robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebisaTvis · mainly Brecht’s “Caucasian Chalk Circle” and “The Good Person of Szechwan”. Robert Sturua has his own comprehension of Brecht’s

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo

universiteti

xelnaweris uflebiT

marine (maka) vasaZe

robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebisaTvis

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili disertacia

Tbilisi, 0108, saqarTvelo

25 ivnisi

2014

2

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo

universitetis humanitarul, socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da marTvis

fakultetis sadoqtoro programa: xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi kvlevebi,

Teatrmcodneoba, dramisa da Teatris Teoria. xelmZRvaneli

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, profesori mixeil kalandariSvili.

Cven qvemore xelismomwerni vadasturebT, rom gavecaniT marine (maka) vasaZis

mier Sesrulebul naSroms: `robert sturuas saTeatro enis

formirebisaTvis~ da vaZlevT rekomendacias saqarTvelos SoTa

rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul,

socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa da marTvis fakultets sadisertacio

sabWoSi mis ganxilvas doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad.

recenzentebi:

nodar gurabaniZe,

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, profesori;

Tamar bokuCava,

xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, profesori;

25 ivnisi, 2014

fizikuri pirebis an sxva dawesebulebebis mier Sesabamisi dasaxelebis

naSromis gacnobis mizniT moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi misi arakomerciuli

miznebiT kopirebisa da gavrcelebis ufleba miniWebuli aqvs saqarTvelos

SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universitets da avtori

inarCunebs danarCen sagamomcemlo uflebebs da arc mTliani naSromis da

arc misi calkeuli nawilis gadabeWdva an sxva raime meTodiT reproduqcia

dauSvebelia avtoris werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. avtori irwmuneba, rom

naSromSi gamoyenebuli saavtoro uflebebiT dacul masalebze miRebulia

Sesabamisi nebarTva (garda mcire zomis citatebisa, romlebic moiTxoven

specifiur midgomas literaturis citirebaSi, rogorc es

miRebulia samecniero naSromebis Sesrulebisas) da yvela maTganze iRebs

pasuxismgeblobas.

3

reziume

XXI saukuneSi xelovnebis semiotikas gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs

niSanTa sistemis zogad TeoriaSi. Teatris semiotika _ mniSvnelovani da

dRemde jer isev naklebad Seswavlili nawilia rTuli problemisa.

swored amitom, CemTvis saintereso iyo, Tanamedrove qarTuli Teatris,

konkretulad ki msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli reJisoris _ robert

sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis kvleva, am kuTxiT warmemarTa.

postmodernizmis epoqaSi, saxelovnebo mkvlevrebi, imaze dayrdnobiT, rom

yovelnairi sistema, romelic or an ufro met adamians Soris komunikaciis

saSualebaa, SeiZleba gansazRvruli iyos rogorc ena, amtkiceben, rom

xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli ena gaaCnia. aqedan

gamomdinare, Cven SeiZleba visaubroT musikis, ferweris, Teatris, zogadad,

xelovnebis enis Sesaxeb.

saTeatro ena, upirveles yovlisa, aris Teatraloba, romelic warmoadgens

nakrebs sxvadasxva niSnebisa, kodebisa _ msaxiobTa TamaSi (sxeulis

plastika, xmis JReradoba, sivrceSi moZraoba da a. S.), dekoraciebi, Suqi,

musika (melodia, tonaloba, ritmi), dumili, siCume, pauza, metaforebi,

simboloebi da a. S. es yvelaferi qmnis saTeatro enas.

naSromSi gamoyenebulma kvlevis istoriul-tipologiurma da struqturul-

dialeqtikurma meTodma saSualeba momca gameanalizebina, Tu ras

warmoadgens zogadad `saTeatro ena~, ganmesazRvra niSanTa erToblioba,

romlebic am enas qmnian. robert sturuas saTeatro enis kvlevis procesSi

meCvenebina misi formirebis procesi.

upirveles yovlisa, Seasaval nawilSi, ganisazRvra, ras niSnavs `teqsti~

speqtaklSi. ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia visaubroT ama Tu im speqtaklze,

rogorc erTian teqstze. speqtakli matarebelia mTeli rigi calkeuli

Setyobinebebisa, imavdroulad gaaCnia mTlianobis, integrirebulobis

mniSvneloba.

4

pirvel TavSi ganvixile robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis

sawyisebi da is sakvanZo speqtaklebi, romlebmac gansakuTrebuli roli

Seasrules robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis procesSi. esenia: a.

cagarelis `xanuma~, d. kldiaSvilis `samaniSvilis dedinacvali, p. kakabaZis

`yvaryvare~, a. sumbaTaSvilis `Ralati~.

meore TavSi, `gaucxoebis efeqti~ da robert sturuas saTeatro ena,

saubaria imis Sesaxeb Tu ra gavlena iqonies bertold brextma da mixeil

baxtinma robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebaze.

mesame TavSi robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana aris gaanalizebuli.

naSromSi ganvixile is dadgmebi, sadac Cemi azriT, yvelaze ufro mZafrad

gamoikveTa reJisoris pozicia, xelwera, saTeatro ena. ZiriTadad ki,

daveyrdeni rusTavelis TeatrSi ganxorcielebul Seqspiris piesebis

sturuaseul interpretaciebs. esenia: `riCard III~, `mefe liri~, `makbeti~

`rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~ da `hamleti~.

speqtaklis erTiani teqsti igeba, sul cota, sami, sakmaod damoukidebeli,

subieqtisagan: piesis sityvieri teqstidan, romelsac qmnian msaxiobebi da

reJisori, musikalur-mxatvruli gaformebiT da ganaTebiT. Tanamedrove

reJisuris SemTxvevaSi, Cven unda ganvasxvaoT piesis teqsti speqtaklis

teqstidan. speqtakli gadascems informacias Seqmnili teqstis meSveobiT.

mayurebeli ki umetes SemTxvevaSi adekvaturad aRiqvams informacias.

pirvel rigSi, robert sturua muSaobs teqstze da teqstidan akeTebs

garkveul kompilacias. arsebuli nawarmoebidan is qmnis Tavis teqsts.

zogjer, robert sturua ar dgams piesiT gansazRvrul yvela suraTs,

moqmedebas. vfiqrob, im xerxebis nakrebiT, romelsac reJisori iyenebs,

sturuam Tavisi saTeatro dadgmebi maqsimalurad miuaxlova

kinoxelovnebis enas. aq vgulisxmob Teatralur formebs gamomsaxvelobiTi

enis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, saTeatro sivrceSi sxvadasxva kinoxedebis

gamoyeneba, erTdroulad ramdenime qmedebis gaSla scenaze.

scenuri qmedebis safuZvelia msaxiobi, moTamaSe adamiani, Caketili scenur

sivrceSi. magram, swored es scenuri qmedebis Zireuli elementi iZens ormag

5

semiotikur mniSvnelobas. robert sturuas Teatris msaxiobebi, SeiZleba

iTqvas, universalurebi arian. maT TamaSs ver mivakuTvnebT romelime erT

Teatralur stils.

transformaciam, romelic ganicades robert sturuas speqtaklebSi

Seqspiris tragediis gmirebma, mianiWa maT saxeebs ufro publicisturi

JReradoba. man Tavis, ukve arsebul, `saTeatro enas~ axali JReradoba

SesZina. e. w. `warmosaxvis Teatrs~, pirobiTobas, `gaucxoebis efeqts~ da

distanciur damokidebulebas, Teatralobas daumata gmirTa xasiaTebis

fsiqologiuri damuSaveba (`mefe liri~). Seqspiris poeturi, filosofiuri

sityva sturuam scenaze vizualurad gamoZerwa. ama Tu im epizodSi

movlenis arss igi Tavisebur scenur formas usadagebs.

robert sturuasaTvis Seqspiris piesebSi mniSvnelovania masxaras personaJi,

rac reJisors xels uwyobs Tavisi koncefciis ukeT warmoCenaSi.

robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis, misi Teatraluri esTetikisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia dramaturgis sapirispiro gziT siaruli. imavdroulad

igi axerxebs dramaturgiuli Canafiqris asaxvas.

saTeatro enis erT-erT safuZvels warmoadgens scenis mxatvruli sivrce.

scenuri sivrce gamoirCeva niSnobrivi gajerebulobiT _ yvelaferi, rac

scenazea, iRebs tendencias ganimsWvalos damatebiTi mniSvnelobebiT.

moZraoba iqceva mniSvnelobis matarebel Jestad, nivTi _ detalad. robert

sturuasaTvis niSandoblivia personaJTa qmedebis metaforuli gaazreba.

robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mTelis da nawilis,

fragmentis da erTianobis warmoCena, tragikulis da komikuris

Tanaarseboba.

reJisori musikas aniWebs iseTive funqcias, rogorsac sametyvelo enasa Tu

sxeulis, plastikis enas.

sturuas saTeatro enis kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa kostiumebis

ekleqtizmi. mis speqtaklebSi ferTa simbolikas dramaturgiuli

mniSvneloba aqvs miniWebuli. epoqasTan miaxloebuli kostiumebis gverdiT

Tanamedroved Cacmul personaJebs vxedavT.

6

aRsaniSnavia, rom sturuaseul Seqspiris dadgmebSi dro ar aris

gansazRvruli. is, rac scenaze xdeba, yovel droSi SeiZleba ganmeordes.

robert sturuas saTeatro enis erT-erTi niSania scenuri Txrobis

araCveulebrivi dinamikuroba. robert sturuas sareJisoro enas axasiaTebs

sxvadasxva Teatraluri Janrisa Tu mimarTulebis erT speqtaklSi

gaerTianeba.

qarTuli TeatrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, msoflio saTeatro

Janrebis da tendenciebis zogierTi maxasiaTeblebi, bertolt brextis

saTeatro koncefciis transformirebuli saxiT gamoyeneba, mixeil baxtinis

parodiis, groteskuli realizmis, ironiis, karnavalurobis Teoria qmnis

robert sturuas èkleqtur~, `polistilistur~ Teatrs.

kvlevis samecniero siaxle mdgomareobs sakiTxis dasmasa da gadaWris

gzebSi. kerZod, sakvlevi masalis SerCevasa da misi warmoCenis

Tanmimdevruli dinamikis SeqmnaSi, ramac xeli Seuwyo sakvlevi obieqtis,

robert sturuas saTeatro enis Camoyalibebis kanonzomierebis, gamokveTas

da Cvenebas.

Summary

In XXI century art semiotics occupy a special place in the general theory of system of symbols.

Semiotics of theater is an important and until now the least-studied part of this difficult problem.

That's why it was interesting for me to direct research of modern Georgian theater towards this

aspect. In the age of post-modernism, against a background of existential-significant procedure of

work of art as perception of reflection, in the science of art there appears an issue of its language, as

finding common language between the author and a reader, spectator, listener. Based on the fact

that all systems that are means of communication between two or more people can be defined as a

language, modern scholars of art assert that different fields of art have their own special language.

Since art implies communication, then it necessarily has an organized system – language for

7

communication. Therefore, we can speak about the language of music, painting, theater, and art in

general.

Theatrical language is in the first place theatricality, which is a collection of different signs, codes –

actors’ performance (body plasticity, voice sonority, movement in space, etc), decor, lighting, music

(melody, tonality, rhythm), silence, stillness, pause, metaphors, symbols, etc. All these create a

theatrical language.

The historical-typological and structural-dialectical method used in the work gave me the possibility

to analyze what is “theatrical language” in general, to define the aggregate of characters that create

this language; to show the process of formation of Robert Sturua’s theatrical language during its

study.

First of all, it is defined what means “text” in a play. Of course we can talk about the play as a

united text. The play carries a series of individual messages and at the same time has a meaning of

integrity.

The first chapter discusses the key performances that played a special role in formation of Robert

Sturua’s theatrical language. These are: A.Tsagareli’s “Khanuma”, D.Kldiashvili’s “Samanishvili's

Step-Mother”, P.Kakabadze’s “Kvarkvare”, A.Sumbatashvili’s “Treason”.

The second chapter of the work will discuss the impact of Bakhtin’s theory of grotesque realism and

“alienation effect” of Bertolt Brecht on the director’s theatrical language. This chapter analyzes

mainly Brecht’s “Caucasian Chalk Circle” and “The Good Person of Szechwan”. Robert Sturua has

his own comprehension of Brecht’s theatrical aesthetics. The director linked Brecht with Bakhtin

and Georgian theatre and did not transfer Brecht’s principles directly to Georgian theatre as a

simple “craftsman”.

The third chapter analyzes Robert Sturua’s Georgian Shakespeareana. In this work I discuss the

performances in which in my opinion the director’s position, his style, theatrical language was

expressed most intensively. Basically, I relied on interpretations of Shakespeare's plays by Sturua

staged in Rustaveli Theatre. These are: “Richard III”, “King Lear”, “Macbeth”, “Twelfth Night; or,

What You Will” and “Hamlet”.

In conclusion I outlined a list of semiotic signs typical for Robert Sturua’s theatrical language:

1. Text montage (sometimes Robert Sturua does not stage all the scenes, acts defined by a

play);

8

2. During staging a performance use of “film montage” method; In order to clearly convey

the concept adding to the characters more publicistic resonance by transformation of these

characters;

3. Metaphorical understanding of characters’ actions;

4. Application of scenic space with mathematical precision and saturation of signs;

attaching the role of symbol or metaphor to decors or props (everything that is on the stage

has the additional meanings);

5. Representation of the unity of whole and part, fragment and entirety;

6. Universality of actors (their play does not belong to one theatrical style); The new manner

of play, psychological moves combined with own theatrical stylistics;

7. Coexistence of drama and irony;

8. Giving music the same function as to the spoken language or plastic, body language;

9. Several musical themes in a play, each of them has dramaturgic and emotional function;

10. Creating plastic sketch by means of music;

11. Eclecticism of performance costumes, adding dramaturgic function to costumes;

excellent dynamics of scenic narration (e.g. if a personage reads a monologue, for Sturua it

is not only a monologue in classic interpretation);

12. Mixing times (in his performances time is never defined);

13. Nonexistence of border between reality and conventionality;

14. Poly-stylistics of genres.

Thus, we can say that the main innovation of the work in Georgian theatrology is a process of

studying theatrical language in general, and specifically study, analysis of Robert Sturua’s theatrical

language, the introduction of new forms and new complex approaches for this field.

9

s a r C e v i

1. Sesavali, saTeatro enis raoba 10

2. Tavi I, robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sawyisebi 32

3. Tavi II, `gaucxoebis efeqti~ da robert sturuas saTeatro ena 68

4. Tavi III, robert sturuas qarTuli Seqspiriana 88

`riCard III~ 88

`mefe liri~ 108

`makbeti~ 128

`rogorc geneboT, anu Sobis meTormete Rame~ 144

`hamleti~ 164

5. Ddaskvna 185

6. gamoyenebuli literatura 201

10

Sesavali

XXI saukuneSi xelovnebis semiotikas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs

niSanTa sistemis zogad TeoriaSi. Teatris semiotika _ mniSvnelovani da

dRemde jer isev naklebad Seswavlili nawilia am rTuli problemisa.

swored amitom, CemTvis saintereso iyo robert sturuas Semoqmedebis

kvleva am kuTxiT warmemarTa. robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis

procesis gaanalizebisas Sevecade gamomekveTa robert sturuas Teatris

semiotika.

kvlevis procesSi kompleqsurad Seviswavle xelovnebis, konkretulad

ki _ saTeatro enaze dawerili Sromebi, am SromebSi gamoTqmuli azri da

problematika. kerZod, davamuSave _ iuri lotmanis, roland bartis, mixeil

baxtinis, ilia ilinis, marsel martenis, siuzan melrouzis, Carlz

jenksis, aleqsei losevis, iuri tinianovis, viqtor Sklovskis, valentina

dianovas, viqtoria zaSCepkinas da sxvaTa _ statiebi da gamokvlevebi.

gavaanalize cnebebi, romlebic gansazRvraven xelovnebis enisa, zogadad,

da, konkretulad, saTeatro enis specifikas, mis struqturas, niSnebis

erTobliobas. aqedan gamomdinare, vcade warmomeCina, Tu ra fenomenia

robert sturuas saTeatro ena. kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare, davadgine

Zireuli amocanebi, romelTa safuZvelzec is etapobrivad ganxorcielda.

kvlevis meTodi, romelic avirCie, SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc

istoriul-tipologiuri da struqturul-dialeqtikuri.

robert sturuas Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb arsebobs TeatrmcodneTa:

nodar gurabaniZis, dali mumlaZis, paola uruSaZis, Tamar bokuCavas da

sxvaTa safuZvliani Sromebi. nodar gurabaniZis wignSi `reJisori robert

sturua~ TvalsaCinod aris warmoCenili reJisoris ormocwliani

SemoqmedebiTi gza SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis akademiur TeatrSi,

institutSi swavlis periodidan 1996 wlis CaTvliT. araerTi recenziis,

dialogis, samecniero kvleviTi statiis avtoria dali mumlaZe. pirvelad,

swored mis SromebSi gamoikveTa robert sturuas SemoqmedebaSi

postmodernizmis niSnebi. paola uruSaZes samecniero kvlevis interess

11

warmoadgenda Seqspiris sturuaseuli koncefciebi. am TemasTan mimarTebiT,

igi mravali statiis da rusul enaze gamoqveynebuli wignis `Seqspiri da

qarTuli Teatri~ (Шекспир и грузинский театр) avtoria. aseve, araerTi

sagazeTo da saJurnalo publikaciis avtors, Tamar bokuCavas

disertaciaSi: `miTosi da qarTuli Teatri~, axali kuTxiT aqvs

gaanalizebuli robert sturuas sareJisoro koncefciebi. rasac man ori

Tavi miuZRvna: `miTTa dekonstruqcia da konstruireba robert sturuas

SemoqmedebaSi~ da `speqtakl `stiqsis~ winaswari gagebisaTvis~. aqedan

gamomdinare, winamdebare naSromi erT-erTi nawilia robert sturuas

Semoqmedebis kvlevisa.

sxvadasxva saxis miniSnebebi, robert sturuas saTeatro enis Sesaxeb,

yvela zemoT CamoTvlili Teatrmcodnis naSromSi gvxvdeba. naSromis

siaxles warmoadgens samecniero kvlevis axali kuTxiT warmarTva da

masalisadmi interdisciplinaruli midgoma, ris Sedegadac gamoikveTa

saTeatro enis raoba da robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis

procesi. siaxlea, am kuTxiT (vgulisxmob saTeatro enas) misi Semoqmedebis

Seswavla, robert sturuas Teatris semiotikis kvleva, problemis

mecnieruli damuSaveba. amgvarad, naSromSi gamoyenebulma kvlevis

istoriul-tipologiurma da struqturul-dialeqtikurma meTodma

saSualeba momca gameanalizebina, Tu ras warmoadgens zogadad `saTeatro

ena~, ganmesazRvra niSnebis is erToblioba, romlebic am enas qmnian.

robert sturuas saTeatro enis kvlevisas meCvenebina misi formirebis

procesi.

lingvosemiotikis ganviTarebasTan erTad saxelovnebo mecnierebaSi

gaaqtiurda `xelovnebis enis~ kvleva. XX s. meore naxevari iqca

metakulturuli problemebis epoqad. am periodSi SeiniSneba miTologiuri

azrovnebis zogierTi maxasiaTeblis regeneracia. aranakleb mniSvnelovania

mxatvruli enebis gamoyeneba kulturis metameqanizmebis gansaviTareblad.

erTi romelime mxatvruli enis, rogorc kulturis metaenis gamoyofis

paralelurad viTardeba sxva tendencia _ metaxelovnebis Seqmna:

metapoeziis (poezia poeziaze), metaferweris (ferwera _ ferweris enis

aRmweri), metaTeatris (Teatri _ Teatris enis gamaanalizebeli),

12

metakinematografis. am TvalsazrisiT semiotikis gamoCena kanonzomieria

ara marto mecnierebis istoriis perspeqtivaSi, aramed, rogorc faqti

kulturis TviTorganizaciisa. `Tuki Cven SevTanxmdebiT, rom evolucia

aris sistemis wevrebis Tanafardobis, funqciisa da formaluri

elementebis cvlileba _ evolucia aRmoCndeba `cvlilebad~ sistemebisa. es

cvlilebebi epoqidan epoqamde atareben xan nel da xanac naxtomisebr

xasiaTs da ar gulisxmoben formaluri elementebis ucabed da srul

ganaxlebasa da Secvlas, magram gulisxmoben am formaluri elementebis

axal funqcias~.1

ras niSnavs `xelovnebis ena~? terminSi èna~ mecnierebi gulisxmoben

yvelanair sakomunikacio sistemas, romelic sargeblobs gansakuTrebuli

saxiT ganlagebuli niSnebiT. semiotika enas ganixilavs rogorc niSanTa

sistemas, komunikaciis saSualebas. winamdebare naSromSi Cven ar vapirebT

enis bunebis lingvistur analizs da mxolod SegaxsenebT, Tu ra

mniSvneloba aqvs mas TavisTavad, garda imisa, rom igi ideebis

gamtarebelia.

`marTlac, ra aris ena? Cveulebriv mas ganixilaven rogorc

saSualebas, Seqmnils adamianis mier Tavisive msgavsTan komunikaciisaTvis,

aqedan gamomdinare, rogorc raRac xelovnurs (xelovnuri, anu Seqmnili

adamianis mier, gansxvavebiT bunebaSi aRmocenebulisa). Zalian advilia imis

damtkiceba, rom es Tvalsazrisi mcdaria. Tuki ena marTlac xelovnurad

Seiqmna, igi unda arsebuliyo Tavis aRmocenebamde, vinaidan adamianebs

aucileblad mouwevdaT miemarTaT sityvebisaTvis, raTa moelaparakebinaT

maT mniSvnelobaze. aqedan gamomdinare, ena ar Seqmnila xelovnurad. es

aris iseTive bunebrivi movlena, rogoric Tavad adamiania. aqve unda

ganvmartoT, rom ena socialuri movlenaa: misi mizania _ komunikacia,

romelic amave dros mis mizezsac warmoadgens~.2

xelovneba obieqturad, ama Tu im xerxiT, yovelTvis asaxavs

cxovrebiseul movlenebs, gadahyavs ra is Tavis enaze, avtorisa da

1 Тынянов Ю. Поэтика, история литературы, кино. М. «Наука». 1977. ст. 281. 2 Марсель М. Язык кино, М. «Искусство». 1959. ст.19.

13

mayureblis gacnobierebuli ganwyoba am sakiTxisadmi SeiZleba iyos sammagi.

pirvel rigSi, xelovneba da aramxatvruli realoba ganixileba rogorc

sferoebi, romelTa Soris gansxvaveba imdenad didia, rom maTi Sedareba

gamoricxulia. iq, sadac gamomsaxvelobiTi xelovneba an Teatri

sargebloben winaswar gansazRvruli pirobiTi niSnebiT da urTierToba

gamosaxulebasa da Sinaars Soris ganisazRvreba ara msgavsebiT, aramed

istoriuli konvenciiT, maTi erTmaneTSi àrevis~ SesaZlebloba

gamoricxulia. tilosa da mayurebels, scenasa da darbazs Soris

warmoiSoba gadaulaxavi zRvari. mxatvruli da aramxatvruli sivrce

imdenad mkveTrad aris erTmaneTisgan dacilebuli, rom maT Soris

SesaZlebelia Tanaarseboba, magram ara Serwyma. meorec, cxovreba gamodis,

rogorc modelirebadi aqtiurobis sfero _ qmnis nimuSebs, romelTac

baZavs xelovneba. Tuki meore SemTxvevaSi xelovneba adamianTa

cxovrebiseul qcevas aZlevs formebs, maSin mesameSi cxovrebiseuli qcevis

formebi gansazRvraven scenur qcevebs. aris epoqebi, rodesac xelovneba

Zlierad iWreba yofaSi, esTetikurobas sZens cxovrebis yoveldRiur

mdinarebas. aseTi iyo aRorZinebis, barokos, romantizmis, XIX saukunis

dasawyisis xelovneba. swored imitom, rom Teatraluri cxovreba

gansxvavdeba yofiTisagan, Sexeduleba cxovrebaze, rogorc speqtaklze,

adamians axali qcevis SesaZleblobebs aZlevda.

postmodernizmis epoqaSi, mxatvruli nawarmoebis, rogorc asaxvis

aRqmis, egzistencialur-mniSvnelovani proceduris fonze, Tanamedrove

saxelovnebo mecnierebaSi dgeba sakiTxi misi enis Sesaxeb, rogorc saerTo

enis gamonaxvisa avtorsa da mkiTxvels, mayurebels, msmenels Soris.

komunikaciis yoveli aqti Tavis TavSi Seicavs informaciis gadamcemsa da

mimRebs, xolo imisaTvis, rom mimRebma gaigos gadamcemis Setyobineba,

aucilebelia, maT Soris arsebobdes saerTo Suamavali _ ena.

