hill region:

Winter Spring Summer AutumnHills 23°F(-5°C) 48°F(9°C) 66°F(19°C) 46°F(8°C)Mountains 21°F(-6°C) 45°F(7°C) 61°F(16°C) 43°F(6°C)

Czemowitz in the north and Suczawa in the south both

have the same average summer temperature of 66°F(19°C); but in winter Czemowitz averages 25°F (-4°C) andSuczawa 28°F (-2°C).

The annual rainfall in the mountains often exceeds 33.5 in.

(850 mm.); in the hills it is often under 21.7 in. (550 mm.).The valleys of the Pruth and the Dniester have the lowestrainfall. June and July are the wettest months, and Januaryis the dryest. Snow lies everywhere between Novemberand April; it falls most heavily in the latter month and isdeepest in the neighbourhood of the sources of theSuczawa.There is considerable cloud throughout the year.

The west wind is the commonest, both in summer andwinter, whilst in the spring westerly and northerly windsprevail. Southerly and westerly winds bring a high temperature, heavy cloud and rain, and low pressure, whereasnortherly and easterly winds bring low temperatures, clearer weather, less rainfall, and higher pressure.

36 ROM-SIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1,Spring 2000(4) SANITARY CONDITIONS

Theclimate of the Bukovina, though severe, is healthy andhardening. The people still rely to a greatextentuponherbs and spells, which are generally administered by oldwomen, in cases of illness. Only in the last extremity dotheycall in doctors, of whom there are few in the country.Too much reliancecannot therefore be placed upon theofficial statistics of the causesof death. In 1910,13 per1,000of the deaths were ascribed to congenital weakness,70 per 1,000to tuberculosis, and 90 per 1,000 to otherlungtroubles. Diarrhoea accounts for another 20-40 per1,000, and scarlet fever and measles are also importantcausesof mortality.The Lipovans, whose religion bindsthem to rely on prayer alone in time of sickness, are a serious danger during an epidemic. The rate of infant mortality in the last decade was 240.3 per 1,000births. The veryhighdeath-rate among the gipsies is accompanied by anequally high birth-rate.

(5) RACE AND LANGUAGE:

The Bukovina lies on the great highway of migration fromeast to west, and is consequently inhabited by a strangemixtureof races, even at the present day. Among them, itis possibleto find traces of earlier peoples who have disappeared, passed on, or been absorbed.

The Rumanians, who numbered 273,254, or 34 percent ofthe population, at the last census, have a majority in thesouth, southwest, the centre, and part of the east of theBukovina. They are most numerous on the middle Serethand in the Suczawa valley, where, excluding a few isolatedislands, over 75 percent of the population is Rumanian. Onthe Moldova the position of the Rumanians is hardly lessstrong. North of the Sereth they rapidly diminish in numbers, and still farther north are only found in a few villagesbut they are found scattered throughout the country, andthe greater part of the nobility and of the well-to-do classesin the towns are Rumanian. How or whence they enteredthe Bukovina, is uncertain, but they are true members ofthe Rumanian people, speaking the Limba romana, whichis of Latin origin. The majority belong to the OrthodoxChurch, and there are a very few Uniats among them.

The Ruthenians or Little Russians in 1910 numbered

305,100, or 38 percent of the population. With them areincluded the Hutsulians, who speak their language, thoughthere are grounds for believing that they are of different,possibly of Scythian origin. The Ruthenians form a solidmass in the north and west, but they are also found almosteverywhere among the Rumanians, notably along thelower Sereth. The country round the sources of theCzeremocz, the Suczawa, the Moldova, and theMoldawitza, as well as the whole northwestern mountainregion, is inhabited by the Hutsulians. The Ruthenians,who speak Little Russian (or rather the dialect of it knownas Red Russian), have dwelt in the Bukovina, from a very

early date, anda number of themhaveprobably beenassimilated by the Rumanians. The Ruthenian elementpredominates amongthe lower classes: they are membersof the Orthodox Church.

The Germans in the Bukovina, in 1910 numbered 168,851or 21 percent of the population, if we include the 102,919Jews who are all Germans. They have an influence out ofproportionto their numbers, as it was they who colonizedand civilized the country. German is still the language ofculture and the official tongue. The Austrian occupationhas resulted in a large influx of soldiers and officials, withthe result that there is now hardly a village which does notcontain a German. They are most numerous along the middle Suczawa and in the towns and mining regions of thesouthwest, but there are also a number of German agricultural colonies in the hill regions. Most of them are RomanCatholics, but at Alt Fratautz, near the Sereth, andBadautz, near Radautz, over 75 percent of the populationis Lutheran. In the country districts the Germans preservean attitude of racial superiority, holding aloof from theRumanians; but in the towns they tend to drift with thetide, using Ruthenian or Rumanian for business purposes.

The Jews are found in compact masses only in Wiznitz, onthe Czeremosz, where, they form three-quartersof the population, and Sadagori, which lies to the north of the Pruth, butthere are also many in Czemowitz and Suczawa. Elsewherethey constitute some 5 to 10 percent of the inhabitants.

The Magyars in the Bukovina number about 10,000, buttheir numbers are diminishing. There are a few Magyarcolonies near Badautz, and one at Josseffalva in the south,but elsewhere they are not numerous. They are all RomanCatholics, and work as farmers or market-gardeners.

There are 36,000 Poles, chiefly living in the towns. Thedistrict of the Plesch is entirely Polish, and in Neusolonetzthe Poles number 78 percent. They are all RomanCatholics, and generally retain their sense of nationality.

Most of the 3,000 Lipovans live in Fontina-alba andKlimoutz outside Sereth, but.there are a few near the townof Suczawa and at Lukowica, near Czemowitz. They areGreat Russians, belonging to the old Russian Church, andspeak Great Russian. They keep their traditional costume,and their diet is largely vegetarian, while they do not touchalcohol or tobacco. They are market-gardeners, bee-masters, and fruit-growers. Physically, they are a fine people,and as their religion forbids them to have intercourse withstrangers they preserve their race absolutely pure.

Gipsies are found all over the Bukovina, especially amongthe Rumanians. The early regulations against vagabondswere so severe that they are now virtually all settled, forming considerable colonies in many villages, many of themworking as smiths. They are nominally members of theOrthodox Church, but their religion is said not to go muchbeyond making the sign of the cross. They speak their own


language among themselves, though in a verycorruptform; but otherwise they use Rumanian or Little Russian.

The 657 Armenians, 311 of whom live in Czemowitz and200in Suczawa, are an interesting ethnological feature ofthe Bukovina. Those in Suczawa are Uniats, the othersmostly Orthodox. They speakArmenian among themselves, but also use Rumanian or German. They nearly allbelong to the upper ranks of society,and are traders, officials, or landowners. Their honesty, hospitality, and courtesy make them very popular.

(6) POPULATION

Distribution

The population, according to the census of 1910, was800,098, and was estimated at 818,328 in 1913. It is naturally mostdense in the fertile valleys of the rivers flowingthroughthe hill region, notably those of the Pruth, theSereth, and the lower Suczawa, where it often exceeds 300to thesquare mile. There are alsocomparatively well-populated centres in the northand northwest. Kimpolung isthe largest settlement within the mountain district, wherethe inhabitants are very scanty. The numberof inhabitantsper square mile in the Bukovina was 198 in 1910.

Towns and Villages

Czemowitz, with a population, including suburbs, of over87,000, one-third of whom are Jews, is much the mostimportant town in theBukovina, of which it is the capital.It lies on the right bank of the Pruth, over which at thispoint there are two bridges. The town, which is modem, isthe seat of the OrthodoxMetropolitan of the Bukovinaandof the German University.

Other towns are Radautz (16,535), an important agricultural centre on the Suczawa plain and the most German townin the Bukovina; Suczawa (11,229), a neatly laid-out townon the same river; Sereth (7,948), the oldest settlement intheland, on the right bank of theSereth; and Kimpolung(8,748), on the upperMoldova, which owes its importanceto the traffic over the MesticanestiPass. Wiznitz (5,052),with a largely Jewish population, on the Czeremosz, andBerhometh (7,309), on the Sereth, are the chief centres inthe northwest. Storozynetz (10,242), on the Sereth, andBojan (7,468), on the Prath, may also be mentioned.

Movement

The birth-rate in the Bukovina is 42.3 per 1,000 inhabitants. The illegitimate births number 107 per 1,000 births.Between 1900 and 1910 the excess of births over deathswas 14.39 percent, the loss by emigration being 4.82percent. The net increase of population was thus 9.57 percent,as compared with 12.93 and 13.1 respectively in the previousdecades. The emigration of Germans in considerablenumbers to Americadid not begin till the presentcentury.

n. POLITICAL HISTORY

CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY

1769-74. Russo-Turkish War.

1772. First Partition of Poland.

1774. Austria claims northern Moldavia.

1775-6. Boundaries, settled by Conventions.1786-90.The Bukovina incorporated for administrative

purposes with Galicia.1790. The Bukovina declared an autonomous province.1817. Once more included in Galicia.

1849. The Bukovinacreated an autonomous duchy asan Austrian Crown-land.

1864. Rumanian Metropolitanate proclaimed at Synodof Karlowitz: the Bukovina excluded.

1873. Churches of the Bukovina and Dalmatia unitedunder one Metropolitan.

(1) ORIGINS

THE Bukovina has been described as a 'rendezvous' ofpeoples, so many races have in turn occupiedthe forestlands of this district, which lie about the head-waters ofthe Sereth, the Pruth, and the Moldova. In the early part ofthe fourteenth century the Bukovina formed part of theVoivodate of Moldavia, established by the Vlachs orRumans who migrated from the Maramaros district ofHungary. Compact bodies of Rumanians appearto havesettledalong the eastern slopes of the Carpathians, whereLittle Russians or Ruthenes were already established,while the plains were still held by various Tatar tribes whowere not expelled until the second half of the fourteenthcentury. In 1372 the Emperor recognized Louis ofHungary as overlord of Moldavia, but the Kingof Polanddisputed his claims, and in the first half of the fifteenthcentury the Voivodes did homage to him. Under Stephenthe Great (1457-1504) Moldavia regained its independence, and he inflicted severe defeats on both Poles andTurks; under his successors, however, Moldavia becametributary to the Turks, who began to plant fortresses in thecountry. The Rumanian principalities, hard pressed byPoles and Turks, invoked in turn the protection of theEmperor and theTsarof Russia, and the eighteenth centuryfound the Bukovina a bone of contention between thesePowers and the Turks.

(2) ANNEXATION BY AUSTRIA

Two events in the latterhalfof theeighteenth century, theRusso-TurkishWar (1769-74) and the First Partition ofPoland (1772), helped to decidethe fate of the Bukovina.After the conclusion of peace between Russia and Turkey(at Kuchuk Kainarji), when it became evident that Turkeycould no longer retain theRumanian Principalities, Austriaput forward its claim to the northern part of Moldavia.This was based on (1) the needfor settlement of the olddisputes concerning the frontier, (2) the desire for a 'cor-


don sanitaire' against the plague, and (3) the assertion thatthe territory had been originally usurped by Turkey.Simultaneously with the diplomatic introduction of theclaim the Imperial troops occupied various points in north-em Moldavia.

Originally the frontier proposed by Austria followed a linemnning from Chotin to Czemowitz across the Bukovinaforest; but in March 1775 the order was given to leave an'undetermined frontier'. The protests of the ruling princeand of the Moldavian boyars were passed over, with theintimation that the question was one to be settled byAustria with the Porte alone; the latter, however, was lessamenable than had been expected, because it feared internal disturbances and hoped for external support fromFrance and Prussia.

Eventually, however, Austria secured the Convention ofMay 7,1775, by which the lands contained by 'theDnjestr, the borders of Pokuta, Hungary, and Transylvania',were surrendered to it, in order to facilitate communicationbetween Transylvania and Galicia. This district was one ofthe most richly wooded of the Moldavian provinces, andcontained the ancient capital Suczawa and the town ofCzemowitz. The exact limits were to be determined

according to a fabricated Austrian map which the Portehad been induced to adopt, and which represented the territory in question-to quote an Austrian statement-as a stripof land with 'three or four market towns and eleven vil

lages, the rest consisting of forest and rugged land*.

The final Convention of May 12, 1776, ceded to Austria aterritory of 4,035 square miles, with a population of70,000 inhabitants. Maria Theresa did not fail to shed atear over these 'Moldavian affairs...with regard to whichwe are totally in the wrong....I must confess I do not knowhow we shall come out of it, but hardly with honour, andthat grieves me beyond expression'.

(3) DECLINE OF RUMANIAN NATIONALITY

Administration under Austria.-The territory thus acquiredwas constituted an autonomous province, under the name'Bukovina', and placed for the time being under a militaryadministration which, however, retained Rumanian as theofficial language. When this administrationcame to an endthe Bukovina was from 1786 to 1790 incorporated withGalicia; its autonomy was, however, restored by anImperial patent dated September 19, 1790, which decreedthat 'Bukovina, shall, under this name, be always considered and treated as an autonomous province with specialstates'. At the close of the Napoleonic wars Austria reverted to the plan of uniting the Bukovina for purposes ofadministration with Galicia.

When Austria entered into possession in 1777 the countrywas almost denuded of population (this having sunk toabout70,000)and immigration from the adjacent territories was encouraged; this brought numbers of Ruthenes

from Galicia and Rumanians from Hungary andTransylvania, together with a smaller infusion of Magyars,Poles, and Germans, to reinforce the mixed population ofRumanians and Ruthenes already in possession.

Reorganization of the Churck-TheiQ had not, so far, beenany separate organization for the province, and the onlybody possessing any entity was the national, i.e. OrthodoxChurch, which had been organized since the fifteenth century under a national Metropolitan at Suczawa, with a suffragan bishop at Radautz. The new Government proceededat once to the reorganization of this body, with the view(as the Rumanian nationalists maintain) of destroying theconnexion between the Bukovina and Moldavia. Without

consultation with the Patriarch, the Austrian authoritiescreated the new diocese of the Bukovina, and a newConstitution was elaborated for its government withoutreference to the ecclesiastical authorities, while at the sametime the estates held by the Church in Moldavia wererenounced. The large number of monasteries of the Orderof St. Basil in the Bukovina were reduced to three and

their property passed (May 1785) into the hands of thecivil administration: an Imperial decree (1786) regularizedthe status of the Church and about half of the existingparishes were suppressed. The bishop was provided with aConsistory, of which half the members were laymen, andthe Emperor became patron of the whole Church.

Changes in the Population.-Rumaman nationality also suffered under the new regime in regard to the composition ofits population. Many of its leaders, the boyars, abandonedthe province and withdrew to Jassy, and were followedlater by many members of the teaching profession.

Those boyars who remained were won over to the administration by a lavish distribution of titles, while their children were educated in the German schools and became

willing functionaries of the new Government Commerceand farming passed into the hands of foreigners, chieflyJews from Galicia and, has been pointed out, the immigration of Poles, Germans, and Ruthenes was encouraged.

Although the Ruthenes submitted to the Orthodox Church,and thus thwarted the aims of Catholic propaganda, theircontinued influx gradually reduced the numerical superiority originally possessed by the Rumanians. A document of1843recognized Ruthenian as being with Rumanian 'thelanguageof the people and of the Church in Bukovina'.

(4) REVIVAL OF RUMANIAN NATIONALITY

Influence of Rumania.-The Bukovina shared to some extentin the national movement of the nineteenth century whichwas developing in the Rumanianas in other countries. Acertain measure of intercourse had persisted between theboyars whohademigrated and those whohad remained inthe annexed territory,and this facilitated the penetrationinto the Bukovina, of the cultural renascence which flourished in Rumania after the Peace of Adrianople (1829).


A certain number of young nobles, especially those of theHurmuzaki family, although educated at Lemberg and atVienna, took up the old Rumanian traditions with enthusiasm, and asserted the rights of the Rumanian population tosupremacy in an autonomous Bukovina. Like other national movements among the Rumanians, this also aimed, asan ideal, at the complete reunion of their race, and emphasized the bonds which united them to the Rumanians in the

Principalities and in Hungary. The loyalty which theRumanian upper class felt towards the Habsburgs, togetherno doubt with their distrust of the Slav peoples by whomthey were surrounded, made them, however, look rather tounion within the frontiers of the Austrian Monarchy.

The Revolutionary Movement ofl848.-The movementtook a more positive aspect in 1848, when there were revolutionary outbreaks in Moldavia and Wallachia. In thatyear the leaders of an abortive rising at Jassy, includingmen who subsequently shaped Rumania, like Cogalniceanu,the poet Alexandri, and the future ruler of the UnitedPrincipalities, Cuza, were exiled, and they found a welcome refuge at the seat of the Hurmuzaki family in theBukovina.

