-
Role of Remittances in Reducing Vulnerability and Improving
Livelihoods of Forest Dewellers in Northwest PakistanDr. Babar
Shahbaz and Dr. Tanvir AliDeptt. of Agri. ExtensionUniversity of
Agriculture, Faisalabad
-
Natural Resource DegradationDeforestation = - 39,000 haSoil
erosionWater scarcityClimatic extremes
-
Development Disparities
-
District wise HDI in KPKRed box: Mountainous districts, Source:
UNDP NHDR 2003
-
Source SDPI-WFP (2009)
-
Source SDPI-WFP (2009)
-
Methodology(impact assessment of forest related institutions on
livelihoods of farmers)QualitativeKey Informant InterviewsFocus
Group InterviewsPersonal ObservationLiterature
ReviewQuantitativeStructured Questionnaire(400 randomly selected
households)
-
Chart2
13.3
12
2.3
2
25.8
14.8
18.3
10.5
0.5
Both
% of Respodents
Primary Sources of Income
sources
Sources of Cash Income
BothProjectNon-ProjectBothProjectNon-Project
11869195146.545.547.5
21577681239.253840.5
3 or more5733243 or more14.2516.512
Annual Income
MinimumMaximumMeanStd. Deviation
primary source40008000007465889951.1983
secondary source100080000039616.901466430.2762
tertiary source100015000022991.379325527.5035
Per capita income846.15123076.9210123.714110405.2284
sources
13.39.517
1216.57.5
2.32.52
23.50.5
25.826.525
14.81415
18.314.522
10.512.58.5
0.50.51
Both
Project
Non Project
% of Respodents
Primary Sources of Income
saving expenditures loan
46.647.545.5
15.310.520
7.596
3.843.5
33.52.5
10.3137.5
5.838.5
222
44.53.5
1.52.50.5
0.50.50.5
All
Project
Non Project
% Respondents
Secondry Sources of Income
migration
85.883.588
5.36.54
2.53.51.5
0.80.51
3.333.5
0.310.5
0.81.50.5
10.50.5
All
Project
Non Project
Tertiary Source of Income
Non-Project
Project
Both
Sources of cash income
47%
Non-Project 41%
12%
45%
Project, 38%
17%
47%
Both, 39%
14%
Both
Sources of cash income (all villages)
Bothprojectnon projectBothprojectnon project
no savings263129134no savings65.7564.567
livestock351916livestock8.759.58
cash612932cash15.2514.516
jewelry110jewelry0.250.50
land624land1.512
bank deposit1147bank2.7523.5
invest in business21147business5.2573.5
other220other0.510
food60
fire/fuel wood6
timber4
education6
health12
household items4
clothings3
rivaj etc.5
100
Bothprojectnon projectBothprojectnon project
no1517477no38.035264483637.185929648238.6934673367
yes246125121yes61.964735516462.814070351860.8040201005
BothProjectNon ProjectBothProjectNon Project
Relatives1437469Relatives58.130081300859.257.0247933884
Friends513219Friends20.731707317125.615.7024793388
Shopkeeper1637885Shopkeeper66.260162601662.470.2479338843
Bank18108Bank7.317073170786.6115702479
Both
project
non project
% Respondents
Savings
Expenditures
non project
project
Both
% of househods received loans
39%
37%
38%
Both
Project
Non Project
% of Respondents
Sources of loans
Migration by any member of the household during past 5 years
Nil56.1
Domestic32
Foreign11.9
100
74
26
Karachi115
Mardan20
Rawalpindi24
Other44
Azad Kashmir10
Lahore8
Total221
Saudi Arab62
Dubai5
Other10
Total77
Migrant Motivations
Labour130
Driver39
Army11
Employee44
Unemployed10
Study15
Other48
Migration by any household member during the past 5 years
Foreign12%
Migrant Destinations (Domestic)
Migrant Destinations (Foreign)
Activities/Motivations of Migrants
-
Main Sources of Cash IncomeLabour migrationDaily wage
