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Robots on Our Roads: The Coming Revolution in Mobility
Ohio Planning Conference July 27, 2016Richard Bishop
Myths!
• “The roads need to be changed to make automated driving possible.”
• WRONG!• “All vehicles need to be connected to enable automation.”• WRONG!• “Automated Vehicles are prohibitively expensive.”• WRONG!• “New laws / regulations are needed to enable automated
vehicles.”• …not necessarily• “Automated vehicles are in the distant future.”• … depends on what we’re talking about
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Domains of Automation
Road Automation Domains
• Passenger Cars
– privately owned, low utilization
• Heavy Trucks
– fleet owned, high utilization
• Automated Mobility on Demand: “robo-taxi”
– fleet owned, high utilization
4
Who Owns and Who Drives?
5Source: Morgan Stanley
crash avoidance systems: here now & making a difference
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Today’s Crash Avoidance Systems Are The
Foundation For Automated Vehicles
• Electronic Stability
Control
• Lane Departure
Avoidance
• Blind spot Monitoring
• Pedestrian Detection
• Automatic Emergency
Braking
Today’s Crash Avoidance Systems Are The
Foundation For Automated Vehicles
• Electronic Stability
Control
• Lane Departure
Avoidance
• Blind spot Monitoring
• Pedestrian Detection
• Automatic Emergency
Braking
80% crash reduction in the next twenty years!
from crash avoidance to automated driving
9
Doing Things Right!
• Automated driving is different from crash avoidance.
• Crash avoidance technology intervenes when things go wrong
• Automated driving technology automates the things we do RIGHT.
Automated Driving:
Enabling Technology
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Source: Texas Instruments ADAS Solutions Guide
How Do Robots See the World?
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• Quanergy at CES 2016
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYOeJUtQsEs
Automated Driving:
Supporting Technology
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Source: Texas Instruments ADAS Solutions Guide
HIGH DEFINITION MAPS V2X COMMUNICATIONS
Automated Driving:
Technology
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Source: Texas Instruments ADAS Solutions Guide
WHAT ABOUT CYBERSECURITY?
from research to product
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Available Now: Highway Co-Pilot
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Available Now: Highway Co-Pilot
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Available Now: Highway Co-Pilot
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Available Now: Highway Co-Pilot
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Available Now: Highway Co-Pilot
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Available Now: Highway Co-Pilot
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Available Now: Highway Co-Pilot
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Available Now: Highway Co-Pilot
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Available Now: Highway Co-Pilot
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Automated Driving:
Where From Here?
• 2020– Level 2 systems (eyes-on) for street use
– Level 3 systems (eyes-off) for highway use
– Level 4 low speed robo-taxi services in some cities /
campuses
• 2025+
– Level 3 systems working on virtually all roads
– Level 4 robo-taxi services growing in extent
What Stars Must Align? National Regulations
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration only regulates equipment on new vehicles
– “what is not prohibited is permitted”
– therefore, AV is permitted!
• Google, others lobbying Congress to expand NHTSA authority on driving rules
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What Stars Must Align? State Regulations
• States regulate how vehicles are operated
• A regulation may not be required for AV use to be legal
• depends on specific language in driving code
• new Florida law allows operational use of automated driving (going beyond testing only)
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automated trucking
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What Factors Affect Trucking Today?
• Driver shortage
• Hours of Service
• Fuel cost
• Crashes
• Congestion
• Sustainability
• Trailer Length / Longer Combination Vehicles
29
Longer Term: Freightliner Inspiration Truck (hands-off, feet-off, eyes-off)
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Near Term:Driver Assistive Truck Platooning
• Two trucks following safely at close following distances (50 – 100 ft)
• By combining DSRC Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications with radar..– …braking by rear truck occurs simultaneously with leader
truck
• Follower truck driver still responsible for steering• Significant fuel savings due to aerodynamics
– 10% rear truck, 5% front truck
• Gaps variable in real-time based on conditions– frequent entry/exit, traffic, weather
• Product introduction expected 2017
Automating Truck Drayage Operations
• Addressing container movements at intermodal facilities
• Florida DOT project defining pilot projects for possible funding– shippers, fleets, technology providers, ports
• Promising areas:– freight signal priority
– driver assistive truck platooning
– driverless ship-to-rail container transfers
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Truck Only Lanes: Robots Driving With Robots!
• Georgia: two new northbound lanes on a 40-mile stretch of Interstate 75
– on the southern edge of metropolitan Atlanta
– built over next ten years
• What does this mean to automated trucking?
• Longer platoons
• Higher speeds
• Stopping only for fuel
33
What Stars Must Align? State Regulations for Truck Platooning
• Low level of automation eases the way
• State-level following distance laws are key
– 28 states: no minimum following distance
– 6 states: ready for pilot testing (FL, UT, MI, NV, AL, TX, TN)
– others: legislation or administrative regulatory changes in progress
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Recommended: American Trucking AssociationTechnology and Maintenance CouncilInformation Report
• TMC Future Truck Program: Task Force on Automated Driving and Platooning
• Automated Driving & Platooning: Issues & Opportunities (TMC IR 2015-2)
• Recommendations Regarding Automated Driving and Platooning Systems (Position Paper 2015-03)
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Peloton Technology: Driver Assistive Truck Platooning
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• Peloton Truck Platooning Video
• http://peloton-tech.com/
-- Automated Shuttles-- On-Demand Automated Trips
AUTOMATED MOBILITYON DEMAND
Automated Shuttles:WePod: Wageningen, Netherlands
WePod: 6 passenger vehicles, 25 kph
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On-Demand AV: Key Players Investing Billions
• Tech Startups– Google– Uber– Zoox
• Car Manufacturers– Daimler: adding automated services to established
car sharing (Car2Go)– Ford: AMOD on corporate campus– GM: $500M Lyft investment, established Maven car
sharing– Nissan: Smart Mobility Concept for urban driving
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Nissan Smart Mobility Concept
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Smart Columbus: Autonomous Electric Vehicle
• Commercial District: Easton mixed-use area– walks within the district can be up to a mile
• Perfect setting for robo-taxi solution• Implementing six DSRC-enabled Electric Autonomous
Vehicles using public roadways in mixed traffic at speeds up to 25 mph– roads will upgraded to support the system
• Persons on-board are passengers only!• Stymied robot? • No problem: EAV can be operated remotely – a new
way to think of human-in-the-loop.
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wrap-up
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What Should States and Cities Do To Position Themselves?
• Policy– create a clear set of criteria for these vehicles to operate
on their roads– define requirements that protect the public yet are not so
onerous that the business case collapses
• Dynamic Data– traffic signal phase and timing– detailed information on work zones– best practices in markings and signage
• Data Delivery– cloud / public networks– V2V / V2I
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Robots on our Roads
• Market demand is strong• Powerful synergies between car- and truck-side
stimulate momentum for both• Industry aggressively developing AV products• Government policy is challenged to keep up• Regulatory / policy issues will be “handled” rather than
“solved” • Universal will amongst all players to make automated
driving a reality• No other technology ever offered in vehicles allows
drivers to do something else with their brain. • THIS IS NEW TERRITORY!