The Church Question.-Under their influence, the head ofthe Hurmuzaki family called together in Czemowitz ameeting of the Rumanian clerics, and induced them todemand the autonomous administration of the OrthodoxChurch, a yearly assembly of all the estates, theRumanization of the schools and of the administration-inshort, complete administrative, political, and judicial*autonomy, such as had been guaranteed at the time of theannexation. But beyond these local demands there wasexpressed a further desire more significantly national,namely, that all members of the Rumanian OrthodoxChurch of Austria and Hungary should be placed underone ecclesiastical authority.

This programme was submitted to the Emperor in June1848. Under the pressure of circumstances the imperialGovernmentrecognized the Rumanian nationality, admitted the introduction of Rumanian in the schools, transferred to the Consistory of Czemowitz the educationalcontrol hithertoexercised by that of Lemberg, and, finally,by a new Constitution, created in March 1849 theautonomous duchy of the Bukovina as an Austrian Crown-land. In a memorandumpresented to the Congress atOlmutz in February, the Rumanian leaders, having failedto secure the creation of a duchy embracing all theRumanians of the Monarchy, restricted their demand to theecclesiastical union, and persisted in this through the period of reaction-during which there was for a time (1859-60) again a question of incorporation with Galicia.

On the death of the head of the Orthodox Serbian Church,who had opposed Rumanian ecclesiastical independence,the Emperor approved (June 15,1863) the principle of aRumanian Metropolitanate. In 1864a synod met at

Karlowitz to proclaim separation from the Serbian Church,but the now Metropolitanate at Czemowitz included onlythe Rumanians of Transylvania and Hungary. The nationalparty in the Bukovina ascribed this result to the intriguesof the authorities and the jealousy of the higher clerics;after the accession of Prince Carol to the throne of

Rumania (1866), and in view of the imminent incorporation of Transylvania with Hungary, the idea of an ecclesiastical union, which should include all orthodox

Rumanians was finally rejected by the Government.

(5) REACTION IN THE BUKOVINA.

Repressive Measures.-Henceforward the efforts of theRumanians of the Bukovina were directed towards further

ing the cultural progress of their people, in order to maintain at least their provincial solidarity. The imperial authority, however, showed little sympathy for these endeavours.Publications founded in Nationalist interests were suppressed; lectures on Rumanian history were forbidden onthe pretext that the society which organized them had notthe status of an educational institution; permission for theholding of a national congress was refused, and inDecember 1869 the Emperor formally reaffirmed his privilege as patron of the Rumanian Church. The NationalParty, composed of forty to fifty landowners and as manyofficials and members of the liberal professions, had nopower of resistance, being without contact with the ruralproletariat, and without the support of a national middleclass. The younger and more spirited intellectuals risenfrom below often preferred to emigrate to Rumania.

Evidence ofNational Feeling.-There were sporadic assertions of the national spirit, as for instance the assembly ofabout 2,000 persons, including, for the first time, membersof the peasantry, which met in Czemowitz (June 1870) toproclaim the national character and legal rights of theChurch of the Bukovina; or the festivities which tookplace in August 1871, on the initiative of a group of students and with the concurrence of many notable personages from Rumania, on the occasion of the tercentenary ofthe foundation of the monastery at Puma by the Moldavianhero, Stephen the Great. But such incidents only stimulated reaction. In January 1873, in order to accentuate thedistinction between the Church of the Bukovina and that

of Rumania, the Imperial Government, without any reference to the respective populations, and without heeding theprotests of public opinion and of the Churches, decidedupon the fantastic measure of uniting the Churches of theBukovina and Dalmatia under one Metropolitan. Twoyears later, on the occasion of the anniversary of theannexation of the Bukovina, Czemowitz received the giftof a German University, which further promoted the policyof denationalizing the Rumanian youth.

That policy was largely successful, at any rate in so far asthe upper class was concerned. But the strenuous politicalagitation organized by the Rumaniansof Hungary called

40 ROM-SIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring2000

forth an echo in the Bukovinaamong circlesmore democratic in origin, action, and purpose. In 1891 a politicaljournalmade its appearance, and early in 1892the constitution of a compactnational party, which adopted thename 'Concordia', was announced, to represent 'the solidarity of all the Rumanians of Bukovinain political,national, and ecclesiastical matters' While insisting on theone hand, upon the autonomy and historical individualityof the Bukovina, and upon the right to a national culturaldevelopment, the new, leaders reiterated their loyalty to theHabsburg monarchy. This movement, however, never realized the aspirations of Rumanian nationality, and the fieldwas left open for the policy of the authorities which wasdirected rather to the encouragement of other elements inthe population.

m. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS

(1) RELIGIOUS

While the Rumanians, who number some 273,000, are certainly the predominant race in the Bukovina, they are notas numerous as the Ruthenes, who with a population of305,000 form 38 percent of the whole population. Theyoccupy the northern and eastern parts of the province andhave pushed up the valley of the Sereth as far as the headof the Moldova, where they form a wedge between theRumanians and the northeastern wing of the Hungarians.Their nobles have adopted German culture and haveceased in any sense to be leaders of the mass of theRuthene people. The teachers and priests, are generallyeducated in the excellent German seminaries and training-schools, and, not knowing where they may be called uponto work, make themselves proficient in both the.Rumanian and Ruthenian languages. Although there issome race hostility between the two leading peoples of theBukovina, this feeling is not embittered by religious differences. Both belong to the Orthodox Church, only a smallnumber of the Ruthenes (26,000) being members of theUniat Church of Galicia.

The Metropolitans have generally been chosen from amongthe Rumanian ecclesiastics, but they govern with aConsistory of Rumanian and Ruthenian clerics; all their decisions have to be sanctioned by the Imperial authorities andthey have no share whatsoever in the administrationof theextensive properties of the Church. The clergy receive theirstipendsfrom the 'Fund for the Religious' founded in 1782.

According to the census of 1910 (Oesterreichisches statis-tisches Handbuch, 1912\ out of a total population of801,364 the Orthodox Church claimed, 68.4 of the population, 15.67 are assigned to the Catholic Church, 2.56 to theEvangelical, and 12.86 are registered as Jews.

The Roman Catholic Church, which owing to its activemissionary efforts has made considerable progress inrecent years, is chiefly supported by the Polish populationtogether with the non-Jewish elements among the

Germans. These last are found in greatest numbers in thetowns, where much of the trade and industry is under theirdirection; in Czemowitz there are 41,000 Germans, 28,000of whom are Jews. Many of the Jews have, however, alsosettled on land as farmers.

(2) POLITICAL

Since 1849 the Bukovina has been an autonomous duchydivided into nine districts and one autonomous municipality, Czemowitz, which is also the seat of the provincialGovernment The Diet, created by the Constitution of 1861,is composed of 31 members; the Metropolitan and the rector of the University-the latter since 1875-sitting ex officio.The great landowners elect 10 members, the towns 3, theChamber of Trade and Commerce 2, and the rural districts12. The Bukovina sends 14 members to the Reichsrat The

judiciary is under the authority of the Provincial HighCourt at Lemberg, and there are in the Bukovina oneProvincial and 17 District Courts. The language of administration is German, but Rumanian and Ruthenian are recognized as in use (Iandesublich) in the country.

(3) EDUCATIONAL

With the exception of Dalmatia, the Bukovina shows thelowest percentage of literates in the Dual Monarchy; 24.55percent for men and 16.9 percent for women. In 1911 therewere in existence 531 elementary schools, in 216 of whichinstruction was given in Ruthenian, in 179 in Rumanian, in82 in German, and in the others in two or more of the languages of the district The low standard of education prevailing among the people is due perhaps not so much to aninadequate supply of vernacular instruction as to the factthat the population is often very scattered and, exceptamong the German communities, is not always anxious toavail itself of educational facilities. In the middle schools,which have 5,600 pupils on the roll, 2,946 are German,1,194 Ruthenian, and 1,193 Rumanian, and out of 700pupils in Realschulen only 86 are entered as Rumanian,and no Ruthenians appear on the roll, which is completedby Germans.

There is a University at Czemowitz, largely in Germanhands, but the Theological (Orthodox) Faculty is frequented by Rumanians and Ruthenians. There are alsothree Gymnasia at Czemowitz, Radautz, and Suczawarespectively.

In addition Czemowitz possesses an Episcopal Seminary,an Industrial College, an Agricultural College, five Artsand Crafts Schools, a Commercial School, and a TrainingCollege for Teachers. The language of instruction in thehigher schools is German.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

The division of interests between the two predominantraces in the Bukovina, together with the Austrian sympathies of the upper classes, have served to check the nation-


al movement. Rumanian leaders, who have tried to sowtheseeds of an awakening, have been forced by indifferenceor by persecution to abandon their activity andmigrate to Rumania. Dr.Awiel Onciul, a publicistand formerly director of a bank, has recently come forward withproposals which have made Rumanian politics still morestormy. He has abandoned the national for a purely socialprogramme, and has joined with the Ruthenes in a schemefor comprehensive rural and electoral reform. In return forpromises of improvement of their status, he secured thesupport of manypriestsand teachers, and acquired a largefollowing among the peasantry, with the result that hisparty obtained a majority in the assembly and was able tocarry through the electoral reform. The outbreak of wardid not allow its effects to mature, and it also put an endfor the time being to a new national movement which cultural influences from Rumania were initiating amongtheyounger generation.

IV. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

(A) MEANS OF COMMUNICATION

(a) Roads

THERE were in the Bukovina in 1912 only 429 kilometresof first-class roads maintained by the State(Ararialstrasseri), a low total as compared, with that inother provinces of the Austrian Empire. Dalmatia, with aslightly larger area, has considerably more than double thelength of main roads, while Carniola, whose area is almostexactly equal to that of the Bukovina, has 603 kilometres.On the other hand, the mileage of second-class roads orlocal roads is proportionately high. As the Bukovina is apoorly developed province, the roads are probably adequate to its needs.

Roads run north and northwest via Tarnopol and viaKolomea to Lemberg, southwestover the Carpathians intoHungary by two routes, one of which follows the line ofthe railway, and southeast into Rumania to the valleys ofthe Pruth and the Sereth.

It may be assumed, however, that many communicationsweredestroyedduring the first two years of the war, whenthe province was the scene of constantfighting, whilemany new roads and even canals and railways, as to whichwe have no definite information, may have been constructed.Any estimateof the existing facilities for communicationcan therefore be only approximate.

(b) Rivers and Canals

Before the war, the province possessed no navigablewaterways.A proposal for making the River Pruth available for shipping from the Galician to the Rumanian frontier had been adoptedby the Imperial Government, but, asfar as is known, has not yet been carried out. The Pruth isnavigable throughout its course in Rumania (about 400miles), and shipsand lighters of 600 tonscan ascend the

river as far as a point opposite Jassy, 150 miles from itsjunction with the Danube. The cost of the work proposedin the Bukovina was estimated at 3,000,000 kronen, ofwhich the province was to contribute 12-1/2 percent. Bythis means timber, stone, tiles, minerals, cement, gypsum,and other local products could be cheaply conveyed toRumania, Bessarabia, and the Black Sea. The canalizationof that part of the Pruth which flows through theBukovina, will be very important for the future of theprovince if the proposals for the construction of waterwaysin Galicia to connect the Vistula and the Dniester are ever

carried out. If that part of the German Levant trade whichnow goes via Lemberg, Czemowitz, and Jassy were diverted to waterways north of the Bukovina, the province,which has communication with the west by rail only,would stand in danger of complete isolation.

Most of the main streams, though not navigable for ships,can be used for rafts, and in this way are valuable for thetransport of timber to Galatz and the Black Sea.

(c) Railways

The Bukovina is tolerably well served by railways. Thereare 592 kilometres of line, and the proportion of railwaylines to area and population (viz. 1 km. per 17.6 sq. km.and per 1,351 inhabitants) comparesfavourably with otherless developed portionsof the AustrianEmpire. The mostimportant line is that connecting Czemowitz northwardswith Galicia and Germany via Kolomea, Lemberg,Cracow, Breslau, and southwards through Rumania withGalatz and the Black Sea. Of the total imports intoRumania about 9 percent (91,782 tons) go by this route,and of the exports some 2-1/2 percent (146,271 tons).

Of the remaining lines, one leads north to Tarnopol andthe other branches off in a westerly direction to theCarpathians.There is a narrow-gauge line which branchesoff in a westerly direction from Hadikfalva, a station onthe main line between Czemowitz and Suczawa, andwhich eventually makes a sharp turn to the South, terminating at the foot of the Kirlibaba Pass. A broad-gaugeline, farther east, left the main Czemowitz line at Hatnaand ran to Dorna Watra, a growing watering-place. Duringthe war, this local line appears to have been carried overthe Carpathians and joined up to the Hungariansystem.There is also ground for thinking that a line has been carried over the Kirlibaba Pass, either northwards from theDorna Watra line or southwards from Seletyn. This extension would be of narrow gauge. It is very possible thatother lines have been constructed during the war. Beforethe outbreak of war all the lines were single tracks, butthere is a report that the main Czemowitz line and the lineto Doma Watra have since been doubled. All the lines arethe property of the Austro-Hungarian Government.

The destruction of railways in this region during the earlierpart of the war was enormous. No estimate is available for


losses in the Bukovina alone, but a recent Austrian authority estimated that the damage caused by the war to thetracks and rolling stock in Galicia and Bukovina togetheramounted to nearly 500,000,000 kronen.

(d) Posts and Telegraphs

Before the war there were in the Bukovina 231 postoffices, or one for every 3,469 inhabitants, and 105 telegraph offices.

(B) INDUSTRY

(1) LABOUR:

The Bukovina is fairly well populated for its size, having amuch higher rate of population to the square kilometrethan Dalmatia, Carniola, or any of the mountainousprovincesof the Empire. The main occupation of theinhabitants is agriculture, and there is no deficiency oflabour for this purpose. There is some permanent emigration. No recent statistics are available, but at the beginningof the present century the total number of emigrants wasabout 3,000 yearly. A large proportion of these go toGermany and Hungary. A number of harvesters go intoGermany to work for a short time every year.

The agricultural labourers of the Bukovina are of a veryprimitive type, and most of them are illiterate. Their pay,about 40 to 50 heller for a day of ten hours, is probably thelowest in the Empire. They are usually in the hands of Jewmoney-lenders, and spend their lives in unsuccessfully trying to work off their debts. They cannot, therefore, affordto be anything but industrious, but until the general levelof living is raised, they cannot be expected to appreciate oradopt any improvements in their very primitive agricultural methods.

In comparison with the other less-developed provinces ofthe Empire, the Bukovina has a fair number of agriculturalassociations, credit societies, Raiffeisen banks, for there ismuch enlightened and progressive activity in Czemowitz,the capital. It does not appear, however, that these organizations have as yet succeeded in raising the standard ofliving.

(2) AGRICULTURE

(a) Products ofCommercial Value

About a quarter of the total area of the Bukovina is undercultivation. The chief crop is maize, and next in ordercome oats, rye, barley, and wheat, while potatoes are alsogrown in considerable quantities. Maize is grown chieflyin the low-lying easterly parts of the country; oats andpotatoes are mainly cultivated in the higher valleys of thewest.

There are practically no products of commercial importance, though there is some exportation of. agricultural anddairy produce. A beginning has been made with sugar beet;

2,842 hectares were under cultivation in 1912, and theyield was 379,510 quintals. This represents a low rate ofproduction per hectare, and the whole output is trifling ascompared with that of Bohemia and Moravia, which reaches tens of millions of quintals. The cultivation of tobacco,never considerable, seems to have entirely disappeared.Many parts of the southeast are suitable for vineyards, andthe cultivation of the vine is steadily increasing. The areasoccupied by the chief crops in 1912 were as follows :

Hectares

Barley 33,593Buckwheat 2,752Clover hay 38,425Flax 2,172Fodder (mixed) 4,699Hemp 5,453Maize 62,964

Hectares

Oats 46,400Potatoes 37,750Pulse 14,023Rye 31,267Sugar-beet 2,842Swedes 6,580Wheat 22,204

There were also 128,463 hectares of meadow land. Thefruit harvest in that year amounted to 131,150 quintals.