labourerSalariesFarmingBusinessIncome from
forestsLivestockPension
-
Migration
Chart1
56.1
32
11.9
Migration by any household member during the past 5 years
Foreign12%
sources
Sources of Cash Income
BothProjectNon-ProjectBothProjectNon-Project
11869195146.545.547.5
21577681239.253840.5
3 or more5733243 or more14.2516.512
Annual Income
MinimumMaximumMeanStd. Deviation
primary source40008000007465889951.1983
secondary source100080000039616.901466430.2762
tertiary source100015000022991.379325527.5035
Per capita income846.15123076.9210123.714110405.2284
sources
13.39.517
1216.57.5
2.32.52
23.50.5
25.826.525
14.81415
18.314.522
10.512.58.5
0.50.51
Both
Project
Non Project
% of Respodents
Primary Sources of Income
saving expenditures loan
46.647.545.5
15.310.520
7.596
3.843.5
33.52.5
10.3137.5
5.838.5
222
44.53.5
1.52.50.5
0.50.50.5
All
Project
Non Project
% Respondents
Secondry Sources of Income
migration
85.883.588
5.36.54
2.53.51.5
0.80.51
3.333.5
0.310.5
0.81.50.5
10.50.5
All
Project
Non Project
Tertiary Source of Income
000
000
000
Non-Project
Project
Both
Sources of cash income
12%
47%
Non-Project 41%
17%
45%
Project, 38%
47%
14%
Both, 39%
0
0
0
Both
Sources of cash income (all villages)
Bothprojectnon projectBothprojectnon project
no savings263129134no savings65.7564.567
livestock351916livestock8.759.58
cash612932cash15.2514.516
jewelry110jewelry0.250.50
land624land1.512
bank deposit1147bank2.7523.5
invest in business21147business5.2573.5
other220other0.510
food60
fire/fuel wood6
timber4
education6
health12
household items4
clothings3
rivaj etc.5
100
Bothprojectnon projectBothprojectnon project
no1517477no38.035264483637.185929648238.6934673367
yes246125121yes61.964735516462.814070351860.8040201005
BothProjectNon ProjectBothProjectNon Project
Relatives1437469Relatives58.130081300859.257.0247933884
Friends513219Friends20.731707317125.615.7024793388
Shopkeeper1637885Shopkeeper66.260162601662.470.2479338843
Bank18108Bank7.317073170786.6115702479
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
Both
project
non project
% Respondents
Savings
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Expenditures
000
000
non project
project
Both
% of househods received loans
39%
37%
38%
000
000
000
000
Both
Project
Non Project
% of Respondents
Sources of loans
Migration by any member of the household during past 5 years
Nil56.1
Domestic32
Foreign11.9
100
74
26
Karachi115
Mardan20
Rawalpindi24
Other44
Azad Kashmir10
Lahore8
Total221
Saudi Arab62
Dubai5
Other10
Total77
Migrant Motivations
Labour130
Driver39
Army11
Employee44
Unemployed10
Study15
Other48
0
0
0
Migration by any household member during the past 5 years
Foreign12%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Migrant Destinations (Domestic)
0
0
0
Migrant Destinations (Foreign)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Activities/Motivations of Migrants
-
Chart2
115
20
24
44
10
8
Migrant Destinations (Domestic)
sources
Sources of Cash Income
BothProjectNon-ProjectBothProjectNon-Project
11869195146.545.547.5
21577681239.253840.5
3 or more5733243 or more14.2516.512
Annual Income
MinimumMaximumMeanStd. Deviation
primary source40008000007465889951.1983
secondary source100080000039616.901466430.2762
tertiary source100015000022991.379325527.5035
Per capita income846.15123076.9210123.714110405.2284