Tanamedrove saxelovnebo mkvlevrebi, imaze dayrdnobiT, rom

yovelnairi sistema, romelic or an ufro met adamians Soris komunikaciis

saSualebaa, SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc ena, amtkiceben, rom

xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli ena gaaCnia. cnobili

14

lingvisti, literaturisa da xelovnebis mkvlevari, filosofosi iuri

lotmani miiCnevs, rom vinaidan xelovneba Seicavs komunikacias, mas

aucileblad aqvs am komunikaciis gansaxorcieleblad organizebuli

sistema, anu _ ena. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven SeiZleba visaubroT musikis,

ferweris, Teatris, zogadad _ xelovnebis enaze.

èna, upirveles yovlisa, azrobrivi sferoa; da enis niSnebi

azrobrivi niSnebia, xolo Tavis azrs isini iZenen im sagnebisgan,

romlebsac aRniSnaven; ase rom, es sagnebi, romlebic manamde ucnobi,

nakleb gansazRvruli da adamianis cnobierebisaTvis bundovani iyo,

mxolod aq, pirvelad iZenen Tavis azrs, Tumca es azri maTTvis

damaxasiaTebeli iyo manamdec, adamianis mier maT gamosaxvamde da

adamianamdec ki, magram es ar iyo enobrivi azri da, SeiZleba iTqvas,

adamianuri azri, adamianTa mier gamosaxuli da Secnobili, aramed azri

realur-materialuri~.3

yovel bunebriv enaSi arsebobs niSanTa sistema Tavisi gansazRvruli

wesebiT, romelTa mixedviTac lagdeba am niSanTa sxvadasxva kombinacia.

Tanamedrove semiotikaSi SeiniSneba yuradRebis gadatana verbaluri

niSnebidan araverbalur niSnebze. wamoiWra sakiTxi niSnis lingvisturi

bunebis gadaxedvis Sesaxeb. am lingvisturi gadatrialebis Sedegad

yvelaferi moiazreboda rogorc teqsti, diskursi, mTeli kacobriobis

kultura _ rogorc jami teqstebisa, rogorc interteqsti, romlis

wakiTxvac SeiZleba gramatikis Sesabamisi wesebis mixedviT. ra Tqma unda,

specifikuri yoveli saxeobis teqstisTvis, magram agebuli bunebrivi enis

gramatikis Sesabamisad. amgvarad, araverbalur niSnebs miaweres verbaluri

niSnebis Tvisebebi. yovelgvari niSnebi, rogorc kognituri, aseve

komunikatoruli, unda ikiTxebodes, amisTvis ki aucilebelia wakiTxvis

proceduris Seswavla. yovel enas aqvs Tavisi gansazRvruli struqtura.

Tuki xelovneba komunikaciis saSualebaa da, aqedan gamomdinare, enaa, maSin

am enas aucileblad unda hqondes Tavisi niSanTa sistema, mxolod misTvis

3 Лосев А. Проблема символа и реалистическое искусство. M. «Искусство». 1976. ст.106.

15

damaxasiaTebeli (gansazRvruli) saxiT mowyobili. sakiTxis amgvarad dasma

iZleva imis saSualebas, rom xelovnebas ori gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT

mivudgeT.

pirvel rigSi, xelovnebas aqvs yvela sxva enasTan raRac saerTo da

meorec, gaaCnia mxolod misTvis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli enisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli, rac asxvavebs mas am tipis sxva sistemebisgan. iuri

lotmani gamoyofs enebis sam tips.

`cneba èna~ aerTianebs:

a) bunebriv enebs (magaliTad: rusuli, franguli, estonuri, Cexuri);

b) xelovnur enebs: mecnierebis enebi (metaenebi samecniero aRwerisTvis),

pirobiTi signalebis enebi (magaliTad, sagzao niSnebi) da a. S.;

g) meoradi enebis meorad modelirebad sistemebs _ komunikaciuri

struqturebi, daSenebuli bunebriv-enobriv safexurze (miTi, religia)~4 da

askvnis, rom xelovneba meoradi modelirebadi sistemaa, xolo `meoradi,

enasTan mimarTebaSi~ ar unda gavigoT, ènis, rogorc masalis

gamomyenebeli~.5

vinaidan adamianis cnobiereba enobrivi Semecnebaa, misi yvela saxeoba,

maT Soris xelovnebac, SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc meoradi

modelirebadi sistema. amrigad, xelovneba warmoadgens erTgvar, meorad

enas, xolo xelovnebis nimuSi _ am enaze Seqmnil teqsts. avtori, Semoqmedi

mis mier Seqmnili enobrivi sistemiT gadascems informacias mkiTxvels,

mayurebels, msmenels da a. S. swored am enis meSveobiT myardeba kontaqti

informaciis gadamcemsa da mimRebs Soris, adresatsa da adresants Soris.

imavdroulad, adresati SeiZleba iyos erTi an mravali. amgvarad, Semoqmedi

xelovnebis meSveobiT gadascems informacias. mxatvruli teqstis

informaciuli sisavse miiRweva imiT, rom miuxedavad misi rTuli, xSirad

bolomde gaugebari Sinagani meqanizmisa, struqturuli kanonzomiereba ar

amcirebs masSi informaciulobas. am informaciis gadacemas mkvlevrebma

pirobiTad uwodes mxatvruli komunikacia da gansazRvres, rom mxatvruli

komunikaciis monawile iRebs informacias ara mxolod Setyobinebidan,

4 Лотман Ю. Об Искусствe. M. «Искусство». 2005. ст. 21. 5 iqve:Ggv. 21.

16

aramed im enidanac, romelzec esaubreba mas xelovneba. mxatvruli

komunikaciis aqtSi arasdros aris SeumCneveli, avtomatizibuli, winaswar

ganWvretili sistema.Aaqedan gamomdinare, mxatvruli urTierTobisas

esTetikuri konteqstis enam da teqstma imave enaze, mTeli urTierTobis

ganmavlobaSi unda SeinarCunon moulodneloba. mxatvruli komunikacia

TiTqosda qmnis urTierTsawinaaRmdego situacias. vinaidan is, rac

moulodnelia, arakanonzomieria, xolo rac arakanonzomieri,

arasistemuria, ar SeiZleba gadaices, vinaidan niSanTa sazRvrebs gareT

rCeba. àm sawyisi winaaRmdegobidan mxatvruli teqsti ori gziT gamodis.

pirveli dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom erTi da igive teqsti esadageba or

struqturul normas. is, rac teqstSi erTi normativi poziciidan

SemTxveviTia, meorisTvis aRmoCndeba kanonzomieri. ori sawinaaRmdego

sistemis sisavse erTimeoris gadafarvisas qreba da teqsti Tavidan

bolomde inarCunebs informaciulobas~.6

mkvlevrebi mividnen mniSvnelovan daskvnamde: yoveli ena aris ara

mxolod komunikatoruli, aramed modelirebadi sistema, ufro sworad,

orive es funqcia uwyvet kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. yovel komunikaciis

sistemas SeuZlia Seasrulos modelirebadi funqcia da piriqiT, yovel

modelirebis sistemas SeuZlia iTamaSos komunikatoruli roli. ra Tqma

unda, esa Tu is funqcia SeiZleba iyos gamoxatuli ufro mZafrad an

piriqiT, _ TiTqmis ar SeigrZnobodes, magram potenciurad orive funqcia

Tanaarsebobs. es Zalian mniSvnelovania xelovnebisTvis.

Tuki xelovnebis nawarmoebi me raimes matyobinebs, Tuki es emsaxureba

komunikaciis miznebs gadamcemsa da mimRebs Soris, maSin masSi SeiZleba

gamoiyos: Setyobineba _ is, rac gadaicema da ena _ saerTo abstraqtuli

sistema gadamcemisTvisac da mimRebisTvisac, romelic SesaZlebels xdis

Tavad komunikaciis aqts. semiotikuri TvalsazrisiT kultura SeiZleba

warmovidginoT, rogorc rTulad organizebuli niSnobrivi meqanizmi. mis

erT-erT ZiriTad Taviseburebas warmoadgens is, rom mTlianobis

6 lotmani i. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv.327.

17

uzrunvelmyofeli Sinagani kavSirebi realizdeba semiotikuri

komunikaciebis meSveobiT.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kulturas axasiaTebs poliglotizmi. arc erTi

kultura ar SeiZleba dakmayofildes erTi eniT. yvelaze cota, SeiZleba

visaubroT ori paraleluri enis Tanaarsebobaze _ sityvieri da

gamomsaxvelobiTi. nebismieri kulturis dinamika Seicavs semiotikuri

komunikaciebis krebulis gamravlebas. sxvadasxva saxis elementebis

Tanaarseboba _ farTod miRebuli saSualebaa xelovnebaSi. ufro metic,

zogierTi mxatvruli stili orientirebulia elementebis Sejaxebaze, mwvave

konfliqtze, magram rogori stilic ar unda avirCioT _ kontrastebiT

gamaocebeli Tu harmoniiT STabeWdilebis Semqmneli _ misi meqanizmis

safuZvelSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT Tanaarseboba da winaaRmdegoba

elementebisa, konstruqciis is Sinagani winaaRmdegoba, romlis gareSec

`teqsts~ CamoerTmeoda mxatvruli informaciuloba. nebismier kulturaSi

Tanaarseboben sxvadasxva epoqebi. metadoneze es sxvadasxvaoba ixsneba.

tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT, metameqanizmi SeiZleba igebodes sami tipis

safuZvelze: miTologiuri (miTologiuri tipis metaenobrivi meqanizmis

warmoqmnas aqvs saerTo niSnebi miTwarmoqmnasTan), mxatvruli da

samecniero.

lingvosemiotikosebi, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, amtkiceben, rom

xelovneba gansakuTrebuli saxiT organizebuli enaa, aqedan gamomdinare,

SeiZleba visaubroT musikis, ferweris, kinos, Teatris da a. S. enaze.

uSualod robert sturuas saTeatro enis kvlevamde, Sevecdebi mimovixilo,

Tu ras warmoadgens, zogadad, `saTeatro ena~. `saTeatro enaze~ saubrisas

unda ganisazRvros niSnebis is erToblioba, romlebic am enas qmnian.

xelovneba Semecnebis da urTierTobis saSualebaa. igi eZebs

WeSmaritebas da gamoxatavs mas Tavis, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebel,

enaze. xelovnebis semiotikas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs niSanTa

sistemis zogad TeoriaSi. Teatris semiotika _ mniSvnelovani da dRemde

jer isev naklebad Seswavlili nawilia am rTuli problemisa.

1. scenuri qmedeba, rogorc erTianoba msaxiobebisa, romlebic

moqmedeben da axorcieleben saqciels, maT mier warmoTqmuli sityvieri

18

teqstebi, dekoraciebi da rekviziti, ganaTeba, musikaluri gaformeba...

warmoadgens mniSvnelovani sirTulis teqsts, romelic iyenebs sxvadasxva

tipisa da xarisxis pirobiT niSnebs. Tumca is faqti, rom scenuri samyaro

Tavisi bunebiT niSnobrivia, aniWebs mas gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovan

Tvisebebs. niSani Tavisi arsiT winaaRmdegobrivia: is mudam realuria da

mudam iluzoruli. realuria imitom, rom niSnis buneba materialuria;

imisaTvis, rom iqces niSnad, anu gardaiqmnas socialur faqtad,

mniSvneloba realizebuli unda iqnas raime materialur substanciaSi.

niSnis iluzoruloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is yovelTvis moCvenebiTia,

anu asaxavs ara mis garegnul saxes, aramed raRac sxvas. amasTan,

aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT, rom xelovnebis sferoSi

mravalmniSvneloba Sinaarsobriobisa izrdeba. winaaRmdegoba realursa da

iluzoruls Soris qmnis semiotikuri mniSvnelobebis im garemos, romelSic

cxovrobs yoveli mxatvruli teqsti. scenuri teqstis erT-erTi

gansakuTrebuloba gamoyenebuli enebis mravalferovnebaSia.

2. Jestebi ewodeba gansazRvruli mniSvnelobebis matarebel

moZraobebs. 3. fiqsirebuli mniSvnelobebiT dakavSirebuli fonemebis

SeTavsebas _ sityvebi. 4. ufro ganzogadebuli midgomisas SeiZleba

visaubroT niSnebze _ simboloebze _ gamoxatvis nebismier saSualebaze,

mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli mniSvnelobebis matareblebze. niSnebi

arsebobs sxvadasxva tipis, razec damokidebulia maTi pirobiTobis xarisxi.

niSnebi iseTi tipisa, rogoric aris `sityva~, pirobiTad, aerTianeben

zogierT mniSvnelobas gansazRvrul gamoxatulebasTan (erTsa da imave

mniSvnelobas sxvadasxva enaze sxvadasxva gamoxatuleba aqvs).

gamomsaxvelobiTi (`xatovani~) niSnebi aerTianeben Sinaarss gamosaxvasTan,

romlebic floben garkveul msgavsebas. nebismier adamianTa Soris

urTierTobas, romelic eyrdnoba gansazRvruli wesebiT daregulirebul

niSanTa sistemas, SeiZleba vuwodoT enobrivi urTierToba. am sistemebsa da

maTi meSveobiT urTierTobebis pirobebs Seiswavlis semiotika. vinaidan es

aris mecniereba urTierTobebze, Setyobinebebis gadacemaze, adamianTa mier

19

sxva xalxisa da sakuTari Tavis gageba _ argagebaze, socialur-

kulturuli formebis kodirebaze _ mas aqvs sazogadoebrivi xasiaTi.

adamianTa garkveul qmedebebs erTiani gegmiT, cnobieri an

aracnobieri programiT ganxorcielebuls, ewodeba qceva. magaliTad,

samuSao qceva da niSnobrivi. niSnobrivi qceva vlindeba TamaSebrivi

xasiaTis rTul formebSi da xdeba arsebiTi yvela xalxisTvis. niSnobrivi

qcevis sferoa: zeimi, TamaSi, sazogadoebrivi da religiuri dResaswaulebi.

gansakuTrebul tansacmels, moZraobebs, metyvelebis xasiaTisa da tipis

cvlilebebs, musikas, simReras, Jestebisa da qmedebebis mkacr

Tanmimdevrobas mivyavarT ritualis warmoSobasTan. dgindeba kalendris

Sesabamisi dReebi, Sesabamisi tanisamosi da sagangebod gamoyofili

adgilebi. `praqtikuli da ritualuri qcevis urTierTqmedebis mniSvnelovan

sferos warmoadgens TamaSi. imisda miuxedavad, rom TamaSi Cvens

cnobierebaSi asocirdeba dasvenebasTan, fsiqologiur da fizikur

gantvirTvasa da garTobasTan, mas gansakuTrebulad didi adgili aqvs

cxovrebaSi, individis aRzrdasa da sazogadoebis kulturaSi~.7

TamaSebri qcevis specifika mis araerTgvarovnebaSia: TamaSi

gulisxmobs erTdroul realizacias praqtikuli da pirobiTi qcevisa.

moTamaSes axsovs, rom igi imyofeba ara realur, aramed, pirobiT _ TamaSis

samyaroSi. imavdroulad igi ganicdis sinamdvilesTan miaxloebul

emociebs. TamaSis qcevis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTdroulad icode

da arc icode, gaxsovdes da gaviwydebodes, rom situacia gamogonilia.

TamaSis xelovneba swored ormagi qcevis Cvevebis dauflebaSia. nebismieri

àmovardna~, rodesac qreba `viTom~, angrevs TamaSs. TamaSi adamianis

garSemo qmnis mravalmxrivi SesaZleblobebis gansakuTrebul samyaros da

amiT aqtiurobis zrdis mastimulirebelia. TamaSi _ SemoqmedebiTi

azrovnebis erT-erTi meqanizmia, romelic pasiurad ki ar misdevs romelime

winaswar mocemul programas, aramed orientirebulia SesaZleblobebis

rTul da mravalmxriv uwyvetobaze. amgvarad, cxovrebaSi, arsebobs scenis

miRma ganviTarebuli masalebi, romelTagan igeba Teatraluri samyaro.

7 lotmani i. dasaxelebuli naSromi., gv. 585.

20

aRsaniSnavia, rom es masalebi TavisTavad jer kidev ar qmnian Teatrs _

amisTvis, maT unda Seexos xelovneba.

`saTeatro xelovnebas gaaCnia semiotikuri meqanizmebi. Teatrisa da

qcevis urTierTqmedebis rezultatia is, rom Teatris istoriaSi mudmivad

moqmedi tendenciis _ scenuri cxovrebis mimsgavsebisa realurTan _

gverdiT aseve arsebobs sawinaaRmdego _ realuri cxovrebis (an misi

gansazRvruli sferoebis) mimsgavseba TeatrTan. ukanaskneli tendencia

gansakuTrebiT SeigrZnoba kulturaSi, sadac gamomuSavdeba naTlad

gamoxatuli ritualizebuli qceva. Tuki Tavis saTaveebSi Teatraluri

qmedeba ritualidan gamomdinareobs, Semdgom istoriul ganviTarebaSi

xdeba piruku dasesxeba: rituali iTvisebs saTeatro normebs~.8

saTeatro xelovneba flobs Tavis specifikur enas. saTeatro enis

erT-erT safuZvels warmoadgens scenis mxatvruli sivrce. Teatraluri

sivrce ZiriTadad or nawilad iyofa: scena da mayurebelTa darbazi,

romelTa Soris myardeba urTierTobebi. arsebobs dadgmebi, sadac sivrce

sam nawilad iyofa: scena, scena-scenaze da mayurebelTa darbazi. sivrcis

amgvari dayofa im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, rodesac speqtaklSi TamaSdeba

`Teatri-TeatrSi~. aseTi dayofa sivrcisa arc ise xSiria. ZiriTadad,

sivrce ori nawilisgan Sedgeba. saubaria urTierTdapirispirebaze

arsebulsa da ararsebuls Soris. arseboba da realoba am ori Teatraluri

nawilisa, TiTqosda, realizdeba or sxvadasxva ganzomilebaSi. mayureblis

TvalsazrisiT, fardis awevisa da piesis dawyebis momentidan mayurebelTa

darbazi wyvets arsebobas. yvelaferi rampis aqeTa mxares qreba. misi

utyuari realoba uCinardeba da mTlianad uTmobs adgils scenuri

moqmedebis iluzorul realobas. scenis TvalsazrisiT, ar arsebobs

mayurebelTa darbazi. Teatri moiTxovs adresatis arsebobas, am adresatis

yofnas scenaze arsebul droSi da imavdroulad aRiqvams misgan momaval

signalebs (mdumarebis, mowonebis da gakicxvis, daZraxvis niSnebs),

Sesabamisad varirebs teqstiT. `swored am teqstis dialogis bunebasTanaa

dakavSirebuli misi iseTi Tviseba, rogoricaa variantuloba (saxesxvaoba).

8 iqve: gv. 585.

21

cneba `kanonikuri teqsti~ iseTive ucxoa speqtaklisaTvis, rogorc

folklorisTvis, igi icvleba romeliRac invariantis cnebiT, romelic

realizdeba rig variantebSi~.9

scenuri sivrce gamoirCeva niSnobrivi gajerebulobiT _ yvelaferi,

rac scenazea, iRebs tendencias ganimsWvalos damatebiTi mniSvnelobebiT.

moZraoba iqceva mniSvnelobis matarebel Jestad, nivTi _ detalad. yoveli

moqmedeba savse unda iyos sakuTari mniSvnelobiT da imavdroulad

gamzadebdes SemdegisaTvis, kidev ufro mniSvnelovanisaTvis. scenuri

samyaro Tavisi bunebiT niSnobrivia, rac aniWebs mas gansakuTrebul,

arsebiT Tvisebebs. àrsebobs scenuri sivrce, rogorc realuri

mocemuloba da arsebobs dramatuli sivrce, rogorc misi referenti.

dramatul sivrces patris pavi ganmartavs rogorc mayureblisa Tu

mkiTxvelis mier warmosaxvaSi Seqmnil sivrces. scenuri sivrce dramatuli

sivrcis referencias axdens. is mayureblis warmosaxvis warmarTvisa da

modelirebis funqcias kisrulobs. dramatuli da scenuri sivrcis

urTierTsinTezis safuZvelze iqmneba e. w. mayureblis Sida sivrcec,

scenuri sivrcis saboloo formirebas mayureblis mes TviTproeqcia

asrulebs, mxolod aseTi TviTporeqciis gziT ganxorcielebuli

semiotizaciis gziT iZens sivrceTa gadakveTis es fizikuri wertili

srulfasovan sazriss~.10

scenuri qmedebis safuZvelia msaxiobi, moTamaSe adamiani, Caketili

scenur sivrceSi. magram, swored es scenuri qmedebis Zireuli elementi

iZens ormag semiotikur mniSvnelobas. scenaze viTardeba movlenaTa jaWvi,

gmirebi sxvadasxva qcevas axorcieleben, erTi scena cvlis meores. Tavis

SigniT es samyaro cxovrobs ara niSnobrivi, aramed realuri cxovrebiT.

yovel msaxiobs `sjera~ rogorc sakuTari, aseve partnioris da

mTlianobaSi moqmedebis realurobisa scenaze. mayurebeli ki aris

esTetikuri da ara realuri gancdis zemoqmedebis qveS. mayurebeli

9lotmani i. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 588-589.

10bokuCava T. Teatraluri nawarmoebi rogorc `teqsti~ da struqtura. samecniero

konferenciis masalebi II. Tb. `kentavri~. 2010. gv. 14.

22

sxvanairad iqceva: ra gancdebic ar unda hqondes, gaunZrevlad rCeba

savarZelSi. scenaze myofi adamianebisaTvis xdeba movlena, darbazSi

myofTaTvis ki movlena warmoadgens sakuTari Tavis niSans. `msaxiobs

mihyavs dialogi or sxvadasxva sibrtyeze: gamoxatuli urTierToba mas

akavSirebs moqmedebis sxva monawileebTan, xolo aragamoxatuli Cumi

dialogi _ mayurebelTan. orive SemTxvevaSi igi gvevlineba ara dakvirvebis

pasiur obieqtad, aramed komunikaciis aqtiur monawiled. aqedan

gamomdinare, misi yofiereba scenaze principulad ori mniSvnelobisaa: igi

SeiZleba aRqmuli iqnas rogorc uSualo realoba da rogorc realoba,

gardasaxuli niSnad am realobisa. am ukiduresobebs Soris mudmivi

meryeoba aniWebs speqtakls sicxoveles, xolo mayurebels Setyobinebis

pasiuri mimRebidan gardaqmnis monawiled koleqtiuri cnobierebis aqtisa,

romelic TeatrSi mimdinareobs~.11

scenuri sanaxaobis winapirobas warmoadgens mayureblis darwmuneba,

rom gansazRvruli kanonebi sinamdvilisa scenur sivrceSi SeiZleba

TamaSis Seswavlis obieqtad iqcnen, anu SeiZleba deformirdnen an saerTod

gauqmdnen. magaliTad, dro scenaze SeiZleba realobaSi arsebul droze

ufro swrafad, an SeiZleba ufro nela miedinebodes. scenis kanonebze

drois daqvemdebareba mas kvlevis obieqtad aqcevs. scenaze, iseve rogorc

yovelnairi ritualis Caketil sivrceSi, xazgasmulia sivrcis semantikuri

koordinatebi.