The peasants, especially the Ruthenians, who amount toabout half the population, undertake cattle-raising, but theyshow no great care or intelligence, and the accommodationfor the cattle is very primitive. Their breeds of cattle arenot good, though of late years attempts, have been made toimprove them by the introduction of fine draught animalsfrom the Alpine regions. Pigs are kept everywhere. Thereare some rough-fleeced sheep in the mountains, on theDniester plateau, and on the lower Suczawa. The nativehorses are sound and strong, and in the mountain districtsthere is a small, sure-footed breed of eastern origin. Fowls,ducks, and geese are plentiful.

Soldiers in the 1877-1878 War 43Name

Aaimberg HerscuAba Itic

Ababavei

Abram Solomon

Aizenberg MarcuAizic Burah

Aizic Iancovici Goldenb

Aizic Leizer

Alamaru Haim

Alamiru David

Altarescu Iacob

Alter Avram

Alter Barcu

Alter David

Alter sin Iosub

Alter Zeidic

Altman Haim Iosubfraim

Amale Haim

Andronescu G. Iosef

Arabagiu LeibaArabagiu LeibaArabagiu SincaAran Leibu

Argintaru Iosub

Aron David

Aron Iancu

Avraam Zalmen CopelAvram Alter

Avram Avram

Avram Hersu

Avram Hofman

Avram Iancu

Avram Iosif

Avram Iosul

Avram Isim

Avram Lupu Itic

Avram Marcu

Avram Mihail

Avram Moise

Avram Simon

Avram Simon

Avram sin Maer Belter

Avram Smil

Avram Smil

Avram Strul

Avram Strul

Avram Strul

Avram Strul

Azenberg MarcuAzzil Moise

Babel Arie sin Lieb Her.

Babuiovici Aron

Baihis Iancu

Bainam Moise

Baintrap Mendel Leibu

Balan Herscu

Bandel Laim

Bandel Strul

Rank Unit District PlaceCpl

City NotesBotosani Botosani Botosani

Com.uvr.Art. Iasi Despar 3 Iasi

was in militia conting. 1871in res con 1874

Vasluiu Slaonic Vasluiu joined contingent 1876Color. Albs Bucarst in reserve since 1874

Cpl

Ilfov

reg 6 linie Nemtu

rg.15

reg 5 lini13

13

13

rg.15

Bacau

Covurluiu

Suceva

Bacau

Bacau

Roman

Nemtu

Vasluiu

Iasi

Iasi

Nemtu

reg.cal.per Romanrg.15 Nemtu

Bucaresci

Neamtu

reg 5 lini Nemtu

JHdi Nemtu

reg 10 dor Dolj15 Nemtu

Sqd train Suceava

St Div Iasi Iasi

14 Bacau

Braila

reg 6 cal Botosani

R. Sarat

reg.2 Art Buzeu

bat 3 ven Nemtu

Botosani

reg 8 cal Roman

Com.uvr.Art. Putna

13 Iasi

reg 10 dor Dolireg 5Calar Prahova

reg 10 dor DoliFalciu

13 Iasi

13 Iasi

13 Iasi

13 Iasi

Brgadier reg 3 art. Botosani

rg.15 Suceva

reg 14 dor Roman

Neamtu

bat 1 ven Nemtu

Rg.7Clr Botosani

14 Roman

reg 12 dor Falciu13 Iasi

14 Roman

11 Covurlui

rg.15 Nemtu

Reg cal perm Romanrg.15 Nemtu

Tergu

Siretu

Sumuzu

Bacau

Bis. de sus

Moldova

Piatra

Crasna

Bahluiu

Desus

Moldova

Bistrita

Piatra in militia 1860

Bacau ioin.com.

Galati corp.cont.1877Falticeni join con 1878Bacau in res 1864

Bacau join.conting. 1876Roman Joined present conting. 1878Piatra 1866

Lipvetu joined contingPodlloi join, cont. 1878Iasi on call at home

Nemtu join con 1878Roman join con 1878Bohus join con 1878

Col.de rosu Bucaresci loin.cont.

Piatra Neamtu in reserve since 1872

Piatra Piatra 1866

desus Nemtu join cont 1876Ocolu Crajova in res 1868

Piatra Petra join cont 1876Somuzu Flticeni in res con 1871

Despar 5 Iasi in res con

Tasl. de sus Bocsesci join cont 1878Vadeni Gaiseanca in res 1868

Stefanesci Stefanesci 1865

Orasu Buzeu res.contingentSarata Buzeu join con 1870

PI. de Sus Nemtu in res 1866

Piatra Neamtu in reserve since 1872

Moldova Roman 1868

Racaciuni Adjud join con 1875

Bahluiu Podu Iloi join, cont. 1878

Ocolu Crajova in res 1868

Pitesci Ploesci in res con

Ocolu Crajova in res 1868

Crasna Bunesci joined contingent 1876

Bahluiu Pacesci join, cont. 1878

Carligaturil T. Frumos join, cont. 1878Iasi Iasi joined conting

Iasi join con 1877

Btosani join con 1875

Sumuzu Falticeni join con 1878

Sir de Sus Gasmit 1868

Piatra Piatra in res 1864

Tergu Piastra in res 1867

Siretul Burdujeni in mil conBis de sus Roman join.cont. 1877

Prutu Husi join con 1878

Iasi on call at home

Moldova Roman join.cont. 1878

Siretu Ganania joined conting

Petra Petra join cont 1876

Moldova Roman loin con

Mijlocu Bajeni oincon 1878

44

Name

Bandoil Bercu

Baras Moretz

Baroncanu Aran

Bax Leiba

Beaghighiu BurahBecu Simcan

Beila Iosob

Bercavici Smil

Bercovici LupuBercu Ciobotaru

Bercu Ciobotaru

Bercu David

Bercu Grumberg

Bercu Ham

Bercu Itic

Bercu Moise

Bercu Simcan

Bercu Simion

Bercu Solomon

Soldiers in the 1877-1878 War continuedRank Unit District Place City Notes

15 Suceva Somuzu Falticeni join cont 1874

Herghel Arm. Ilfov Bucuresci in res con 1874

reg.!6Drb Dorohoiu Herta Herta join con

reg.15Cal-ar.Perm Suceva Siretul Lespdi join con

12 Falciu Prutu Husi joined conting

Sgt Bacau Bacau in res 1868

Reg cal perm Bacau Bis de sus Glodurile join con

13 Vasluiu Bahluiu Barlsci join, cont. 1878

14 Roman Moldova Roman join.cont. 1874

St Div Iasi Iasi Braniscra Sculeni in res con

St Div Iasi Iasi Braniscea Sculeni 1869

Iasi Desp.IV Iasi lom.cont.

rg.4Dorob Arges Pitesci Pitesci lom.cont.

Dorohoiu Berhamete Mihaileni joined contingent 1876rg.15 Suceva Moldova Baca join con 1878

reg 12 dor Tutova Tutova Berlad join con 1878

bat 1 ven Dorohoiu Berhom-ete Mihaileni in res 1866

Bacau Bacau Bacau in res 1864

-SSL 15 Nemtu Muntele Bicazu join cont 1875bat 3 ven Bacau Bacau BacauBeremberg Leibu

Bril Itic

in res 1868

Beres Bercu - reg 1 art Roman Moldova Roman 1868

Berman Aron - 2 Iasi - Iasi res.contin.1871

Berner Avram - 13 Iasi - Iasi join. cont. 1878Blanaru Iosef - Bat.2 Nemtu Tergusoru Piatra join.cont.1876Blumenberg Moise - Com2MP

ii

Despar. IV •I

in res con 1874

Blumenfeld Iosef - reg. 6 Calar. Putna Corodu Adam join conBrainstain Aba - 2 Tutova Orasu Focsani in reserve since 1874

Brusca Zisu

Buimn Zavel

Buium Marcovici

Burah Itic

rg.15 Nemtu Bistrita Bohus

reg.cal.perjoin con 1878

Roman Tergu Roman in res con 1870

13 Vasluiu Mijlocu Herasci join, cont. 187713 Crasna

Soldier 6

Mun-de-sus join, cont. 1878Bacau Trotosu Ter. Ocnei in res 1865

Burah Leiba

Burah NahmanJfcli Nemtu Petra Petra

Falciu Prutu

join con 1878Husi in res 1868

Burah Strul

Burducica Iosef

13 Iasi Bahluiu Baiceni

Roman

join, cont. 1878Roman in reserve since 1872

Burit Avram Braia Orasu Buzeu lom.cont.

Burt Mihel Urechi

Buzatu Maer

Buzatu Meer

14 Roman Moldova Roman

Sgt Falciu Soimu

join.cont. 1878Falciu in reserve since 1872

Com2MP Suceava Somuzu Falticeni in res con 1870Caciularu Simsa

Cacugin Marcu

Caengiu Zaide

Caiman Cunca

Caiman Meer

Canter Berler

Capelovici Berem

Carpen Aron

Casapu Berlu

Casapu DanielCascer Maer

Ceaus GrigoreCeprezaru MarcuCherpel AronChioru Herscu

Chioru Luts

Chiva Lelovici

rg.15 Nemtu Petra Petra

rg.15 Suceva

join con 1878Somuzu Falticeni

Rg8Clr Suceava Somuzu

join con 1878Falticeni in res con 1876

Soldier 3 Nemtu Petra Petra

Rg8Clrdisch 3 yrs rein

Bacau Bacau Bacau

Roman Sir.-de-sus

join con

13 Vasluiu

Dagatu

Stemnic

join.cont.1875

Rafael

15 Nemtu

join, cont. 1878Piatra Petra

PolSq Iasijoin cont 1876

Roman Roman

reg.!6Drb Dorohoiu Cosula

join con 1878

Drhoiu13 Iasi

join con

Iasi

reg 7 cal Botosani Siretu

join, cont. 1878

J&HT Buceria join con 1878

Nemtu Petra Petra15 Suceva Somuzu

join cont 1876Falticeni

reg 5 linijoin cont 1874

Nemtu Piatra Piatra 1866

rg.15 Nemtu Petra Petra15 Nemtu Piatra

join con 1878

Petra join cont 1876

Soldiers in the 1877-1878 War continuedName

Cioara Haim

45

Rank Unit District Place

Ciobotaru AvramBacau

City Notes

Trotosu T. Ocnei15

in res 1864

Ciobotaru GhersimSuceva Somuzu Falticeni

Ciobotaru Herscu Iosubreg 5Calar Falciu Hornicea

join cont 1874Husi

Ciobotaru Smil SolomRg.7Clr Iasi

14 Bacau

Desprt IV Iasijoin con

under flag con

Ciofu Bercu

Ciuraru NaftuleaRg.7Clr Vasluiu

Bis de sus Glodurile join.cont. 1877

St Div Iasi Bacau

Mijlocu Beresa join con

Bist. de Sus Ter. Glod 1869Clic Moise - reg 5Calar Covrluiu Hornicea Beresci join conCofariu Haim - Rg8Clr Suceava Somuzu Falticeni in res con 1874Contort Rohol - 1 Dolgiu Ocolu Crajva joined con1878Cotiugaru Itic

-

Rg8Clr

rg.15

15

Neamtu Piatra Piatra join con 1877Cotugaru Haim Nemtu Petra Petra join con 1878Covrigaru Hatcal Nemtu Piatra Petra join cont 1876Crimer Morit - 5 Covurluiu Despart. 1 Galati joined conting. 1878Croitorlu Salman Bercu Marin - 14 Roman Moldova Roman ioin.cont. 1877Croitoru Pavel - Rg8Clr Namtul Piatra Piatra join conCroitoru Hoise - rg.15 Suceva Desus Nemtu join con 1878Croitoru Iosef - 6 Bacau Bis de Sus Glodurile in res 1865

Croitoru Iosef - reg 5 lini R. Sarat Ramnicu Ranicu in res 1864

Croitoru Israel Sgt 6 Tutova Tergul Berlad in res 1869

Croitoru Israil Sgt 3 Tutova Tergului Berlad rejoined contin. 1870

Croitoru Itic reg.l6Drb Botosani Cosula Harlau join con

Croitoru Leibis reg 7 cal Botosani Siretu T. Buceria join con 1878

Croitoru Leizer Manos Reg cal perm Bacau Bis de sus Glodurile join con

Croitoru Marcu rg.15 Nemtu Petra Petra join cont 1876

Croitorul M. Berla Rg8Clr Bacau Bacau Bacau join con

Cunia Hie St Div Iasi Iasi Despart 5 Iasi in res con

Dansky Aron 14 Bacau Tasl. de sus Bacau join cont 1878

Dascalu Avram rg.15 Nemtu Petra Petra join cont 1876

Dascalu Iosef Alecu 14 Bacau Tasl. de sus Moinesci join cont 1878

David Golingen reg 12 dor Tutova - Berlad join con 1879

David Iancu 10

13

5

Puma Garlele Odobesci joined cont.

David Itic Vasluiu Furidurile Dragsci join. cont. 1877

David Marcu Puma Orasu Focsani joined conting. 1878

David Rersen rg.15 Nemtu desus Nemtu join cont 1876

David Smil St Div Iasi Iasi Despart 5 Iasi in res con

David Smil 13 Vasluiu Stemuic Vasluiu joined conting

David Solomon 14 Roman Moldova Roman join.cont. 1878

David Strul rg.l5dorb Nemtu desus Nemtu join cont 1876

TNmtu res.cont.1874Dohotariu Itic

Dorfman Saim

Dranciu Adolf

Drojdieru Sulea

Droscaru Moise

Esau Simion

Fabis Marcu

Faibis Hofel

Faibis Iancu

Faibis Leiba

Faighilis IosefFailus Sula

Fara Iosif

Feidel Leizer Herscu

Feldman Herman

Fenchelstein Vilhelm

Feredicru Itic Moise

Feredieru Iosif

Cpl

Neamtu desus

reg 12 dor Tutova Tutova Berlad join con 1878

11 Covurlui Siretu Ganan-ia joined conting

14 Bacau Res.Cont. 1872

8 Roman Roman Roman in res 1868

State Bat Foe. Iasi Carligatura T. Frumos in res con 1874

15 Nemtu desus Nemtu join cont 1874

14 Roman Moldova Roman join.cont. 1878

reg 5Calar Botosani Pitesci Pitesci in Mil con

15 Nemtu Piatra Petra join cont 1876

2 rosiori Iasi Desp.IV Iasi ioin.cont.

