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Water on the earth: Land and Water Hemispheres
Figure 7.2
•2/3 earth’s surface areas are water body•Most land is over northern Hemisphere
Unique Properties of Water Heat properties
Phase change
Latent heat: heat related to water phase change
Heat properties of water in nature
HumiditySaturation: air is holding the maximum
amount vapor at the given air temperature.
Expressions of humidity Vapor pressure
Specific humidity
Relative humidity
Dew point
Instruments
Vapor pressure: pressure created by water vapor alone
Saturation Vapor Pressure:maximum vapor pressure at a given air temperature.It increases with air temperature, more rapidly at higher air temperatures
Figure 7.12
Specific humidity: the amount of water (g) vapor in a kg of dry air
Maximum Specific Humidity: the saturation specific humidity at a given air temperature
Figure 7.13
Relative Humidity: (actual vapor)/(saturation vapor); how close the
atmosphere to the saturation
Figure 7.8
Humidity Patterns
Air temperature increases, the relative humidity decreases if there is no change in vapor amount in the air
Raindrop and Snowflake Formation
Figure 7.21
Collision and coalescence: large droplets merges with smaller ones
Ice crystal process: ice crystals grow and water droplets evaporate
Cloud Types and Identification
Figure 7.22
High clouds: cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulusMiddle clouds: altostratus, altocumulusLow clouds: stratus, stratocumulus, nimbostratus
Clouds with vertical development:Cumuluscumulonimbus
Cumulonimbus Development
Figure 7.23
Thunderstorm cloud: with updraft and downdraft in different parts of the cloud
Fog: clouds with based on the ground
Advection fog
Evaporation fog
Upslope fog
Valley fog
Radiation fog