sources
13.39.517
1216.57.5
2.32.52
23.50.5
25.826.525
14.81415
18.314.522
10.512.58.5
0.50.51
Both
Project
Non Project
% of Respodents
Primary Sources of Income
saving expenditures loan
46.647.545.5
15.310.520
7.596
3.843.5
33.52.5
10.3137.5
5.838.5
222
44.53.5
1.52.50.5
0.50.50.5
All
Project
Non Project
% Respondents
Secondry Sources of Income
migration
85.883.588
5.36.54
2.53.51.5
0.80.51
3.333.5
0.310.5
0.81.50.5
10.50.5
All
Project
Non Project
Tertiary Source of Income
000
000
000
Non-Project
Project
Both
Sources of cash income
12%
47%
Non-Project 41%
17%
45%
Project, 38%
47%
14%
Both, 39%
0
0
0
Both
Sources of cash income (all villages)
Bothprojectnon projectBothprojectnon project
no savings263129134no savings65.7564.567
livestock351916livestock8.759.58
cash612932cash15.2514.516
jewelry110jewelry0.250.50
land624land1.512
bank deposit1147bank2.7523.5
invest in business21147business5.2573.5
other220other0.510
food60
fire/fuel wood6
timber4
education6
health12
household items4
clothings3
rivaj etc.5
100
Bothprojectnon projectBothprojectnon project
no1517477no38.035264483637.185929648238.6934673367
yes246125121yes61.964735516462.814070351860.8040201005
BothProjectNon ProjectBothProjectNon Project
Relatives1437469Relatives58.130081300859.257.0247933884
Friends513219Friends20.731707317125.615.7024793388
Shopkeeper1637885Shopkeeper66.260162601662.470.2479338843
Bank18108Bank7.317073170786.6115702479
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
Both
project
non project
% Respondents
Savings
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Expenditures
000
000
non project
project
Both
% of househods received loans
39%
37%
38%
000
000
000
000
Both
Project
Non Project
% of Respondents
Sources of loans
Migration by any member of the household during past 5 years
Nil56.1
Domestic32
Foreign11.9
100
74
26
Karachi115
Mardan20
Rawalpindi24
Other44
Azad Kashmir10
Lahore8
Total221
Saudi Arab62
Dubai5
Other10
Total77
Migrant Motivations
Labour130
Driver39
Army11
Employee44
Unemployed10
Study15
Other48
0
0
0
Migration by any household member during the past 5 years
Foreign12%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Migrant Destinations (Domestic)
0
0
0
Migrant Destinations (Foreign)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Activities/Motivations of Migrants
Chart3
62
5
10
Migrant Destinations (Foreign)
sources
Sources of Cash Income
BothProjectNon-ProjectBothProjectNon-Project
11869195146.545.547.5
21577681239.253840.5
3 or more5733243 or more14.2516.512
Annual Income
MinimumMaximumMeanStd. Deviation
primary source40008000007465889951.1983
secondary source100080000039616.901466430.2762
tertiary source100015000022991.379325527.5035
Per capita income846.15123076.9210123.714110405.2284
sources
13.39.517
1216.57.5
2.32.52
23.50.5
25.826.525
14.81415
18.314.522
10.512.58.5
0.50.51
Both
Project
Non Project
% of Respodents
Primary Sources of Income
saving expenditures loan
46.647.545.5
15.310.520
7.596
3.843.5
33.52.5
10.3137.5
5.838.5
222
44.53.5
1.52.50.5
0.50.50.5
All
Project
Non Project
% Respondents
Secondry Sources of Income
migration
85.883.588
5.36.54
2.53.51.5
0.80.51
3.333.5
0.310.5
0.81.50.5
10.50.5
All
Project
Non Project
Tertiary Source of Income
000
000
000
Non-Project
Project
Both
Sources of cash income