Putna Orasului Focsani in contin 1870

13

Ilfov Mah. Jicnit Bucuresci joined contingent 1870Iasi Branistea Sculeni join, cont. 1878

Rg8ClrSanit. Sen

j&IL

Bacau Bacau Bacau

Suceava Falticeni join con 1872join con

Suceva Somuzu Falticeni joincon 1878JUbCYQ wv»mi««« x aiuwwm ,1^*" ^w.. -— . —

Roman Moldova Roman Joined present conting. 1878

46 Soldiers in the 1877-1878 War continuedName Rank Unit District Place City Notes

Finchilescu Leiba 13 Vasluiu Crasna Tanab join. cont. 1877

Fiser Iosub 5 Vasluiu Prahova Pun-gesci joined contingent 1876

Folic Zaharia 2 Bacau Bistrita Bacau corp con 1877

Fraid David Leiba reg.15Calar.Perm Suceva Somuzu Falticeni join con 1878

Fraim Lazer 4 Tutova Tutova T. Puesci in res 1865

Frideric Berla 7 Roman Moldova Roman joined present conting. 1877

Froim Frenchel St Div Iasi Iasi Despart 3 Iasi in res con

Froim Leibu reg.l6Drb Dorohoiu Herta Herta gave notice Lv

Froim Smil Itic David rg.15 Suceva Samuzu Falticeni join cont 1876

Froim Sulea 14 Bacau Tasl.de sus Main-esci Res.Cont. 1871

Froim Zeidel rg.15 Suceva Sumuzu Falticeni join con 1878

Gavriloea Ilie Rg8Clr Neamtu Piatra Piatra join con 1878

George Iaje 3 Bacau Trotosu T. Ocnei in res 1864

Ghelberg Itic 6 Roman Fundu Baicesci Joined present conting. 1878Ghelberg Mendel rg.15 Suceva Mijlocu Podoleni join con 1877Ghersin Avram Nula 15 Nemtu Piatra Petra join cont 1876Ghidman Bercu reg 6Calar Putna Racaciui Orl de sus join conGhita Zeilic 15 Nemtu Piatra Petra join cont 1876Glaisberg Leon Rg.7Clr Iasi Desprt IV Iasi under flag conGoldenberg Aran rg.15 Nemtu Petra Petra join con 1878Goldenstein Iancu State Div. Buc. Ilfov Col. Verde Bucuresci in res con 1873Goldenstein Sigman 9 Focsani Orasu Buzeu ioin.cont.Golder Azic reg 5Calar Falciu Mijlocu Ggesci join conGrumberg Itic 13 Vasluiu Fundurile Dragsci

Galati

Petra

join. cont. 1878Grunberg Avram 7 Covurluiu Siretu was in reserve contingentGrunstain Ancel rg.15 Nemtu Petra join con 1878Haham Avram Lupu Reg cal perm

reg.l6DrbSuceava Borcea Roman join con

Haham Iosub Botosani Siretul Burdujeni join conHaim Berc 13 Iasi Iasi Iasi joined contingHaim Herscu 5 Puma Orasu Focsani joined conting. 1878Haim Herscu 14 Roman Moldova Poenle ioin.cont. 1874Haim Iancu rg.15 Suceva Sumuzu Flticeni join con 1878Haim Iancu 13 Iasi Bahlui Iasi joined contingHaim Iosub 15 Nemtu desus Nemtu join cont 1876Haim Manole rg.15 Suceva Bistrita Buhus join con 1878Haim Marcu Rg.7Clr NeamtuI DeSus Nemtul in res conHaim Meer 6 Vasluiu Crasna Miclesci Joined present conting. 1877Haim Moise 11 Covurlui Siretu Ganania joined conting

join. cont. 1878Haim Moise 13 Vasluiu Racova PngesciHaim Sahman 13 Iasi Carligaturil T. Frumos join. cont. 1878Haim sin Haim 15 Nemtu Piatra Petra join cont 1876Haim Smil 8 Bolgrad Prutu Bol-grad in res 1864Haim Smil Zaref 7 Neamtu

Roman

Bis.de sus Piatra joined present conting. 1878Haim Tinichigiu 14 Moldova T. Bacesei join.cont. 1878Haimavici Mendel reg 7 cal Vasluiu Fundu Neg-resei 1867Haimovici Alter 13 Iasi Iasi Iasi joined contingHan Meer rg.l4dorb Roman Moldova Roman

Buhus

join.cont. 1874Haninanici Sulem 15 Nemtu Bistritea join cont 1874Harabagiu Moise reg.l6Drb

Bat.l

Dorohoiu Berhomete Mahaileni join conHaretu Iancu Dorohoiu Herta Herta res.contin.1871Hascal Herscu reg 8 cal Roman Moldova Carligi 1868Hascal Moise Reg cal perm Neamtu Piatra Piatra join conHasial Itic 2 Tutova Berlad Berlad in reserve since 1874Heler Moise rg.15 Nemtu Petra Carligi join con 1878Heraru Mendel 15 Suceva Somuzu Falticeni join cont 1874Herman Leidar

Herman Solomon

5

4

Iasi

R. Sarat

Carligat

R. de Sus

T. Frumos

Ramnic

joined contingent 1876under flag contingent 1878


Hers LeibaRank Unit

7

47

Herscovici Aron

Herscovici Avram loscoviciHerscovici CopelHerscovici Herscu

11

District

Botosani

CovurluiReg cal perm Iasi

reg. 15 Dorob. NeamtulSt Div Iasi Iasi

Herscu Abas Soldier 5 NemtuHerscu Avram

Herscu Avram

Herscu Avram

Herscu Buric

Herscu Gutman

Herscu Haim

Herscu Haim Smil

Herscu Iancu

Herscu Iancu Solomon

Herscu Hie

Herscu Hie

Herscu Iosub sin ZeiligHerscu Leiba

Herscu Leiba

Herscu Leizer

Herscu Moise

Herscu Moise

reg.2 Art Ilfov

bat 1 ven Iasi

Roman

Com.uvr.Art. Roman13 Iasi

reg 10 dor Doli

Com.uvr.Art. Roman

Suceava

13 Iasi

com sanit Prahova

St Div Iasi R. Sarat

13 Iasi

rg.15 Nemtu

rg.15 Nemtu

reg 12 dor Tutova

Rg8Clr Roman

12 Falciu

Place

Botosani

City Notes

Botsani in res 1868Horincea

Despart 1Ganan-ia joined contingIasi

DeSus Urecheni

join con

Despar 4 Iasi

join con

in res con

R. de Sus Nemtu res since 1870ColVerde Bucrsci in res con 1874

Bahluiu Iasi in res 1867Moldova Roman disch.con.1875Moldova Roman in res con 1874Bahluiu

Ocolu

Podu Hoi join, cont. 1878

Moldova

Crajova in res 1868

Roman in res con 1874Suceava Falticeni in reserve since 1874

Carligaturil T. Frumos join, cont. 1878Sf. Impar. Ploesci 1868

UrbRamu R.Sarat in res con

Bahluiu

de sus

Podu Iloi join, cont. 1878Nemtu

Petra

join cont 1876Petra join cont 1876Berlad join con 1878

Fundu Chilile in res con

Podoleni Csmsci joined contingHerscu Moise 15 Neamtu Piatra Piatra join con 1877Herscu Simeon reg 7 cal Dorohoiu Cosula Drhoiu join con 1870Holdenstein Volf St Div Buc Dambov Jalomita Tergovesci 1869

Holdman Morit 13 Iasi Iasi Iasi joined contingHorodnicenu Meer 15 Suceava Somuzu Folticeni join con 1878Horovici Herscu 13 Iasi - Iasi joined contingHorovici Hie Com 2MP Iasi - Iasi in res con 1872

Iacob Maer 8 Ilfov Sf. Vineri Bucaresti in res.conting. since 1870

Iacob Magder 13 Vasluiu Stemnic Vasluiu joined conting

Iacob Moise State Div. Buc. Ilfov ColVerde Bucrsci join con 1878

Iacov Filip reg.2 Art Prahova Dambvita Ploesci in res con 1874

Iancovici Haim 14 Bacau Tasldejos Tetcani join cont 1878

Iancu Avram 11 Puma Ganania joined conting

Iancu Caiman 7 Falticeni Iamuzu Suceva joined present conting. 1878

Iancu Haim Hie 13 Vasluiu Mijlocu Codaesci join. cont. 1877

Iancu Herscu 14 Bacau Bis de sus Glodurile join.cont. 1870

Iancu Herscu rg.15 Nemtu Petra Petra join cont 1876

Iancu Herscu 13 Iasi Carligaturil T. Frumos join. cont. 1878

Iancu Moise Moise 13 Iasi - Iasi join. cont. 1878

Iancu Moscovici 13 Iasi Iasi Iasi joined conting

Iancu Rosental 10 Puma Bilesci Focsani joined cont.

Iancu Samuil rg.8Calar. Buzeu Sarata Buzeu ioin.cont.

Iancu Strul rg.15 Suceva Samuzu Petra join cont 1876

Idel Itic 13 Iasi - Iasi on call at home

Ilesinger Carol Sanit. Ser. - - - join con 1872

Hie Haim Bat. geniu Suceava Somuzu Falticeni in res con

Hie Mendel reg 8 cal Roman Sir de Sus Bara 1868

Incu Huser 9 R.-Sarat Orasu Buzeu res.contingent

Ioina Haim rg.15 Nemtu Bistrita Briesci join cont 1876

Iosef Bercu 13 Iasi Iasi Iasi joined conting

Iosef Frentbet Reg cal perm Tutova Petrosa Tutova in res con

Iosef Haim St Div Iasi Iasi Despart 4 Iasi join con

Iosef Ilie 6 Covrluiu Stllie Galati in res 1868

Iosef Leibu 2 Bacau Tasl. de Jos Valea Rea in reserve since 1872

48 Soldiers in the 1877-1878 War continuedName

Iosef Maeer

Iosef Marcu

Iosef Moise

Iosef Moise Bir

Iosef Rosental

Iosef Solomon

Iosif Aron

Iosif Iancu

Iosub Alter

Iosub Israel

Iosub Itic

Iosub Sacagiu Moise

Isac Iancu

Isac Marcu

Isac Smil

Isel Chiva

Itic Alter

Itic Avram

Itic Berc

Itic Butuaru

Itic Coltatu

Itic Fraim

Itic Herscu

Itic Herscu

Itic Iancu

Itic Iancu

Itic Itic

Itic Lupu Zalman

Itic Moise

Itic Ois

Itic Pesih

Itic sin Iosef Herscu

Iticovici Iasub

Iticovici Leiman

Juster Haim

Lachman David

Laiberg SailLandau Frantz

Lazar Marcu

Lebes Zelter

Leiba Alter

Leiba Avram

Leiba Herscu

Leiba Iancu

Leiba Iosul

Leiba Leizer

Leiba Meer

Leiba Moise

Leiba Sin Haim

Leiba sin Iancu

Leiba Smil

Rank

Cpl

Subch

Unit District

13 Iasi

10 Putna

reg 6Calar Tecuciu

15Cal.per Nemtu13 Iasi

8 Buzeu

Suceava

State Div. Buc. Ilfov

15 Nemtu

13 Iasi

Rg8Clr Suceava

13 Vasluiu

Botosani Dmbovita

13 Vasluiu

15 Nemtu

St Div Iasi Iasi

reg 5 lini Botosani

Bacau

13 Iasi

reg.!6Drb DorohoiuSt Div Iasi Iasi

13 Iasi

Com2MP Botosani

com 7 Iasi Botosani

Botasani

reg cal perm Putna

Neamtu

13 Iasi

rg.15 Suceva

13 Vasluiu

Roman

8 Dorohoiu

reg 7 cal Botosani

reg 12 dor Tutovarg.15 Nemtu

reg 8 cal Roman

Iasi

Sanit. Ser. Dorohoiu

R.13dorob Vasluiu

13 Vasluiu

13 Iasi

Com2MP

Falciu

13 Iasi

reg 8 cal Roman

Reg cal perm Iasi

14 Roman

R. Sarat

reg.cal.per Iasi13 Iasi

St Div Iasi Iasi

Leiba Vais

Leibe Iancu

Sgt-major reg.cal.per Iasi

Leibiscu Herscu

Leibovici Itic

Leibovici Leon

Leibu Avram

Sgt

8

bat 1 ven

13

Botosani

reg 13 dor

Roman

Suceva

Iasi

Prahova

Botosani

Place City Notes

Frumos oined contingCarligatRacaaiuui Valea Seca joined cont

Zeletin Cilnsci in res con

DeSus Nemtu join con 1878

Iasi Iasi joined conting

Sarata Buzeu ioin.cont.

Samuzu Falticeni was in mil, conting. 1872

ColVerde Bucrsci join con 1877

Piatra Petra join cont 1876

Iasi joined conting

Somuzu Flticeni in res con 1870

Mijlocu Codaesci join, cont. 1877Cabuna Gaesci join con 1876

Racova Pngesci join, cont. 1878

Bistrita Con-desci join cont 1876Despart 4 Iasi join con

Stefanesci Stefanesci 1869

Bacau Bacau res since 1870

Bahluiu Cotnra join, cont. 1878

Bascu Saveni join con

Despart 5 Iasi m res con

Carligaturil T. Frumos join, cont. 1878Tergului Botsani in res con 1870

Tergului Botsani 1867

Botosani Btasani in res 1869

Racaciuni ValeaSeca join condesus

Bahluiu

Bistrita

Bahluiu

Moldova

Cosula

Desus

Sir de Sus

Bahluiu

Crasna

Stemnic

Ungaria

Bahluiu

Sir de Sus

Despart 2

Moldova

Orasu

Branistea

Despart 1

Roman

Iamuzu

Iasi

Cosula

Tnmtu res.cont.1874

Podulloi join, cont. 1878Buhus join con 1878Baiceni join, cont. 1878Roman res since 1870

Dorohoiu corp.cont.1878Btosani join con 1878Berlad join con 1878Nemtu

Bara

join con 18781868

Iasi Joined present conting. 1878Mihailesci join con 1872Dobrov join, cont. 1877Vasluiu

Iasi

joined contingon call at home

join con 1874

Ungureni res.cont.1871Biliesci

Miclauseni

Iasi

Roman

Buzeu

Prscani

Iasi

Iasi

Iasi

Roman

Falticeni

Iasi

Ploesci

Frumusica

join, cont. 18781868

join con

joinxont. 1877

res since 1871

in res con 1870

on call at home

join con

join con 1878

in res 1868

in res 1868

joined contingjoin con 18761866


Leibu CaimanLeibu Haim

Leibu Herscu

Leibu Hersen

Leibu Isac

Leibu Itic

Leibu Mihel

Leibu Svartman

Leider Leibu

Leiser Solomon

Leizer Barba Lala

Leizer Itic Saniel

Leizer Solomon

Letarus Strul

Rank Unit District Placebat 2 ven Botosani Botosani

City

Rg8Clr SuceavaIasi

bat 1 venSomuzu Falticeni

Iasi BahluiuSt Div Iasi Bacau

Botsani

reglrosTasl. de sus Podurile

IlfovSgt bat 2 ven Botosani Botosani IasiSgt-maj Bat.2Venatori Prahova Tergusoru Ploesci

1 Buzeu TohaniSt Div Iasi

MizilIasi

13 Iasi

Despart 3 Iasi

BahluiCpl

13

Iasi

Nemtu

Iasi

Mijlocu Uscati

Bahluiu Baiceni13 Iasi Bahluiu Podu Iloirg.15 Nemtu Petra Petra

Notes

in res 1867

in res con 1870

in res 1868

in res con

in res 1869

in res 1868

res.contin.1871

res. since 1874

in res con

joined contingjoin cont 1874join, cont. 1878

join, cont. 1878join cont 1876

Losner IticLupu AizicLupu Avram GoldenbergLupu Leiba

rg.15

rg.15Nemtu

Nemtu

Petra

Petra

Craioveni join con 1878

Cpl

Lupu LupuLupu MoiseMaer Alexandm

reg 2 liuie

rg.15

jrsJlreg 2 ros

Doljiu

Nemtu

Nemtu

Neamtu

Roman

Petra

Campujoin cont 1876

Calafat

desus

Discharged 1864Nemtu join cont 1876

Desus Nemtu

DeSus

join cont 1876

Nemtu

Moldova

join con 1875

Roman 1868

49

reg 8 calMaer Avram - 13 Iasi Iasi Iasi

Iasi

joined contingMaer Fise - Regl line Iasi - res. since 1869

Maer Iosul - reg 13 dor Botosani Tergului Botosani 1866

Mahmud Smil - reg 2 ros Botosani Stefanesci Stefanesci 1870

Mailer Marcu - 1 Ilfov ColorGlb Bucarst res. since 1873

Manole Manich - rg.15 Suceva Siretu Pascani join cont 1876Manzu Itic - 2 Bacau Trotusu Terg.ocna in contingent since 1872Manzu Itic Sgt 3 Bacau Trotusu Terg.ocna in reserve since 1867

Marcu Abraam St Div Iasi Ramnic UrbRamu R.Sarat in res con

Marcu Alter - 10 Tecuciu Berlad Corods Militia Conting

Marcu Chibici Filip - 4 Arges Pitesci Pitesci ioin.cont.