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens scenaze dekoracia da rekviziti.

dekoraciisa da rekvizitis semiotikuri buneba ufro gasagebi gaxdeba, Tuki

SevadarebT mis funqciasa da gamoyenebas kinoSi. Teatralur da

kinodarbazSi mayurebeli mTeli sanaxaobis ganmavlobaSi erTsa da imave

fiqsirebul mdgomareobaSia, magram maTi damokidebuleba im esTetikur

kategoriasTan, romelsac xelovnebis struqturul TeoriaSi ewodeba

Wvreta, Zlier gansxvavebulia. Teatraluri mayurebeli inarCunebs bunebriv

xedvas sanaxaobaze, romelic ganisazRvreba misi Tvalis optikuri

urTierTobebiT scenisadmi. mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi es pozicia

11 lotmani i. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 592.

23

ucvlelia. kinomayureblis Tvalsa da ekranze gamosaxulebas Soris

arsebobs Suamavali _ operatoris mier mimarTuli kinoaparatis obieqtivi.

mayurebeli TiTqos gadascems mas Tavis xedvas. xedi da rakursi

kinogamoxatvis aqtiuri elementebia. dekoraciebis da sagnebis (rekvizitis)

funqciebi kinosa da TeatrSi gansxvavebulia. sagani TeatrSi mxolod

msaxiobis TamaSis atributia, kinoSi igi SeiZleba sruluflebiani moqmedi

piri iyos. es, kerZod, ganisazRvreba SesaZleblobiT _ sagani gadaRebuli

iqnas msxvili xediT, kadrebis ricxobrivi zrdis meSveobiT masze

yuradRebis SeCerebiT da sxv. kinematografSi detali TamaSobs, TeatrSi

igi gaTamaSdeba. TeatrSi da, ufro metad kinoSi, sagani, rekviziti

metaforis, simbolos rolis matarebelia. metaforebs da simboloebs

SeiZleba hqondes Zalian rTuli da mravalmxrivi mniSvneloba. gamovyofT

sami saxis metafora-simboloebs: 1. plastikur metaforebs, dafuZnebulebs

wminda garegnul msgavsebaze an gamosaxulebis kontrastze. 2. dramatul

metaforebs: isini TamaSoben rols qmedebaSi da SemoaqvT ganmartebiTi

elementi, xels uwyoben monaTxrobis gagebas. dabolos, arsebobs

metaforebis mesame kategoria _ 3. ideologiuri, vinaidan maTi mizania _

mayureblis cnobierebaSi dabados idea, romelic scildeba scenaze an

kadrSi arsebuli moqmedebis zRvars, emsaxureba ideebis gamoxatvas,

romelic monaTxrobis CarCoebze, romelSic isinia CarTuli, bevrad metia

da asaxaven reJisoris damokidebulebas kacobriobis winaSe mdgari yvelaze

mniSvnelovani problemebisadmi. saboloo jamSi, gamoxataven gansazRvrul

msoflmxedvelobas. `metafora _ es niSania da erTdroulad ilustracia;

amgvarad, es enis elementia. metyvelebis toni, misi ritmuli agebuleba _ es

enobrivi elementebia, romlebic sxvadasxva amocanas asruleben~.12

gansxvavebulia mayureblis damokidebulebac mxatvruli sivrcisadmi.

kinoSi sivrcis iluzoruli gamosaxuleba mayurebels TiTqos SigniT

iTrevs, TeatrSi mayurebeli yovelTvis mxatvruli sivrcis gareTaa. aqedan

gamomdinare, Teatralur dekoraciaSi mniSvnelovnad ufro xazgasmulia

12 Брук П. Пустое пространство, секретов нет. М. «Наука». 2003. ст. 165.

24

markirebis funqcia. aranakleb mniSvnelovania Teatraluri dekoraciis sxva

funqciac: rampasTan erTad igi markirebas ukeTebs saTeatro sivrcis

sazRvrebs. sazRvris SegrZneba, mxatvruli sivrcis Caketiloba TeatrSi

ufro Zlierad aris gamoxatuli, vidre kinoSi. amas mivyavarT modelirebis

funqciis mniSvnelovan zrdasTan. Tuki kino Tavisi `bunebrivi~ funqciiT

miiltvis imisken, rom iyos aRqmuli rogorc dokumenti, epizodi

sinamdvilidan, cxovrebis modelis saxe, TeatrisaTvis aranakleb

`bunebrivia~ aRqmuli iqnas, rogorc sinamdvilis gansaxiereba ukiduresad

ganzogadebuli saxiT.

imisaTvis, rom SesaZlebeli iyos Setyobinebis gagzavna da miReba, igi

Sesabamisad unda iyos kodirebuli da dekodirebuli. rodesac Cven

vsaubrobT speqtaklze, upirveles yovlisa, ganvsazRvravT, ras niSnavs

`teqsti~ speqtaklSi. Cven, ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia visaubroT ama Tu im

speqtaklze, rogorc erTian teqstze. igi upasuxebs am gagebis ZiriTad

niSanTvisebebs: gamoxatulebiT, gamijvniT, erTiani mniSvnelobiT.

materialuri gamoxatuleba miiRweva Tavad dadgmis faqtiT; gamijvna _

naTlad gamoxatuli niSanTvisebebiT. speqtakli matarebelia mTeli rigi

calkeuli Setyobinebisa, imavdroulad, gaaCnia mTlianobis,

integrirebulobis mniSvneloba da asrulebs raRac erTian kulturul

funqcias.

dramaturgis TvalsazrisiT, piesa, romelic ar dadgmula TeatrSi _

srulyofili teqstia, Teatris TvalsazrisiT _ es mxolod mniSvnelovani

komponentia sasceno teqstis Sesaqmnelad. dramaturgisTvis piesa SeiZleba

iyos mkiTxvelisadmi adresirebuli Setyobineba. TeatrisaTvis Setyobineba

SeiZleba iyos mxolod scenuri dadgma. speqtaklis mxatvruli gaformeba _

misi ganuyofeli, organuli nawilia da erTdroulad, igi, rig SemTxvevaSi,

SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc xelovnebis damoukidebeli faqti.

speqtaklis erTiani teqsti igeba, sul cota, sami, sakmaod damoukidebeli,

subieqtisagan. piesis sityvieri teqstidan, romelsac qmnian msaxiobebi da

reJisori, musikalur-mxatvruli gaformebiT da ganaTebiT. `teqstis Seqmnis

yovel rgolSi _ avtorisagan, reJisorisagan, wamyvani msaxiobisgan,

25

statistisa da gamnaTeblis CaTvliT, _ xorcieldeba ormagi qceva. erTi

mxriv, avtori ar aris Tavisufali tradiciebTan, mayureblis gemovnebasTan,

epoqis ideebTan mimarTebaSi, reJisori SeboWilia avtoris CanafiqriT da a.

S.. magram, meore mxriv, yovel rgolSi igulisxmeba partniorobac,

TanaSemoqmedebac, anu Tavisufleba... scenidan Setyobinebis gadacemis

procesi da misi dekodireba auditoriis cnobierebaSi SeiZleba

ganvsazRvroT rogorc ori mxare erTiani koleqtiuri azrovnebis erTiani

procesisa~.13

speqtakli gadascems informacias Seqmnili teqstis meSveobiT.

mayurebeli ki, umetes SemTxvevaSi, adekvaturad aRiqvams informacias. es

efeqti miiRweva imiT, rom speqtaklis Semqmnelebic da mayurebelic arian

erTi istoriul-kulturuli epoqis adamianebi, CarTulebi saerTo

socialur, kulturul da fsiqologiur kodebSi. Teatri _ erT-erTi

yvelaze metad Zveli da globaluri xelovnebaa msoflio kulturaSi.

Tavisi arsebobis aTaswleulebis ganmavlobaSi man daagrova mdgradi

saSualebebis arsenali, nebismieri ideur-mxatvruli, scenuri reformebis

pirobebSi SenarCunebuli. es stabiluri semiotikuri karkasi warmoadgens

TiTqosda universalur mTargmnels, romelic uzrunvelyofs, minimum

Tanaziarobas. yoveli WeSmaritad mxatvruli teqsti Seicavs mxatvrul enas

da am enis Seswavla-gagebas. sistema `scena _ mayurebeli~ viTardeba

TamaSis modelis mixedviT.

semiotikuri aqti ar aris mxolod gamgzavnidan mimRebamde raRac

garkveuli saxis Setyobinebis gadacema. es aris rTuli procesi, misi

mimdinareobis dros informaciis gadamcemi da mimRebi urTierTqmedeben,

gardaiqmnebian, transformirdebian. es aris cocxali procesi, romlis

msvlelobisas yvela komponenti imyofeba rTuli konfliqtis

mdgomareobaSi da amJRavnebs simyaresa da cvalebadobas, gagebasa da

vergagebas. mayureblis CarTva koleqtiuri cnobierebis sistemaSi, romelic

13lotmani i. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 597.

26

gulisxmobs sxvis xedvas, rogorc partniorisa komunikaciaSi, subieqti da

ara sagani, aqcevs Teatrs sazogadoebrivi moralis skolad.

Teatri ansambluri xelovnebaa. ansamblze orientireba sasceno

semiotikis erT-erTi Taviseburebaa. yoveli mxatvruli teqsti semiotikurad

araerTgvarovania, magram mxolod ànsamblis~ cneba gardaiqmneba erT-erT

wamyvan konstruqtivistul principad. igi mdgomareobs mxatvruli

gamosaxvis sxvadasxvagvari saSualebiT principul orientaciaSi.

ansamblurobis TeoriaSi didi mniSvneloba aqvs niSanTa sistemebis ori

gansxvavebuli tipis Tanaarsebobas: erTimeorisgan gamijnul (diskretul)

niSnebs, gancalkevebul sistemas, sadac erTi niSnis meorisgan gamijvna

Znelia da SeuZlebeli, xolo mniSvnelobis matarebeli Tavad teqstia. aseT

(aradiskretul) sistemaSi mTeli teqsti gvevlineba rTulad agebul niSnad.

speqtaklis verbaluri nawili iswrafvis mniSvnelobebis diskretuli

gadmocemisken, qmediTi _ aradiskretulisaken. speqtaklSi erTdroulad

SeiZleba warmoiqmnas rogorc aradiskretuli teqsti, aseve zeaweuli

(zeamaRlebuli) mniSvnelobebi. scenuri ansamblurobis mTavari Tvisebaa:

sxvadasxvis erTianoba da sxvadasxvaoba erTianobaSi. `grimidan da

mimikidan dawyebuli, darbazSi mayureblis qcevis normebiT damTavrebuli,

Teatraluri salarodan, ritualizebul `Teatralur atmosferomde~ _

TeatrSi yvelaferi semiotikaa. misi saxeobebi imdenad rTuli da

sxvadasxvaa, rom scenas sruliad safuZvlianad SeiZleba vuwodoT

semiotikis enciklopedia~.14

gansakuTrebuli adgili TeatrSi _ ansamblur xelovnebaSi _ aqvs

musikas. Teatris samyaroSi mudmivad JRers musika, romelic qmnis

Tavisebur atmosferos, raRac axal ganzomilebas, romelic mudmivad

amdidrebs mas, ganmartavs, xandaxan asworebs, xandaxan aZlevs

mimarTulebas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, axdens mis organizebas droSi. `musika, _

es aris uxilavi ena, romlis meSveobiTac àraferi~ uecrad iZens formas:

misi danaxva SeuZlebelia, magram SesaZlebelia SegrZneba~.15 musikam xeli

14 lotmani i. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 603. 15 bruki p. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 165.

27

unda Seuwyos gamTlianebas da ar unda Semoifarglos TanxlebiT an

mayurebelze STabeWdilebis moxdeniT. igi SeumCnevlad unda monawileobdes

speqtaklis saerTo tonalobis SeqmnaSi, mis esTetikur da dramaturgiul

JReradobaSi. misi zemoqmedeba iqneba ufro Zlieri da uSualo, rac ufro

naklebad mousmenen, miuxedavad imisa, rom mudmivad ismis. TeatrSi ar

midian musikis mosasmenad. man mxolod unda gaaRrmaos mayureblis

STabeWdileba. musikam scenur qmedebas Taviseburi JReradoba unda mianiWos.

mas unda Sehqondes sakuTari qarga speqtaklis ama Tu im epizodSi. musika,

iseve rogorc piesa, sareJisoro eqsplikacia, dekoraciebi, mizanscenebi

xels unda uwyobdes speqtaklis sicxades, logikurobas, simarTles.

cnobili faqtia, rom meierholdi sareJisoro eqsplikaciaSi iyenebda

musikalur terminebs. amgvarad, musika unda axdendes saerTo zemoqmedebas.

igi zemoqmedebs mayurebelze Tavisi tonalurobiT (maJoruli an minoruli),

ritmiT (Cqari an Senelebuli), melodiiT (mxiaruli an naRvliani).

musikaluri Tanxleba imdenad SeumCneveli unda iyos, rom mayurebelma

daiviwyos mis Sesaxeb, imavdroulad Seqmnas Taviseburi emociuri

atmosfero, romelic daexmareba darbazSi myofs ufro kargad aRiqvas

saxeebis Sinagani mniSvneloba an, ufro sworad, zogadad, speqtaklis

gamomsaxvelobiTi zemoqmedeba. `musikalur formas, Sinaganad

dakavSirebuls msaxiobis xelovnebasTan, qmnian musikosebi, romlebic

Tavidanve monawileoben speqtaklis Seqmnis koleqtiur muSaobaSi. ra Tqma

unda, kompozitors SeuZlia bevri kargis Seqmna speqtaklisaTvis, magram

mxolod maSin, Tu is mzad aris ilaparakos erT enaze yvela monawilesTan

da ar ecdeba damoukideblad daatkbos mayureblis smena~.16

yoveli xelovneba gvesaubreba misTvis damaxasiaTebel enaze.

xelovnebis enis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is arasdrosaa

winaswar mocemuli, is yovelTvis erTgvari variaciaa, aucilebeli

konkretuli CanafiqrisTvis. Canafiqri, SemoqmedebiT aqtamde arasdros

gvevlineba, rogorc raRac logikuri. Canafiqri, romelic moaqvs Semoqmeds,

aris mxatvruli azri. iqmneba konkretul nawarmoebSi konkretuli

16 iqve: gv. 225.

28

nawarmoebiT da ar SeiZleba misi gancalkeveba teqstisgan. teqsti ar aris

gayinuli azris sacavi, igi generatoria, romelic, erTi mxriv, mierTebulia

auditoriasTan da gadamcemebTan (wigni, Teatri da a. S.), meore mxriv, qmnis

axal Setyobinebebs, ideebs da grZnobebs. `Teatris ena arbitraluria _

pirobiT SeTanxmebas emyareba, Teatraluri niSani ki asimetriuli, rac imas

niSnavs, rom mas realobis erTze meti obieqtisa Tu fenomenis erTdrouli

aRniSvnis Tviseba aqvs. swored es qmnis Teatraluri niSnis interpretaciis

SesaZleblobas. Teatraluri nawarmoebis semiotizaciis procesi da misi

niSnobrivi bunebis gamovlena mxolod misi mayureblis winaSe

demonstraciis procesSi grZeldeba da sruldeba. Teatraluri niSani

arsebobs ara rogorc mxolod fizikuri mocemuloba, aramed rogorc

warmodgenis obieqti~.17

upirveles yovlisa, Teatris, rogorc xelovnebis, ena aris

Teatraloba. igi aris Teatris ganuyofeli nawili da Teatris arseboba mis

gareSe warmoudgenelia. Teatralobis arsis gansazRvra SesaZlebelia ori

TvalsazrisiT. erTi mxriv, SeiZleba aRiweros xelovnebis nawarmoebis

Sinagani agebuleba da ganisazRvros, ra saxis struqturul Tvisebebs unda

flobdes teqsti, rom arsebuli kulturis sazRvrebSi Cven SevZloT misi,

rogorc mxatvrulis, aRqma. es struqturuli aspeqtia. meore mxriv, Cven

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebia yvelaferi, rac auditoriis

mier aRiqmeba rogorc xelovneba. am TvalsazrisiT, mxatvruli nawarmoebi

aris is, rasac arsebul kulturaSi SeuZlia Seasrulos esTetikuris

funqcia. Teatris arsebobis manZilze erTmaneTs ebrZvis Teatralobis ori

koncefcia: mayurebelma unda daiviwyos, rom igi TeatrSia, da _ mayurebeli

yovelTvis unda grZnobdes, rom igi TeatrSia. es dava axasiaTebs ara

Teatris bunebas, aramed ama Tu im Teatraluri moRvawis subieqtur

midgomas. sinamdvileSi mayurebeli unda iviwyebdes da imavdroulad, ar

aviwydebodes, rom TeatrSia. gamomdinare esTetikuri koncefciebidan,

kulturuli orientaciidan, individualuri amocanidan SeiZleba

keTdebodes am orgvari formulirebis aqcenti ama Tu im nawilze. sanam

17 bokuCava T. dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 14.

29

arsebobs Teatri, arsebobs misi zemoqmedebis ori mxare: rwmena imisa, rom

scenis iluzoruli realoba realuria da imisa, rom igi cxovreba ki ar

aris, aramed `cxovrebis TamaSi~. Teatris saidumloeba imaSi mdgomareobs,

rom mayurebeli, romelic uyurebs speqtakls, erTi mxriv, yvelaze

intensiuri saxiT aRmoCndeba CarTuli mimdinare qmedebaSi, xolo meore

mxriv, inarCunebs distancias. piter bruki wignSi `carieli sivrce~ wers:

`muSaobis dawyebisas, aucilebelia swrafva, gamoiyeno yvela elementi,

Teatris yoveli SesaZlebloba, ar ecado winaswar gamoyo maTgan isini,

romlebic ufro kargad esadagebian Canafiqrs. mTavari mizania, miaRwio

saboloo STabeWdilebis namdvilobas. es imas ar niSnavs, rom laparakia

realizmze an naturalizmze. Sesruleba SeiZleba iyos usazRvrod

pirobiTi, stilizebuli, xolo Sedegi iqneba realuri, an piriqiT, SeiZleba

yvelaferi gaakeTo Zalian `naturalurad~, magram Sedegi iqneba xelovnuri,

gamogonili. amitom dRes CemTvis yvelaze mTavari sakiTxia _ ras

vgulisxmobT, rodesac vsaubrobT kulturasa da kulturul

faseulobebze? vinaidan erTi da igive sityva SeiZleba aRniSnavdes yvelaze

kargs da yvelaze cuds, gamomdinare iqidan, rogor gvesmis da rogor

viyenebT mas~.18

Teatralobas gansakuTrebiT rTuli buneba aqvs. upirveles yovlisa,

igi iqmneba piesasTan speqtaklis damokidebulebiT. TavisTavad piesa

dasrulebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebia, iseve, rogorc sxva sityvieri

xelovnebis Janrebi: romani, moTxroba, poema, leqsi, magram piesis

speqtaklad gadaqcevis dawyebisTanave aRmoCndeba, rom igi Seicavs mraval

potenciur interpretacias, rom igi TiTqos jer kidev daumTavrebelia da

saWiroebs dagvirgvindes romeliRac xorcSesxmiT, axali reJisoruli

gadawyvetiTa Tu samsaxiobo TamaSiT. piesisa da speqtaklis dialogi _

rTuli da, rogorc wesi, dramatuli dialogia. piesa da speqtakli

saubroben sxvadasxva enaze da sityva, romelic iwereba qaRaldze,

araadekvaturia sityvisa scenaze. dadgma _ erT-erTi urTulesi saxeobaa

mxatvruli Targmanisa. magram swored mis siZneleSia misi Rirebuleba.

18 bruki p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 289-290.

30

Teatralobas aqvs sxva `berketis mxarec~. speqtakls, erTi mxriv, mihyavs

dialogi piesasTan, meore mxriv _ mayurebelTan. es ori _ gansxvavebuli

dialogia da speqtakli gaiSleba maTSi sxvadasxvanairad. arc erTi

xelovneba ar aris dakavSirebuli esoden uSualod auditoriis

reaqciasTan, ar reagirebs am reaqciaze umalve da aqtiurad, rogorc

Teatri. Tavad dialogis SesaZlebloba _ xelovnebis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani da urTulesi monapovaria. saWiroa enobrivi erToba, erTiani

kulturuli sivrce. `Cven vsaubrobT rTul dialogze piesis avtorTan, _

aseve, rTuli unda iyos dialogi mayurebelTan. arc ise rTuli, rom ar

Sedges dialogi da arc ise ioli, rom iqces uSinaarsod. pirveli sakiTxia

dialogisa: ra enaze? Teatrs saubari mihyavs Teatralobis enaze~.19

Teatri _ lokaluri movlenaa. yvelaferi damokidebulia konkretul

garemoebaze, viTarebaze. erT situaciaSi ufro metad efeqturi SeiZleba

aRmoCndes folkloruli Teatri, sxva situaciaSi didi mniSvnelobis

movlenad SeiZleba iqces politikuri Teatris speqtakli. gaaCnia, ra

socialur-politikur viTarebaSi idgmeba speqtakli. rodesac vsaubrobT

xelovnebaze, srulebiTac ar aris umniSvnelo, rom WeSmariteba _

yovelTvis aris Zieba. ara zedapiruli moda, ara daufiqrebeli survili

siaxlisa, aramed Zieba siaxlisa WeSmaritebis dadgenisaTvis. es survili ki

cvlis xelovnebaSi miRweul formebs jer kidev ucnobze. `kacobrioba qmnis

ra xelovnebis axal modelebs, qmnis maT ara imitom, rom Tavad modelebi

unda ganaxldes, aramed igi ibrZvis cxovrebaze Tavisi uflebebis

gasafarToeblad, kvlevis uflebisaTvis da axali bednierebis misaRwevad...

Zveli struqturebis gamocdileba rCeba, magram isini ar meordeba, aramed

gamoiyeneba da gamoiyeneba SejaxebebiT, erTmaneTis uaryofiT.~20

scenisa da darbazis urTierTgageba _ saqmis mxolod erTi mxarea. da,

Tu igi Sromis gareSe miiRweva, rogorc adreuli warmatebebis gamoZaxili,

mowmobs Teatris ganviTarebis SeCerebaze. am SemTxvevaSi igi eqspluatacias

19 lotmani i. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 608. 20 Шкловский В. Тетива, о несходстве сходного. Энергия заблуждения, книга о сюжете. M. «Художественная

литература». 1983. Т. II. ст. 184.

31

ukeTebs guSindel Teatralobas da ar eZebs axals. enis evolucia, misi

cvlileba, dinamizmi _ enis semiotikuri sistemis kanonia. piter bruki

Tavis wignSi `carieli sivrce~ aRniSnavs, rom saTeatro ena unda iyos

martivi, magram yovelTvis sxvadasxva, damokidebuli imaze, Tu sad da

visTvis TamaSob.

àmgvarad, msaxiobi an msaxiobTa jgufi axdens raRac STabeWdilebas,

romelic, Tanamedrove terminologiiT sargeblobisas, TavisTavad

warmoadgens raRac kods. es niSnavs, rom adamianuri urTierTobis

saSualebebis mTeli krebulidan, sityva, metyveleba gvevlineba erT-erT

SesaZlo variantad. metyvelebis miRma arsebobs sxeulis ena. xmis

JReradoba _ esec enaa. sivrceSi moZraoba _ agreTve enaa. dumili, siCume _

es enaa. ritmi _ es aseve enaa. amasTan dakavSirebiT, me mgonia, dRes Cven

isev vsargeblobT Zveli terminiT `totaluri Teatri~, gaviazrebT ra mas

Tavidan. am cnebis tradiciuli interpretacia gamovida eqspresionizmidan,

igi gulisxmobs, rom msaxiobTa TamaSi, dekoraciebi, Suqi, musika _

yvelaferi es saTeatro enis formebia, romlebisganac iqmneba speqtakli~. 21

21 bruki p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 288.