12%
47%
Non-Project 41%
17%
45%
Project, 38%
47%
14%
Both, 39%
0
0
0
Both
Sources of cash income (all villages)
Bothprojectnon projectBothprojectnon project
no savings263129134no savings65.7564.567
livestock351916livestock8.759.58
cash612932cash15.2514.516
jewelry110jewelry0.250.50
land624land1.512
bank deposit1147bank2.7523.5
invest in business21147business5.2573.5
other220other0.510
food60
fire/fuel wood6
timber4
education6
health12
household items4
clothings3
rivaj etc.5
100
Bothprojectnon projectBothprojectnon project
no1517477no38.035264483637.185929648238.6934673367
yes246125121yes61.964735516462.814070351860.8040201005
BothProjectNon ProjectBothProjectNon Project
Relatives1437469Relatives58.130081300859.257.0247933884
Friends513219Friends20.731707317125.615.7024793388
Shopkeeper1637885Shopkeeper66.260162601662.470.2479338843
Bank18108Bank7.317073170786.6115702479
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
Both
project
non project
% Respondents
Savings
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Expenditures
000
000
non project
project
Both
% of househods received loans
39%
37%
38%
000
000
000
000
Both
Project
Non Project
% of Respondents
Sources of loans
Migration by any member of the household during past 5 years
Nil56.1
Domestic32
Foreign11.9
100
74
26
Karachi115
Mardan20
Rawalpindi24
Other44
Azad Kashmir10
Lahore8
Total221
Saudi Arab62
Dubai5
Other10
Total77
Migrant Motivations
Labour130
Driver39
Army11
Employee44
Unemployed10
Study15
Other48
0
0
0
Migration by any household member during the past 5 years
Foreign12%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Migrant Destinations (Domestic)
0
0
0
Migrant Destinations (Foreign)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Activities/Motivations of Migrants
-
VulnerabilityTrend (Human Factors) during past 5 yearsAt least
one adult male in 43.5% of the households was unemployed
Chart3
4.47
4.55
3.83
4.35
Both
1=Decrease a lot...5=Increase a lot
Perceived trend past 5 years
all-t-test
TRENDS PAST 5 YEARS
MeanS.D.T-valueSig
ForestsProject2.220.92
Non-Project1.660.63
Both1.940.847.0810.00**
Water Resources
Project2.390.81
Non-Project2.470.74
Both2.430.78-1.0320.303
Population
Project4.510.52
Non-Project4.430.51
Both4.470.511.6560.099
Price of Food
Project4.530.61
Non-Project4.580.5
Both4.550.56-0.8940.372
Conflicta Over Land
Project2.820.66
Non-Project30.67
Both2.910.67-2.6950.007**
Conflicta Over Forests
Project2.810.61
Non-Project3.020.74
Both2.910.68-3.1020.002**
Political Conflict
Project2.860.53
Non-Project3.130.5
Both2.990.54-5.2930**
Tribal Conflicts
Project2.850.52
Non-Project2.990.57
Both2.910.55-2.5590.011**
Rains/Snow
Project2.060.82
Non-Project2.350.87
Both2.20.86-3.4930.001**
Soil QualityProject2.620.81
Non-Project2.650.76
Both2.630.78-0.3830.702
Diseases
Project3.830.63
Non-Project3.840.64
Both3.830.63-0.1580.874
Earthquake
Project3.070.55
Non-Project3.10.54
Both3.080.54-0.4590.647
Landslides
Project2.990.55
Non-Project3.050.63
Both3.010.59-1.0130.312
Floods
Project2.850.72
Non-Project2.950.59
Both2.90.66-1.510.132
Forest Fires
Project2.780.81
Non-Project2.980.95
Both2.880.89-2.2670.024*
crop Pest/Diseases
Project3.570.67
Non-Project3.680.7
Both3.620.69-1.6050.109
Livestock Diseases
Project3.640.67
Non-Project3.740.67
Both3.690.67-1.5660.118
Unemployment