Marcu Herscu - 5 Roman Moldova Geresu res.since 1876

Marcu Hoisie - 5 Iasi Despart 3 Iasi in reserve since 1874

Marcu Iancu - Bat. geniu Dambvita Delului - join con

Marcu Iosub - Reg cal perm Roman Fondu Iusesci join con

Marcu Iuclea - reg.cal.per Vaslui Stemnic Osesti in res con 1878

Marcu Maer - 13 Iasi - Iasi on call at home

Marcu Mendel - 7 Bacau Bis.de sus Luzi Calug joined present conting. 1877

Marcu Mihel - reg 10 dor Doli Ocolu Crajova in res 1868

Marcu Moise Sgt-maj Com.sanit Buzen Buzen Buzen in res con 1874

Marcu Moise Sgt 5 Roman Berhamele Mihaileni joined contingent 1876

Marcu Smil - rg.15 Nemtu Petra Petra join con 1878

Marcu Solomon - 5 Roman Despart 3 Iasi join.cont. 1875

Marvas Maer - 13 Vasluiu Stemnic Vasluiu joined conting

Meer Aron - reg 5Calar Falciu Hornicea Husi join con

Meer David - 2 Cvurluiu Siretu Cuca res.contin.1871

Meer Herscu _ rg.l5dorb Nemtu de sus Nemtu join cont 1876

Meer Strul . 3 Puma Bilesci Focsani res.cont.1874

Mendel Haim - 5 Neamtu Sir. de sus Neamtu in reserve since 1872

Mendel Iosef I. _ Reg cal perm Iasi Carligat. T. Frumos join con

Mendel Iosef II - Reg cal perm Iasi Despart 3 Iasi join con

Mendel Leopold Sgt reg 1 dor Doli Ocolu Crajova in res 1869

Mendel Moise - reg.2 Art Ilfov Belvedere Bucrsci in mil con 1871

Mendel Strul . 14 Roman Moldova T.Bacesei join.cont. 1878

Mendelovici Avram _ 4 Iasi Despart. IV Iasi under flag contingent 1878

Meraru Mendel sin Ios.-

14 Bacau Bis de sus Glodurile join.cont. 1877

50

Name

Merghel Avram

Mihail Mihel

Mihalovici Avram

Mihel Avram

Mihel Leibu

Mihel Leibu

Moche Iancu

Moise Abara

Moise Aizro

Moise Alter

Moise Bercu sin Leiba

Moise Branstein

Soldiers in the 1877-1878 War continuedRank Unit District Place City Notes

St Div Iasi Iasi Despar 4 Iasi in res con 1870

reg 6Calar Putna Racaciui Tadjud loin con

Com.uvr.Art. Covurlui Siretul Galati in res 1872

Vasluiu Despart 3 Iasi join.cont.1875

reg 5Calar Bacau Bistrita Bacau m res con

reg.cal.per Bacau Bis de jos Bacau in res con 1872

St Div Iasi Iasi Despart2 Iasi in res con

Bacau Bis de Jos Tamos in res 1868

Putna Orasu Focsani res.since 1876

Sgt Bacau Bistrita Bacau in reserve since 1876

reg.calar. perm. Roman Moldova Roman ioin.cont.

13 Vasluiu Borasesci join, cont. 1877Mijlocu

Moise Danila reg 6Calar Putna Racaciui Dmnsci join con

Moise Diamant reg.l6Drb Botosani Tergul Botsani join con

Moise Haimici bat 3 ven Roman Moldova Roman in res 1868

Moise Hala 13 Iasi Carligaturil T. Frumos join. cont. 1878

Moise Herscu Rg.7Clr Botosani Tergului Botsani join con

Moise Herscu reg 5 lini Botosani Cosula Harlau 1869

Moise Iancu 13 Iasi - Iasi on call at home

Moise Iancu 13 Iasi Iasi Iasi joined contingMoise Iancu reg 7 cal Iasi Carlig. Ten Frum 1869

Moise Iosif " reg 3 art. R.Sarat Ur. Ramu Ramnicu join con 1872Moise Iosub 5 Tecuciu Nicoresci Tecuciu joined conting. 1878Moise Itic St Div Iasi Iasi Despart 5 Iasi 1865Moise Laizer reg.l6Drb Botosani Siretul Burdujeni left after 1 yrMoise Marcu Chilaru

Moise Matiu Isciba

Moise Mendel

Moise Mihel

Moise Mihel

Moise RosensfeigMoise Rosu

Moise Sin Avram

Moise sin David

Moise Sin Iosef

Moise Smil

Moise Smilovici

Moise Solomon

Moisi David

Moisi Iancovici

Mongiu Sloim

Montorianu Mauriciu

Moreus Maer

Morit Svart

Moritz Rosenthal

Moscovici Berhaim

Moscovici Herscu

Moscovici Moise

Moscu Leibu

Naftule Flaiva

Naftulea Avram

Naftulea Herscu

Naftulea sin Iancu

Naftulea Smil

Nahman Nahman

Naiberg Avram

Naiman Itic

Bacau

Reg cal perm Iasi

reg.cal.per Bacau

Botosani

Rg8ClrTergul

Suceava

R. Sarat

Sgt reg.2 Art Iasi

*EL

reg.cal.per Roman

reg 12 dor Tutova

Reg cal perm Iasi

Com.uvr.Art. Putna

12 Falciu

1 Tecuciu

Rg.7Clr Iasi

Neamtu

rg,15dorb NemtuCom.sanit Ilfov

reg 2Calar Arges13

Rg.7Clr

St Div Iasi

St Div Iasi

10

14

rg.15

reg 7 cal

rg.15

Rg.7Clr

8

Vasluiu

DoljiuRoman

Vasluiu

Iasi

Iasi

Putna

Roman

Suceva

Suceava

Nemtu

Nemtu

Iasi

Covur-luiu

Bistrita

Despart 3

Taslau

Botosani

Somuzu

R. de Sus

Despar 4

Moldova

Crasna

Despart 3

Racaciuni

Prutu

Tecuciu

Bacau

Iasi

joined present conting. 1878join con

Mainesci join con 1878

Falticeni

join con 1876

in res con 1870

Ramnic under flag contingent 1878Iasi join con 1870Roman in res con 1878

Dolhesci join con 1878Iasi join con

Adjud in res 1872

Husi

Tecucu

joined conting

DespartV Iasijoined con1874

under flag conPiatra Neamtu in reserve since 1872

desus Nemtu

Col Galb.

join cont 1876

Pitesci

Bucuresci join con 1878Pitesci in Mil con

Fundurile DragsciCraiova

join, cont. 1877Medal de diu in res 1869

Despart 3 Iasi

Funduri

join.cont.1875Gribesci

Despart 3join con

Iasi in res con

Despart 3 Iasi

Bilesci

join con

Focsani

Moldova

joined cont.

Sumuzu

TBacesei ioin.cont. 1878Flticeni join con 1878

Somuzu Botosani

Mijlocujoin con 1876

Rsboni

Petra

join.cont.1875Petra

Desprt IV Iasijoin con 1878

Siretu Galati

under flag con

res. cont. since 1874


Naisat Morit

Natarsan Avram

Negru SaimNestor Zisul

Noh Bercu

Nuhan Relel

Nusen Sin Itic

Opincaru Herscu

Opincaru Moise StrulOrenstein Leiba

Osia Ovidea

Palanchovici Iosif

Palic Avram

Palticinenu Sloim Iancu

Papuc IancuPascal Iancu

Pataju Marcu

Pavel sin Hie

Peisch Simsa

Rank Unit District Place

St DivIasi Iasi Despar 1City Notes

Iasi

reg 12 dor Tutova Orasu

in res con

CplJfcl5.

Berlad

Nemtu Petra Petra

join con 1877

Vasluiujoin cont 1876

J£l5 NemtuSlaoma Vasluiu joined contingent 1876Muntele

Bacau Bistrita

Pangarati join cont 1876Bacau

Botosani Siretu

res.cont.1871

Botsani

15 Nemtu Muntele

corp.cont.1878

15 Suceva Somuzu

Calugareni join cont 1876

13 Iasi Codru

Falticeni join cont 1874Bciumi

Neamtu

join, cont. 1878

State Bat. Cr. DoljuSir, de sus Neamtu in reserve since 1872

_rgJl Nemtu Petra

Craiova joincon 1876Petra

reg.l4dorob. Roman Moldova

join cont 1876Roman

reg 8 ros Buzeu Sarata

join.cont. 1875

State Bat Galati Braila Badeni

Or. Buzeu join con 1878Braila

13 Iasi

join con 1876

13 Iasi

Carligaturil T. Frumos join, cont. 1878

reg 14 dor Roman

Carligaturil T. Frumos join, cont. 1878Sir de Sus Schisa 1868

51

Peret Haim Com.sanit Iasi ColVerde Focsani in res con 1870

Pesih Leiba 5 Neamtu Sir. de sus Neam-tu in reserve since 1872

Pinhas Marcu rg.15 Suceva Bistrita Buhus join con 1878Pitaru Iancu 14 Roman Moldova Roman join.cont. 1874Polac Smil 5 Putna Putna Focsani joined contingent 1876Pomano Herscu Rg8Clr Bacau Bis de Jos Bibiresci join con

Postelnicu Dudel 15 Nemtu Mijlocu Uscati join cont 1876

Rabita Daniil 3 Nemtu Petra Petra res cont 1872

Rachieru Itic 13 Vasluiu Stemnic Vasluiu joined conting

Ranistein Aba 3 Putna - Focsani join.fl.con.1876

Redler Moise rg.15 Nemtu Petra Bdesci join con 1878

Rendler Burah reg 8 cal Roman Sir. de Sus Hadrausi 1868

Riven Huna Iancu 13 Iasi Branistea Sculeni join. cont. 1878

Roscovici Moise 15 Nemtu Mijloclu Uscati join cont 1876

Rosen Solaman 4 Ilfov CoLRosie Bucaresci in res 1869

Rosenberg David Reg cal perm Iasi Carligat. T. Frumos join con

Rosenfeld Solomon

Rosenthal Marcu

Rosim Hie

Rosu Manos

Rosu Marta Leibu

Rosu Nusem Lipa

Rotenberg Solomon

Rudicu Moise

Ruschier Leiba

St Div Iasi Bacau

Tutova

13 Iasi

rg.15 Nemtu

14 Roman

reg cal perm NemtuRg8Clr

3

13

Roman

Tutova

Vasluiu

Bis. de sus Bacau in res con

Berlad Berlad in res 1865

Iasi join, cont. 1878

Petra Petra join con 1878

Bis de sus Bacau join.cont. 1874

Petra Tergu join con

Moldova Roman join con

Tutova Pitesci res.cont.1874

Iasi join, cont. 1878

Sabavan Lupu - reg 14 dor Roman Sir de Sus Schisa 1868

Sac Hie 13 Iasi - Iasi on call at home

Sacagiu Herscu . com sanit R. Sarat Ramnicu Epuresci 1868

Safer Aron . 13 Vasluiu Fundurile Dragsci join.cont. 1877

Samoil Avram Iancu - 4 Arges Pitesci Pitesci ioin.cont.

Santal David•i

Sanit. Ser. Ilfov - Bucrsci join con 1872

Sapira Herman _ St Div Iasi Iasi Despart 3 Iasi join con

Sapira Leonida - Bat.2 Ilfovu Bucarestiit " " 1878

Sarf Leiba - rg.15 Nemtu Petra Petra join cont 1876

Schiopu Mendel - rg.15 Suceva Sumuzu Flticeni join con 1878

Schvartz Iancu - 15 Suceava Somuzu Folticeni join con 1878

Scortaru Bercu . 6 Roman Moldova Roman Joined present conting. 1878

Sebovinenu Strul -14 Roman Moldova Roman join.cont. 1876

52 Soldiers in the 1877-1878 War continuedName Rank Unit District Place City Notes

Segalian joined contingent 1876

Sfetcovici Herscu St Div Iasi Iasi Despart 3 Iasi in res con

Sfetcus Iosef 13 Vasluiu Iasi join, cont. 1878

Sidman Iancu Dorohoiu Herta Herta corp.cont.1877

Sigal Strul Covrluiu Siretu Galati in res 1868

Siman Itic Bat.3 Bacau Bistrita Bacau res.cont.1871

Simionescu Iosef Sgt-maj Sanit. Ser. Hfov - Bucuresci join con 1872

Simionescu Pincus Com Mil Police Hfov Col. Verde Bucuresci under flag con 1878

Simon Haim _ Rg8Clr Namtul Piatra Piatra join con

Simon Iosub _ 5 Suceava Suceava Falticeni in reserve since 1874

Simon Leiba _ Rg8Clr Bacau Bis de jos Letea join con

Simon Maer - 8 Covur-luiu Siretu Galati res. cont. since 1874

Simsa Marcu Sgt 5 Roman Moldova Halanesu join.cont.1875Sin Leiba Iancu . 8 Botosani Tergu Botsani mil.cont.1877

Sin Moise Naftule - reg.l6Drb Dorohoiu Bascu Saveni join con

Sin Smil Moise Stoler - Com.uvr.Art. Botosani Tergului Botsani join con 1877

Singer Iosef - Reg cal perm Iasi Despart 3 Iasi join conSiraghel Smil - 13 Vasluiu Stemnic Vasluiu joined contingSloim David - St Div Iasi Iasi Despart 2 Iasi in res con

Sloim Haimavici - 13 Iasi Bahluiu Podu Iloi join. cont. 1878Sloim Lipa - 10 Putna Zabrauci Soveja joined cont.Sloim Smil - 4 Bolgrad Prutu Sloama res since 1876

Sloimsin Aaer - 5 Botosani Botosani Botosani in reserve since 1874

Slote Haim Ioil Nemtu Peatra Piatra ioin.cont.

Smaer Samoil

Smil Aron

Smil Avram

Smil Burah

Smil Mendel

Soi Sin Ascal

Soloman Fraim

reg.l ros. Hfov

reg 12 dor Tutova TerguSt Div Iasi Iasi

Murgesci join con 1878Despart 3 Iasi join con

Dorohoiu Herta Herta

Rg.7Clr Vasluiu

dischargedRacova

Rg.7Clr Iasi

Pungenti join con

Desprt IV IasiRoman Moldova

under flag conRoman in res 1869

Solomon Aizic

Solomon Alter

reg.cal.per Iasi Copou Iasi in res con 1874

Putna Focsani res.cont.1874Solomon Avram

Solomon Fraim

Solomon Haim

Solomon Ham

Solomon Itic

Solomon Leizer

Solomon Mini

Solomon Moise

Solomon Naiman

Solon sin Avram Sloim

Specler DavidSperber IgnatStare Bercu

Steen David

Stefter Hentel

Stern Iancu

State Bat Galati Covurluiu Sietu Galati

Vasluiu Slaonic

join con 1877Vasluiu

15 Nemtu desus

joined contingent 1876Nemtu

Putna Orasu Focsani

join cont 1876

Rg8Clr Bacau Bis de sus Gldrile

joined conting. 1878

Rg.7Clr Botosani Cosula

join con

Frumu-sica in mil conreg 5Calar Falciu Podoleni

Com.uvr.Art. Covurlui Siretul

Radu-caneni join conGalati res con 1871

reg.2 Art Putna Racaciuni

14 Roman Moldova

Adjud in mil con 1870

Roman

Rg.7Clr Iasi Bahluiu

join.cont. 1878

Bilces-ci in res con

State Div. Buc. Roman Moldova Romanreg.15Cal-ar.Perm Suceva Mutele Brsceni

join con 1875

15 Nemtu desus

join con

Nemtu

15 Nemtu desus

join cont 1876

Nemtu

Com2MP

join cont 1876Moldova Brsturi in res con 1872

Stern Iancu

Stern Morit

Stoler Saica Strut

Strul Bercovici

Strul Davison

Strul Herscu

Strul Herscu

reg 5 lini Suceva Moldova Rosceni 1869

14 Roman Moldova Roman

12 Falciu Prutu

join.cont. 1878Husi

Reg cal perm Roman Moldova

joined contingRoman

Reg cal perm Bacau Bis de sus

join con

Glodurile

Iasi Bahluiu

join con

Iasi

Putna Garlei Odobesci

Joined present conting. 1878in res 1867

Strul Leibo Goldstein 10 Tecuciu Bercheciu Ganania joined conting

Soldiers in the 1877-1878 War continued 53Name

Strul Leibu

Strul Lupu

Strul Marcu

Strul Meer

Strul Moise

Strul Moise

Strul Pitner

Strul Solomon

Strulovici Strul

Sulam Mendel

Sulem Calma

Susterman Suler

Svartz Isac

Svartz Mauriciu

Taigman Taibus

Rank Unit District

Sucer

reg.2 Art Putna

Bacau

Neamtu

Reg cal perm Botosanireg 5 lini Roman

14 Roman

13 Iasi

State Div. Buc. Ilfov

15 Nemtu

reg.cal.per Suceava

13 Iasi

Rg.7Clr Iasi

reg 5Calar Ilfov

13 Iasi

Place City Notes

Faltceni ioin.cont.