32

Tavi I

robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sawyisebi

qarTuli profesiuli reJisura, anu sareJisoro Teatri, iseve

rogorc evropuli, erT saukuneze cotaTi mets iTvlis. vgulisxmobT imas,

rom sareJisoro Teatrs (zogadad) safuZveli Caeyara XIX saukunis 80-ian

wlebSi _ C. kini, g. kregi, a. apia, an. antuani, o. brami, m. reinhardti, k.

stanislavski, vs. meierholdi... saqarTvelom XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi Sva

msoflio masStabis oTxi reJisori _ kote marjaniSvili, aleqsandre

axmeteli, mixeil TumaniSvili da robert sturua. vfiqrob, es arc ise

cotaa. oTxivem gansxvavebuli _ sakuTari, individualuri, xelweriT _

epoqa Seqmna msoflio Teatralur samyaroSi. maT axali sityva Tqves

saTeatro, sareJisoro enis formirebis sakiTxebSi. amjerad kvlevis

obieqtia robert sturua, misi saTeatro enis formirebis sakiTxi.

sad SeiZleba veZio r. sturuas xelweris safuZvlebi, konkretulad

qarTul da, zogadad, msoflio Teatris masStabiT? rogor ganviTarda da

Camoyalibda misi saTeatro, sareJisoro ena? da SeiZleba Tu ara, vuwodoT

mas erTi, romelime konkretuli mimdinareobis reJisori?

Temis mizania gamovikvlio, rogor Camoyalibda iseTi fenomeni,

rogoricaa _ robert sturuas Teatri da misi gamomsaxvelobiTi

saSualebani. SemoqmedebiTi koncefciidan gamomdinare, Seviswavlo misi

sareJisoro ena, rogorc teqnikuri saSualeba koncefciis gamosaxatavad. es

ori komponenti erTimeoridan gamomdinareobs. teqnika _ enaa, ena ki

saSualebaa sakuTari koncefciis, msoflmxedvelobis gamosaxatavad. ra

xerxebs mimarTavs robert sturua amisTvis?

r. sturuas Teatris Seqmnis models èkleqturi Teatris~ modeli

vuwode, miuxedavad imisa, rom termin ekleqturobas adre xelovnebis

nebismieri dargis mimarT xmarobdnen im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is `cudi~ iyo.

magaliTisTvis momyavs nawyveti statiidan `Teatri absurdi~. [...] èpigonoba.

33

diletantoba. or skam Sua jdoma. yoveli dadgma marjaniSvilis aris

eklektiuri naxerxi aqedan: Teatraluri SantaJi~22 (stili daculia).

amas werdnen kote marjaniSvilze 1924 wels _ qarTuli da ara marto

qarTuli _ Teatris reformatorze (gavixsenoT k. marjaniSvilis

moRvaweoba ruseTSi, kerZod, misi roli `Tavisufali Teatris~ SeqmnaSi a.

TairovTan erTad). aRvniSnav imasac, rom am Jurnalis Semqmnelebi da

avtorebi misi megobrebi da bevr rameSi Tanamoazreebi iyvnen. me ki, am

SemTxvevaSi, vgulisxmob imas, rom robert sturuam _ xelovnebis

sxvadasxva dargis sxvadasxva mimarTuleba gaaerTiana erT, mwyobr

sistemaSi... amasTanave, moaxerxa, es yvelaferi Seerwya qarTul tradiciul

fenomenTan, rasac qarTuli kultura ewodeba...

XIX saukunis bolo da XX saukune aris axali Teatraluri Ziebebis,

aRmoCenebis saukune evropaSi, amerikasa da aziaSic (italia, britaneTi,

safrangeTi, germania, iaponia, aSS da a.S.). gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa XX

da XXI saukuneebis Teatraluri Ziebebi poloneTsa da litvaSi. es exeba

rogorc dramaturgias, aseve reJisuras, Teatralur mxatvrobas, musikas,

saSemsruleblo teqnikas da a. S. am Ziebebsa da aRmoCenebSi, axali

Teatraluri stilistikis SeqmnaSi, sabWoeTis rkinis fardis miuxedavad,

qarTuli Teatric CarTuli gaxldaT. robert sturuas `saTeatro

modelis~, `saTeatro enis~ kvlevis dros aucileblad unda

gaviTvaliswinoT istoriuli winapirobebi: qveynis politikur-kulturuli

da yofiTi garemo, romelSic aRizarda da moRvaweobs xelovani.

nebismieri eris materialuri kultura erisTvis did faseulobas

warmoadgens. dRes, msoflio kulturis codna, msoflio kulturis

konteqstSi sakuTari adgilis gansazRvra aris mniSvnelovani. gasuli

saukunis 1960-iani wlebis meore naxevris studenturma moZraobam mTlianad

Secvala XX saukunis kultura, sruliad axali faseulobebi Semoitana

msoflioSi. es moZraoba daiwyo de golis winaaRmdeg da igi gadadga. am

revolucias mohyva is, rasac vuwodebT `seqsualur revolucias~ da axali

kulturuli Rirebulebebi Seiqmna. es iyo 1967-68 wlebi. 1968 w. ki sabWoTa

22J. `H2SO4~. 1924. #1. gv. 46.

34

kavSiri evropaSi tankebiT SeiWra. praqtikulad, msoflio orad gaiyo.

yvela is xelovani, romelic moRvaweobda sabWoTa kavSirSi, sxva

sazogadoebriv sivrceSi moxvda, sadac sul ramdenime xelovani aRmoCnda,

romelsac protesti, `brZola~ SeeZlo.

XX saukunis meore naxevari aRsavse iyo sxvadasxva politikuri,

socialuri, kulturuli movleniT. konfliqturi, SeuTavsebeli formebis

da Sinaarsebis aRqmisa da gagebis mravalgvaroba, maTTvis axali

mniSvnelobis miniWeba, socio-kulturuli yofis paradoqsuloba naTlad

gamoixata axal mimarTulebaSi, postmodernizmSi. postmodernizmis

mkvlevarma ilia ilinma mas erTgvari qimera uwoda. qimeruloba

postmodernisa _ ilinis gansazRvriT ganpirobebulia imiT, rom masSi, iseve

rogorc sizmarSi, Tanaarseboben SeuTavsebeli: gauTviTcnobierebeli

swrafva, Tundac paradoqsul formaSi, kompleqsuri, mTliani da

msoflmxedvelobiT-esTetikuri Secnoba cxovrebisa da naTeli gaazreba

Tavdapirveli fragmentulobisa, XX saukunisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

adamianis principulad arasinTezirebadi gaxleCilobisa.

mkvlevrebi miiCneven, rom postmodernizmis kanonebis SemuSaveba

ganpirobebuli iyo poststruqturalizmisa da dekonstruqciis ideebiT.

postmodernisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebani SeiZleba Semdegi saxiT

Camoyalibdes: ganusazRvreloba, sicxadis uqonloba, fragmentuloba da

montaJis principi, `dekanonizireba~, òrmagi kodirebis~ principi,

fsiqologiuri da simboluri siRrmeebis gareSe, dumili, mizezisa da

sawyisis uaryofa, ironia, Janrebis aRreva _ stiluri sinkretizmi,

Tanamedrove kulturis Teatraloba, muSaoba publikaze, auditoriis

aucilebeli gaTvaliswineba, karnavaluroba, imanenturoaba _ cnobierebis

Serwyma komunikaciis saSualebebTan.

1980-iani wlebidan avangardist Teoretikosebs Soris sul ufro da

uro mkvidrdeboda mosazreba (uTuod, m. baxtinis gavleniT) sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis da misi aRqmis saSualebebis karnavalurobaze, rodesac

politika, reklamiT SefuTuli ekonomika, komerciuli xelovneba _

yvelaferi es transformirdeba e. w. `yovlismomcvel Sou-biznesSi~. aqedan

gamomdinare, kvlav aqtualuri gaxda Seqspiris sentencia _ `mTeli samyaro

35

Teatria~ da Teatris axali Teoriis Seqmna sazogadoebis axali Teoriis

Seqmnis tolfasi gaxda.

postmodernis CamoTvlili niSnebis umravlesoba naTlad aris

gamoxatuli robert sturuas SemoqmedebaSi. amitomac, Cven Tavisuflad

SeiZleba vuwodoT mas postmodernuli mimdinareobis xelovani. am

mimdinareobam didi roli iTamaSa reJisoris saTeatro enis formirebis

procesSi.

XX saukunis 1960-ian wlebSi, ruseTSi, saTeatro, sareJisoro

xelovnebaSi Cndeba iuri lubimovi (manamde vaxtangovis Teatris msaxiobia).

1963 w. SCukinSi ganaxorciela b. brextis `seCuaneli keTili adamiani~,

swored am speqtaklma misca dasabami moskovSi `Teatri tagankze~ Seqmnas

(1964w. 23 aprili). man aaRorZina is miRwevebi, romelTac meierholdi

atarebda rusul TeatrSi da, amasTanave, principulad axali saTeatro ena

SemogvTavaza. ruseTSi es iyo didi movlena xelovnebis sferoSi.

lubimovis `seCuaneli keTili adamiani~ erTgvar `revoluciur

gadatrialebad~ moinaTla Teatralur xelovnebaSi. imave periodSi

rusTavelis TeatrSi moRvaweobas iwyebs robert sturua (1962 w.). robert

sturuas Teatralur institutSi gavlili aqvs dimitri aleqsiZis, lili

ioselianis da mixeil TumaniSvilis `saTeatro, sareJisoro skola~. 1964

wels dgams v. rozovis `vaxSmobis win~ (gadmoqarTulebuli j. Carkvianis

mier), xolo 1965 wels ki a. mileris `seilemis process~. es iyo pirveli

seriozuli reJisoruli warmateba mis SemoqmedebaSi.

am periodSi (mTeli XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi da dResac) evropaSi,

saqarTveloSi, ruseTSi grZeldeba e. w. `sareJisoro Ziebebi~, reJisorTa

`saTeatro enis~ formirebis procesi. seriozuli kvlevebi mimdinareobs am

mimarTulebiT. kvlevebma moicva kulturis, xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargi.

reJisorebi, mecnierebi, filosofosebi, literaturis Teoretikosebi da a.

S. ikvleven `saxelovnebo enas~ zogadad.

60-ian wlebSi qarTul xelovnebaSi Zalian Zlieri Taoba modis _ r.

sturua, T. CxeiZe, g. yanCeli, g. mesxiSvili, o. ioseliani, m. kobaxiZe da

sxvebi.Aamave periodSi, moskovSi iwyeben moRvaweobas a. tarkovski, i.

lubimovi, rogorc Teatraluri reJisori da sxvebi. xelovanebi protestis

36

gamosaxatavad, TavianTi msoflmxedvelobis warmosaCenad xelovnebas

mimarTaven. es aris sakvanZo wertili, imitom rom, praqtikulad, sturua

`seilemis procesiT~ iwyebs politikuri Teatris damkvidrebas. am periodSi

politikuri Teatri Tanabrad arsebobs evropis sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.

ras niSnavs `politikuri Teatri~? marTalia, es termini ukve

damkvidrebulia, magram me mainc, sturuas imdroindel Semoqmedebas, sxva

mravalTan erTad, `protestis Teatrs~ davarqmevdi. mas Semdeg, rac

kacobriobis istoriaSi gaCnda saxelmwifo wyobileba, saxelmwifo

wyobilebis `maxinji~ formebic mravlad arsebobda sxvadasxva saxiT.

adamianebi, am SemTxvevaSi xelovanebi, aseT dros, protests Tavis

SemoqmedebaSi gamoxatavdnen.

robert sturua, agrZelebda ra qarTuli Teatraluri skolis

tradiciebs (marjaniSvili, axmeteli, TumaniSvili), Tavis speqtaklebSi

simbolur, metaforul enas iyenebda `protestis~ gamosaxatavad. mivyveT

qronologias: a. mileris `seilemis procesi~ (1965 w.), a. cagarlis `xanuma~

(1968 w.), b. brextis `seCuaneli keTili adamiani~ (1969 w. 90-iani wlebis

meore naxevarSi igi kvlav dgams am piesas), d. kldiaSvilis `samaniSvilis

dedinacvali~ (1969 w.), h. ibsenis èqimi Stokmani~ (1972 w.), p. kakabaZis

`yvaryvare TuTaberi~ (1974 w.) da a.S. igi Tavisi speqtaklebiT, metaforuli,

simboluri, saTeatro enis gamoyenebiT amxilebda tiraniis araadamianur

arss. yvelaze ufro mwvaved es sakiTxebi 1960-iani wlebis bolos da 70-iani

wlebis dasawyisis dadgmebSi gamovlinda. Tu vityviT, rom sturua aris

1960-iani wlebis movlenebis tipuri warmomadgeneli, anu cnobierad am

procesebis monawilea, moRvaweobda ra rusTavelis saxelmwifo TeatrSi,

qmnida gansakuTrebul mimarTulebas, romlisTvisac, im periodSi, SeiZleba

andergraundic gvewodebina. SeiZleba gvewodebina eqsperimentuli Ziebebi

da amave dros amboxi. axalgazrda xelovanis amboxi im movlenebis mimarT,

romelic arsebobda.

simbolur-metaforuli eniT azrovneba maSin iwyeba, rodesac

formirebas iwyebs e. w. `sareJisoro Teatri~ (XIX saukinis bolo _ XX

saukunis dasawyisi). imis Tqma msurs, rom 60-ian wlebSi `simbolur-

metaforuli Teatri~ _ erTgvari `rimeiqi~ iyo saxecvlili formebiT. amis

37

tradicia ukve arsebobda ara mxolod evropasa da ruseTSi, aramed

saqarTveloSic. magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvano did britaneTSi, londonSi

`British Laibrary~-Si gakeTebuli gamofena `modernizmi evropaSi 1900-1937

wlebi~ (2007 _ 01. 2008 _ 03. imdenad warmatebuli iyo, rom Semdeg parizSic

gadaitanes). masSi, sxva evropul qalaqebTan erTad, Tbilisic CarTuli iyo.

Tbilisi XX saukunis dasawyisSi inteleqtualuri da kulturuli samyaros

erTgvar oazisad iqca. XX saukunis dasawyisidanve ruseTSi politikuri

areuloba iwyeba, rasac Tan daerTo ekonomikuri dasusteba.

qronologiurad amas mohyva pirveli msoflio omi 1914 w. im xanad,

saqarTveloSi, ruseTidan da evropidanac Zalian didi e. w.

ìnteleqtualuri nakadi~ Semoedineboda. yvela mimdinareoba, romelic XIX

saukunis bolos da XX saukunis dasawyisidan arsebobda evropul Tu

rusul kulturasa da xelovnebaSi, identurad viTardeboda Tbilissa da

saqarTveloSi _ naturalizmi, impresionizmi, eqspresionizmi, simbolizmi,

futurizmi da a.S. sanam sabWoTa uSiSroebam ar daiwyo Tbilisis dablokva,

Tbilisi iyo iseTive kulturuli centri, rogorc sxva evropuli

kulturuli centrebi. londonis gamofenaSi monawileobam kidev erTxel

gausva xazi im faqts, rom Tbilisi CarTuli iyo msoflio kulturaSi

mimdinare procesebSi da, ufro metic... magaliTad, Zmebi zdaneviCebi

Tbilisidan evropaSi wasvlis Semdeg ganapirobebdnen evropul da zogadad

msoflio kulturaSi mimdinare procesebis ganviTarebas, kerZod, dadaizms

da mTel rig mimdinareobebs... Tbilisi uSualo monawile iyo im evropuli

saxelovnebo dargebis mimarTulebebis ganviTarebisa, rac Zalian

mniSvnelovani faqtoria.

robert sturuas `saTeatro enis~ formirebis sakiTxis

gaanalizebisaTvis aucilebeli da saWiroa mokle istoriuli, kulturuli,

saxelovnebo eqskursis Catareba. gavixsenoT periodi, rodesac kote

marjaniSvili brundeba saqarTveloSi ruseTidan da rusTavelis

dramatuli Teatris mTavar reJisorad iniSneba (vgulisxmob 1920-ian wlebs).

1917 wlis ruseTis revoluciaze, 1921 wels saqarTvelos gasabWoebaze

rodesac vsaubrobT, ar unda dagvaviwydes erTi ram: imxanad, evropasa da

38

ruseTSi, pirvelma msoflio omma (1914 -1918) adamianebs sulieri, fizikuri

danaklisis garda ekonomikuri gaWirvebac moutana. xalxi gamoxatavda

protests, zogi quCaSi gamovida, xelovanebi ki amas Tavis SemoqmedebaSi

asaxavdnen. bevri maTgani revolucias Sexvda, rogorc mxsnels,

ganmaTavisuflebel movlenas. evropul qveynebSi (mag; safrangeTi,

niderlandebis gaerTianebuli samefo da sxv.) saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis

formebi Secvlili iyo. ruseTis imperia ukve `zanzarebda~, cvlilebebi

mwifdeboda, xolo omma daaCqara am cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba. aqedan

gamomdinare, vinaidan saqarTvelo, maSinac, ruseTis imperiis provincia iyo,

e. w. cvlilebebs, iseve rogorc ruseTSi, qarTul kulturaSi moRvawe

cnobili poetebi, mwerlebi, reJisorebi da sxvebi erTgvari `sixaruliT~

Sexvdnen. bevri maTgani maleve mixvda, rom Secdnen, zogma qveyana datova da

ucxoeTSi gadasaxlda, zogi daiWires da zogic daxvrites... magaliTad

moviyvan 20-iani wlebis dasawyisis gazeT `komunistis~ ramdenime amonarids:

gancxadeba: vacxadeb Cemdami rwmunebul saxelovno komitetSi Semaval

mTel respublikis dawesebulebaTa da xelovanTa sayuradRebod, rom maTi

saqmeebis gamo mommarTon piradad me, an saxelovno komitetis ganyofilebis

gamgeebs da ara sxva romelime umaRles dawesebulebaT. mTavari saxelovno

komitetis Tavmjdomare _ gr. robaqiZe, mdivani _ S. afxaiZe// 23

Teatri da xelovneba: [gancxadeba saqarTvelos qalaqebSi saxelmwifo

dramatuli skolebis gaxsnis Sesaxeb] // respublikis saTeatro ganaTlebis

gamgis akaki faRavas gancxadebis Tanaxmad, saTeatro studiebi ixsneba

TbilisSi _ saxelmwifo dramis kantoraSi; quTaisSi _ xelovnebis muSakTa

kavSirSi; baTumSi _ "odisTan;" WiaTuraSi _ reJisor qorelTan;24

rusTavelis Teatris Sesaxeb revoluciuri komitetis dadgenileba #101,

1921 wlis noembris 25, tfilisis sasaxle: saxelmwifo dramis Teatrs

(yofili saartisto sazogadoeba) ewodos `SoTa rusTavelis Teatri~// 2

TaTbiri qarTuli Teatris Sesaxeb ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatSi:

krebis Tavmjdomaris _ gr. robaqiZis 6 winadadeba qarTuli Teatris

23gaz. `komunisti~. 1921. 28.06. gv 2. 2 gaz. `komunisti~. 1921. 26.11. gv.3.

39

krizisis dasaZlevad. TeatrSi literaturuli gamgis Tanamdebobis

moTxovna.EsityvebiT gamovidnen k. marjaniSvili, akaki faRava, paolo

iaSvili da sxv.25

cxvris wyaro: premiera rusTavelis TeatrSi 26 noembers. recenzenti

(r.g.) qarTuli Teatris mesias uwodebs kote marjaniSvils

ganxorcielebuli dadgmisa da qarTuli Teatris gadarCenis gamo.

monawileobdnen: Tamar WavWavaZe, taso abaSiZe, elene donauri, akaki vasaZe,

uSangi CxeiZe, Salva RambaSiZe da sxvebi. 26

k. marjaniSvili qarTuli akademiuri dasis mTavari reJisori:

[informacia xelovnebis komitetis mier kote marjaniSvilis daniSvnis

Sesaxeb] // 27

igive xdeboda ruseTSic. 1917-18 wlebSi, revoluciis periodSi,

rodesac meierholdi iyo komisari, pirvel naSromebSi (1891-1917) Zalian

bevrs werda XX saukunis saTeatro xelovnebaze. ukve axsenebda montaJis

principebs. werda imis Sesaxeb, rom Seicvala saTeatro dro.

`Teatr-studia axali scenuri formebis Ziebis Teatri iyo. (...)

mayureblisTvis am Teatrs kari ar gauxsnia, istorias ara aqvs saSualeba

Seafasos mis mier mopovebuli gamocdilebis Rirebuleba. amisda

miuxedavad, imdenad didi iyo Teatr-studiis gavlena rusuli Teatris

momavalze, rom misi `sikvdilis~ Semdgomac ki, yovel jerze, moskovsa Tu

peterburgSi raime axali, gaxmaurebuli speqtaklis dadgmis Semdgom,

yovelTvis ixsenebdnen Teatr-studias. (...) scenaze Zalian mniSvnelovania

dro~,28 _ werda meierholdi.

es is periodia, rodesac reJisori agrZelebs eqsperimentebs Ria

sivrceSi. meierholdi eqsperimentebs Ria cis qveS iwyebs cotaTi ufro

adre, 1910 wels. is dgams kalderonis piesas `jvris Tayvaniscema~. dadgma

ganxorcielda peterburgTan axlos, mwerali qalis krestovskaias mamulSi

`molodioJnoeSi~. aq iyo araCveulebrivi baRi, romelic uerTdeboda

1 gaz. `komunisti~. 1922, 28.11. gv. 2. 2 gaz. `komunisti~. 1922. 712. gv. 3. 3 gaz. `komunisti~. 1922. 15.11. gv.3. 28 Мейерхольд В. Статьи, письма, речи, беседы. ч. первая. 1891-1917. М. «Искусство». 1968. ст.81; 85.

40

`fineTis yures~. patara sasaxlidan `fineTis yuremde~ eSveboda uzarmazari

kibe, pirobiTad sasceno sivrce. Canafiqris mixedviT speqtakli

mimdinareobda Rame, CiraRdnebiT ganaTebuli, da masSi monawileobdnen

mimdebare teritoriebze macxovreblebi.

robert sturua, pirvel rigSi, muSaobs teqstze da teqstidan akeTebs

garkveul kompilacias. arsebuli teqstidan is qmnis Tavis teqsts. am

SemTxvevaSi Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom pirvelad aseTi seriozuli xerxi

gamoiyena meierholdma. reJisori kinaRam ànaTemas gadasces~, rodesac

gogolis `revizors~ da griboedovs miawera Tanaavtorad Tavi. meierholdi

marTali iyo imitom, rom teqsti aiRo rogorc `masala~, teqstidan Seqmna

axali versia da speqtaklad gadaaqcia. sturua pirvel etapze akeTebs

teqsts, mere axorcielebs ra am teqsts srulad scenaze, iwyebs mis

montaJs. praqtikulad iyenebs kino-xerxs, kinomontaJis princips, rodesac

kinoreJisori iRebs gadaRebul masalas da Semdeg amontaJebs.

piesis an nawarmoebis teqstis montaJs, CvenTan jer kidev

marjaniSvili iyenebda, dRes ki reJisorTa umravlesoba mimarTavs am xerxs.

teqstis montaJis garda, akeTeben erT Temaze Seqmnili sxvadasxva avtoris

teqstis kompilacias, cvlian moqmedebis adgilsac. magaliTad davasaxeleb:

maia kliCevskas `fedra~, eimuntas nekroSiusis _ òtelo~, `fausti~,

`hamleti~; oskaras korSunovasis `romeo da julieta~, `hamleti~, jorjo

streleris àrlekini, ori batonis msaxuri~ (aq piesis saTaurSi vxedavT

cvlilebas, k. goldonis piesis saTauria òri batonis msaxuri~) da a.S. es

procesi Zalian mniSvnelovania, vinaidan saTeatro nawarmoebi, speqtakli

aris cocxali, droSi arsebuli, romelsac aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli.

kinoSi procesi erTxel fiqsirdeba. TeatrSi ar xdeba procesis am saxiT

dafiqsireba. meierholdi SemTxveviT ar vaxsene. igi bevrs werda, rogorc

Teoretikosi. werda montaJze, teqstTan axal midgomebze da a.S. man

Tanamedrove Teatris TvalsazrisiT gacilebiT gauswro dros.

