Role of aerobic metabolism in sprint

swimmingEnhancing performance

Dr Jamie Pringle; Dr Mike PeyrebruneEnglish Institute of Sport, Loughborough

Physiological description

Differences between

individuals

Potential to enhance it?

Long v short course differences

Aerobic/efficiency interactions

Disproportional high volume of training

Optimising warm-up

Examples from the research

Sprint v endurance trained

Fitness status

Examples from other sports

Sprinting Definition• Olympic events

• 50m Free & 100m events

• Long Course vs. Short Course

• Duration- 22 to 26 s- 48 to 70 s

• Further adjustments for juniors & sub-elite level

Physiological Physiological descriptiondescription

50m 100m

Aerobic Anaerobic Aerobic Anaerobic

Maglischo ’82 2 98 10 90

Gastin ’02 20 80 40 60

Troup ’94 31 69 46 54

Ring et al., ’96 18-29 82-71

Energy Metabolism

From Gastin (2001). Energy System Interaction and Relative Contribution During Maximal Exercise. Sports. Med. 31:725-741

88 73 6355 4944 37 27 21

12 27 3745 5156 63 73 79AEROBIC %

ANAEROBIC %

Review of 30+ studies

Considerably larger aerobic component than previously understood

74.0

26.0

39.6

60.4

0102030405060708090

100

En

erg

y

Con

trib

uti

on (

%)

50m 100m

Distance

Anaerobic Contribution Aerobic Contribution

Differences Differences between between

individualsindividuals

FASTER VO2 KINETICSDECREASES O2

DEFICIT

Cardiac patient or very unfitSedentary

Endurance trained

Pringle et al (2003). Oxygen uptake kinetics during moderate, heavy and severe intensity ‘submaximal’ exercise in humans: the influence of muscle fibre type and capillarisation. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., Vol. 89, pp. 289-290

Heavyr = 0.537 P = 0.048

n = 14

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1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9

Capillary to fibre ratio (C:F)

VO

2 p

rim

ary

com

po

nen

t g

ain

(m

L ·

min

-1 ·

W-1

)

.

High type I fibres

High type II fibres

Potential for Potential for enhancement?enhancement?

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Anaerobic

Aerobic

Anaerobic work capacity (AWC) and oxygen use – all-out

55% anaerobic

45% aerobic

60 s race

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Aerobic

VO2 kinetics

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The speed at which VO2 rises

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Carter, Pringle, Barstow, Doust (2006). Int. J. Sports Med., Vol. 27, pp. 149-157

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aerobicaerobic

OO22 deficit deficit

110% VO2 max

2:20 ± 0:06 min:s

100% VO2 max

5:13 ± 0:50 min:s 9:48 ± 0:47 min:s

~95% VO2 max

Total O2 used: 6 L

Total O2 required: 20 L

O2 deficit: 14 L

Total O2 used: 15 L

Total O2 required: 29 L

O2 deficit: 14 L

Total O2 used: 31 L

Total O2 required: 36 L

O2 deficit: 15 L

OO22 deficit deficitOO22 deficit deficit

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Time (s)

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Bout 1Baseline [lactate] = 1.2 mMBout 2Baseline [lactate] = 4.9 mM

.

Prior heavy exercise• Raises blood lactate – to 3 to 6 mM region• Muscle ‘vasodilatates’ – blood flow and oxygen delivery improved

Subsequent exercise

• VO2 response is effectively ‘speeded’ – faster adaptation

• Repeated sprint recovery improved

Burnley et al. (2001). Exp Physiol ;86; 417-425;

Prior heavy exercise• Effect lasts for ~30 min• Lactate elevated for up to an

hour• Balance between

recovery/restoration of AWC and residual effects of vasodilatation

Burnley et al (2006). J. Appl. Physiol., Vol. 101, pp. 1320-1327

10 min 20 min

30 min 40 min

50 min

10 min10 min 2 min2 min 5 min 5 min

70% 70% All-outAll-out

• No warm-upNo warm-up• Moderate: 80% LTModerate: 80% LT• Heavy: 6 min at 50% Heavy: 6 min at 50% • Sprint: 30 s all-out WingateSprint: 30 s all-out Wingate

BloodBlood BloodBlood

Differing types of warm-upDiffering types of warm-up

Sel

f-pa

ced

Fix

ed

Burnley et al. (2005). Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 37(5):838-845

1.0 mM B[La]338 W (+3%)

1.0 mM B[La]330 W

3.0 mM B[La]339 W (+3%)

5.9 mM B[La]324 W (-2%)

Burnley et al. (2005). Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 37(5):838-845

No warm up 6 min easy paced

30 s all-out effort6 min ‘heavy’

Effect of prior heavy and severe intensity exercise on swimming performance in relation to

critical speed and anaerobic distance capacity

Hunt J ,Brickley G, Dekerle J, Pringle J.

