Rock Engineering for Foundations, Slopes and Tunnels

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Antonio Associates

4 Berrow Road Burnham-on-Sea Somerset TA8 2ET United Kingdom

telephone: +44 (0)1278 764000 / 786787 facsimile: +44 (0)1278 764004 / 795577e-mail:[email protected]

RegisteredinEnglandnumber 3537680

A list of countries for principle rockengineering projects includes:

# Unit ed Kingdom: Rock structure

assessment f or A82 Loch Lomond Road

Cutting, M1-M62 Motorw ay Inter-

change, H inkley Point “C” Nuclear

Power Station foundation investigation,

M4 -Bryn Glas By-Pass Road Cuttin g,

Plymout h Tank Farm Inspection s

# Egypt: Suez Rock armo ur quarry design

# Un ited Arab Emirates: Fujairah Rock

armour quarry design

# Australia: Port H edland Harbour Rock

Dredging Investigations.

# Mauriti us: Assessment of Rock Slopes

and tunn els for Port Louis Ring Road

# Pakistan: Swabi Scarp Water Suppl y

Project (10km of new and refurbi shed)

rock tunnels), Indus Hi ghway Project,

Bridge Foundation Report

# Indi a: Bombay Sewerage Project (twi n

three kilometre marine outfall tunnels

and two I PS 35m di ameter, 45m deep

rock shafts)

# Mal aysia: Bakun Dam A ccess Road

slope design advice (includi ng 80m high

rock cutting reinforcement design)

# Hon g Kong: Risk analysis and slope

protectio n design for Ting Kau rock

slopes on Tuen Mun H ighway.

# Iran: Kerman Water Suppl y, technical

assessment studies for dam and 64km

tunnel construction.

Rock mechanics has been a major aspect of workfor Antonio Associates for many years and majorprojects have been completed in all parts of theworld.

Rock engineering projects for highway cuttings,foundations and underground structures and theexcavation of rock or the design of permanentstructures in rock requires a thoroughunderstanding of:

# all rock types and full rock structure,

# in-situ stress history and induced

changes,

# rock material strength and joint strength,# optimum and effective reinforcement,

# the effects of water, and,

# an understanding of how t hese

measurements are appli ed to the l arge

scale engineering proj ect.

Despite the fact that many rock materialsare stronger than the concrete of moststructures, engineering projects in rock

require thorough consideration. Only in very

particular circumstances can a rock mass beanalysed in a similar way to soil. When deepunderground or when the size of discontinuities,faults and large joints in most rock masses are of a similar scale to the engineering design, is whenother design methods can be used which followthe principles of rock mechanics.

Antonio Associates has provided expert supportto projects for the design of rock foundations,rock cuttings, water supply tunnels, rail and roadtunnels, quarries and rock-filled embankments.

Rock Engineering for

Foundations, Slopesand Tunnels



documentfilenameH:\A ntonioAssociates\BrochureSpArea99.wpd . documentdated:1998-09-14

Typically, on large projects,geological site surveys,including field mapping andcoring is required to providebasic field data for initialdesign.

Rock structure is assessed with controlledsampling techniques using scanline surveys andstereographic projection methods may be usedfor presentation and as design tools.

Using field observations, field testing, simple orin some cases highly sophisticated laboratorytesting techniques, the basic relationshipsbetween rock mass and rock material strength canbe assessed and utilised in the design.

Surface or underground design must reflect theinterplay of rock strength and rock structure andoften a statistical approach is used to provideworking designs.

Obtaining some knowledge of in-situ stress isoften a greater concern than rock strength forunderground excavations. Weak layers or weak joints may fail and cause local deformation of good quality rock in other areas of the opening.

Rock engineering projects

require a thorough

understanding of the interplay of

mass and material properties.

R o c k

F o u n d a t i o n s ,

S l o p e s a n d T u n n e l s



Antonio Associates




A list of countries for foundations andretaining structures projects includes:

# United Kingdom: M1-M62 Motor

way Interchange, H inkley Point

“C” Nuclear Power Station

foundation i nvestigation and

foundation design, M4-Bryn Glas

By-Pass, A40 O xford By -Pass, A36

Salisbury By -Pass, Shrew sbury By-

Pass, Royal Portbury D ocks Quay

Wall s and Coal Store, Fawl ey

Power Station , Southpo rt Waste Treatment Work s, Portishead

Power Station Redevelopment,

Plymouth Shell Oil Store.