Tu sturuas teqstis montaJirebis xerxs ganvixilavT, rogorc erT-

erT mniSvnelovan princips misi Semoqmedebisa, rogorc erTgvar

`samzareulos~, aRmoCndeba, rom sturua Tanabrad mihyveba evropul

procesebs.

41

rodesac vsaubrob piesis teqstis montaJze, saintereso kiTxva Cndeba

_ rogor akeTebs piesis arCevans robert sturua? rodis xvdeba, rom es is

piesaa, an im literaturuli nawarmoebis inscenirebaa, romlis

ganxorcielebac surs scenaze. Cemi dakvirvebiT, igi upiratesobas mainc e.

w. `klasikur piesebs~ aniWebs. amave dros dadgmuli aqvs Tanamedrove

piesebic, maT Soris qarTuli. radgan qarTul dramaturgiaze Camovarda

saubari, aucileblad unda gavixsenoT, rom mas qarTveli klasikosebic _

ilia WavWavaZe, daviT kldiaSvili da polikarpe kakabaZe sainteresod,

axleburad, Taviseburad (vityodi sturuaseulad) aqvs danaxuli,

moazrebuli da dadgmuli. `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~ (T. CxeiZesTan

erTad), `yvaryvare~, `kacia_adamiani?!~, `darispanis gasaWiri~... am

CamonaTvalidan ilia, ra Tqma unda, ar iyo dramaturgi, magram saocrad

azrovnebda da werda e. w. `saxeebiT~ (gavixsenoT `kacia_adamiani?~, `glaxis

naambobi~... es nawarmoebebi araerTxel daudgamT qarTul scenaze da

gadauRiaT filmebi).

aqve minda moviyvano nawyveti robert sturuasTan Cemi saubrisa,

romelic 2006 wlis noemberSi Sedga. kiTxvaze, Tu ra principiT

xelmZRvanelobs scenaze gansaxorcielebeli piesis arCevisas _ mipasuxa:

r. s _ SemoqmedebiTi, reJisoruli gzis dasawyisSi vcdilobdi

damedga mxolod iseTi piesebi, romlebic Cems cxovrebiseul `kredos~, Cems

msoflmxedvelobas esadageboda, magram aris momentebi, rodesac Sen

asruleb SekveTas. axalgazrdobaSi xSirad miwevda e. w. ganawilebiT

Sexvedrili piesebis dadgma. droTa ganmavlobaSi mivxvdi, rom amgvarad

dadgmuli speqtaklebi arc ise cudi gamodioda, piriqiTac ki xdeboda

xolme. Anu, ar aris aucilebeli, piesa zustad emTxveodes Sens

msoflmxedvelobas. nebismieri nawarmoebidan SegiZlia gaakeTo is, rac Sen

gsurs. mokled vityvi, nebismier nawarmoebSi (Tu is sruli `katastrofa~ ar

aris) SegiZlia ipovo raRac marcvali da Semdeg masze aago mTeli Seni

koncefcia, struqtura da a. S. Tu kargia dramaturgiuli nawarmoebi, maSin

is, sxvadasxva epoqaSi, zustad moergeba Tanamedroveobas. SegiZlia ipovo iq

saTqmeli, romelic gainteresebs Sen da Sens xalxs am konkretul droSi,

am konkretul momentSi. Teatri ki yovelTvis iyo, aris da iqneba

42

konkretuli drois, Tanamedroveobis amsaxveli da gamomxatveli tribuna,

amitomac ver moikida TeatrSi fexi e. w. socrealizmma, Tumca mxatvrobaSi,

mwerlobaSi mSvenivrad damkvidrda da mTeli mimdinareobac ki Seiqmna

socrealizmisa.

dRes, rodesac virCev piesas (an nebismier nawarmoebs) dasadgmelad,

intuiciasac veyrdnobi. magaliTad, momewona xuTi piesa da miWirs arCevanis

gakeTeba, imitom rom, xuTive Zalian sainteresoa. mxatvruli done maRalia,

Seesabameba Cemi da Cemi xalxis tkivils, problemebs. viReb raime yuTs an

jams, sxvadasxva qaRaldis naglejze vwer saTaurebs, vyri am yuTsa Tu

jamSi, kargad amovurev da amoviReb erT-erTs. mokled, `latareas~

vTamaSob. Teatri, xelovnebis sxva dargebisgan gansxvavebiT, yvelaze ufro

cocxali xelobaa, xelovnebaa. Tu is ar asaxavs Tanamedroveobas, maSin igi

mkvdaria. rac ar unda kargi piesa airCio dasadgmelad da CaTvalo,

rogorc reJisorma, rom dadgma warmatebulia, Tu is mayurebelma ar

moiwona, speqtaklma mayurebeli ver miizida, maSin e. i. raRac aklia. es

Seni (reJisoris) bralia. yovelTvis unda gaiTvaliswino mayureblis

moTxovna. vinaidan Teatri da mayurebeli cal-calke ar arsebobs, erTiania,

erTianad cocxlobs, erTnairad sunTqavs. maT erT ritmSi unda ucemdeT

pulsi, maTi majiscema unda emTxveodes. speqtakli im konkretul momentSi

cocxlobs, rodesac scenaze TamaSdeba da mas mayurebeli adevnebs Tvals.

reJisorisTvis sainteresoa magidasTan piesaze muSaobis procesi,

scenaze gadatanis procesi, msaxiobebTan muSaobis procesi, mxatvarTan,

kompozitorTan, gamnaTebelTan da a.S. Semdeg. speqtakli roca Sedgeba da

mayurebeli mas naxavs, me is ukve imdenad aRar mainteresebs... is icocxlebs,

Tu sworad davdgi, anu mayureblisaTvis gasagebad. parterSi sxvadasxva

inteleqtis, fenis warmomadgenlebi sxedan; Sen, rogorc reJisorma,

muSaobis dros unda ifiqro yvelaze, raTa yvelasTvis misaRebi da gasagebi

gaxdes Seni Canafiqri. yvelam unda gaigos, risi Tqma gsurda. zogs,

ubralod, nanaxiT siamovnebis gancda mianiWo, zogic ufro Rrmad Caswvdeba

Sens namuSevars da detalebiT daiwyebs tkbobas da a.S.

aris piesebi, romlebic uSualod ar exeba Tanamedroveobas, sakmaod

rTuli, filosofiuri siRrmeebiT, mayureblisTvis aRsaqmelad mZimea,

43

samagierod, aseT piesebSi, aris deteqtiuri momentebi. TiTqmis yvela

piesaSi aris deteqtivis marcvali. magaliTad, aviRoT saberZneTi.

epidavrosSi davdgi òidipos mefe~, TiTqos araferi aqvs saerTo

TanamedroveobasTan. samagierod, masSi devs deteqtivis marcvlebi. anu,

mkvleli, borotmoqmedi, ise, rom Tavad ar icis, eZebs mamis mkvlels (Tavad

mokla mama) da cxovrobs dedasTan (oidiposma, ra Tqma unda, ar icis, rom

iokasta misi dedaa). me im dadgmaSi wina planze, swored es deteqtiurobis

momenti gamovitane da ara is, rom adamiani ver gaeqceva Tavis bedisweras.

ufro metsac getyviT, `hamletic~ deteqtivia, vinaidan Cven danamdvilebiT

ar viciT, marTla mokla klavdiusma Tavisi Zma Tu ara. èleqtrac~

deteqtivia, SurisZiebis deteqtivi. anu, reJisorma nebismieri piesis dadgmis

dros unda moZebnos raime, riTac miizidavs mayurebels. vimeoreb, parterSi,

sxvadasxva fenis, sxvadasxva inteleqtis mayurebeli zis da Sen, reJisorma

unda SeZlo yvelasTan miitano Seni saTqmeli. Teatri yvelaze

demokratiuli Janria da unda hyavdes mayurebeli.

bevrs hgonia, rom me dramaturgias, dramaturgs udierad vepyrobi. es

ar aris marTali. me yovelTvis vcdilob dramaturgis stili gamovavlino.

yovelTvis nawarmoebs veyrdnobi, Tumca, dRes, XXI saukuneSi, msoflios

sxvadasxva qveynis reJisorebi, Zalian `Tavisuflad~ udgebian klasikosi,

Tu araklasikosi dramaturgebis piesebs. (aRsaniSnavia, rom reJisorebi,

aseve `Tavisuflad~ epyrobodnen piesebs jer kidev XIX saukunis bolodan,

vgulisxmob zemoT CamoTvlil `sareJisoro Teatris~ mamamTavrebs, maT

Soris k. marjaniSvils. mag. gr. robaqiZe, marTalia, aRfrTovanebuli iyo k.

marjaniSvilis da a. axmetelis `lamaras~ dadgmiT, magram amave dros,

ukmayofilo _ marjaniSviliseuli `montaJiT~ piesisa, romlis mixedviTac a.

axmetelma ganaxorciela scenaze es piesa). magaliTad, litvelma reJisorma

_ o. korSunovasma `romeo da julieta~ dadga, sadac moqmedeba viTardeba

samzareuloSi _ sacxobSi (qarTvelma mayurebelma es speqtakli ixila 2009

wels Tbilisis saerTaSoriso Teatralur festivalze _ marjaniSvilis

TeatrSi. m. v.). anu, isini weren Zveli piesis axal variants. me amgvarad ar

viqcevi. Tu vdgam klasikosis nawarmoebs, vakeTebT axal Targmans da erTi

sityvis meoreTi Senacvlebis dros mimyavs xolme teqstualuri mxare Cemi

44

Canafiqrisaken. roca Tanamedrove dramaturgis piesaze vmuSaob (magaliTad,

laSa buRaZe, irakli samsonaZe), maSin maT vuTanxmdebi, an saerTod, maT

vTxov, gadamikeTon esa Tu is epizodi, scena Tu teqstualuri masala... ~29

zogjer, robert sturua ar dgams piesiT gansazRvrul yvela suraTs,

moqmedebas. gavixsenoT, Tundac, bolo wlebSi dadgmuli, samuel beketis

`godos molodini~, maqs friSis 2009_2010 wlis rusTavelis Teatris

sezonis premiera `bidermani da cecxlis wamkidebelni~. es `xerxic~,

rogorc zeviT aRvniSne, àr axalia, Zvelia~.

rodesac vsaubrobT XX saukunis reJisuraze, gansakuTrebiT meore

naxevarze _ streleri, bruki, grotovski, rankone, piter Staini, Sero,

vitezi da a.S. romlebic qmnian, amaT ricxvSi, rasakvirvelia, sturuas

Tavisi adgili ukavia.

vfiqrob, im xerxebis nakrebiT, romelsac reJisori iyenebs, sturuam

Tavisi saTeatro dadgmebi maqsimalurad miuaxlova kinoxelovnebis enas.

albaT imitom, rom mas Tavad Zalian undoda yofiliyo kinoreJisori da

kinoxelovnebas kargad icnobs. aq vgulisxmob Teatralur formebs

gamomsaxvelobiTi enis TvalsazrisiT. magram, ucnauri aris is, rom man es

gaakeTa mxolod mwiri Teatraluri xerxebis gadafasebis safuZvelze.

Segnebulad ar vlaparakob konceptualur midgomebze. vfiqrob, rom ufro

mniSvnelovania gamomsaxvelobiTi enis dadgena da mere SeiZleba saubari

koncefciaze. gavixsenoT misi speqtaklebi, rodesac saTeatro sivrceSi

sxvadasxva kinoxedi gamoiyeneboda, magaliTad: gamsxvileba, msxvili xedebi,

saerTo xedebi. qarTul TeatrSi kinoxerxebs Tavis speqtaklebSi

marjaniSvilic iyenebda. magaliTad, ernst toleris `hopla, Cven

vcocxlobT~, sadac uSualod kinoproeqcias mimarTa (1928 wlis 3 noembers

am dadgmiT quTaisSi xsnis axal saxelmwifo Teatrs, dRevandeli

marjaniSvilis Teatri). ùriel akostaSi ~ (a. guckovis piesis mixedviT) ki

e. w. `kinoxerxebs~: montaJs, xedebis gamsxvilebas, sasceno sivrceSi

erTdroulad sxvadasxva planze moqmedebas da a. S. iyenebda.

29vasaZe m. veragi qalis mier damonebuli geniosi. gaz. `kultura~ 2006. #12 (29). gv. 6.

45

Teatris istoriaSi seriozul reaqcias iwvevs iseTi dadgmebi, sadac

eqsperimentebTan erTad vRebulobT maRalmxatvrul nimuSs. eqsperimenti

SeiZleba bevrgan moviZioT, magram Sedegi _ ara. Teatris istorias rCeba

iseTi warmodgenebi, sadac yvelaferi Serwymulia. SeiZleba iyos

speqtaklebi, sadac raRac mignebebi iyo, magram speqtakli ar Sedga, ver

Sedga, ar iarseba da ar icocxla. amis saukeTeso magaliTia antonen arto.

misi yvela speqtakli, romelTac mere uzarmazari gavlena moaxdines

saTeatro samyaroze, Tavis droze mayurebelma, sazogadoebam ar miiRo.

evropuli ideebi saqarTveloSi mkvidrdeba. magaliTad, Temur CxeiZe

arasdros ar malavda imas, rom Seqspiris dadgmis dros mTlianad

eyrdnoboda ian kotis mosazrebebs. ian koti poloneli Teoretikosia,

romelmac Zalian didi gavlena iqonia Tanamedrove Teatrmcodneobaze

beketis, Seqspiris analizis TvalsazrisiT.

60-iani wlebis dasawyisidan qarTul TeatrSi, kerZod ki rusTavelis

TeatrSi, iwyeba gmirul-romantikuli Teatris principebis ugulebelyofa,

Ziebebi axali reJisoruli stilistikis damkvidrebisaTvis. es procesi,

zogadad, da konkretulad, SeqspirTan mimarTebaSi, sabWoTa kavSiris

Teatraluri samyaros masStabiT mimdinareobda. Seqspiris gaazreba

Tanamedrove dramis, brextis Teatris poziciebidan, samociani wlebis

dasawyisSi, rusTavelis TeatrSi pirvelad mixeil TumaniSvilma

rusTavelis Teatris scenaze Seqspiris sami piesis dadgmiT ganaxorciela

_ `zafxulis Ramis sizmari~ (1964 w.), `mefe liri~ (1966 w.) da ìulius

keisari~ (1967 w.) am speqtaklebis gaanalizeba calke msjelobis sagania.

gamovyof `zafxulis Ramis sizmars~. m. TumaniSvilis es dadgma e. w.

`Cavardnil speqtaklad~ iTvleba. Tavis droze ki igi `kritikis

qarcecxlSi~ gaatares. mixeil TumaniSvils sayvedurobdnen novatorobas,

tradiciisagan gandgomas, sxvadasxva saSemsruleblo maneris erT

speqtaklSi aRrevas, ekleqtizms, mxatvruli poziciis meryeobas da a. S.

rac mTavaria, kicxavdnen msaxiobebis TamaSis pirobiTobas da uaryofdnen

amgvari TamaSis maneras dramatul TeatrSi. akritikebdnen mixeil

TumaniSvilis Ziebebs, cdebs qarTul TeatrSi brextiseuli esTetikis

SemotanisaTvis. am garemoebam dRes CvenSi SeiZleba Rimili gamoiwvios,

46

radganac im braldebebs, romlebic mis `WinWraqasa~ (g. naxucriSvilis

piesis mixedviT) da `zafxulis Ramis sizmris~ dadgmebs wauyenes,

warmatebul momentad vTvliT robert sturuas SemoqmedebaSi. ubralod,

logikurad ar SeiZleba, rom `WinWraqasa~ da `zafxulis Ramis sizmars~

gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad ar emoqmeda robert sturuas

reJisoruli stilistikis Camoyalibebaze, radganac swored ekleqtizmi,

romlisTvisac ase kicxavdnen TumaniSvils, mravladaa sturuas TiTqmis

yvela dadgmaSi. amitomac yvelaze swori iqneba, rom gavakeTo CamonaTvali

im saTeatro procesebis, movlenebis da faqtebisa, romlebmac ganapiroba

sturuas saTeatro modelis Camoyalibeba. ver vityvi, konkretulad romeli,

magram SemiZlia vTqva, rom es aris lubimovis speqtaklebi, romlebmac

sabWoTa sinamdvileSi daabrunes is gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi, rac iyo

meierholdTan da sxvebTan 20-ian wlebSi. Tu magaliTisTvis aviRebT

lubimovis 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi dadgmul speqtaklebs, vnaxavT

ZiriTad xerxebs, romlebsac SemdgomSi saukeTeso saxiT vxedavT sturuas

speqtaklebSic. liubimovis resursi aris meierholdi, brexti da a. S.,

rodesac scenaze gvaqvs mravalfunqciuri metaforebi, rodesac erTi nivTi

an sagani, speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi, metaforizacias ganicdis. es Zalian

kargad Cans ukve rusTavelis Teatris bevr speqtaklSi. es ar aris mxolod

sturuasTan. es ukve dawyebulia àntigoneSi~, `samaniSvilSi~, rodesac

reforma Semodis saTeatro sivrceSi da scenidan qreba mZime, mouqneli

dekoraciebi, Cndeba abstraqtuli sivrce. unda mivaqcioT yuradReba, rom

Cndeba axali scenografia, romelic jer kidev 10-ian wlebSi gvxvdeba

evropaSi da dakavSirebulia apiasTan, kregis eqsperimentebTan. es

brwyinvaled hqondaT atacebuli petre ocxels da irakli gamrekels. moxda

Zvelis ganaxleba da Tavidan Semotana. brextis epikuri Teatri CvenTan ar

iyo sruli masStabiT. CvenTan gamoiyeneboda xerxebi. am SemTxvevaSi

logikuria, rom Cndeba gansazRvreba _ ekleqtizmi... ekleqtizmi ara im

TvalsazrisiT, rom xelovnebis nawarmoebi aris danawevrebuli, aramed

iseTi saTeatro modeli, rodesac mravali xerxis, sxvadasxva,

gansxvavebuli xerxis gamoyenebiT vRebulobT erT mTlians.

47

`seCuaneli keTili adamiani~, J. anuis `medea~, agreTve

inteleqtualuri Teatris principebze agebuli h. ibsenis èqimi Stokmani~

sasinji qva iyo r. sturuasTvis. es qva ukve afrqvevda elvare naperwklebs,

magram cecxli cota mogvianebiT aenTo, maSin rodesac r. sturuam

evropuli Teatraluri kulturis Studirebis gza gaasrula da ukan

gamosasvleli biliki ipova sakuTari Tavisaken. miagno sakuTar xmas, Temasa

da stils~.30

robert sturuas `saTeatro modelis~, `saTeatro enis~ kvlevis dros,

Cems interess ar warmoadgens imis Zieba _ visTan ufro adre gvxvdeba esa

Tu is sareJisoro, saTeatro xerxi. istoriuli winapirobebis, saTeatro

esTetikis, saTeatro modelis, zogadad saxelovnebo Ziebebis fonze

(marjaniSvilis, axmetelis, brextis, streleris, lubimovis, TumaniSvilis

da sxvaTa Ziebebi) msurs gamovikvlio robert sturuas `saTeatro ena~,

ramac gansazRvra im fenomenis warmoqmna, rasac Cven dRes robert sturuas

Teatrs vuwodebT.

mainc, saidan iwyebs robert sturua rogorc reJisori? `m.

TumaniSvilma maswavla Semecno Teatri, rogorc sixaruliT savse, magram

Tavdauzogavi Sromis asparezi, roca vnebebs scenis rkinisebur logikas

umorCileb da aboboqrebul warmosaxvas azris damarcxebis saSualebas ar

aZlev. sxva maswavleblebic myavda. es iyo dodo aleqsiZe, romelsac

Teatri esmoda rogorc zeimi. es iyo misi saocari, brwyinvale

TeatralobiT aRbeWdili speqtaklebi... es iyo lili ioseliani, romelic

speqtaklze Tavisi skrupulozuri muSaobiT gamoirCeoda... es iyo saSa

miqelaZe, romelic reJisoris profesias ironiiT uyurebda da amtkicebda,

ar SeiZleba, rom WeSmariti Semoqmedi Zalze seriozulad ekidebodes imas,

rasac TviTon qmniso. me yvelafer amas viwovdi, magram Cem gzas veZebdi

mainc...~31 _ amas Tavad reJisori ambobs. me ki davumatebdi, rom e. w.

`genetikuri maxsovrobiT~, robert sturua (Tu mxolod qarTul Teatrs

SevexebiT) kote marjaniSvilis `mowafec~ aris. vinaidan, rogorc ukve

30 mumlaZe d. robert sturua, J. `sabWoTa xelovneba~ 1981. # 12. gv. 34.

31 sturua –sturuas Sesaxeb. gaz. `kultura~ 2008. #2 (40). gv.7.

48

vTqvi, qarTul TeatrSi kinomontaJis principi, rodesac scenaze

erTdroulad, erT epizodSi ramdenime qmedeba TamaSdeba, swored kote

marjaniSvilma daamkvidra. dRes sturua saTeatro reJisuris yvela

gasaRebsa Tu saidumlos flobs.

fsiqologiuri wvdomis ostatobiT gamoirCeoda robert sturuas

speqtakli `seilemis procesi~ (a. mileri). warmodgena yvelam erTxmad

miiRo. Tavis droze dramaturgmac moiwona sturuaseuli dadgma.

`darbaisluri warmodgenaa da ara sentimentaluri, rogorc es zogierT

scenaze minaxavs. momewona, Zalze STambeWdavia... mizanswrafulia, Zlieria

moqmedeba, mTliani da monoliTuri~...32 _ ambobs artur mileri. gamarjvebis

Semdgom TiTqos logikuri unda yofiliyo misi SemoqmedebiTi gzis am

stilSi gagrZeleba, magram robert sturuam sul sxva gza airCia. man

mimarTa brextis Teatrs, SeiTvisa igi da amasTanave daukavSira qarTuli

erovnuli Teatraluri kulturis tradiciebs. `Cven yvelas Zalian kargad

gvaxsovs, romel Teatralur esTetikasac eyrdnoboda igi adre. is

Teatraluri esTetika sturuas ar moutania. igi mas daxvda da isic qmnida

mis farglebSi. amitom, arsebulis daTmoba maSin sakuTari Tavis povnas

udrida~.33 _ wers dali mumlaZe. robert sturuam qarTul scenaze, kerZod

ki, rusTavelis TeatrSi daamkvidra politikur-plakaturi Teatris

principebi. ra Tqma unda, es erTbaSad, erTi xelis mosmiT ar momxdara.

wlebis ganmavlobaSi Ziebebis, damarcxebebis Tu gamarjvebis Sedegad

Seiqmna aseTi tipis Teatri. Ziebani, albaT, axlac mimdinareobs mis

SemoqmedebaSi, magram erTi ram udavod naTelia _ robert sturuas

fenomeni, rogorc Teatris reJisorisa _ arsebobs.

robert sturua Tavis SemoqmedebaSi ikvlevs tiraniis, tiranul

saxelmwifoSi adamianis Tavisuflebis, pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis

urTierdamokidebulebis problemebs. igi Tavisi speqtaklebiT amxilebs

tiraniis araadamianur arss. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT mis mier rusTavelis

TeatrSi ganxorcielebul dadgmebs, vnaxavT, rom yvelaze ufro mwvaved es

32 rusTavelis Teatris muzeumis masalebidan. 33 qarTveliSvili v. mumlaZe d. liris Teatri. vaxtang qarTveliSvili. Tb. `kentavri~. 2006. gv. 318.