Focsani in res 1871

Tasl. de sus Mainesci joined present conting. 1878desus Tnmtu res.cont.1874

Borcea Roman

Moldova

join con

Roman 1869

Moldova

Bahluiu

Poian.Giur join.cont. 1878Podu Iloi join, cont. 1878

Col. Verde Bucuresci in mil con 1870Muntele

Somuzu

Stanger join cont 1876Falticeni join con 1877Iasi

Despart Vjoin, cont. 1878

Iasi

Col Rosu Bcursci

under flag conjoin con

T. Frumos joined contingCarligatTaive Haim 2 Prahova Ploesci Polesci res. since 1871

Teiler Avram 10 Tecuciu Nicoresci Csmsci joined cont.Tenier Iancu 10 dorob. Tecuciu Nicoresci Csmsci joined cont.Tingelstein Iosif State Bat Galati Braila Badeni Braila join con 1876Tinlehigiu Itic rg.15 Nemtu Petra Petra join cont 1876

Tucher Caiman reg 12 dor Tutova Corodu Corlaman join con 1877

User Leibu 5 R.-Sarat Orasu Buzeu res since 1871

Vadana Herscu 6 Roman Moldova Roman Joined present conting. 1878

Vaisbuch Lupu 14 Bacau Bis de sus Glodurile join.cont. 1877

Vaisbuch Moise 14 Bacau Bis de sus Glodurile join.cont. 1877

Vaisler Herscu 10 Tecuciu Bercheciu Ganania joined conting

Vaisrin Brum Marcu 11 Covurlui Siretu Ganania joined conting

Vararu Mae reg 6Calar Putna

Vecslea Meer Bacau

Vecsler Iancu St Div Iasi Iasi

Verscu Strulu reg 10 dor Doli

Versu Bercu 13 Iasi

Vexler David 13 Iasi

VidnerIancu reg.!6Drb Dorohoiu

Vohtberg Constantin

VolfLeider

Sanit. Ser. Puma

Suceava

Volf Leizer

Zaharia Leizer

Zaid Bercu

reg.!6Drb Dorohoiu

reg 12 dor Tutova

rg.15 Nemtu

Zaida Miuster Rg8Clr

Zalman Avram reg 12 dor Tutova

Zalman Zisu bat 1 ven Dorohoiu

Zalman Zolaman 13 Vasluiu

Zeilic Avram 13 Iasi

Zeilic Maer Suceava

Zeilic Moise

Zelin Moise

Zendel Fisel

Zingher Strul

Zisu Itic

reg 7 cal Botosani

Rg.7Clr Botosani

Rg8Clr Suceava

reg 5Calar Tutova

Reg cal perm Botosani

Zizu Iosub Cpl Iasi

Zabrauti

Bistrita

Despart 3

Ocolu

Cosula

Samuzu

Herta

Tutova

Petra

Fundu

Orasu

Berhomete

Stemnic

Codru

Siretu

Cosula

Tergu

Siretul

Bistrita

Borcea

Despart.I

Panciu join con

Bacau res.cont.1871

Iasi in res con

Crajova reengaged 1871



Damacheni join con

Focsani join con 1872Horodincea joined present conting. 1877Mhalni join con

Puesci join con 1878

Petra join con 1878

Muscel join con

Berlad join con 1877

Mihaileni in res 1866

Vasluiu

Ruginosa

Curtesci

Cosme-sci join, cont. 1878join, cont. 1878in reserve since 1874

1866

Curtsci in mil con

Cstesci in res con

Berlad in res con

Roman

Iasi

join con

in reserve since 1874


ROM-SIG articles illuminate family legend:

The Pogrom of 1907, Recalledby Beryle Buchman

Both of our great-grandfathers owned flour mills. Samuel(Smiel) Goldenberg, our maternal great-grandfather, fromIasi, Romania, married Ruhla (Rachel) Taylor. We knownothing about her family. Their children were Edys; EsterLea (Esther Leah); Feiga Sobel (Fanny Sophie), our grandmother; Mottel; Hanna; Chaim; and William. There wereat least three other children; however, we do not knowtheir names.

Our paternal great-grandfather Schneer Zalmon Solomon(about 1830-about 1913) and his family lived in Pungesti,Romania. Zalmon had at least one brother, Charlie. We donot know the names of any other siblings. Dina Gross wasZalmon's first wife. Their children were our grandfatherSaul, his brother Eli, and sister Rifca. After Dina died,possibly in childbirth, Zalmon married Feiga. Wedo notknow her maiden name. Their children were Mendelea(Mottel or Matilda), Marea Zalmon, Leiba, Dina, Aron,Rahmil, Charlie (Charelik), Max, and Marcu.

Our grandfather Saul Solomon, aka Sloim ZalmonSolomon, (15 Sept 1860-1 Mar 1935) married FeigaSobel(Fanny Sophie) Goldenberg (10 May 1862-3 Feb 1940).Theyran a dry goodsstorein Pungesti. Seven of theirchildrenlivedto adulthood: IancuTelichi (Jack) (19Dec 1882-1936); Aaron(25 Jan 1886-October 1953); Rahmil(Rachmiel or Rudolph), myfather, (24 July 1888-7 June1980); Isie (Hie) (30July 1890-7 Jan 1979); Claire (About 4April 1895-Nov 1982); Jeanette (9 Sept 1902-4 Nov 1996);andRebeca (Betty) Sloim (15June1908-14 Feb 1994).

After hisBar Mitzvah, my father, Rudolph, went to workat a leather factory in Iasi. We believe thathestayed withhis aunt Mottel Goldenberg and her second husband, Lupu(William) Steinberg. Aunt Jeanette remembered that Lupuwas a butcher. My father told me that the women in thefamily helped him prepare for his journey to immigrate totheUnited States, and among other things, sewed shirts forhim. He explained that it would have been better if theyhad givenhim the money to buy new shirts in America.When he arrived in this country, people made fun of hisEuropean-cut clothes.

Heexplained, 'The shirts made me look likea peasant,like the farmers in the fields, but I wore them anyway."1AuntJeanetteremembered the pogromof 1907. She wasfour years old at the time. Jeanette did not know where herfather was or what had happened to himduring theturmoilof the pogrom. Her mother took her sister, Claire, andJeanette2 by the hand and walked what seemed to be a longdistance. They reached a bridge guarded by a few soldiers.Jeanette remembered that her mother paid them somemoney and asked for directions. Then they were led or

shown to the prefecture's or mayor's home. They werekept overnight in a room and slept until morning, protectedby the mayor until the danger of violence had passed. Thisproblem never recurred nor was the reason for thepogromknown to them then.

Wedo not know if our grandfather's store was looted orvandalized. It is not a coincidence that my father arrived inthe United States shortly after the pogrom. He told memanytimes that there was no future for a Jewishyoungman in Romania. Either before or immediately after thispogrom, the family decided that my father and his brother3should go to America.

Aunt Jeanette was ninety-two years old when I asked herfor more details of my father's last visit home from Iasi tosay good-bye to his family in Pungesti. I was amazed howclear her memory was of the incident that took place whenshe was only five years old. Aunt Jeanette rememberedthat her brother Rudolph had been so considerate, becausehe brought her a present, a beautiful, big ball.

Grandfather Saul gave my father and Aaron what moneyhe could gather and blessed them4 before they left forAmerica. Can you imagine the scene when my grandparents bade farewell to their sons, not knowing if they wouldever see them again? How many families have gonethrough worse? My father said that his father had to bribeanofficial to get them out of Romania.5

My grandparents hoped and prayed that their sons, in turn,would be able to bringthe remaining family to America assoon as possible. Unfortunately, WorldWar I interfered in1914. TheSolomons arrived in Manchester, England, in1913, having trained from Romania through Berlin, and onto Cherbourg, France, where they boarded the ferry toEngland.They initially stayed with Golda Solomon, wifeof Saul'sbrother Illie. The family was delayed in theirimmigration to Manhattan, New York until after the war,and arrived July 4, 1923.6

Daddy used his Hebrew name, Rachmiel, on his USDeclaration of Intention and the Petition forNaturalization. From those documents, I also learned thathe had departed fromAntwerp, Belgium, on November 2,1907, sailing on the S. S. Zeeland, a shipregistered withthe Red Star Line. He arrived at Ellis Island on November12, 1907. With that information, I was then able to locate acopy of the ship's manifest, which contained additionalinformation. Hisbrother Aaron had accompanied him onthe entirejourney from Pungesti to New York.

My cousinsand I have spent over twenty-five yearsresearching our Romanian family history, tape recordinginterviews withour relatives, and obtaining copies ofimportant documents that provided the proofof kinship,dates of immigration, and documentation of naturalizationas United States citizens. We continually telephone, write,FAX, ande-mail as we update our history when we obtain


new information or documents.

I am archiving all ofmy family history records on my computer.7 I am using Microsoft Word 20008 to compose thehistorical account ofour family and toedit the explanationsof the documents that have been discovered in Romaniaand the United States. In addition, I amusing another software program, Generations, formerly Reunion, to maintainthe database ofnames and create charts and reports.Aunt Jeanette Solomon Schweid had a phenomenal memory. We have transcribed numerous tape recordings, andtaken even more numerous notes about events that sheclearly remembered since her youth. In fact, we are indebted to herfor her ability to edit stories about our family thathad been mistakenly recorded. She was never wrong aboutthe family facts. She was blessed with incredible interest inthe family activities and could recall essential details aboutfamily lifein Pungesti since she wasfouryears of age.91 I included this partof the story to emphasizethatour family was one

A Story of Amazing MazelAndhow requests to archives might be followed by repliesthatare totally unexpected, and which bring incredibleresults.

Nov. 17th, 1998: At 6:30 this morning, the phone rang,those familiar three long-distance rings. Surprised, Ijumped to answer. It was a man calling from CimpulungMoldovensc, Bukovina, by the name of ReinhardtQuirsfeld, speaking French with a Romanian accent.Having an early business meeting to attend, I really couldn't afford the time to converse with him, so I promised toreturn his call that evening. With seven hours time difference, this is rather difficult to do. He called back twiceleavingmessages, to make sure that I had the right telephoneand mobile phone numbers. I must admit to havingfelt a little uncomfortable about this call.

I arrived home from work and still had my coat on, whenthe phone rang. I ran to answer. It was Reinhardt again. Hewas convinced that I had made an error and that the name

Ostfeld that I was searching for was really Quirsfeld! Hehad found my name on letters which I had written inRomanian some months ago, in the Archives of the cityhalls of VatraDomei, Cimpulung Moldovenesc1, Fratautii,Radauti and Roman. Oddly, I had received replies fromnone of these city halls (except Cimpulung Moldovenescwhich informed me that no records were available), buthere was a complete stranger in a foreign country, whoknew, not only how to reach me, but also a good portion ofmy family history - unnerving, to say the least.

Researchinghis family, he has already found 44 Quirsfeldsin the Catholic Siret cemetery, although he noted that"there are no archives left in existence in Siret'.' In Vatra

Domei, he found 6 Quirsfelds, with Hebrew names! This

of the middle-class merchants, the Sudits, as Paul Pascal has explainedin his lectures and articles in ROM-SIG News.

2 Aunt Rebeca (Betty), the motherof my twin cousins, Robert andRichard, had notbeen born yet,asher birth date was one year later,June 15, 1908.

3 Both boys were working and saving money for the trip toAmerica4 Place for blessing.

5 Inaddition, our grandfather's business deteriorated in the years afterthat pogrom. Heeventually went bankrupt. By 1910 or 1911, the family was forced to move on to the neighboring townof Vaslui6 Their first home in America was at 140 East 17thStreet, which waslocated in the Gramercy areaof NYC

7 We share these files withanycousin that is interested in receiving acopyby e-mail. This also gives us a safebackup if anyone loses theinformation.

8 From the beginning of this project, I have used the latest version ofWord aseach newversion had features that made writing thehistorymuch easier.

9 Fortunately, she lived until age 94, when she expired in Los Angelesfromcardiac complications following surgery for a fractured hip

perplexed both of us - had there been intermarriage? Or,was the family originally Jewish? He related that amongothers he had found in the Jewish cemetery of VatraDomei, were Samuel Quirsfeld (married to MariaZimmerman) and Maria Quirsfeld (married to Karolina[sic] Venzel).

He has found both Protestant and Catholic tombstones for

his family and thinks that his family could perhaps havehad Jewish origins. However, he was completely unawareof the phenomenon of the Napoleonic decree ordering theadoption of surnames by the Jews, and of the many andhaphazard methods, sometimes even humorous, by whichthey chose these names.

Quirsfeld's family has lived in Bukovina since 1800, and isoriginally German and Austro-Hungarian, some membersfrom even Hungary itself. The call lasted over half anhour, as though money were no object. I asked if I couldreturn the favor and help him with his research in someway. His only request was to ask me to see if there are anyQuirsfelds in North America, particularly in Canada.

On Dec. 17th, having heard no news, having had noanswerto my subsequentsnail mail letters since receivinga neat, hand-written list of his Ostfeld findings, I becameuneasy. I telephoned and talked to Mrs. Quirsfeld at home;her husband would be at home again at Christmas andwould telephone me, I was informed. Reinhardt's wifeboth speaks and writes English very well, and was completely familiar with the correspondence that we hadbegun. This must be the reason for the letters that hesends, in almost-perfect English. She promised to havehim call me on his return for Christmas, which he did.

January 21st, 1999: Reinhardt phoned again at 8am. Hewanted to know if I had received the second installment


of the incredibly comprehensive information that he sentme. "Yes", I told him, "I did." Was it helpful? I said that itwas indeed!

He asked if I would want any more information, the nexttime he goes to research the cemeteries, in other towns inBukovina. I couldn't believe my ears! Yes, I would mostcertainly like to have more information, particularly fromthe latter and middle parts of the last century (the 19th),and the early part of the 20th century; I would like tofind any record that exists, of my great-grandmother,Shaindel (nee Ostfeld) Kastner, who passed away aroundthe year 1920, in Radauti. He said that he would try tofind these for me.

Unable to find anyone bearing his family name in Canada,I tried the United States, and did manage to find a smallnumber of them. However, he already knew all of theQuirsfelds, whose information I sent him, as they form abranch of his family with whom he had been in touch:Edward J. Ouirsfeld and his aunt, Mrs. Lindsay (neeQuirsfeld), among them.

From our conversations I learned that Reinhardt, about45, is a mathematics professorwho teaches at a collegewith campuses in Iasi and Arad (near Timisoara). He commutes between the two campuses, staying at each for two-week periods. He took pains to tell me that his sister is adoctor, and to list the professional credentials of his family. Very pleasant on the telephone, he has a terrific senseof humor and infectious enthusiasm. An avidgenealogist,he seems to be enjoying this long-distance genealogicalrelationship, and sent me a photo of himself and asked mefor one of myself.

In early March, three more letters arrived, accompanied byphotographs of tombstones, lists of more records, a fewtaken from official vital records, and other informationabout the cemeteries in Siret, Cimpulung, Radauti andFratauti, bringing to a total of 75 records that he has foundfor me, almost entirely Ostfelds, but a few Kastners amongthem.This is a genealogist'sdream come true!

In a recent letter, he writes, "I am sending some new dataabout yourfamily. I have been in the cemetery fromCimpulung and I have taken thefollowing photos of yourfamily graves whichhave inscriptions also in Latin, notonly in Idisch (sic). There may be also others, but I don'tunderstand Idischand I can't take photosof themall, asthere are very many. This from a man who doesn't speakEnglish! He explained that he writes the letters with a dictionary beside him. And, of course, his wifehelps him.

Thencame a phonecall, in which Reinhardt excitedlytalked abouthow he had succeeded in tracing his familyeven further - to 1700, in Gollnitz, Germany, and hasfound 4 new branches. I suggested to Reinhardt that hewould benefitgreatly from a computer, he answered by

saying that he is "conservative" He saidthat he hadlooked at his friend's laptop and was impressed, but thathe prefers communicating by letter, and doing his workmanually.

Finally, I wasasked to reciprocate, however small theeffort. He asked me to look for a book in the library,"German Emigration from Bukovina to theAmericas",published byWilliam Keel and Kurt Rein in 1996, as "youmight find some information about myfamily Quirsfeld".

Unfortunately, there were no Quirsfelds mentioned in it,although I was able to find some potentially helpful information, which I photocopied and mailed to him. He alsoasked me to contact a specific researcher in Ottawa, andwhose name he found on a list in a library book - RichardCarruthers-Zurowski. Not a difficult request to fill, I didsucceed in talking with Mr. Carruthers-Zurowski, who regularly submits messages to the Bukovina Genealogy MailGroup2. He had already received my email and had madeinitial contact with my friend "Hardy" as Reinhardt likesto be called.

After cataloguing the records that Hardy had sent me, Irealized that these, as well as his photographs of certaincemeteries, would amount to a little bonanza for certainBukovinaresearchers. So, after consultation with mycousin, co-researcher and good friend, Bruce Reisch, theinnovator of the JewishGen Radauti Shtetlink Website3,1arranged to have Hardy's willing consent to publish themon the site. They will appear later this year.

I am now at the point where two of the unconnectedbranches of Ostfelds, of which I have seven, are linked,thanks to his work. Others are filled out much more thanthey had been before.There is every indication that mostof these fragmented branches will eventually work themselves into some connection. I have still not ascertainedthe names of the siblings of my great-grandmother,Shaindel Ostfeld Kastner, nor thoseof her parents, but thatis coming - withtime,hard work, networkingand....patience, lots of patience. And, I have found a new,equally committed and enthusiastic, genealogical friend.1 Thetownof 'Timpulung Moldovenesc" is referred to locally as"Cimpulung".