Project4.330.65
Non-Project4.380.58
Both4.350.62-0.8110.418
Afghan Refugee
Project2.670.72
Non-Project2.880.5
Both2.770.63-3.4830.001**
Illegal Cutting (outsider)
Project2.650.93
Non-Project3.661.07
Both3.151.13-10.0910**
Illegal Cutting (villagers)
Project2.970.98
Non-Project3.970.92
Both3.471.07-10.4830**
Corruption in govt
Project4.440.73
Non-Project4.470.63
Both4.460.68-0.5160.606
TREND
NATURAL
ForestWaterRain/SnowSoil QualityLand slidesForest FireCrop
PestLivestock PestIllegal cutting (villagers)Illegal cutting
(villagers)
decreased a lot133387225631112811
decreased a little1811852161444782818681
remained same651447218628420316916313083
increased a little213339426174186192104160
increased a lot001321036435165
ForestWaterRain/SnowSoil QualityLand slidesForest FireCrop
PestLivestock PestIllegal cutting (villagers)Illegal cutting
(outsiders)
decreased a lot33.259.5186.251.57.750.250.2572.75
decreased a little45.2546.25543611.7520.520.2521.520.25
remained same16.25361846.57150.7542.2540.7532.520.75
increased a little5.258.259.7510.515.2518.546.5482640
increased a lot000.250.750.52.5910.7512.7516.25
natural
TRENDS PAST 5 YEARS
MeanS.D.T-valueSigProjectNon-ProjectBoth
ForestsForests2.221.661.94
Project2.220.92illeg Cut (out)2.653.663.15
Non-Project1.660.63illegCut (vill)2.973.973.47
Both1.940.847.0810**Forest Fires2.782.982.88
Illegal Cutting (outsider)Conf (Forest)2.813.022.91
Project2.650.93Pest (crop)3.573.683.62
Non-Project3.661.07Diseese (l.s)3.643.743.69
Both3.151.13-10.0910**Rains/Snow2.062.352.2
Illegal Cutting (villagers)Soil Quality2.622.652.63
Project2.970.98Water2.392.472.43
Non-Project3.970.92
Both3.471.07-10.4830**
Forest Fires
Project2.780.81
Non-Project2.980.95
Both2.880.89-2.2670.024*
crop Pest/Diseases
Project3.570.67
Non-Project3.680.7
Both3.620.69-1.6050.109
Livestock Diseases
Project3.640.67
Non-Project3.740.67
Both3.690.67-1.5660.118
Conflicta Over Forests
Project2.810.61
Non-Project3.020.74
Both2.910.68-3.1020.002**
Rains/Snow
Project2.060.82
Non-Project2.350.87
Both2.20.86-3.4930.001**
Soil Quality
Project2.620.81
Non-Project2.650.76
Both2.630.78-0.3830.702
Water Resources
Project2.390.81
Non-Project2.470.74
Both2.430.78-1.0320.303
Trend (Past 12 months)
MeanS.D.T-valueSigProjectNon-ProjectBoth
ForestsForests2.641.872.25
Project2.640.85Distrib of Sapling3.22.692.95
Non-Project1.870.68Illegal Cutting3.022.242.63
Both2.2550.76510.0340**Water3.192.93.05
Distribution of Sapling
Project3.20.67
Non-Project2.690.55
Both2.9450.618.4130**
Illegal Cutting
Project3.020.85
Non-Project2.240.9
Both2.630.8758.9840**
Water
Project3.190.68
Non-Project2.90.84
Both3.0450.761.0750.283
Suffered During past 12 months
MeanS.D.T-valueSigProjectNon-ProjectBoth
Lack of woodLack of wood1.471.341.4
Project1.471.67Animal Diseases0.840.570.7
Non-Project1.341.7Natural Disaster0.490.40.45
Both1.4051.685-1.5930.112
Animal Diseases
Project0.841.49
Non-Project0.571.32
Both0.7051.4050.5650.573
Natural Disaster
Project0.491.22
Non-Project0.41.14
Both0.4451.18-1.5930.112
natural
Project
Non-Project
Both
1=Decreased a lot....5=increased a lot
Trend (Natural Factors) in past 5 years
human
Project
Non-Project
Both
Trend (Natural) - past 12 months
physical
MeanS.D.T-valueSigProjectNon-ProjectBoth
PopulationPopulation4.514.434.47
Project4.510.52Price of Food4.534.584.55