49

sakiTxebi gamovlinda klasikos dramaturgTa piesebis dadgmebSi. robert

sturuam rusTavelis Teatris scenaze am avtorTa mravali nawarmoebi

ganaxorciela. esenia: a. cagarlis `xanuma~ (1968), b. brextis `seCuaneli

keTili adamiani~ (1969), h. ibsenis èqimi stokmani~ (1972), p. kakabaZis

`yvaryvare TuTaberi~ (1974), a. sumbaTaSvil-iuJinis `Ralati~ (1975), b.

brextis `kavkasiuri carcis wre~ (1975) da u. Seqspiris `riCard III~ (1979), da

`mefe liri~ (1987), p. kalderonis `cxovreba sizmaria~ (1993), b. brextis

`seCuaneli keTili adamiani~ (1993), u. Seqspiris `makbeti~ (1995), g. robaqiZis

`lamara~ (1997), k. gocis `qali gveli~ (1998), i. WavWavaZis `kacia_adamiani?!~

(2000), u. Seqspiris `Sobis meTormete Rame anu rogorc geneboT~ (2001) da

`hamleti~ (2001), s. beketis `godos molodinSi~ (2002), d. kldiaSvilis

`darispanis gasaWiri~ (2006).

yvela am dadgmaSi gamoikveTa r. sturuas moqalaqeobrivi pozicia,

misi miswrafeba, rogorc pirovnebisa da rogorc reJisoris, gamoikvlios

adamianis pirovnebad Camoyalibebis procesi, pirovnebis Tavisuflebis

aspeqtebi, pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTdamokidebuleba,

saxelmwifos tiranuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdegobani, swored am

problemebidan gamomdinare akeTebda klasikur nawarmoebTa Tavisebur,

SeiZleba, sakamaTo interpretaciebsac ki. robert sturua zogjer

marcxdeboda, zogjer ki imarjvebda, magram arasodes ar Ralatobda Tavis

mrwamss. igi yovel dadgmaSi, `xanumadan~ moyolebuli, eZiebda da

cdilobda warmoeCina axleburi reJisoruli stilistika, Seeqmna misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli saTeatro ena.

winamdebare naSromSi ramdenime speqtaklis magaliTze Sevecdebi

gamovavlino is Taviseburebani, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia robert sturua

_ reJisorisaTvis. naSromSi ganvixilav im dadgmebs, sadac yvelaze ufro

mZafrad gamoikveTa reJisoris pozicia, xelwera, saTeatro ena. ZiriTadad

ki, daveyrdnobi rusTavelis TeatrSi ganxorcielebul Seqspiris piesebis

sturuaseul interpretaciebs.

robert sturuas mier rusTavelis TeatrSi qarTuli klasikuri

piesebis dadgmam met-naklebi warmateba moipova. yovel SemTxvevaSi, metad

mwvave diskusia gamoiwvia Cvens sazogadoebaSi. amis mizezi, albaT, is aris,

50

rom klasikuri nawarmoebebi reJisorma sruliad axleburad waikiTxa da

ganxorciela.

speqtakli `xanuma~ Zalze Teatraluri (am sityvis kargi gagebiT),

reJisoruli gamonagonebebis siuxviTAsavse musikaluri warmodgena iyo,

sadac Tavi iCina warmosaxvis, warmoCenis Teatris stilistikam. speqtaklma

gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa robert sturuas SemoqmedebaSi, misi

Semdgomi reJisoruli enis CamoyalibebaSi. `xanumas~ avkargianobis Sesaxeb

imarTeboda diskusiebi, romlebSic literaturis kritikosebic

monawileobdnen. kamaTobdnen imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad mizanSewonilia

akademiur TeatrSi amgvari speqtaklebis dadgma. robert sturuam avqsenti

cagarlis piesis sruli modernizacia moaxdina. piesas daemata prologi,

Caemata teqsti, msaxiobebi xSirad improvizacias mimarTavdnen. Seiqmna

SesaniSnavi aqtioruli ansambli. scenaze cocxldeboda avqsenti cagarlis

komediuri situaciebi, mkveTri, sisxlsavse xasiaTebi. speqtakli siTboTi,

qarTuli artistizmiT iyo savse. ar iyo cxovrebis seriozul problemebze

fiqri, mxolod da mxolod garToba, sicili. rogorc aRvniSne, `xanuma~

didi kamaTis sagani xdeba. imis eSiniaT, rom Teatri kargavs ideaTa,

problemaTa simZafres, socialur gamiznulobaTa aqtualobas. 1882 wels

dawera avqsenti cagarelma `xanuma~. mas Semdeg es piesa mravaljer daidga

qarTul scenaze. `xanuma~ Tavis droze aqtualuri, socialuri nawarmoebi

iyo. swored socialuri winaaRmdegobis gamo komediis safuZvlad iqca

gadamdgari, xandazmuli generlis, Tavad vano fantiaSvilis mier vaWar

mikiC tyuilkotriancis sasurvel sasiZod CaTvla. dRevandeli

sazogadoebisaTvis isev aqtualuri gaxda `xanumas~ socialuri motivi (ra

Tqma unda, sxva datvirTviT). maSin ki, robert sturuam `xanumas~ Camoacila

socialuri safuZveli da mayurebels uCvena mecxramete saukunis Tbilisis

suraTebi. sturuam Seqmna Tavisi `xanuma~, SeaerTa ra komedia komediasTan.

ès iyo speqtakli-oreuli, erTianobaSi Serwymuli `xanuma~ da ànti-xanuma~.

artistebi erTdroulad TamaSobdnen da angrevdnen cagarlis piesas~.34

34 Орджоникидзе Г. Становление. ж. «Советская музыка» . 1976. №10. ст.20.

51

`xanumaSi~ Caisaxa pirvelad bevri ram, rac Semdgom r. sturuas

saTeatro enisTvis xdeba damaxasiaTebeli. speqtaklSi aRreul iqna

sxvadasxva Janri. SeiZleba iTqvas, reJisorma speqtaklSi monaxa is

garegnuli formebi, gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi, romlebic mas

daexmarebodnen Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi gzis Semdgomi orientaciis

gansazRvraSi da, romelsac dRes, `sturuaseuli ekleqturi Teatri~

vuwodeT. `xanuma~, ase vTqvaT, `sasinji qva~, gardamavali wertili iyo

fsiqologiuri mimarTulebis Teatridan axali, brextiseuli Teatris

principebisaken, romelic robert sturuam qarTul erovnul xasiaTTan

daaaxlova. amasTanave, `xanumaSi~ gamovlinda qarTuli artistizmi,

qarTuli artistuli `suli~. salome yanCelis, erosi manjgalaZis da ramaz

CxikvaZis trio kidev ufro met xalissa da sicocxles matebda speqtakls.

`wyarosaviT moedineba artistuli mravalferovneba, gardasuli saukunis

cxovreba modis Tavisi primitiuli gulaxdilobiT, modis sixalisiT,

zeimurad. reJisori poulobs cocxal nervs xalxur Teatralur

tradiciebTan, asxvaferebs mas da isev ubrunebs pirvelsawyisebs. aq

yvelaferi TamaSobs, araseriozulis sazRvramde midis seriozuli da

winaaRmdegobaTa groteskul ganzogadebaSi isaxeba garkveuli Teatraluri

tendencia.~ 35

speqtakl `xanumaSi~, mayurebelTan kontaqtis gasaRrmaveblad axali

formebis Ziebis moments zogierTni uaryofiTad afasebdnen da miiCnevdnen,

rom `xanumas~ msgavsi speqtaklebi Teatrs mxolod garTobis sagnad

gadaaqcevda da Camoacilebda mas `sulis gansawmendis~ daniSnulebas.

magram, rogorc drom gviCvena, robert sturuam Tavis Semdgom speqtaklebSi

ki ar Camoacila, aramed, gaamZafra `Teatri-tribunis~ roli. ra Tqma unda,

rodesac xelovnebaSi mimdinare procesebi Cvens Tvalwinaa, Znelia dainaxo

da Seafaso isini. amas dro da distancia sWirdeba. axla, rodesac drom

ganvlo, aRmoCnda, `xanumas~ dadgma mxolod da mxolod reJisoris

àkviatebuli~ survilis nayofi ar yofila. misi rusTavelis Teatris

scenaze ganxorcieleba kargad mofiqrebuli nabiji, an SeiZleba is

35 kiknaZe v. Teatri da dro. Tb. `xelovneba~. 1984. gv. 34.

52

`winaswarmetyveluri~ unari iyo, rac geniosebs xSirad axasiaTebT xolme.

rusi kritikosi v. ivanovi zust Sefasebas aZlevs robert sturuas

reJisorul azrovnebas: `robert sturuas mxatvruli azrovneba mimarTulia

sazogadoebis siRrmeebisken, reJisori adamians uyurebs sazogadoebrivi

TvalTaxedviT. sturuasTan adamianis Sinagani samyaros analizi socialuri

problemebis kvlevidan gamomdinareobs~.36

marTlac, robert sturua yovelTvis miiswrafvis konkretulidan

zogadisaken. mis speqtaklebSi, konkretuli zogad xasiaTs iZens. gmiris

moqmedebas reJisori xSirad socialuri movlenebis Tvalsazrisidan

aSuqebs, xsnis.

dramatuli nawarmoebis axleburi interpretaciis dros yvelaze

Znelia SeinarCuno nawarmoebis ZiriTadi arsi, Sinagani struqtura,

koncefcia da Janruli specifika. rusTavelis Teatris sturuaseuli

speqtaklebi swored amis saukeTeso magaliTia. `Ralatsa~ da `yvaryvareSi~

teqsti zogan Camatebulia, darRveulia moqmedebis Tanmimdevroba. mokled

rom vTqvaT, robert sturua qarTuli klasikuri nawarmoebebis axal

montaJs gvTavazobs. magaliTad, `yvaryvareSi~ Setanilia polikarpe

kakabaZis sxva piesebidan (`kaxaberis xmali~, `cxovrebis jara~) amokrebili

citatebi, sadac yvaryvares variaciuli saxeebia mocemuli. ufro metic,

reJisorma Caamata scena bertolt brextis piesidanAàrturo uis kariera.~

Tu risTvis dasWirda am scenis Camateba, amis Sesaxeb ufro qveviT

vilaparakeb. `RalatSi~ reJisors sxva piesebidan scenebi ar gadmoaqvs,

magram aqac gvxdeba teqstualuri cvlilebebi, gadaadgilebebi, Camatebebi

da kupiurebi; rogorc ukve aRvniSne, dramaturgiis sferoSi amgvari CareviT

ar icvleba nawarmoebis dedaazri, piriqiT, kidev ufro mkafio xdeba.

`samaniSvilis dedinacvali~ robert sturuam Temur CxeiZesTan erTad

1969 wels dadga. da, albaT, ra sirTulis winaSe aRmoCnda damdgmeli

koleqtivi, rodesac daviT kldiaSvilis SesaniSnavi moTxrobis

inscenirebas Seudga. sirTuleebi bevri iqneboda. pirvel rigSi _ forma; ra

36 Иванов В. Человек в обществе мир в человеке. Размышления о театре имени Руставели. ж. «Дружба

народов» 1977. №6. ст. 228.

53

formiT unda miesadagebina am nawarmoebis socialuri problematika Cvens

Tanamedrove yofasTan. speqtakli pirobiT aspeqtSi gadawyvites da es

pirobiToba savsebiT gamarTlebuli aRmoCnda, imdenad bunebrivad moxda

yvelaferi.

warmodgena daviT kldiaSvilis saxl-muzeumSi damTvalierebelTa

mosvliT iwyeboda da mTeli moqmedeba am muzeumis erT oTaxsa da aivanze

mimdinareobda. giorgi gegeWkori xelSi iRebda daviT kldiaSvilis

gamocemis eqsponirebul egzemplars da iwyebda kiTxvas. TandaTanobiT

Sedioda msaxiobi saxeSi da im adgilas, sadac warmoTqvamda: `mRupav, mama?!~

_ igi ukve platon samaniSvilad iqceoda. aseve ubralod, bunebrivad

erTveboda moTxrobis gasceniurebaSi bekinac. sergo zaqariaZe mxrebze

gadaigdebda TeTr yabalaxs, romelic agreTve muzeumis eqsponats

warmoadgenda da TamaSs iwyebda. aseve Sediodnen TavianT saxeebSi

damTvalierebelTa jgufis sxva warmomadgenlebi. amgvari scenuri

atmosfero mayurebels warmosaxvis, fantaziis uflebas utovebda.

`yvaryvares~, romelsac robert sturuam daarqva samnawiliani

sanaxaoba polikarpe kakabaZis piesebis mixedviT, iwyebda moxetiale dasi.

scenaze eklesiis interieri iyo warmodgenili. taZris kedelze _ `yinwvisis

angelozis~ uzarmazari freska, romelsac marjvena xeli Sav CarCoSi

hqonda Casmuli, Camoqceuli `wminda giorgis~ freska, eklesiis kedelze

mkveTrad gamosaxuli samizne tiris wreebi _ es metaforul-simboluri

miniSnebebi savsebiT naTlad miuTiTebda ùRvTod~ mitovebul qveynaze.

taZris kedlebze moCanda agreTve mecxramete saukunis dasasrulisa da

meoce saukunis dasawyisis gamoCenil adamianTa saxeebi. aqve iyo

warmosaxuli isrebiT gangmiruli sebastiane. scenaze warmoCenili mTeli

dekoraciis daniSnuleba SemdegSi mdgomareobda: eCvenebina mimdinare

movlenaTa sayovelTaoba, globaluroba. swored aq, am taZarSi, gaemarTaT

wisqvili (mxatvrebi g. imerliSvili, m. SveliZe); am daqceul eklesiaSi

modioda moxetiale dasi da marTavda speqtakls. warmodgenis aseTi xerxiT

gadawyveta reJisors saSualebas aZlevda, gadaeadgilebina epizodebi,

Seeqmna improvizaciis saSualeba da, rac mTavaria, naTlad warmoeCina

54

dadgmis koncefcia. speqtaklis wamyvanebi iyvnen: dasis xelmZRvaneli

(jemal RaRaniZe) da patara momRerali biWuna (nanuli sarajiSvili),

romlebic speqtaklis prologs simReriTa da reCitativiT warmoTqvamdnen.

isini mayurebels amcnobdnen, rom moxetiale dass ganuzraxavs speqtaklis

gamarTva, rom isini speqtaklis wamyvanebi arian da swored prologSi

gangvimartavdnen TavianTi `Teatrisa Tu koleqtivis~ esTetikur mrwamss: _

`maS, Cemo daso, miwieri codo-madlis kanonebs nu gadauxvev xelovnebaSi~...

da warmodgena iwyeboda. `yvaryvare TuTaberis~ dasawyisi sturuam sruliad

Secvala. polikarpe kakabaZis piesas yvaryvare iwyebs, romelic sayveduris

toniT mimarTavs mewisqviles: `kmara, mudam xom ar unda iRiRino?!~,

vinaidan mewisqvile xels uSlis nacris moqeqvasa da momavali gegmebis

dawyobaSi. robert sturuam Secvala ara mxolod garemo, aramed piesis

moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevrobac. reJisorma speqtakls SemTxveviT rodi daarqva

`yvaryvare~ (piesisagan gansxvavebiT). es gaazrebulad moxda. robert

sturuam mayurebels afiSidanve ganucxada, rom speqtakli raRaciT

gansxvavebuli iqneboda piesisagan, rom yvaryvares saxe ufro globaluri

masStabiT iqneboda warmodgenili. `robert sturuas speqtaklma rogorc

axali drois, aseve axali Teatraluri enis Tvisebebi warmogvidgina.

rusTavelis Teatris dadgmis Janri groteski gaxda... p. kakabaZis piesaSi

warmodgenili karnavaluri gmiris aRzeveba gangvirgvinebis zogadi idea,

romelic saqarTvelos romeliRac miyruebuli mazris masStabebSi

TamaSdeboda, robert sturuas dadgmaSi axal masStabebs iZens, uaRresad

pirobiT, magram axal viTarebaSi warmoisaxeba~.37

robert sturuam, 1974 wels, qarTuli Teatris aRdgenis asocdaxuT

wlisTavs miuZRvna aleqsandre sumbaTaSvil-iuJinis piesa `Ralatis~ dadgma.

reJisorma scenaze am nawarmoebis ganxorcielebisas metad gabeduli gza

airCia. rogorc cnobilia, es nawarmoebi mravaljer daudgamT qarTul

TeatrSi. `Ralatis~ scenuri cxovreba sakmao dros moicavs. ar darCenila

saqarTvelos arc erTi profesiuli, Tu moyvarulTa dasi, rom ar esinja am

37 mumlaZe d. yvaryvare. J. `Teatri da cxovreba~, 1998. #4. gv. 20-21.

55

nawarmoebis dadgma. amitom, sazogadoeba didi interesiT eloda, Tu rogor

saxes miiRebda piesa iseTi reJisoris xelSi, rogoric sturuaa, vinaidan is

principulad uaryofda gatkepnili gzebiT siaruls, cdilobda viwro,

konkretuli epoqis farglebSi moqceuli movlenebi ganevrco da erovnuli

tipaJisTvis ufro farTo, zogadsakacobrio elferi mieniWebina. robert

sturuam amjeradac uari Tqva wlebis ganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli

`Ralatis~ dadgmis tradiciaze. piesa zedmiwevniT Seiswavla da,

Tanadroulobis Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, gaacocxla warsulis

patriotuli epizodebi.

reJisorma speqtakli Semzaravi simbolikiT daiwyo. darbazSi

gaismoda sparsul sakravTa xmebi, avanscenaze gamoCndeboda nergi, romelic

cxovrebis xis, anu maradiulobis simbolos gamoxatavda. scenis siRrmidan

modioda Sav samosSi gaxveuli qali da nergis qveS emxoboda. es iyo

saqarTvelos dedofali _ Tamari. saorkestro ormodan scenaze nel-nela

amoemarTeboda soleimani da miwaze garTxmul Tamar dedofals medidurad

gadaabijebda. misi mosasxami gadaacocdeboda Tamaris sxeuls, sudaras

gadaaclida da saqarTvelos dedofali _ zeinabad, soleimanis meuRled

gadaiqceoda mowiTalo ferebSi gadawyvetili samosiT. soleimani ki gzas

agrZelebda da maRali kibiT adioda wminda giorgis gabzaruli karedis

win dadgmul taxtze. speqtaklSi ferTa simbolikas mniSvnelovani

dramaturgiuli funqcia mieniWa. magaliTad, Tu dasawyisSi zeinabsa da

oTar-begs sisxlisferi samosi ecvaT, rogorc soleimanis msaxurebs,

speqtaklis dasrulebisas mooqrosfroTi icvleboda, rac, albaT, maT

ganaxlebul sulier mdgomareobaze mianiSnebda. `Ralats~ robert sturuam

zogadsakacobrio masStabi SesZina da globalurad warmoaCina

dampyroblisa da dapyrobilis urTierTobani, maTi fsiqologia da

cxovrebis cvalebadobis gardauvaloba.

`samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~ robert sturuam da Temur CxeiZem

erTmaneTs SeuTavses fsiqologiuri wvdomis, gardasaxvis principebi _

brextiseul `gaucxoebis efeqts~. am xerxis gamoyenebiT, distancia

msaxiobebsa da moTxrobis gmirebs Soris xan mcirdeboda, xan kvlav

56

izrdeboda. amgvari mignebiT, zustad daiWires da gadmosces daviT

kldiaSvilis moTxrobebis `suli~, romlis saSualebiTac msaxiobebi

TavianTi gmirebis cxovrebas kidec ganicdidnen da amave dros,

Semfaseblebadac gvevlinebodnen. reJisorebma da msaxiobebma miaRwies

xasiaTebisa da movlenebis arsis groteskul gadmocemas, maTdami

damokidebulebis warmoCenas. amas garda, meTodi, romelic gamoiyenes

reJisorebma, speqtaklis dasawyisidanve aZlevda maT saSualebas,

Tavisuflad gadasuliyvnen moTxrobis realuri situaciebidan pirobiTsa

da stilizebul xerxebze. esec xazs usvamda reJisorebis damokidebulebas

ama Tu im movlenisadmi _ gadasvla ironiidan da iumoridan naRvelisa da

tragizmis situaciebze. magaliTisTvis moviyvan platonis wasvlis scenas

`sacole-dedinacvlis~ saZebnelad. moTxrobis mixedviT, gzis naxevarze

mets platoni fexiT midis da cxens, am gasacodavebul sulier arsebas,

moaTrevs. es epizodi moTxrobaSi aRsavsea iumoriTa da naRveliT.

reJisorebma SemogvTavazes uCveulo sanaxaoba: wnelisagan gakeTebuli

raRac fitulis cxeni. igi sabralod da sacodavad gamoiyureboda. erTi

SexedviT SeiZleba ver mimxvdariyavi, rom es cxenia, magram uceb, platonis

_ giorgi gegeWkoris mier erTi maTraxis aqneva, cxenze mjdomis moZraoba...

da mayureblis winaSe realuri sinamdvilis iluzia iqmneboda. mayurebels

sjeroda, rom platoni, marTlac, Tavis daCaCanakebul cxens miaTrevda.

aseve pirobiT xerxSi iyo gadawyvetili platonisa da kiriles (ramaz

CxikvaZe) gamgzavrebis scena. giorgi gegeWkori da ramaz CxikvaZe iRebdnen

Cveulebriv skamebs, `gadaajdebodnen~, xelebs skamis zurgs CasWidebdnen,

cxenze mjdomi kaciviT moZraobdnen, xmiT cxenis floqvebis xmas

gamoscemdnen da mayureblis winaSe kvlav iSleboda pirobiTi da amave

dros, iumoriT savse sanaxaoba. anda bekinas da elenes tradiciuli wes-

CveulebiT dadgmuli qorwinebis scena, romelic reJisuram ironiis sagnad

aqcia. am scenis finali gadawyvetili iyo Zveli fotosuraTis pozaSi,

sadac ojaxis wevrebs kmayofilebiT aRsavse saxeebi aqvT. marTlac, TiTqos

yvelaferi kargad damTavrda. platoni da bekina kmayofilebi iyvnen

TavianTi bediT. bekinam aisrula colis SerTvis survili, xolo platonma

57

uSvilo, ornaqmarevi dedinacvali ìSovna~. mas aRar hqonda SiSi mamulze

moziaris dabadebisa, magram cxovreba umowyalo aRmoCnda. elene

dafexmZimda. bekina TiTqos damnaSavedac grZnobda Svilis winaSe Tavs,

magram amave dros, eamayeboda kidec, rom am asakSi colis dafexmZimeba

SeZlo da platonis winadadebas – elenem muceli moiSaloso,

aRSfoTebulma upasuxa: `RvTis Casaxuli kaci movkla?~

Semdgom, bavSvis dabadebis scenac pirobiTad iyo gadawyvetili.

speqtaklis yvela monawile scenaze imyofeboda, maT Soris _ elenec.

ismoda Tofis gavardnis xma. aristo qvaSaviZe amcnobda bekinas, biWi

SegeZinao. platonis natvra, gogo mainc daibadoso, ar asrulda. xalxi

modioda bekinasTan da elenesTan mosalocad. Tavis dabla daxriT xels

arTmevdnen, TiTqos usityvo solidarobas ucxadebdnen da imave dros,

usamZimrebdnen kidec. yvelafers agvirgvinebda TiTqmis tragikuli finali.

giorgi gegeWkori TandaTan `Sordeboda~ Tavis platons da kvlav wigns

iRebda xelSi. igi samuzeumo eqsponatis ukanasknel gverds furclavda da

iwyebda kiTxvasATavisi gmiris ara gakicxvis, aramed misadmi TanagrZnobis

intonaciiT. giorgi gegeWkori auwyebda mayurebels, Tu ramdeni mwuxareba

da ubedureba xvda wilad samaniSvilebis ojaxs. bavSvis gaCenam sixarulis

nacvlad, saxlSi ubedureba Semoitana. es aris adamianTa cxovrebis

tragizmi; magram ram moitana aseTi Seusabamoba?! ra Tqma unda, epoqam.

epoqam, romelmac adamianSi adamianuri suli mokla. es marTlac, satireli

da sasaciloa. da, rusTavelis Teatris speqtaklic xom tragi-komedia iyo.

ai, ras wers am speqtaklis Sesaxeb v. ivanovi: `speqtaklis Tavisebureba

imaSia, rom dramatuli siuJeti adamianis sulieri degradaciisa

xorcSesxmulia komikur fabulaSi, rig mZafrad komikur Janrobriv

scenebSi, `samaniSvilis dedinacvlis~ gmirebi egoisturad gancalkevebulni

arian, magram garegnulad isini erTmaneTs yuradRebiTa da gulisyuriT

epyrobian~.38

38 ivanovi v. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 229.