2 Subscribe by sending message to [email protected], then sendposts to [email protected]

3 JewishGen Radauti Shtelink Website,http//www.jewishgen.org/shteUlnks/radauti/radautz.html

Merle Kastner

4858 Cote-des-Neiges, #904.Montreal, Qc, CanadaH3V1G8 [email protected]


SephardiC JeWS in Timisoara deba,e- P"*- Dr- Moshe Camiilly-Weinberger has beenBut let us get acquainted with the Sephardic community of ^1*the *?*ct °" ^^1 ^"sions, such as inTimisoara. The town itself was an important center of the ^ ff>win8 WOTks^ZS ??&Turkish administration between 1522 and 1716. But the ^^^^'^ NeW York "*'traces ofJews there date back totimes preceding the era ofTurkish occupation. All the same the most ancient tombstone of the cemetery was raised under the Turks, andaccording to its inscription, the rabbi and surgeon AsrielAsael-who died in the year 1636-was presumably aSephardicJew.

Rabbi Meir Amigo and his 4 comrades arrived fromConstantinople at the town about the middle of the 18thcentury, and a synagogue of the Sephardic as well as oneof theAshkenasian community became built up simultaneously in Timi§oara in the year 1762. Similarly toGyulafeh6rv£r someproblems of the Sephards' andAshkenasians' coexistence arose also at Timi§oara. As aconsequence, at the early 30s of the 18th century a get-letter (letterof ritual divorce) has caused some problemswithin the community, yet withoutany special excitingevents or disputes.

Namely, as it is known, the letters of divorce have to bemade out extremely precisely with respect to the name ofthe person and the locality in order to avoid any abuse andmisunderstanding respectively. When the problem regarding the validity of a divorce-letter arose Rabbi Meir Aschof Eisenstadt adopted the view that the get-letter may beaccepted though the Ashkenasian spelling rules have notbeen respected but the way of writing-as applied in the get-letter-has complied with the Sephardic linguistic sense.

In the year 1836, the possibility of Sephards' andAshkenasians' common praying in religious services wasalso brought up in Timi§oara, presumably in the innertown and owing to the diminishing number of participants.The rabbi of Bratislava had brought also in that case a reconciling decisionstraightening out the issue, by considering the common praying possible, still making perfectlyclear at the same time that beyond that both communitieshave to observe their own traditions of law, habits and wayof life.

Finallythe starting place of the so-called fish debate discussedeven beyond the country's borders-was Timi§oarato decide the question whether it is allowed to eat the sterlet or not. In the opinion of the Sephards of Timisoara wasthe ingestion of that sort of fish permissible upon the traditions of their former home, while the Rabbi of Timi§oaradeclared it as forbidden. As a consequence this became thetopic of a mighty polemic launched by the rabbi IsaacGrieshaber of Paks, town in Hungary.

Detailes of the long-continueddebating are beyond theframes or the present study, yet as a conclusion it may bestated that the Ashkenasian viewpoint was victorious in the

Sepher ve-Shaiph, New York, 1966, page 216-22;-Censorship and Freedom..., New York, 1977, from page70 on;

-Ashkenasim u-Sephardim be-Transylvania u-Banat, be-meah XVIDQX, see: Studiespresented to Rabbi Dr.Alexander Safran, Hoboken: Ktav, 1922, page 39-50.

Among the Sephards ofTimi§oara there were many excellentrabbis in the course of theirhistory. The first rabbi oftheSephardic community was Jacob Moshe of Belgrade(from 1739 to 1741, or so). There were 2 communities in thetown working collaterally and their order of succession-as itcould be stated-has beendisclosed by Dr. JacobSinger.

He also made us acquainted by one of his studies with theSephardihabits informing us that in the 40s of our centuryeven 2 Sephardic communities existed in Timi§oara. Fromhis study we learn to know of several habits and rites, forinstance that while maskir liturgy that much important inAshkenasian communities, was not usual in the Sephardicrites on occasion of Yom Kippur and the 3 Feasts of pilgrimage. Whereas they commemorated the dead of theirsin the course of the liturgy on Kol Nidre eve. Neither didthey pray the Kol Nidre with the melody as uniformlyusual everywhere in Ashkenasian world, but with anothermelody composed of Ottoman, Moorish and Spanish elements. The Sephards regarded their Spanish roots withcare and with a kind of proudness and avoided to get married with Ashkenasians, if that was possible.

Reprinted with permission from Dr. Ladislau Gy6mantet. al., eds., Studia Judaica II (Cluj: Editura Sincron,1993), 73-74

LmuChtycl


The Jews of BrailaFrom Gertrude Singer Ogushwitz:

Dear Editor:

I'm enclosing four lists ofJews of Braila who gavetsedakah during the years1897,1901,1903, and1904. These lists were

located at the Central

Archives for the Historyof the Jewish People inJerusalem. The first pageof the 1904 list, letters Ato Ki, could not be foundat the Central Archives.

1897 SINGER, Ed. I. wasmy father's brother,Edouard Iulius, (1864-1905) who married inBraila in 1899 and emi

grated to New York inDecember of that yearwith his bride, AugustaPearl RAUCH.

1901 SINGER, D. wasmy grandfather's brother,David SINGER who

lived in Arad. (1938-dec)

1901 SINGER, HotelSplendid, was probablymy father's brotherZsigmund (calledZsigoby the family), who livedalone in Braila after the

death in 1899 of mygrandmother, Julia(SPILLER) SINGER, andthe subsequent emigration of my grandfather,Gyula/Julius SINGER,and my father, VictorJulius SINGER, in 1900.

1903 SINGER, Hugo1904 SINGER, Davidand SINGER, Hugo

AHUL L—No. 1. GRATUIT BBAUA,3QIULIB.1807.

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Redaotlunea.

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Asez&uiantul creat do elassa filantropiolBr&ileaaft a ajuns la ud grad de.deiroltare^care treboe sdample de baourie inima ue-earalmembra al Societal.

In 12 lonuarie 1807 a'a detchta Am*bolatoriol; si dopi sese luo( de tile, regit,trnl de bolnart arolu respeetabtla cifrl de5083 eousulta$iun! si uiedicainente.grataitela Ambalatoriu. 183 eoMoJtatraoT la do*mieiliul boluovilor mnl grerl, 3G7 ordonaufogrutuito cxooutato la faruiaoie. Anibalatcrial Ia>'.roelit este attta de eunosaut poilulatfuoil, tocdt din atrfeile eele mat dtpartato, ba obiardin Botele inveeimite rio ziloio bolnarf, airaslde reputa(innea institutiunit, do primirea u-roooa oe Ii se aeorda, si de folosol material

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ZIAR AL COMUNITATII'ISRAELITE DIN BRAILA

SUB DIRECJIUNEA UNU1 C0M1TET.

diagnostic* baia, si a-I da to acelas! timpmedioamentul eel mal Bigur,furaisat de udurmaoitt public.—Gaud tp ernncr pririrenIn regiftnu do bolnevl, Tel gosi po langaisraelii rotnaol, bolgarf, greet, arnienl, tdrol,persiauT. germaal si ungart, to(I caatap caeeeasf iDgrijre; alAtarl do preotal crestin,Test po bancs to sola dea$teptore po erreulortodox; alWurl do fameia cersetdre de ma-hala, rosl dama ourfltol tmbracata; dar pt corenoroile o tileso si roeurgft la ojutorul desin-toressai aoordattutorora Ori osebire do eloai.Bar to redo ospeoulare din paftea uoulbol-nar, si obiar daca t'ar InuUupla asemeooaeat, aeeasta nu lasemooozi absolut oimieato oamfirul eel mare de adertra(I soraid earemerits ejotoral.

Mobilierol cabinotnlul de eonaaltafie aacomplooteToQ Wto celf oeeesoro, preoum mas&do cautare, mesQ(ft de operate, material bo*gBtda, pansamento etc—>Ecoaomie po spi-naraabolnarolnl.po i!a Clcuk; din contra, a*ceea co s'a pftrut neeasar, fio cat de scamp,ia procurat, nomal oorespaDsead scopulul.

Pontra a a In eareot ea dtsposi(iuDiIosanitaro. am abonat la minislerul, do interne

. Bulttinul saniiar, Farmacopta HootAnd; baaperaa cu, timpul a asesa In caneelario uaDtunfir do orrajo mediealo moderne neeessaromodlonlal pootra consultaro fi alloro de tra-tament modern.

Viitornl oe soridol Am tomauat color12 membri onorulel diploma decernatatai elror &stalpir poterniol de granit po care sorasamft .Ambulatorioi Israelit" ai perspectirana asa do todeportaU a 9Spitalu!*i Israelii*

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1904ROM-SIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 2000

(f°f LI-S'Persdnelor carl au bine-voil a conlribui penlru infrefinerea $colei isra

de fete )fZien-Clara Baronesa de Hirsch" din Braila, prin cumpi

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Alptrn Jacques D Ctalsighera N. ,' 6 Fotln C. 10 Bcneog B.Aneer A. Leon 10 Cavadia Slavm; 20 Fotoplaatieal Imperial 5 HorxovirY I'hilipArebondi 0. 10 Chatoi L. 5 Frinkel Max 10 Rilrl Zabaria

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406

Lcndtra 7. & >.«.


REMEMBER40 years since the massacre of the Jews from

Northern Transylvania under Horthyst occupationFrom: The Federation of Jewish Commumties in

the Socialist Republic of RomaniaDocumentary Section

Bucharest, 1985

%J "Halmeu c. . •Sighet

HUNGARY Brebe\ti *^jViseuV<ler'̂

{• Valea LuiMihai

/ Ceheiu

/ Smleul Silvaneif oOradea BCrasna

BaiaMare Dragomiresti \

eclean ^w*—n.•Bistrata ^ ,

• Reghin

(

\

•GHETTOES

•CENTRES OF CONCENTRATIONThemapof Northern Transylvania under Horthyst occupation, indicatingcentresof concentration of Jewishpopulation andtheGhettoes.

^^ •Tirgu Mures \J

\N

\

V Sf. Gheorghe l

\. * /

Jewish Population* in Northern TransylvaniaBefore Deportation May, 1944

166,061

Deported May-June, 1944 The Forced Labour Detachments (1942-1944)151,180 14,881

Returned to Transylvania15,769

9.6%

Survivors

To Other Countries in the World

10,000

6.1%

Total 155%

Killed in the Holocaust - Nearly 130,000 Jews

* D5Pinkas Hakehilot, vol.II


The Martyrdom of Jewish Populationin Northern Transylvania

ff (Jrt Jewish population

_L TOTAL BIHOR COUNTYTotal in cities

Oradea

Salonta

Total, in villages2. TOTAL CIUC COUNTY

Total In cities

Miercurea Ciuc

GheorgheniTotal In villagesTOTAL CLUJ COUNTY

T330-26,15020,57819,838740

5,5722,525887

268

619

1,63816,551

T53T T33725,806 9,28321,930 8,19021,337 8,000593 190

3,876 1,0932,067 444

858 330

299 126

559 204

1,209 114

19,097 7,355

65

unaccounted for

16,52313,74013,337403

2,7831,623528

173

355

1,09511,742

2,773 1,410 1,363

Total In cities 14,530 17,723 6,845 10,878Clui 13,504 16,763 6,500 10,263Huedin 1,026 960 345 615

Total in villages 2,021 1,374 510 864

4. TOTAL MARAMURES COUNTY 34,089 39,583 5,596 33,987Total in cities 10,609 10,144 2,308 7,836Sighet 10,609 10,144 2,308 7,836Total in villages 23,480 29,439 3,288 26,151

5. TOTAL MURES COUNTY 10,377 10,426 3,526 6,900

Total in cities 6,780 7,328 3,240 4,088

Tirgu Mures 5,193 5,693 2,480 3,213

Reghin 1,587 1,635 820 815

Total in villages 3,597 3,098 285 2,812

6. TOTAL NASAUD COUNTY 6,375 6,426 1,941 4,485

Total in cities

Bistrita

Nasaud

Total in villagesTOTAL ODORHEI COUNTY

Total cities

Odorhei

Total in villagesTOTAL SALAJ COUNTY

Total in cities

Zalau

Carei

Simleul Silvaniei

Total in villagesTOTAL S ATU-MARE COUNTY

Total in cities

Satu Mare

Baia Mare

Baia SprieTotal in villages

10. TOTAL SOMES COUNTY

Total in cities

DejTotal In villages

11. TOTAL TREI-SCAUNE COUNTY

Total in citiesSf. GheorgheTirgul SacuiescTotal in villages

2,6232,198425

3,7521,362313

313

1,04913,7544,391429

2,3941,5689,36325,37013,88511,5332,030322

11,48510,6194,3973,3606,222942

475

378

97

461

2,358 1,300415 110

3,653 531

823 271

300 89

300 89

523 182

10,382 3,3694,145 1,175394 145

2,255 590

1,496 440

6,437 2,19425,037 10,597

16,892 8,53012,960 7,5003,623309

8,14510,4784,5663,7195,912800

472

404

68

328

950

80

2,0672,1551,2301,020925

169

128

116

12

41

1,058305

3,122552

211

211

341

7,2132,970249

1,6651,0564,24314,4408,3625,4602,673229

6,0788,3233,3362,6994,987631

344

288

56

287


Yeshivot in Northern Transylvania*1. BaiaMare- Founded by dr. Moshe Aharon Hakoen Krauss - 19302. Batarci- Founded by Shochet andDaian Rabbi Iosed- 1920-19403. Beclean - Founded by Rabbi Smuel Ehrenfeld - after 18664. Bistrita - Founded by Rabbi Slomo Zalman Ulman5. Carei - Foundedby Dcutiel Zalman Wolf- Beginning of 19thCentury-6. Cehul Silvaniei - Founded by Rabbi Moshe Klein - 18707. Copalnic - Manastur - Founded by Rabbi BeniaminZeev Schwartz8. Craciunesti - Founded by Rabbi Avraam Haim Reiman - 19289. Dej - Founded by Rabbi Menahem Mendel Paneth - 1862-194210. Gherla - Founded by Rabbi Itzhac Iosef Hakohen - beginning 20th Century11. Halmeu - Founded by Rabbi laacov Salom Klein12. Hida - Founded by Rabbi Ihiel Meir Paneth - 1925-194413. Huedin -

14. Iclodul Mare - Founded by Rabbi Haim lehuda Broin15. Ileanda Mare - Founded by Rabbi Iosef Paneth - 192616. Leordina - Founded by Rabbi Haim Eliahu Cvaiman - 1860-188017. Marghita - Founded by Rabbi Hilel Lichtenstein - 185018.Mediasul Aurit - Founded by Rabi Zwi Ghinsberg - end of 19thCentury19. Negresti - Foundedby Rabbi lehudaLeib Weinberger - 1893-193020. Nimigea de Jos - Founded by Rabbi Avraam Slomo Katz21. Nusfalau - Founded by Rabbi Asher Anshil Weis - 192022. Oradea Mare - Founded by Rabbi Israel Nahman Drohobitsher - 178023. Pir - Founded byRabbi Alexander Zusa - 1920-1930 (8-10 pupils)24. Reteag - Founded by Rabbi Smuel Suria and Simson Haiman25. Rodna - Founded by Rabbi Asher Rubin26. Ruscova - Founded by Rabbi Avraam Slomo Katz - 1930,75 pupils27. SatuMare - Founded by Rabbi lehuda Grunwald - 1898, 3 more yeshivot28. Sighet - Founded by Rabbi Ikutiel lehuda Teitelboim - 185829. Simleul Silvaniei - Founded by Rabbi MordehaiHalevi Horowitzer30. Singeorgiul de Padure- Founded by Rabbi IsasharKohn31. Strimtura - Founded by Rabbi Moshe Kizelnic32. Tasnad - Founded by Rabbi Haim Betalel Paneth - 1803-1874.