# Sierra Leone: Beach H otel

Foundation Design

# Pakistan: Indus Highw ay Project,

Bridge Foundation Report

# Indi a: Bombay Sewerage project

(two 3km marine outfall tunnels

and tw in IPS 45m rock shafts)

# Ho ng Kong: Risk analysis and

slope protection design for Ting

Kau rock slopes on Tuen Mun Highway.)

All structures, large and small, require adequatefoundations. For structures placed on soil or rockthe foundation materials must be assessed interms of:

# material ty pe and strength,

# soil consoli dation characteristics

and rock material and joint

compressibility,

# foundation load distribution and

active and passive l oad estimates,

# the effects of water, and,

# an understanding of how t hese

measurements are applied to th e

scale of the engineering project.

Large foundation loads must be distributedthroughout the foundation so as to minimise totaland differential settlements and maintain anadequate factor of safety over failure.

Heavy foundations for power stations,bridges and retaining structures have beeninvestigated and designed by Antonio

Associates. Foundation materials have rangedfrom weak and compressible alluvial soilsthrough tropical residual soils and soft rocks suchas chalk, to hard rocks with compressible jointsets.

Foundations and

Retaining Structures




Highways projects generally bring a series of foundation problems not only for the highwayconstruction itself but also for the foundations of bridges and embankments.

Coastal defenses, canals and water crossingsrequire repair and upgrading, frequently withsheet piling. On strong rock, the critical factor is often rock

structure. Joints, particularly when weathered,give rise to compressible layers which causesettlement problems due to the very high loads

generated by bridgeabutments and otherlarge structures.

As the site topography changes, so may thegeology, water levels and ground structure.Adjacent foundations may requires differentsolutions and interactions can arise.

A thorough understanding of

ground cond itions and structure

loadi ng is developed and

appli ed to each site.

F o u

n d a t i o n s a n d

R e t a i n i n g S t r u

c t u r e s



Antonio Associates




A list of countries for the principle projectsfor embankment and slopes includes:

# United Kingdom: M1-M62

Motorw ay Interchange,, A40

Oxford By-Pass, A36 Salisbury By-

Pass, Shrewsbury By-Pass, Royal

Portbury Docks Quay Wal ls and

Coal Store, Portishead Power

Station Redevelopment, Plymout h

Shell Oi l Store, Greenways Waste

Management Consultancy

# Denmark: D yke Investigation

# Mal aysia: Bakun Dam A ccess Road

rock and soil slope design reviews

# Pakistan: Swab i Scarp access road

rock slopes.

# Hon g Kong: Ting Kau rock slopes

Vertical alignment for highways, railways andwater systems inevitably require cuttings andembankment structures to bring the naturaltopography onto an acceptable design grade.

Embankments and excavations are also requiredfor quarry excavations and containment sites as inlandfill.

For cuttings, the natural geological profile mustbe excavated to a safe angle. Whether in soil orrock, an engineering geological assessment of thenatural ground must be made which demands anunderstanding of:

# the geological hi story and the local

processes of weatheri ng and

erosion,

# the local hydrological regime,

# soil mo isture state and strength,

# safe slope angl es for construction.

For embankments, the behavior of the naturalmaterials must be understood at the time of placement and compaction, taking into accountthe changes that may occur to source materialsafter excavation. The foundations of theembankment are also a consideration.

An embankment design must address:

# the in-situ and

as-placed

character of the

material to be

used for

construction,

# character of

foundation

materials,# the local

hydrological

regime,

# strength and

consolidation

characteristics of

filli ng and

foundation soils,

# safe slope angles

for construction .

Creating a cutting or embankment imposes

changes to the original site-and mostimportantly to the local in-situ stress and

hydrological regime.

Embankments and cuttings have beeninvestigated and designed by Antonio Associatesfor highway, landfill and water supply projects.

Cuttings in soil, in tropical residual soils, in freshand weathered rock masses, have been designed,as well as embankments from soil, chalk, strongrock on competent and weak ground and withimpermeable materials for landfill linings.