58

speqtaklis sevdanarevi iumori, naRvliani kilo iwvevda agreTve

TanagrZnobas im adamianebis mimarT, romlebic scenaze idgnen da TiTqos

Sengan (mayureblisgan) xsnas elodnen.

rogorc aRvniSne, robert sturuas reJisoruli azrovneba

miiswrafvis Tanamedrove brextiseul Teatris principebis sinTezisaken

qarTul nacionalur kulturasTan. amis magaliTia speqtakl `yvaryvares~

Seqmna. sityva Seqmna me SemTxveviT ar mixmaria, radganac `yvaryvare~

robert sturuas usazRvro reJisoruli fantaziis nayofia. misma dadgmam

Zalian saintereso rezultati mogvca. saintereso Tundac imitom, rom

warmodgenam didi kamaTi gamoiwvia aramarto Teatralur kritikosTa

Soris, aramed Teatris moyvaruli da TeatrSi mosiarule mTeli

sazogadoeba aalaparaka. zogni mTlianad uaryofdnen polikarpe kakabaZis

sturuaseul interpretacias, zogni _ piriqiT, didad uWerdnen mxars.

mowinaaRmdegeni, sxva mizezebTan erTad, robert sturuas speqtakls

uaryofdnen imis gamo, rom maTi azriT, ar SeiZleba globalur masStabebSi

warmodgeniliyo polikarpe kakabaZis wmindad qarTuli piesa; magram aq

Cndeba erTi uneburi kiTxva: Tu polikarpe kakabaZis nawarmoebTa

problematika aseTi viwro wriT, mxolod da mxolod èrovnuli niadagiT~

ifargleba, maSin ratom aris igi klasikosi, msoflio masStabis

dramaturgi? magram saqme aq sxvagvaradaa. robert sturuas yvaryvaresaTvis

`qarTuli niadagi~ ar gamouclia, reJisorma, ubralod, polikarpe kakabaZis

siRrmeebSi arsebuli `yvaryvarizmis~ zogadsakacobrio idea wina planze

wamoswia da es idea speqtaklSi Taviseburi formiT ganaxorciela. Cems

azrs imis Sesaxeb, rom robert sturuas saTeatro ena, xerxebi qarTul

niadags eyrdnoba, cnobili rusi Teatrmcodnis _ mixeil Svidkois

sityvebic adasturebs: `CemTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom sturua aris

qarTveli reJisori, romelic gamoxatavs qarTveli xalxis tkivils, vnebaTa

SeWirvebas, imeds. rasac ar unda dgamdes _ brextsa Tu Seqspirs,

romlebmac mas msoflio saxeli mouxveWes, sturua CemTvis aris ilia

59

WavWavaZisa da niko firosmanaSvilis, daviT kldiaSvilisa da polikarpe

kakabaZis Tanamemamule.~39

prologis damTavrebis Semdeg, qvemexebisa Tu tyviamfrqvevTa kakanis

fonze scenaze Semorboda Tavzardacemuli brbo da miwas erTxmoda. maT

Soris iyo SeSinebuli, saxegafiTrebuli, jariskacis formaSi gamowyobili

ltolvili, romelic erTi Tvalis gadavlebis Semdgom, isev ukan garboda,

raTa mcire xnis Semdeg maT mesiis saxiT gamoscxadeboda. àqedan iwyeba

yvaryvares sakvirveli metamorfozebi, da misi svla cxovrebis sxvadasxva

`rkalSi~, romelic Tavis TanmimdevrobiT macxovris cxovrebas mogvagonebs,

gardatexils groteskulad, Sebrunebulad, ironiuli paradoqsalurobiT~.40

me ki, nodar gurabaniZis am citatas davumatebdi, rom reJisoris mier

yvaryvares warmoCena aseTi saxiT mis pirvelsave scenaSi xazs usvamda da

amave dros mayurebels Tavidanve amcnobda yvaryvares araCveulebriv niWs

situaciis Sefasebisa. yvaryvarem igrZno, rom swored es momenti, rodesac

xalxs, masas Tavgza abneuli aqvs da goneba dakarguli, SeeZlo

gamoeyenebina Tavisi gandidebis mizniT. es xom yvela im karieristi

adamianis Tvisebaa, romelsac TavisTavad araferi Rirebulis Seqmna ar

ZaluZs, magram raRac niRabs moirgebs da ase niRabafarebuli warmoaCens

Tavis Tavs. àm speqtaklSi igi (niRabi, m. v.) mainc mniSvnelovan komponentad

mimaCnia _ yvaryvare ar gvevlineba Tavisi namdvili saxiT, mas udidesi

niRabi aqvs afarebuli cxovrebaSi, igi mudam SeniRbulia~.41

yvaryvarem `qristes~ niRabi aifara, raTa xalxi moenusxa. ai, rogor

xsnis amas Tavad reJisori robert sturua: `me gavavle paraleli qristes

cxovrebasTan, radgan Tavisi droisaTvis igi warmomidgeba keTilis,

progresulis sawyisad. am paralelis meoxeobiT vaCvene egreTwodebuli

àntiqriste~. romelic Tavis saqmianobas sikeTis saxeliT iwyebs – qadagebs

imas, rac xalxisaTvis saWiro da misaRebia~.42

39 SoTa rusTavelis Teatris muzeumis masalebidan.

40 gurabaniZe n. reJisori robert sturua. Tb. `xelovneba~. 1997. gv.198.

41 dialogi yvaryvareze. J. `Teatraluri moambe~. #4. 1974. gv.25.

42 iqve. gv. 25.

60

imisaTvis, rom es paraleli qristesa da antiqristes Soris

mayureblisaTvis ufro naTeli da gasagebi yofiliyo, robert sturuam

ramaz CxikvaZis yvaryvares pirvel gamoCenas `qristes~ saxiT musikalur

fonad daudo qarTuli qoralis xmebi `Sobai, Seni qristeo~. reJisoris es

SesaniSnavi migneba, marTlac rom, savsebiT naTelia _ qveyanaSi rwmenas

urwmunoeba Secvlis, adamianTa idealebs _ gaqroba, gadagvarebis

saSiSroeba moelis. àm sazogadoebis mxilebis paTosi imgvaria speqtaklSi,

rom igi afarToebs warmodgenis Janruli gaazrebis struqturas da

yvaryvare mniSvnelovani axali TemebiTa da motivebiT mdidrdeba, masSi

iseTi plastebi amotivtivdeba, rom igi veRar eteva martooden groteskis

CarCoebSi da midis ekleqtizmamde, romelsac principuli mniSvneloba aqvs

dadgmaSi~.43

reJisors speqtakli gadawyvetili hqonda, rogorc sakarnavalo farsi,

xolo aseT JanrSi yovelgvari pirobiTobaa dasaSvebi. amitomac sruliad

gamarTlda ramaz CxikvaZis yvaryvares saxis warmoCena tiranis globalur

aspeqtebSi. yvaryvare _ triumfatori, xakisfer kostiumSi gamowyobili

interventi generali, bonapartizmis Tvisebebis matarebeli.

ndobaaRWurvili yvaryvare xelSi iRebda gvirgvins da Tavze idgamda.

swored am detalSi vlindeboda yvaryvares gegmis mizani _ gandideba.

xalxi, `sazogadoeba~ jer ver xvdeboda, Tu ras sCadioda yvaryvare, magram

rodesac mixvda, mainc masTan darCa, mainc misi miznebis da ìdeebis~

gamtarebeli da aRmsrulebeli aRmoCnda.

robert sturua amxelda ara marto yvaryvares, aramed iseT

sazogadoebasac, romelic uSvebs da itans yvaryvares arsebobas. albaT,

swored amitom, reJisorma speqtaklSi dagvanaxa yvaryvares metamorfozebi,

misi niRbis sxvadasxvagvari imitaciebi. `niRabTa monacvleobis, maTi

imitirebis sistemaSi yvaryvarizmis sqema ikveTeba, `gaucxoebisa~ da

`moulodnelobis~ efeqtTa feierverki warmoisaxeba da gmirs kvlav axal

niRabSi vxedavT~.44

43 mumlaZe d. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv.22.

44 iqve, gv. 26.

61

yvaryvares metamorfozebi sxva reJisorul mignebebTan erTad

yvaryvares kostiumebis cvalebadobaSic gamoixata. jariskacis ubralo

formas cvlida qristes wamosasxami, Semdeg SemTxveviT icvamda yayutasa da

quCaras mier gaZarculi Turqi jariskacis formas, romelic Ziudoistis

formas mogvagonebda. pirveli moqmedebis bolos, qarTul CoxaSi

warmogvidgeboda, Semdeg, momwvano samxedro formiTa da rkinis muzaradiT

_ generali interventi, Zalauflebis zenitSi yofnis dros _

ìnteligenturad Cacmuli~, xolo bolos, rodesac igi Seityobda mis

mazraSi revoluciuri armiis Semosvlis ambavs _ SiSvldeboda.

am kostiumebis cvalebadobisas, yovelTvis ucvleli rCeboda erT-

erTi detali _ ramaz CxikvaZis yvaryvare yovelTvis fexSiSveli iyo.

TiTqos reJisori da msaxiobi, am StrixiT, xazs usvamdnen im garemoebas,

rom yvaryvare Sinagani bunebiT mudam nacrismqeqav mawanwalad darCeba. ai,

ras ambobs am detalis Sesaxeb Tavad msaxiobi ramaz CxikvaZe: ès

fexSiSvloba me, rogorc msaxiobs, Sinaganad mexmareba ufro cxadad

warmovidgino mawanwala yvaryvares natura. yvaryvares frakic acvia, magram

me ar vkargav personaJis `bosiakur~ sawyiss. igi naZiralaa da wmindanad,

xalxisaTvis wamebul kacad gvaCvenebs Tavs~.45 ucvleli rCeboda agreTve

misi saxis gayinuli gamometyveleba, romlis miRma adamianis namdvili

grZnobebis amokiTxva SeuZlebeli iyo.

robert sturuam yvaryvares mkrebelobiTi saxis warmosaCenad,

principulad mimarTa ekleqtizmsa da aplikaciur meTods. speqtaklSi

erTmaneTis gverdiT arsebobdnen da erTmaneTs erwymodnen

fotoilustraciebi, amonaWrebi gazeTebidan, xalxuri, jazi, klasika da

sxva. swored am principiT iyo gamarTlebuli scenis Casma speqtaklSi,

brextis piesidan àrturo uis kariera~. zogadidan reJisorma konkretuli

magaliTi aCvena. amasTanave, bertolt brextis piesa dawerilia, rogorc

tragikuli farsi da amiTac Seerwya igi `yvaryvares~. ai, ras wers am scenis

Camatebis Sesaxeb literaturis kritikosi g. gaCeCilaZe: àq aucilebelia

erTi momentis sagangebo gaTvaliswineba. iseve, rogorc yvaryvare, uic

45 dialogi yvaryvareze. J. `Teatraluri moambe~. 1974. #4. gv. 28.

62

karnavaluri `gmiria~, am SemTxvevaSi mis istoriul `kostiums~, romelSic

hitleri igulisxmeba, aqvs ukiduresad pirobiTi mniSvneloba. saqme isaa,

rom p. kakabaZis komediis ganzogadebis sibrtyeSi, yvaryvares adgilas

igulisxmeba istoriis nebismieri karnavaluri mefe~.46

SemTxveviTi ar iyo is faqti, rom reJisorma speqtaklis sxva

rekvizitTan erTad scenaze globusi gamoitana. am globuss simboluri

daniSnuleba mieniWa. reJisori kidev erTxel usvamda xazs misi gmiris

masStaburobas. amas garda mayurebels mianiSnebda imaze, rom yvaryvare

msoflios yvela kuTxeSi SeiZleba gaCndes, Tu amas dauSvebs da xels

Seuwyobs sazogadoeba. `misi mizani arasrulyofili sazogadoebis mxilebaa.

am sazogadoebis mxilebis paTosi imgvaria speqtaklSi, rom igi afarToebs

warmodgenis Janruli gaazrebis struqturas da yvaryvare mniSvnelovani

axali TemebiTa da motivebiT mdidrdeba, masSi iseTi plastebi

amotivtivdeba, rom igi veRar eteva martooden groteskis CarCoebSi da

midis ekleqtizmamde, romelsac principuli mniSvneloba aqvs dadgmaSi~.47 _

wers dali mumlaZe.

is faqti, rom yvaryvarem xalxis meSveobiTAmiaRwia gandidebis zenits,

kidev erTxel mtkicdeboda `SeTqmulebis~ sceniT. mtkicdeboda isic, rom

yvaryvares arseboba ubralod xels aZlevs im xalxs, radganac am

SemTxvevaSi maTac _ ùbralo mokvdavT~, SeeZloT TavianT gandidebaze

ocneba da am ocnebis realurad ganxorcieleba. yvaryvares kimono ecva.

regbisa da Ziudos ileTebis gamoyenebiTAmimdinareobda es scena. erT

mxares yvaryvare idga, meore mxares _ mowinaaRmdegeTa mTeli jgufi. isini

TavebiT awvebodnen erTmaneTs. es Serkineba mTavrdeboda imiT, rom

yvaryvare erTi naxtomiT yvelas aswrebda `savarZelSi~ Cajdomas. xolo

savarZeli ki Zalauflebis simbolos warmoadgenda. yvaryvares

mowinaaRmdegeni marcxdebodnen, magram, Cemi azriT, am scenaSi yvelaze

saintereso momenti Semdegi iyo: ramaz CxikvaZe – yvaryvare eTiSeboda

46 gaCeCilaZe g. yvaryvares metamorfozebi. J. `ciskari~ 1974. #7. gv. 154.

47 mumlaZe d. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 22

63

moqmedebis msvlelobas, `simarTlisaTvis~ mebrZol `meamboxeTa~ zedaxoras

da mayurebels cinikuri toniT mimarTavda: `simarTlis ambavi aseTia!~

sabolood, speqtaklSi yvaryvare àmxiles~. rodesac mas niRabs

Camoxsnidnen da gaaSiSvlebdnen, igi Tavisi gandidebis saboloo xriks

mimarTavda _ yvaryvares gmiruli sikvdili surda. magram mas es bolo

imedic ucruvdeboda. `golgoTis gzaze~ mimavals bolSeviki sevastis

sityvebi eweoda: _ Tavi daanebeT, niRabi Camoxsnili aqvs, Cven veRaras

gvavnebs da icxovros Tavisi namdvili saxiT. nacarqeqias saxeliT iaros

qveyanaze.

yvaryvares ar undoda jvarcmidan Camosvla, ebRauWeboda mas. magram...

jvarcmidan Camoxsnidnen, sanagve yuTSic gadauZaxebdnen da speqtakli

`parad aleTi~ mTavrdeboda. speqtaklis finalis pirveladi varianti ufro

esadageboda da amarTlebda mis mTlian reJisorul struqturas. yvaryvare

kvlav aRdgeboda sanagve yuTidan da brundeboda scenaze. `Cven speqtakls

sul sxvagvari finali hqonda. radgan qristed movlenili antiqristes saxe

mudmiv modernizebas ganicdis, logikuri da bunebrivi iqneboda misi

aRdgomis scenac. Cven es scena gvqonda kidec speqtaklSi. raSi

mdgomareobda am scenis arsi? uaryofili, gandevnili yvaryvare xelaxla

evlineboda xalxs. amiT mindoda erTxelac gamesva xazi imisaTvis, Tu

raoden fxizlad unda iyvnen adamianebi~.48

vfiqrob, sruliad gaumarTlebeli iyo amgvari finalis Secvla.

speqtaklSi, piesis aseTi cvlilebebis miuxedavad, robert sturuas

polikarpe kakabaZis dramaturgiis ZiriTadi arsi ar daurRvevia, vinaidan

TviT polikarpe kakabaZeATavisi Semoqmedebis manZilze yovelTvis amxelda

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mankier mxareebs da es SeimCneva ara marto

`yvaryvare TuTaberSi~, aramed mis mier daweril sxva komediebSic:

`kolmeurnis qorwineba~, `kaxaberis xmali~, `cxovrebis jara~ da sxva. am

komediebis gmirebi didi ostatobiT xmaroben sxvadasxva niRabs. reJisorma

swored es erT-erTi mTavari Tema wamoswia wina planze kakabaZis

Semoqmedebidan. gaaerTiana isini erT saxeSi da Seqmna mTliani, krebiTi,

48 dialogi yvaryvareze. J. `Teatraluri moambe~ 1974. #4. gv. 27

64

globaluri masStabebis Tema `yvaryvarizmisa~, swored amaSia reJisoris

mTavari da didi damsaxureba.

rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSne, robert sturuam `Ralatis~ Taviseburi

interpretacia SemogvTavaza. Cemi azriT – Tanadrouli da progresuli.

reJisorma piesis sruliad axleburi koncefcia mogvca da SeiZleba am

Tamamma nabijmac gamoiwvia sturuaseuli dadgmis kritika. magram

konkretulad ras warmoadgenda piesis wakiTxvis es axleburi varianti?

Sevecdebi am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas. pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom

speqtaklSi aRar arsebobdnen mkveTrad gayofili keTili da boroti

saxeebi. reJisors surda aexsna TiToeuli personaJis qmedebis xasiaTi, misi

arsi. soleimani aRar warmoadgenda mxolod borot dampyrobels, isic

raRaciT tragikuli adamiani iyo, vinaidan TviTonacATavisze zemdgomis

mona gaxldaT. soleimans sruliadac ar surda saqarTvelos dapyroba, mas

es daavales. soleimans sparseTSi yofna urCevnia. erTi suli aqvs, rodis

datovebs saqarTvelos da dabrundeba Tavis samSobloSi. arc misi

cxovrebaa saxarbielo, radgan isic ar aris Sinaganad Tavisufali.

reJisorma piesidan mTlianad amoiRo daTosa da gaianes mijnurobis

scenebi, radgan Tavisi koncefciis warmosaCenad es siuJeturi xazi ar

esaWiroeboda. xolo ruqaias da giorgis (igive erekles) sasiyvarulo

scenebi imdenad iyo datovebuli, ramdenadac maT siuJeturi kvanZis

Sekvrisa da Semdgom gaxsnis funqcia ekisrebodaT. Secvlili iyo agreTve

giorgis sikvdilis scena. igi reJisorma soleimanis jalaTebis xeliT

mokla da amiT misi saxe, rogorc gonebaClungi da ususuri arsebisa,

daCrdila. sul sxvagvarad iyo warmoCenili oTar-begis saxe, romelsac e.

manjgalaZe ganasaxierebda. oTar-begi gamoyvanili iyo medroved, romelsac

SeuZlia yovelTvis moergos situacias da kmayofili iyos. ra Cveni saqme

ariso omi _ Cven, qarTvelebi, omisaTvis ki ara, sicil-xarxarisTvis varT

gaCenilebio, _ ambobs oTar-begi. amgvari msoflmxedvelobiT cxovrobs

igi.Aamitom, ra gasakviria, rom robert sturuam oTar-begis aseTi xasiaTi

dagvixata? gana, cotani arian dResdReobiT amgvari qarTvelebi, romelTac

araferi da aravin awuxebTAsakuTari Tavis garda. sabolood, speqtaklSi

65

zeinabisa (z. kverenCxilaZe) da saba-beris (g. saRaraZe) meSveobiT oTar-begi

Seignebs Tavis Secdomas da Semobrundeba saqarTvelosken. robert sturuam

imisaTvis, rom ufro naTlad daenaxebina mayureblisaTvis misi dacemisa da

Semobrunebis procesi, yara-iusufis Ralatis scena bolo moqmedebidan

pirvelSi gadmoitana da oTar-begis Tanamzraxvelad aqcia. speqtaklSi

oTar-begis pirovnebis erTgvari metamorfoza iyo naCvenebi. piesasTan

SedarebiT, metad iyo datvirTuli saba-beris saxe guram saRaraZis

SesrulebiT. igi zeinabTan erTad saTaveSi edga samSoblos daxsnisTvis

brZolas. sainteresod Canda misi saubari soleimanTan, rodesac

ganumartavda, rom dampyrobelic damonebulia, raki man sxvas daado

borkili.

gogi gegeWkoris anania erT-erTi im rolTagania, romelic TiTqmis

ucvlelad iqna gadmotanili piesidan speqtaklSi. g. gegeWkori TamaSobda

patiosan, vaJkac, patriot glexs, romelic TavganwirviT ibrZvis Tavisi

mamulisa da xalxis keTildReobisTvis. zina kverenCxilaZe misTvis Cveuli

dramatuli maneriT axorcielebda zeinabis _ATamar dedoflis _ saxes. mis

TamaSSi Serwymuli iyo temperamenti daATavSekavebuloba. Zalian kargad

gamosdioda msaxiobs SvilTan Sexvedris scena, dialogi oTar-begTan da

sikvdilis finaluri scena. ai, ras wers oTar-begTan dialogis Sesaxeb

kritikosi m. kostava: òTar-begTan dialogis scena sasaubro intonaciisa

da reCitativis sazRvarze mihyavda msaxiobs, rasac moiTxovs ambis

uCveuloba da Tavad faqti, rom saubrobs dedofali da ara ubralo

mokvdavi. saubris siTbom unda SeZras dacemuli adamiani, sindisis

cecxlad unda STaegznos skepsisiT daserili adamianis guls, magram

zedmetma mgrZnobelobam rodi unda Seasustos sityvis Zala, movaleobis

mTeli simkacriT mimaniSnebeli~.49

reJisoruli TvalsazrisiT speqtakli mTlianobaSi pirobiT formaSi

gadawyda. aseve pirobiTi iyo speqtaklis gaformebac. msaxiobTa qmedeba

Serwymulad aRiqmeboda ferTa simbolikasTan da dekoraciul

49kostava m. `Ralati~ S. rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo akademiuri Teatris scenaze. J.

`sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1975. #4. gv. 46.

66

metaforebTan, risi damamtkicebelic speqtaklis finali gaxldaT: rodesac

damarcxebuli soleimani nel-nela qreboda scenidan, kibeze wiTel

mosasxams tovebda. aseT simbolikas mravalgvari axsna SeiZleba

movuZebnoT. Cemi azriT, wiTeli mosasxamis datoveba imis mimniSnebeli iyo,

rom soleimanma, anu mterma ki datova saqarTvelo, magram sisxlis Rvra aq

kvlavac gagrZeldeba, qarTvelebi axla erTmaneTis `Wamas~ moundebian,

radganac soleimanis wasvlis Semdeg maT ar darCaT Zlieri winamZRoli

erisa, Zlieri mefe.

rogorc davinaxeT, am speqtaklSic klasikuri memkvidreoba

axleburad aris wakiTxuli.

`Temebis, motivebisa da problemebis siaxliT kacobriobas veRaravin

acvifrebs dRes. sworad amitomaa saintereso Semoqmedis axali

TvalTaxedva, is axali kuTxe, is rakursi, saidanac cnobili Temebisa da

problemebis axali mniSvneloba ixsneba~.50

robert sturua xSirad mimarTavs klasikas da es savsebiT gasagebia.

klasika xom imitomac aris klasika, rom mudam cocxalia, mudam

Tanamedrovea. igi mudam iZleva axali SemoqmedebiTi gzebis, axali

interpretaciis saSualebas. Tanamedroveoba WeSmariti xelovanisa ar

niSnavs imas, rom mis Seqmnil mxatvrul nawarmoebebSi aisaxos mxolod da

mxolod dRevandeli dRe, dRevandeli dro. rogorc brexti ambobda,

Tanadroul problemebs dRevandel cxovrebaSi ufro Znelad davinaxavT,

vidre maSin, rodesac maT gavitanT Cveni qveynisa da Cveni drois farglebs

gareT.

robert sturuasaTvis, rogorc adamianis, reJisorisa da

SemoqmedisaTvis erT-erTi mniSvenlovani problemaa brZola yovelgvari

borotebis (socialuri, moraluri, zneobrivi da sxva) winaaRmdeg. `garkveva

imisa, Tu rogor itans adamiani Cagvras, monobas, monobas fulisa, nivTisa,

50 mumlaZe d. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 31.