Non-Project4.430.51Diseases3.833.843.83
Both4.470.511.6560.099Unemployment4.334.384.35
Price of Food
Project4.530.61
Non-Project4.580.5
Both4.550.56-0.8940.372
Diseases
Project3.830.63
Non-Project3.840.64
Both3.830.63-0.1580.874
Unemployment
Project4.330.65
Non-Project4.380.58
Both4.350.62-0.8110.418
House Suffered During Past 12 months
MeanS.D.T-valueSig
Insufficient Food
Project1.491.43
Non-Project1.731.52
Both1.611.475-1.5930.112
Illness
Project2.261.43
Non-Project2.171.58
Both2.2151.5050.5650.573
EducationHealth
nil11.911.2
poverty39.525.5
too far2330.9
poor service9.128.6
poverty + too far10.61.3
culture2.80
physical
Project
Non-Project
Both
Trend (Human) past 5 years
social
Education
Health
% of respondents
Constraints in Education & Health
financial
Past 12 months
MeanS.D.T-valueSigProjectNon-ProjectBoth
Educational ServicesEducational Services3.192.93
Project3.190.68Health Services2.892.62.75
Non-Project2.90.84Roads3.222.732.98
Both3.0450.763.8840**
Health Services
Project2.890.61
Non-Project2.60.58
Both2.7450.5954.7990**
Roads
Project3.220.78
Non-Project2.730.68
Both2.9750.736.7180**
financial
Project
Non-Project
Both
Trends (Physical) - past 12 months
Sheet7
Conflicta Over Land
Project2.820.66ProjectNon-ProjectBoth
Non-Project30.67Conflicts Over Land2.8232.91
Both2.910.67-2.6950.007**Conflicts Over Forests2.813.022.91
Conflicta Over ForestsPolitical Conflict2.863.132.99
Project2.810.61Tribal Conflicts2.852.992.91
Non-Project3.020.74
Both2.910.68-3.1020.002**
Political Conflict
Project2.860.53
Non-Project3.130.5
Both2.990.54-5.2930**
Tribal Conflicts
Project2.850.52
Non-Project2.990.57
Both2.910.55-2.5590.011**
Sheet7
Project
Non-Project
Both
Trends (Social) Conflicts - past 5 years
Household suffered during past 12 months
MeanS.D.T-valueSig
Lack of Cash
Project1.831.38
Non-Project1.821.45
Both1.8251.4150.0350.972
Unemployment
Project1.61.55
Non-Project2.021.61
Both1.811.58-2.6720.008**
Lack of cash
Lack of Cash
not at all27
to a very great extent16.5
to great extent16.3
to some extent27.8
to less extent12.5
Total
SEASONALITY
PrimarySecondaryTertiary
full year75.853.341.4
8-10 months9.87.11.7
6 months1427.422.4
less than 6 months0.512.332.8
Household suffered due to lack of cash
full year
8-10 months
6 months
less than 6 months
% of respondents
Seasonality of Income Sources
T-valueSig
Forests7.0810.000**
Illegal Cutting (outsider)-10.0910.000**
Illegal Cutting (villagers)-10.4830.000**
Forest Fires-2.2670.024*
Conflicta Over Forests-3.1020.002**
Political Conflict-5.2930.000**
MBD002E44DA.bin
MBD002E72F9.bin
MBD002E8745.bin
MBD002E5870.bin
MBD002DB6D8.bin
-
Remittances for Subsistence
Chart7
60
6
4
6
12
4
3
5
Expenditures
sources
Sources of Cash Income
BothProjectNon-ProjectBothProjectNon-Project
11869195146.545.547.5
21577681239.253840.5
3 or more5733243 or more14.2516.512
Annual Income
MinimumMaximumMeanStd. Deviation
primary source40008000007465889951.1983
secondary source100080000039616.901466430.2762
tertiary source100015000022991.379325527.5035
Per capita income846.15123076.9210123.714110405.2284
sources
13.39.517
1216.57.5
2.32.52
23.50.5
25.826.525
14.81415
18.314.522
10.512.58.5
0.50.51
Both
Project
Non Project
% of Respodents
Primary Sources of Income
saving expenditures loan
46.647.545.5
15.310.520
7.596
3.843.5
33.52.5