Embankments and

Slopes




0 200 400 600

CONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED TXL TEST RESULTS

p'= (s1'+s3')/2 (KPa)

"UNDISTURBED" CHALK

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

IV ABOVE F/P IV BELOW F/P IV BELOW CWFc'=30KPa; PHI=42E c'=100KPa; PHI=42E c'=1KPa; PHI=37E

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

CHALK BEDROCK (SHORT TERM)

SLOPE HEIGHT

C = 100 KPa; PHI = 42.0 DEG

5

4

3

2

1

0

1:1.5 1:1.25 1:1

1.5:1 2:1 4:1

The design of slopes andembankments is controlled bythe materials available to buildthem-there is usually no choiceas to which material must beused for construction ...

hence, an inevitable compromise must be madebetween the uniformity or reliability of thosematerials and the contractors ability to build.

Special control is required for

retaining structures such as damsor landfill liners. Permeability of the material is another attribute

to be consideredduring placement andcompaction.

In difficult ground (weak rock or particularlyweathered slopes) or on poor foundation soils, agood understanding of the geological processesenables a sensible line to be drawn about thetheoretical slope angle and the ease of build andmaintenance.

Anton io Associates can

investigate, pl an and design

embankments and cutti ngs in

soil o r rock. E m b a n k m e n

t s a n d S l o p e s



Antonio Associates




A list of countries for the principle projectsfor Highways and Construction Materialsincludes:

# United Kingdom: D artford and

Ramsgate Ferry Terminals, M1 and

M62 m otorway interchange

Geotechni cal Investigations and

Foundations Report, Salisbury A36

Bypass and Structure Foundatio n

Design, O xford A40 By Pass

Geotechnical Investigations, M4-

Bryn Glas Relief Road Scheme Geotechnical Investigations, North

Devon Link Road (IIB)

Geotechnical Investigations.

# India: Reconstruction and Four

Laning of National Hi ghway No.2 ,

Bihar Plateau Developm ent

Project.

# Hon g Kong: Ting Kau Bridge

Project

# Pakistan: Indus Hi ghway Project

# Botswana: Jwaneng t o Sekoma &

Mo gishane to Kanye Road Projects.

# Abu D habi: Baniy as Sector Roads

Project.

# Bangladesh: Daul atida to Kushtia

Road Improvement Project.

# Nepal: N aubise to M ugling Road

re-constructi on Project.

# Saudi Arabia: Taif Airfi eld Facilities

Project.

Highway construction isa problem of logistics. The earthwork materialsand aggregates for thehighway constructionwill often be taken enroute.

It is essential that proper control procedures areestablished, particularly in undevelopedcountries. As part of a program of materialscontrol the following aspects must be satisfied:

# mapping and location of quarries

and borrow areas,

# negotiati on of extraction rights,

# physical i nvestigation of q uality

and extent of the source deposit,

# field and laboratory testing

After an evaluation of the availableearthworks and aggregate materials,Antonio Associates can design or review

the designs of the embankments and pavements.Varying the thickness of the embankment andpavements layers, with consideration given to theimprovement of these materials by physical orchemical stabilisation methods.

Highways and

Construction Materials




In many countries, the quality of mostconstruction materials are guaranteed by themanufacturer or supplier; however inspection,vetting of their quality systems and monitoringthese suppliers are all part of Antonio Associatesservices.

Antonio Associates recognises the need to controlthe materials used in various facets of allconstruction projects:

# earthwork mat erials: soil , rock and

manmade; p rocessed or

unprocessed for use as filter media,

embankments, and backfill to

structures.

# aggregates: natural, manm ade,

crushed and uncrushed for u se in

unbound and bound pavement

layers, filter medi a, concretes and

asphalt.

# cement for use in mo rtars,

concretes, and stabili sation.# water and additives principally for

use in mort ars and concretes.

# bricks and tiles for use in buil dings

and paving.

# steel: plate, reinfo rcing elements,

cable and w ires for structures.

# bitumen, asphalt and tars for

bituminous and asphaltic

pavement l ayers, tack coats,

stabilisation, and w aterproofing.

# stone for masonry and gabion s.

# timber for temporary works and

structures.

# natural and synthetic rubber for

waterproo fing, bearings and

gaskets.

# other manufactured product s for

general constructio n use incl udin g:

lim e, paints, non-ferrous metals,

glass, pl astics, adhesives, fabrics

(geo-textiles) road furni ture,

compo nents of mechanical and

electrical items.