Hunt et al, (2009) (submitted)

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Moderate Heavy Severe

% VO2 Max

LT CP VO2 Max

MARKERS OR EXERCISE INTENSITY

Time (min)

pH

Time (min)

[PC

r] %

PCr

pH

Time (min)

[Pi]

%

Pi

10% <CP 10% >CP

MUSCLE METABOLIC RESPONSES TO EXERCISE ABOVE AND BELOW THE ‘CRITICAL POWER’

Jones, Wilkerson, DiMenna, Fulford, Poole (2007). Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, 294:585-593

EFFECT OF PRIOR EXERCISE

Prior heavy intensity exercise enhances exercise tolerance (Carter et

al, 2005)

•Residual acidemia (<5mM; Burnley et el, 2005)= Vasodilation

•Bohr shift in Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve = O2 delivery

•Elevated baseline VO2 (short recovery only)

VO2 slow component

O2 Deficit

Prior Severe intensity exercise reduces exercise tolerance (Jones et al, 2003; Carter et al, 2005)

•Depletes anaerobic work capacity (Ferguson et a, 2007; Jones et al, 2007)

•Accumulation of fatigue related metabolites (H+, Pi, K+) (Jones at al, 2007)

Ha = Prior heavy intensity exercise would improve performance whilst severe exercise would decrease performance in proportion to the (known) depletion of the anaerobic work (distance) capacity incurred in the prior exercise bout

STAGE 1 STAGE 2

PRE-TEST/ CONTOL

HEAVY

198 s at 95% of critical speed

SEVERE

180 s at 105% of critical speed

PRIOR EXERCISE CONDITION

PERFORMANCE TEST- SWIM

TRIALS100m Free

100m Free

800m Free

800m Free

NO PRIOR EXERCISE

100m Free

400m Free

800m Free

Measures:

Performance time without prior exercise-Derivation of the d v t relationship and estimation of CSS & ADC.

Performance time for maximal effort swim trials –used to recalculate the CSS & ADC under prior exercise conditions

Methods•Nine trained swimmers (4 female; age, 24 ± 2 years; mass 70 ± 4 kg) participated

•Differences between conditions were tested using repeated measures ANOVA

•Relationships between data assessed using Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation

Results

Measure  (Significantly different to control P < 0.05)

Prior exercise Time (s) CSS (m.s-1) ADC (m) SR (cycles.min -1) SL (m.cycle-1)

  100m 800m     100m 800m 100m 800m

CONTOL 69.0 ± 3.1672.2 ±

20.5 1.17 ± 0.03 20.1 ± 1.8 45.8 ± 1.5 33.2 ± 1.0 1.34 ± 0.04 1.82 ±0.05

HEAVY 70.0 ± 3.5 666.2 ±

22.0 1.18 ± 0.04 18.1 ± 1.842.1 ±

1.3 32.4 ± 0.81.46 ± 0.04 1.86 ±0.04

SEVERE74.6 ±

3.5670.1 ±

21.2 1.18 ± 0.03 12.7 ± 1.839.9 ±

1.6 32.9 ± 091.55 ± 0.06 1.83 ±0.05

Depletion of ADC (%)

% w

ors

enin

g o

f perf

orm

an

ce

tim

e

•No ergogenic effect after HEAVY warm-up

• Uniqueness of performance protocol

•Anaerobic distance capacity was reduced by ~40% after SEVERE exercise

•The worsening in 100m trial performance after SEVERE prior exercise was significantly related to the reduction in ADC incurred (r = 0.72; P <0.05)

•800 m performance requiring a large aerobic contribution was less affected by reduced anaerobic reserve

• Aerobic ~ 90%; Anaerobic ~10%

• i.e. 40% reduction in 10%

4% reduction in total work is not detectable in this protocol

Pringle and Defever (2008, in press). Pre-exercise vasodilatation enhances total work production by increasing the aerobic contribution to ‘all-out’ cycle exercise and elevating the critical power

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~10 to 13% more O2 used

Power ~7 to 10 % higher

~7 to 10% more work achieved

Significant beyond ~45 s

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)Pringle and Defever (2008, in press). Pre-exercise vasodilatation enhances total work production by increasing the aerobic contribution to ‘all-out’ cycle exercise and elevating the critical power

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Long Long v.v. short short coursecourse

Length Dive Swim Approach

1 5 s 6 s 1 s

2 5 s 8 s 1 s

3 4 s 9 s 1 s

4 4 s 10 s 1 s

Total 18 s 33 s 4 s

Short Course

Total Time = 55 seconds

Length Dive Swim Approach

1 5 s 21 s 1 s

2 4 s 24 s 1 s

Total 9 s 45 s 2 s

Long Course

Total Time = 56 seconds

1.Total swim time increases from 33 s to 45 s• Greater stress on aerobic energy sources

2. Swimming ~23 s sustained without a 'recovery‘ rather than 6-10 s

•approximately 3 times the duration without a break - not double.

Long Course vs. Short Course

3. Check Stroke Counts to illustrate: ~ 3 to 1

Economy and Economy and efficiencyefficiency

Maybe the real reason for high volume?

Training volume improves Training volume improves efficiencyefficiency

““I train around 35 hours a week which I train around 35 hours a week which means I probably swim around 120 means I probably swim around 120 km over the seven days. I guess that km over the seven days. I guess that is probably more than a lot of people is probably more than a lot of people drive! … I do two swimming sessions drive! … I do two swimming sessions a day, seven days a week… it's very a day, seven days a week… it's very hard work and the early mornings are hard work and the early mornings are tough but I enjoy the challenge. “tough but I enjoy the challenge. “

Ian Thorpe, BBC Sport 2002Ian Thorpe, BBC Sport 2002

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Coyle (2005)Coyle (2005) Improved muscular efficiency displayed as Tour de Improved muscular efficiency displayed as Tour de France champion matures France champion matures J. Appl PhysiolJ. Appl Physiol 98: 2191-2196 98: 2191-2196

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2nd LTP.

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•Relationship between training history and efficiency

•Metabolic component•Skill component

•Improvements throughout a career

•Can compensate for lesser VO2 max

Physiological description

Differences between

individuals

Potential to enhance it?

Long v short course differences

Aerobic/efficiency interactions

Disproportional high volume of training

Optimising warm-up

Examples from the research

Sprint v endurance trained

Fitness status

Examples from other sports