10.3137.5
5.838.5
222
44.53.5
1.52.50.5
0.50.50.5
All
Project
Non Project
% Respondents
Secondry Sources of Income
migration
85.883.588
5.36.54
2.53.51.5
0.80.51
3.333.5
0.310.5
0.81.50.5
10.50.5
All
Project
Non Project
Tertiary Source of Income
000
000
000
Non-Project
Project
Both
Sources of cash income
12%
47%
Non-Project 41%
17%
45%
Project, 38%
47%
14%
Both, 39%
0
0
0
Both
Sources of cash income (all villages)
Bothprojectnon projectBothprojectnon project
no savings263129134nil65.7564.567
livestock351916livestock8.759.58
cash612932cash15.2514.516
jewelry110jewelry0.250.50
land624land1.512
bank deposit1147bank2.7523.5
invest in business21147business5.2573.5
other220other0.510
food60
fire/fuel wood6
timber4
education6
health12
household items4
clothings3
rivaj etc.5
100
Bothprojectnon projectBothprojectnon project
no1517477no38.035264483637.185929648238.6934673367
yes246125121yes61.964735516462.814070351860.8040201005
BothProjectNon ProjectBothProjectNon Project
Relatives1437469Relatives58.130081300859.257.0247933884
Friends513219Friends20.731707317125.615.7024793388
Shopkeeper1637885Shopkeeper66.260162601662.470.2479338843
Bank18108Bank7.317073170786.6115702479
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
Both
project
non project
% Respondents
Savings
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Expenditures
000
000
non project
project
Both
% of househods received loans
39%
37%
38%
000
000
000
000
Both
Project
Non Project
% of Respondents
Sources of loans
Migration by any member of the household during past 5 years
Nil56.1
Domestic32
Foreign11.9
100
74
26
Karachi115
Mardan20
Rawalpindi24
Other44
Azad Kashmir10
Lahore8
Total221
Saudi Arab62
Dubai5
Other10
Total77
Migrant Motivations
Labour130
Driver39
Army11
Employee44
Unemployed10
Study15
Other48
0
0
0
Migration by any household member during the past 5 years
Foreign12%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Migrant Destinations (Domestic)
0
0
0
Migrant Destinations (Foreign)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Activities/Motivations of Migrants
-
Conclusionsmajority of the local people were not dependent on
the natural resource for their cash income rather they had adopted
diverse non-natural resource based activities such as migration,
labour, small business etc.
Financial livelihood concerns are not met from forests (e. g. by
selling timber), but by selling labour in the context of
migration.
due to inadequate human capital (illiteracy, poor health) most
of the migrants were doing minor and irregular jobs.
Remittances are used for subsistence and thus ease-up the
vulnerability to food insecurity
The institutional changes in the agriculture and forestry sector
of KPK might have had an impact on the current livelihood
strategies by employing rural youth in the activities such as
forest protection, new plantations etc. and thus providing a
regular source of income for them.
-
Emerging Issues for Further Research
Links between migration, rural development (interventions) and
natural resource (forest) management.
Social Networks / social capitalUses of migrants knowledge
Sustainability..?
-
THANKS.!
*Infrastructure is minimal, large family size, agricultural
productivity,................... ..............social networking
and tradition to support one another*