At thetime ofRabbi Mordehai Brisk is the biggest Yeshiva inTransylvania33. TirguLapusului - Founded by Rabbi MosheTeitelboim - 1885-193534. Tirgu-Mures - Founded by Rabbi Isashar Beer Kohen - after 187035. Tint - Founded by Rabbi Avraam Salom Ieruham Friedman - 192636. Valea lui Mihai - Founded by Rabbi Moshe Iohanan Senfeld37. Viseul de Sus - Founded by Rabbi Smuel Smekla Ghintzeler- 1866-1944* Pinkas Hakehilot, vol. 11


Jews Deported From MainPoints of Embarkation

in Northern Transylvania(Figures arebased on information gathered by theHungarianMilitary Headquarters in Kosice, where thedeportations from

Northern Transylvania were transitedto Auschwitz)*

1944

-16 MAY Sighetul Marmatiei 3,007-17 " Okormezo 3,052-18 " Sighetul Marmatiei 3,248-19 " Viseul de Sus 3,032-19 " Satu Mare 3,006-20 " Sighet 3,104-21 " Viseu 3,028-22 " Sighet 3,490-22 " Satu Mare 3,300-23 " Oradea 3,110-23 " Viseu 3,028-25 " Oradea 3,145-25 " Cluj 3,130-25 " OcnaSlatina 3,317-25 " Viseu 3,006-26 " Satu Mare 3,336-27 " Tirgu Mures 3,183-28 " Dej 3,150-29 " Cluj 3,417-29 " Satu Mare 3,306-29 " Oradea 3,130-30 " Tlrgu Mures 3,203-30 " Oradea 3,187-30 " Satu Mare 3,300-31 " Cluj 3,270-31 " Baia Mare 3,073-31 " Simleul Silvaniei 3,1061 June Oradea 3,0591 " Satu Mare 2,6152 " Bistrita 3,1062 " Cluj 3,1003 " Oradea 2,9724 " Reghin 3,1495 " Oradea 2,5275 " Baia Mare 2,8446 " Dej 3,1606 " Bistrita 2,8757 " Simleul Silvaniei 1,5848 " Dej 1,3648 " Cluj 1,7848 " Tirgu Mures 1,1639 " Cluj 1,44727 M Oradea 2,819

* Braham L. R. op. tit.

Ascan be seen the figures do not corroborate withsources. What is essential today is the frantic pace

131,641

the otherof deportations.

Yiddish Pressin Northern Transylvania*

1. Yiddishe Folkstzaitung 1893 Sighet2. SigheterTzaitung 1893

M

3. DiVarhait 1896ti

4. Yiddishes Folksblat 1899ii

5. Zion 1904it

6. Ahavat Zion 1908ti

7. Yiddishes Blat 1910ii

8. Maramureser Yiddishe Tzaitung 1910ti

9. Yiddishes Folkstzaitung 1910ti

10. Kol Mevasher 1899 Cluj11.Yiddishe Tzaitung 1921 Sighet12. Yiddishes Folkstzaitung 1928

M

13. Yiddishe Prese 1928ti

14. Maramureser Bleter 1931it

15. Oifgang 1933ti

16. Iang Maramures 1941ii

17. Kolenu - Unzere Shtime 1935 Viseul de Sus

18. Algemeine Yiddishe Prese 1920 Bistrita

19. Agudat Hazovhim 1929 Baia Mare

20. Di Vohe 1930 Dej21.Yiddishe Shtime 1933 Dej22.Transilvanishe Prese 1934 Baia Mare

23.Transilvanishe Yiddishe Tzaitung 1934 Somcuta Mare

* Pinkas Hakehilot, vol. II

Hebrew Pressin Northern Transylvania*

HatoyBeit Vaad Lehahamim

Hashemesh

Meghed lerahimAgam MaimSaarei Zion

Vaad Hahamim

Ohel Itzhak

Kneset Hahamim

10. Darkener

11. Kevutei Buhurim

12. Kovet Mefarshei Hatora

13. Leket Sobana

14. Hamessef

15. Halihot Olam

16. Haeskol

17. Ohel Sem

* Pinkas Hakehilot. vol. II

1874 Sighet1875 Oradea

1878 Sighet1898 sighet1900 Sighet1895 Sighet1901 Sighet1903 Satu Mare

1905 Sighet1931 Sighet1933 Marghita1933 Marghita1934 Satu Mare

1934 Oradea

1943 Oradea

1930 Cluj1942 Cluj


Well-known Rabbis Killed During the HolocaustName and Surname Place of Pastershio1. Aizikson Avraham Isashar Dov Poienile de Sub Munte

2. Arenreich Shlomo Zalman Simleul Silvaniei3. Bindigher Elimelech Dei

4. Birsk Moshe Tasnad

5. Broin Haim lehuda Iclod

6. Dr. Dantzig Shmuel Beniamin Sighetu Marmatiei7. Dr. Davidovits D. Mihali Sf. Gheorghe8. Elias laacov Shmuel Gherla

9. Elias Moshe Sic

10. Feldman Moshe Israel Dragomiresti11. FischEliezer Satu Mare

12. Fisch Haim Moshe Copainic Manastur13. Freind Elimelech Jidovita14. Frelad Israel Reghin15. Freind Moshe Gheorgheni16. Freind Moshe Arive Nasaud17. Friedlender Elimelech Prundul Birgaului18. Friedman Avraham Shalom lemham Turt19. Friedman Dov Esashar Poienile de Sub Munte20. Ghinzburg Shmuel Smelka Mediesul Aurit21. Gross Aharon Tirgu Lapus22. Gross Ikutiel lehuda Sighetu Marmatiei23. Gross Shmuel Carei24. Hager Alter Menahem Mendel Borsa25. Hager Baruch Viseu de Sus26. Hager Menahem Mendel Viseu de Sus27. Horowitz Avraham Avus Carei28. Horowitz Naftali Budesti29. Horowitz Pinchas Bistrita30. Halpert Iosef Zwi Somcuta Mare31. Heiman Simson Reteag32. Jungreitz Asher Anshil Halevi Zalau33. Kahana Zwi Sapinta34. Katz Ioel Ardud35. Kishelnik Moshe Rozavlea36. Kohn Ghershon Menahem Mendel Singeorgiu de Padure37. Klein laacov Shalom Halmeu38. Klein Shlomo Zalman Cehu Silvaniei39. Dr. Kraus Moshe Aharon Hakohen Baia Mare40. Kraus Natan Anshil Sanislau41. Leibovici Iehoshua Reteag42. Lichtenstein Avraham Dov Lechinta43. Lichtenstein Beniamin Zev Bistrita44. Lichtenstein Haim Zwi Bucium45. Lichtenstein Iosef Shmuel Cehu Silvaniei46. Lichtenstein Simon Lechinta47. UJw Smaie Odorhei48. Panet laacov Elimelech Dei49. Panet Ihiel Meir Hida (Cluj)50. Poldk David lehuda Sovata51. Rozenbaum Meir Gherla52. Rozenfeld Menahem lehuda Halevi Bistrita53. Rubin Asher Rodna54. Rubin Meir Iosif Valea lui Mihai55. Sic Alexander Zusa Pir56. Sofer Menachem Tg. Mures57. Spitz Meir Bistrita58. Stroli Moshe Baia Sprie59. Shapira Pinchas Cuhea60. Schwartz Avraham Seini61. Schwartz Avraham lehuda Hakohen Toplita62. Schwartz Iosef Hakohen Oradea63. SchOnfeld Ihezkel Valea lui Mihai64. Teitelboim Ikutiel lehuda Sighetu Marmatiei65. Teitelboim Shmuel Nusfalau66. Toib Moshe Ezra Gherla67. Isurun laacov Israel Reghin68. Dr. Vaida Istvan Oradea69. Vider Baruch Avraham Odorhei70. Weinberger Mordechai Azriel Marghita71. Weiss Asher Anshil Nusfalau72. Weiss Haim Aharon Hida73. Weiss Itzhac Aizic Sapinta74. Weiss Shmuel David Tulghes75. Weiss Zwi Ulmeni76. Weidman Ihezkel Sacel


Jewish Printers in Northern TransylvaniaPlaces-Time-Titles (number)*

Wr. Loc. W/ Jewish Aiier me iouu unecrt pnnt facihtes 1873-1880 1881-1890 1891-1900 1901-1910 1911-1920 1921-1930 1931-1940 1941-1944 Holocaust pub.vols.

After the Total titles

1

2

SighetSatu Mare

3 Seini

4

5

ClujOradea

6

7

MarghitaSimleu

8

9

DejBeclean

10 Other cities

TOTAL

* Pinkas Hakehilot, vol. II

17

18 10

36

39

74

26

16

2

132

20

2

6

6

1

2

2

42

20

42

72

56

5

8

3

29

235

25

83

28

19

30

25

5

3

7

32

257

3

24

8

5

37

8

3

2

11

101

Jewish Printers in Northern TransylvaniaLocation with Printing Facilities and Authors,

According to Their Roots

1

10

Authors from other Authors from Authors from Authors fromRomania other countries

205

177

130

92

73

37

23

14

10

83

844

Total"flE Loc w/ Jewish Localcrt print facilites Authors areas than Trans. Hungary

1 Sighet 72 41 37 12 45 205

2 Satu Mare 47 47 22 7 54 177

3 Seini — 44 29 28 29 130

4 Cluj 34 18 4 31 5 92

5 Oradea 33 13 10 1 16 73

6 Marghita 8 9 6 5 9 37

7 Simleu 14 2 6 - 1 23

8 Dej 3 6 2 - 3 14

9 Beclean 1 5 2 - 2 10

10 Other cities 43 9 5 6 20 83

TOTAL 255 194 123 90 182 844


Jewish Population in Transylvania and the BanatComitatul, Orasul 1722-36 1767-69 1776-78 1781-82 1785 1787-88 1839-40 1869 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 8/30/1940

Arad, comitat

inclusiv

Arad, ora$

97 155 - - 152 352 2080 7000 8018 6945 9645 10012 7822 8900 9448 -

Alba de Jos 168 80 _ — 195 — - 2779 2806 3280 3851 3845 5362 2293 2736 -

Bistrita-Nasaud _ _ — — 294 - — 2313 3965 4349 6346 7254 6856 6398 66426 6426

Bihor

(inclusiv Oradea)Brasov

82 286 - - 209 1093 6270 12497

277

21187

679

25968

868

28978

1250

32462

1503

29058 2189226949

1560 2519 2760

11690

21333

Ciuc

Fagaras

- - - -

9

- — 305

640

528

675

706 1514 2357

905

1861

560

2345

432

2067

282

2067

Alba Iulia

Trei Scaune

150 - 105 105 150 150 800

300

1200

486 698 1222 1222 848 681 800 800

Hunedoara _ _ — — 7 — — 1634 1996 2470 4032 5679 4656 4643 3674 -

Tirnava Mare

si Mica

- - - — — — 544 1561 — 2221 2698 2855 2751 2672 2274 —

Cluj, comitatCluj, oras

- - - - 29

2-12 13

— 3965 4782

2485 4730

12581 14409

110663]

1701019097 18535

Chioar — — — — - 145 — — — - - - — - - -

Crasna — 74 — — — - 274 6677 6964 - - 9849 9356 1336410582 10582

Caras Severin — — — — - 44 308 2582 3246 — — 4795 3765 2646 1916 -

Maramures

Mures-Turda

371 670 1033 90 1530

228

2254 9079 26295

2536

33463

2999

45073

3735

65694

4965

65694

7550

36535

7551

33891

9853

39583

10426

39583

10430

Baia Mare

Carei 68-70

215

330

— —

453

— — [222][21061

— [701] [963]

[2139][1402]

(2491][1792][2571]

[2030][2349]

[3623][2255]

—

Nazna — 55-60 129 80-100 65

Rodna

Satu Mare

comitat si oras 112

118

668

80

2753 2569 8711 16588 20981 22849 26337 29468 36250 2390525037 37997

Sibiu — — — — — - 275 586 — — — 1565 1460 1353 1418 —

Solnoc Dabica 40 - - 673 1003 630 422 7079 7580 9890 11767 12797 12506 1057610478 10428

Timis,Timi§oara [220]

[155]- [53] 72 366

172

386

1598

[1206]6799

[2000]7006

4870 5916 6728 - [9368] 10950] [11788]

Turda Aries

Torontal

— — — 40

64 2252

841 1355 1931 2465 2648 2569 2183 2736 —

Odorhei - - — — 6-10 - — 357 581 768 1198 1313 1025 1306 823 823

Zaraud

TOTAL 1108 2651 1267 1100 7491 7872 32613 103611 130497 139106 182608 223082 186760 168862179512 170694

^ V


Romanian Sources in New York City Compiled By Ruth Gavis[Organization Description I

First Roumanian American CongregationShaarei Shomayim (Gates of Heaven)89 Rivington Street(Between Ludlow and Orchard)New York, New York 10002

Rabbi Jacob SpiegelStudy Phone (212) 673-2835Home Study (212) 777-5735Fax(212) 358-1264

One of the oldest synagogues in the city, dating back to the mid 1800's, it is now housed ina Romanesque style building which was constructed in 1881. Through the years, the synagogue has had many illustrious choir members, cantors, and congregants. Among thesewere George Burns, Red Buttons, Eddie Cantor, Moishe Koussevitsky, Moishe Oysher, JanPearce, and Richard Tucker. As a result, the synagogueearned the nickname of "TheCantor's Carnegie Hall". The synagogue offers daily services primarily attended bya smallnumber of shopkeepers from the surrounding area. Guests are welcome. Tours of the sanctuary can be arranged for individuals or groups.NOTE: Annual Reports from about 1915 are at the Yeshiva University Archives, 500 West185 St., New York, NY 10033. (See entry below).

Yeshiva University and Library500 West 185 Street *New York, NY 10033

Phone (212) 960-5451/5355Library (212) 960-5382

Annual Reports from about 1915 for theFirst Roumanian American Congregation ShaareiShomayim. They have materials from The Central Relief Committee, a few RomanianYeshiva Records, Yizkor Books, and over 150titlesrelatingto Romanian Jews.A pictureID is necessary to use the library.Hours are9am to 5:30pm Monday through Thursday, 9amto 12:30pm Friday, 12pm to6:30pm Sunday-

Sammy's Roumanian Steak House157Chrystie Street (off Delancy Street)New York, NY 10002

(212) 673-0330

OwnerSammy invites guests to turn back the clock to meals like the ones cooked by theirgrandmothers.Along with Roumanian and other East European specialties, the restaurantserves steaks "unmatched anywhere for flavor and tenderness". In addition, there is entertainment with Israeli singers and musicians and sing-alongs with old Yiddishsongs.

World Federation of Hungarian Jews136 East 39th Street

New York, NY 10016Leader: Peter Hamori

Phone (212) 725-1211

This is a social club which covers territory that is part of Romania.

Romanian National Tourist Office

14 East 38th Street

(between 5th and Madison)12th Floor

New York, NY 10016

Director: Simeon S. Alb

Phone(212)545-8484

Fax (212) 251-0429Email: [email protected]

Website: www.rezo.com/ronto

This is the official agency for tourism in Romania where either in person or by mail youcan obtain brochures and maps for travel in Romania. Although genealogy is not the mission of the agency, Director Alb can offer suggestions for contacting the National Archivesin Bucharest.

Hours are 9am to 5pm Monday through Friday. It is, however, a single person operation sothat it is advisable to call ahead before you visit.

Romanian Cultural Center

200 East 38 Street (near 3d Avenue)New York, NY 10016

Amalie TopirceanuPhone (212) 687-0180Fax (212) 687-0181

Romanian Consulate

200 East 38th Street

New York, NY 10016

Consul: Cela Sudeu

Phone (212) 682-9122

The Cultural Center has regularly scheduled conferences, concerts and exhibitions on current topics of Romania interest. There is also a small library with most books in Romanianalthough a few shelves are devoted to books in English. For current happenings, the Centerhas newspapers and magazines in Romanian.Hours are 9am to 6pm Monday through Friday, but closed each day between 1pm and2pm for lunch.

The Consulate will search for archival information about family members who were born orlived in Romania ONLY if you have precise dates, places, and names of persons and theirparents. Tlie cost for this service is $30 in cash or money order. Checks are not accepted. It ispreferable to call first before visiting the Consulate or sending your data by mail. You maybe advised to contact the Romanian Consulate in Los Angeles, CA or in Washington, DC ifyou live outside the New York area and are closer to one of these areas. Hours are 10am to1pm Monday through Friday.

Romanian Journal

415 Concourse Avenue

Bronx, NY 10455

Editor: Sorrin Botezatu

Phone (718) 993-8555Fax (718) 993-8334

A weekly newspaper in the Romanian language, the Journal is published every Wednesdayand contains information of interest to Romanians in the USA and abroad. There are sec

tions devoted to Israel and news specifically for Jewish Romanians. The Journal also hasprograms throughout the USA in the Romanian language on radio and television. Contactthe editor for specific programs and times. Office hours are 12am to 12pm Monday andTuesday and 12am to 12pm on Wednesday through Friday.