Antonio Associates has extensive experience inthe management of the materials aspects of feasibility studies and construction projects whichhave been located both in congested urban areasand remote rural environments.

Services include:

#

locati ng sources of all constructi on material s, relevant inspection and

the arrangement of necessary

independ ent testing.

# earthwork s and pavement design.

# establishment of the appropri ate

Qu ality systems for the size and

nature of the Project.

# establishing on-site laboratori es.

# training of l ocal personnel.

# design of asphalt, batch ed products

and concrete mi xes.

# supervision of all on-site testing

both in the field and in the laboratory.

# analysis and proposing solution s to

diffi cult or unforeseen ground

conditions.

H i g h w a y s a n d C o

n s t r u c t i o n M a t e r i a l s



Antonio Associates




A list of projects for GeotechnicalInvestigationsincludes:

# United Kingdom: M1 and M62

Mo tor way Interchange SI and

Foundations Report, Royal

Portbury Dock s SI and Foundations

Report, Salisbury A 36 Byp ass SI

and Structure Foundatio n Design,

Plymouth Shell O il Refinery,

Oxford A 40 By Pass Geotechnical

Investigatio ns, M4-Bryn Glas Relief

Road Scheme Geotechni cal

Investigations, Hinkley Point 'C'

Nucl ear Pow er Statio n Site

Investigations and Foundati on

Design, North D evon Link Road

(IIB) SI, Fawl ey B Power Station

Marine H ydrographic and

Geophysical Surveys, Fawley B

Power Station Off shore Site

Investigation, M ablethorpe Pipe

Trench Marine Geotechnical

Investigations.

# Australia: North West Shelf ProjectGeophysical and MarineGeotechnical Investigations, PortHeadland Harbour ExtensionGeophysical and MarineGeotechnical Investigations

# Tunisia Zarzis Harbou r Extension

Development M arine Geotechnical

Investigations

# Bahrain Bahrain Causeway Mari ne

Geotechnical Investigations

# Lebanon Beirut H arbour

Deepenin g Dredgin g Report

# Ni geria Lagos Water Supply Study,

Well Testing and Hydrological

Investigations

# Yemen: Wadi Rasyan Well Testing

and H ydrological Investigations.

Ground investigation projects are required toprovide detailed and quantitative information.Investigations must be specifically designed forthe project and aim to provide the necessaryinformation for design both efficiently and withan appropriate precision. Special field andlaboratory testing may be required.

Investigations may require:

# accurate borehole logging to

internati onal standards,

# in situ testing of soil and rocks

(CPT, PMT, PBT, density probe and

geophysical well-logging),

# rock and soil laboratory testing,

#

foundati on design,# interpretati ve and or factual and

reporting.

The design and control of large scaleinvestigations are a significant area of experience. Projects completed include on

shore sites (for highways, bridges and powerstations) and offshore (for dredging, harbours,quay walls, pipelines, offloading facilities).

These systems include ship, seabed and

jack-up-based systems for rotary drilling,sampling, in situ testing, vibrocore and forhydrographic and geophysical surveys.

Other specialist areas include investigationcontracts and claims, hydrological and wellpumping studies, industrial site redevelopmentand waste management projects for geotechnicalaspects of fill liner design.

Land and Marine

GeotechnicalInvestigations




Designing ground investigations demands anunderstanding of the parameters that are required,how to measure them and the influence of standard measurement techniques on the valuesthemselves.

The site conditions must be understood so as toplan access and progress. In marine works,seabed conditions, tides, water depths andcurrents must be taken into account for theperiods of working.

Antonio Associates can design andplan investigations in any region bethat remote desert or over water.

We have long experience with specialist toolsfor sampling sensitive soils, weak rocks.

Specifying large in-situ tests such as platebearing tests, cone penetration tests andgeophysical well-logging tools as well asseismic, electrical and nuclear, land andmarine geophysical tools.

Of particular importance is ourability to organize rapidinvestigations for specific problemsfound during construction.

Flexibil ity is important. Both

ideas and p lans change during the i nvestigation phases and

these opti ons must always be

considered during ini tial

planning.

L a n d a n d M a r i n e G e o t e c h n i c a l I n v e

s t i g a t i o n s

Documents

Rock Engineering for Foundations, Slopes and Tunnels