67

meore adamianisa. ra xdeba masSi, ratom eCveva kaci amas da ar ibrZvis

gamostacos suli am mwuxarebas~,51 _ rogorc Tavad reJisori ambobs.

robert sturuas speqtaklebSi forma da idea yovelTvis harmoniulad

aris Serwymuli erTmaneTTan. iseT dadgmaSic ki, rogoricaa `xanumaa~.

miswrafeba brextis Teatris esTetikisaken `Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi~

swored am speqtaklSi gamoCnda, xolo saboloo, Camoyalibebuli saxiT

Tavi iCina `yvaryvareSi~. robert sturua erT-erT interviuSi ityvis:

CemTvis TeatrSi mTavaria sazeimo ganwyobilebis Seqmna. swored aseTi

sazeimo ganwyobilebis apoTeozi iyo `xanuma~.

robert sturua _ reJisori, TiTqmis yvela Tavis speqtaklSi

mimarTavs grotesks. xolo groteski da gulgriloba erTmaneTTan

SeuTavsebeli cnebebia. Tu `samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~ r. sturua

adamianTa urTierTobis rTul sulier da socialur procesebs ikvlevda

da warmoaCenda, `RalatSi~ da Semdgom, ufro mZafrad, `yvaryvareSi~

politikuri Teatris principebi Cndeba, mere da mere ki `kavkasiur carcis

wreSi~, `riCardSi~ da sxva speqtaklebSi viTardeba. es speqtaklebi

TavianTi arsiT ebrZvian yovelgvar usamarTlobas. reJisori ar erideba

situaciebis gaRrmavebas da gamwvavebas, raTa ukeT warmoaCinos keTili. am

gziT afxizlebs igi Cvens gonebas da aqtiurad gangvawyobs samarTlianobis

dasacavad.

51 Teatri, Cemi siyvaruli. gaz. àxalgazrda komunisti~, 1979. 05. #7.

68

Tavi II

`gaucxoebis efeqti~ da robert sturuas saTeatro ena

yovel axal mimdinareobas Tavisi warmoSobis winapirobebi gaaCnia.

inteleqtualuri Teatris dabadebasac aqvs Tavisi wanamZRvrebi. es aris

bernard Sous, luiji pirandelos da eqspresionistebis dramaturgia.

swored Sous piesebSi gamovlinda pirvelad `gaSiSvlebul ideaTa~ Widili.

amis sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT piesa `maior barbara~. rac

Seexeba pirandelos, inteleqtualuri dramis warmomadgenlebma, kerZod,

egzistencialistebma misgan bevri ram aiRes da ganaviTares. es iqneba

adamianis Tavisuflebis, TviTdamtkicebis Tema, idea imisa, rom adamiani

Tavad unda gaxdes sakuTari Tavis avtori (èqvsi personaJi eZebs avtors~),

individisa da sazogadoebis, anu individisa da sxvaTa dapirispireba, Tu

kidev mravali sxva motivi da Tema; eqspresionistebisagan ki

inteleqtualurma Teatrma, kerZod, brextma aiRo da ganaviTara

Teatraluri formis idea _ socialuri tipaJebis Cveneba, ideebis

gaSiSvleba, msaxiobis ruporad qceva. brextis epikuri Teatris formis

Seqmna, istoriuli da agreTve socialuri TvalsazrisiT, ganpirobebuli

iyo faSizmis damkvidrebiT germaniaSi, brextma mouwoda gonebas,

inteleqts, radganac mxolod mas SeeZlo xsna im masobrivi fsiqozisagan,

romelmac moicva mTeli germania. amas Tavad brextic aRniSnavs.

brexti _ Teoretikosi, dramaturgi da reJisori eZebda axal

Teatralur formebs, xerxebs, iseTs, romelic mayurebels meti fiqrisa da

analizis saSualebas miscemda. mokled rom vTqvaT, mas undoda mayureblis

aqtivizacia. `brextma scenaze Semoitana racionaluri da mkacrad

logikuri xelovnebis SeteviTi Zala. mayurebels gauRviva da naTlad

daanaxa simZafre da mniSvneloba socialuri problemebisa. yvelaze metad

mas surda exila Teatri ara marto rogorc sinamdvilis, realobis

Semswavleli, aramed rogorc am sinamdvilis gardamsaxveli~52.

52 Стуруа Р. Революционный преобразователь сцены. газ. «Молодёжь грузии». 1978. 14. 02.

69

brextis epikuri Teatris mTavari principia `gaarTe da ise aswavle~.

Teatri aris misTvis asaxva cocxal suraTebSi namdvili an gamogonili

ambebisa, romelTa fonzec viTardeba adamianTa urTierTobebi, asaxva,

romelic gaTvaliswinebulia gasarTobad.

brexti ilaSqrebda romantikuli Teatris winaaRmdeg. es protesti man

gamoxata Tavis meore dramaSi `Ramis dafdafebi~ _ `nu dagiWyetiaT

Tvalebi romantikulad~. brexti ilaSqrebda agreTve iluzoruli, anu

mimeturi Teatris winaaRmdegac, Tumca msaxiobis aRzrdis pirvel etapebze

ar uaryofda amgvari Teatraluri xerxebis gamoyenebas. Tu iluzoruli,

anu mimeturi Teatri iseTi Teatria, romelic iyenebs cxovrebiseuli

sinamdvilisadmi mibaZvis, mimsgavsebis meTods, cdilobs Seqmnas realuri,

namdvili cxovrebis iluzia, TiTqos scenaze mimdinare ambavi

cxovrebiseuli sinamdvilis identuria, analitikuri, antimimeturi Teatri,

mis erT-erT saxesxvaobasac brextis èpikuri Teatri~ warmoadgens,

romelic iluzoruli, mimeturi Teatrisagan gansxvavebiT, miznad ar

isaxavs realuri cxovrebis, sinamdvilisadmi mibaZvas, mimsgavsebas. brextis

Teatris mizani ar aris garegnuli damajereblobis Seqmna. brextis Teatri

ukidures pirobiTobas mimarTavs. brexti cdilobs warmosaxos,

ganasaxieros da ara asaxos, areklos, rogorc es iluzorul, mimetur

TeatrSi xdeba. igi sinamdvilis arss, sazriss gadmogvcems da ara Tavad

realur sinamdviles. Tu iluzoruli, mimeturi Teatri emyareba

STagonebas, gaigivebas, mayurebels aiZulebs personaJebis grZnobebi,

gancdebi, saqcieli ganicados, maTTan erTad icinos, erTi sityviT, Tavisi

Tavi personaJTan gaaigivos da amis saSualebiT mayureblis grZnobaTa

`kaTarzisi~ moaxdinos, brextis èpikuri Teatri~ moiTxovs

mademonstrirebel–TxrobiT formas, rac mayurebels saSualebas aZlevs

miiRos sakuTari damoukidebeli gadawyvetileba da scenaze momxdari ambis

mimarT kritikuli midgomis saSualebas utovebs.

brextma Teatrs moxsna `meoTxe kedeli~, radganac, misi azriT,

mayurebels ki ar unda agrZnobino, rom igi TeatrSi imyofeba, aramed

piriqiT, xazgasmiT unda uCveno, rom scenaze TamaSdeba speqtakli da rom

swored msaxiobebi TamaSoben am speqtakls. amgvarad, igi winaaRmdegia

70

TeatrSi sinamdvilis iluziis Seqmnisa da xazs usvams Teatraluri

sanaxaobis pirobiTobas. aqedan gamomdinare, igi uaryofs msaxiobis TamaSSi

gardasaxvis meTods da mis magivrad gvTavazobs `gasxvisebis, gaucxoebis

efeqts~.

àravis, TeatriT seriozulad dainteresebuls, ar SeuZlia gverdi

auaros brexts. brexti _ Cveni drois mTavari figuraa.

... brextisTvis Teatri, es aris Teatri, romelic arc erTi wuTiT ar

Sordeba (ar gamoeyofa) sazogadoebas, romelsac igi emsaxureba. ukve aRar

arsebobs meoTxe kedeli Semsruleblebsa da mayurebels Soris _ msaxiobis

erTaderTi amocanaa _ gamoiwvios mayureblis gansazRvruli reaqcia,

romelsac igi usazRvrod scems pativis. swored sazogadoebisadmi

pativiscemis gamo brextma wamoswia gaucxoebis idea. gaucxoeba _ es

mowodebaa SeCerebisken: gaucxoeba SeaCerebs, miaqvs sinaTlesTan, aiZulebs

axleburad Sexedvas. gaucxoeba _ es, upirveles yovlisa, mowodebaa

mayureblisadmi _ Tavad imuSaos. amis Sedegad izrdeba mayureblis

pasuxismgebloba imis mimarT, rasac xedavs, ase rom, igi miiRebs mxolod

imas, rac seriozulad daarwmunebs.53~

`gaucxoebis meTodis~ saSualebiT iqmneba distancia msaxiobisa _

rolis, xolo mayureblisa _ scenaze mimdinare ambis mimarT. misi mizania,

STaagonos mayurebels analitikuri, kritikuli damokidebuleba scenaze

mimdinare ambebis mimarT.

`Tumca, msaxiobis swrafva _ warmoadginos konkretuli saxeebi da

aCvenos maTi qceva _ ar gulisxmobs gardasaxvis saSualebebis mTlian

uaryofas. am saSualebebs igi iyenebs im xarisxiT, rogorc amas akeTebs

nebismieri sxva adamiani, romelsac ara aqvs samsaxiobo monacemebi da

msaxioburi pativmoyvareoba, gamoiyenebs am saSualebebs, raTa warmoadginos

sxva adamiani, anu misi qceva~. 54

53Брук П. Пустое пространство, секретов нет. М. «Наука». 2003. ст. 108. 54Брехт Б. Краткое описание новой техники актёрской игры, вызывающей так называемый «эффект

отчуждения» в кн. Театр. М. «Искусство». 1965. Т. 5/2. ст. 103.

71

amrigad, mayurebeliATeatrSi meTvalyuris mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba.

epikuri Teatri gamoTiSavs mayureblis grZnobebs, igi mimarTavs mis

gonebas. epikur TeatrSi msaxiobi gamoiyvans scenaze Tavis personaJs da

warudgens mas mayurebels, gamoiyvans da Tavad ar iqceva personaJad.

mayurebels unda mieces saSualeba, kritikulad Seafasos scenaze momxdari

ambavi. mayurebeli unda azrovnebdes. brextis TeatrisaTvis mTavaria,

mayurebels misces gonebrivi sazrdo. magram garTobis momentsac didi

mniSvneloba akisria. brexti Tavis Teoriul naSromebSi epikuri Teatris

Sesaxeb arasodes ar iviwyebda, piriqiT, xazs usvamda kidec imas, rom

Teatris pirveladi daniSnuleba iyo, aris da iqneba xalxis garToba.

meore mxriv, `gaucxoebis efeqti~ vrceldeba agreTve gamomsaxvelobiT

saSualebebsa da mxatvrul xerxebze, romelTa saSualebiT nacnobi

situaciebi isea Setrialebuli, rom mayurebeli maT axali TvaliT uyurebs.

maSasadame, brextis Teatri apirobebs ara Tanagancdas, aramed

Tanaazrovnebas, Tanafiqrs, davasa da kamaTs. brextis Teatris mizani is ki

ar aris, mayurebeli monusxos, moajadovos, transSi Caagdos, aramed,

gaxados igi aqtiuri, moqmedi, moazrovne, ganze mdgari Tanaavtori.

`gaucxoebis efeqti~ vrceldeba mTel moqmedebaze, enaze, mxatvrobaze,

musikaze, qoreografiaze, Cacmulobze.

`gaucxoebam SeiZleba imuSaos antiTezis principiT; parodia, imitacia,

kritika _ mas eqvemdebareba mTeli ritorikuli rigi. es aris sufTad

Teatraluri meTodi dialeqtikuri winaaRmdegobebisa. gaucxoeba dRes

CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi enaa, potenciurad iseTive mdidari, rogorc poezia.

es aris erT-erTi magaliTi dinamikuri Teatrisa cvalebad samyaroSi;

gaucxoebis saSualebiT Cven SegviZlia mivaRwioT imasve, rasac Seqspiri

aRwevda enis dinamikurobis gamoyenebisas. gaucxoeba SeiZleba iyos Zalian

ubralo (martivi), SeiZleba TavisTavad warmoadgendes mxolod fizikuri

ileTebis serias~.55

55bruki p. dasaxeebuli naSromi. gv. 109.

72

èpikur TeatrSi~ mayureblis goneba mimarTulia ara moqmedebis

bolosaken, finalisaken, aramed moqmedebis msvlelobisaken, romelic

calkeul scenebad aris dayofili. brextis mizani ar aris mayureblis

cnobismoyvareoba daZabos siuJetiT. misi piesebi Sedgeba calkeuli,

erTmaneTs miyolebuli scenebisagan, romlebic moqmedebis erTianobiT ar

aris dakavSirebuli. aq erTmaneTs enacvleba sinamdvilis sxvadasxva

fragmenti _ TeatrSi sinamdvilis iluziis gasaqrobad brexti mimarTavda

sxvadasxva saSualebas: zongebs, romlebic moqmedebas wyvetdnen da

aferxebdnen, dafebze warwerebs, romlebic mayurebels siuJets winaswar

acnobdnen, mayureblisadmi uSualo mimarTvas da sxva. brexti prologSi

romelime Temas wamoayenebs xolme da Semdeg cdilobs mis damtkicebas.

brextis mixedviT, Teatri unda Zabavdes, afiqrebdes, mosvenebas ukargavdes

mayurebels da amasTanave esTetikur siamovnebasac aniWebdes. Teatrma

msoflmxedvelobiTi Sexedulebani unda gamoumuSavos adamians, daafiqros

cxovrebis azrze, bedniereba-ubedurebis raobaze, bedze. èpikur TeatrSi~

avtori aqtiurad ereva moqmedebaSi, alag-alag wyvets moqmedebas, urTavs

komentarebs, ganixilavs, msjelobs am moqmedebaze. brextTan, iseve, rogorc

saerTod inteleqtualur dramaSi, ugulebelyofilia personaJis saqcielis

fsiqologiuri motivireba.

brextma SeimuSava agreTve axali samsaxiobo xelovnebac, romlis

mixedviTac ar aris saWiro identificireba, anu msaxiobis gaigiveba

personaJTan, ar aris saWiro gardasaxva. msaxiobma unda ganasaxieros esa

Tu is personaJi da amasTanave unda Candes misi (msaxiobis) damokidebuleba

am personaJisadmi. msaxiobis TamaSSi unda Candes pozicia. amasTanave,

msaxiobi arsad seriozulad ar unda asrulebdes Tavis rols, igi

yovelTvis unda axdendes parodirebas da xazs unda usvamdes TamaSis

moments. msaxiobma rolze muSaobisas unda Seqmnas specifikuri Jestebis,

mimikis, qcevis kompleqsi, rac mTlianobaSi mogvcems saqcielis erTianobas,

riTac igi urTierTobas amyarebs sxva adamianebTan. brexti uaryofda

msaxiobis emociur, gancdiT TamaSs. mokled rom vTqvaT, brexti moiTxovda

imas, rom msaxiobs eTamaSa Tavisi roli da am rolTan damokidebuleba.

73

saqarTveloSi brexti pirvelad daidga 1964 wels. reJisorma d.

aleqsiZem rusTavelis TeatrSi ganaxorciela bertolt brextis piesa

`samgroSiani opera~. speqtakls didi warmateba hqonda, Tumca man ver

miaRwia im srul ganzogadebas, romelsac brextis Teatraluri esTetika

da, kerZod, es piesa iTxovda. Teatrmcodne nodar gurabaniZis azriT:

`qarTveli mayurebeli pirvelad ecnoboda brextis dramaturgias da

misTvis bevri ram uCveulo iyo. mayurebeli moumzadebeli iyo brextis

`zongebis~ aRsaqmelad, misTvis ucxo iyo piesis paraboluri buneba,

dramaturgis paradoqsuli filosofia da mTlianad am piesis

`dramaturgia~. ... aq, `gaucxoebis efeqti~ aRiqmeboda, rogorc socialuri

sazogadoebrivi motivi _ yvelaze znedacemuli adamianebi umaRles

zneobriv idealebs uqadagebdnen sazogadoebas. ... magram mTlianad

speqtaklis stilistika, misi esTetika, ufro dimitri aleqsiZiseuli iyo,

vidre brextiseuli, Tumca es sruliadac ar gamoricxavda imasac, rom

èpikuri Teatris~ bevri motivi am speqtaklSic bunebrivad da organulad

aJRerebuliyo~.56 xolo Teatrmcodne eTer guguSvilma ki recenzia am

speqtaklis Sesaxeb Semdegi sityvebiT daamTavra: `Tavad aqtma brextis

piesis gamoCenisa qarTul scenaze ar SeiZleba ukvalod Caiaros~.57

es sityvebi winaswarmetyveluri aRmoCnda. brextma ara Tu kvali

datova, aramed didi da gansakuTrebuli adgili daimkvidra qarTul

TeatrSi, kerZod, robert sturuas SemoqmedebaSi.

pirveli reJisori, romelmac gabedulad gaarRvia saqarTveloSi

romantikuli Teatris, mimetur-iluzoruli Teatris wre da dasabami misca

antiiluzorul, parodiul-groteskul Teatrs, aris robert sturua. igi

nel-nela, magram amave dros daJinebiT miiwevda qarTuli TeatrisaTvis

uCveulo gzaze. mayurebels aCvevda aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi

Sesisxlxorcebuli, Zvalsa da rbilSi gamjdari Teatraluri stilisa da

manerisagan principulad gansxvavebuli axali Teatraluri enis gagebas.

56 gurabaniZe n. reJisori robert sturua. Tb. `xelovneba~ 1997. gv. 101-102. 57 Гугушвили Э. Первая встреча с Брехтом. газ.«Заря Востока». 1964. 26.01.

74

brextis Teatraluri esTetika principulad gansxvavdeba

stanislavskis Teatraluri sistemisagan. stanislavskis sistema, SeiZleba

iTqvas, erTaderTi muSaobis meTodi iyo rusuli, da ara marto rusuli,

sasceno xelovnebisaTvis. `brextis SemoqmedebiTi principebis aTviseba

CvenSi mxolod maSin moxerxda, roca kargad daviwyebuli axlo warsulis,

saxeldobr, meierholdisa da sxvaTa Teatraluri praqtikis gaxsenebis

SesaZlebloba Seiqmna da maTi monapovrebis Secnoba imdenadve aucilebeli,

ramdenadac safuZvlianad gvqonda aTvisebuli stanislavskis reJisoruli

gakveTilebi. roca Cveni sasceno xelovnebis Rrmad realistur bunebas

organulad daukavSirda eqscentruli Teatraluri formebi, ukiduresi

pirobiToba, ironiuloba da paradoqsuloba, roca garduvali aRmoCnda

iseTi msaxiobis aRzrda, romelic marto gardasaxvis ostatobas ki ar

flobda, aramed saSemsruleblo teqnikis sxva Taviseburebebic SeeZlo

daeZlia _ brexti warmatebiT daidga sabWoTa scenaze~.58

yoveli Tavisi axali speqtakliT: `xanuma~, `seCuaneli keTili

adamiani~, `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~, `Ralati~ da sxv. robert sturua

uaxlovdeboda brextis `kavkasiur carcis wres~, sadac ukve Tvisobrivi

naxtomis mowmeni gavxdiT. imis miuxedavad, rom CamoTvlili piesebi da

speqtaklebi gansxvavebuli Rirsebisa da mniSvnelobis iyo, yovel maTganSi

reJisori cdilobda gamoecada, Seemowmebina romelime meTodi Tu

gamomsaxveli saSualeba.

`viTarebis Sesabamisad, principulad unda Secvliliyo Teatris

sametyvelo enac rusTavelis TeatrSi. am amocanis ganxorcieleba axali

Taobis Semoqmedebma ikisres. msoflgancdis cvlileba dramaturgiuli

masalisadmi damokidebulebis, speqtaklis Seqmnis Tvisobrivad axali

esTetikuri da konceptualuri principebis SeqmnaSi gamoixata...

am procesis saTaveSi, samociani wlebis Sua periodidan, reJisori

robert sturua moeqca, romlis SemoqmedebaSi mravali, erTi SexedviT,

urTierTsapirispiro tendencia gaerTianda, rac Tanamedrove postmodernis

58 mumlaZe d. robert sturua. Jur. `sabWoTa xelovneba~ # 12. 1981. gv. 33.

75

epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sayovelTao kriticizmsa da revizionizms

asaxavda.~59

usamarTloba iqneboda imis mtkiceba, TiTqos qarTul TeatrSi

robert sturuamde ar yofila analogiuri cdebi. aseTi cdebi mravladac

iyo. sakmarisia gavixsenoT Tundac m. TumaniSvilis dadgmebi: èspaneli

mRvdeli~ an `WinWraqa~, gavixsenoT d. aleqsiZis mier ganxorcielebuli

`samgroSiani opera~. magram yvelaferi es calkeuli elementebisa da

tendenciebis doneze darCa da maT dasrulebuli, srulqmnili saxe ver

miiRes, axal TvisebriobaSi, axal xarisxSi ver gadavidnen. cxadia, robert

sturuas, arafridan, nulidan, SiSveli adgilidan ar dauwyia. mas winaprebi

da winamorbedebi hyavda. saqme is aris, rom swored robert sturuaSi

sruliqmna, Camoyalibda da dagvirgvinda, ra Tqma unda qarTul niadagze,

axali Teatraluri msoflmxedveloba da meTodi.

reJisoris mier fsiqologiuri Teatris principebze uaris Tqmas,

albaT bevri mizezi hqonda. xolo erT-erTs, mixeil baxtinis naSromebs,

TviT reJisori asaxelebs: ìgi ganixilavda cxovrebas da Teatrs, rogorc

sxvadasxva stilTa sinTezs. igi miiCnevda, rom xelovneba aRwevs

mwvervalebs maSin, rodesac masSi Tanaarseboben melodrama da farsi.

`karnavaluroba~ _ es misi terminia. aseve Cems speqtaklebSi me vcdilob

warmovaCino cxovrebis mravalferadovani palitra~.60

robert sturuas saTeatro enis Camoyalibebis procesSi

mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa mixeil baxtinis Teoriulma kvlevebma. man,

SeiZleba iTqvas, praqtikaSi, Tavis dadgmebSi ganaxorciela baxtinis

Teoriuli mosazrebebi. sturuas saTeatro enaSi Serwymulia brexti,

baxtini da qarTuli kulturis tradiciebi. man baxtinis parodiis,

groteskis, ironiis, karnavalurobis Teoria gadaamuSava da sakuTar

sareJisoro enaSi organulad gamoiyena.

`Suasaukuneebis karnavalis mravalsaukunovani ganviTarebis procesSi,

Semzadebuli aTswleulebis ganmavlobaSi ganviTarebuli ufro Zveli

59bokuCava T. miTosi da qarTuli Teatri. sadisertacio naSromi. gv. 88.

http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/coll/0002/000038/ ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 10.02.2014. 60 Стуруа Р. Обрати театр в зрелище. газ. «Заря Востока». 1984. 17.06.

76

saseiro wes-CveulebebiT (antikur etapze saturnaliebis CaTvliT),

gamomuSavebuli iqna karnavaluri formebisa da simboloebisTvis TiTqosda

gansakuTrebuli ena, ena Zalian mdidari, xalxis erTiani, magram rTuli

karnavaluri msoflmxedvelobis gamomxatveli. es msoflmxedveloba

mtrulad iyo ganwyobili yovelive mzasa da dasrulebulisadmi,

yovelgvari pretenziisadmi mudmivobisa da uryeobisa, saWiroebda dinamikur

da cvalebad, TamaSebriv da meryev formebs Tavisi gamoxatvisTvis. paTosiT

cvlilebebisa da ganaxlebebis, gabatonebuli simarTlisadmi da

mmarTvelobisadmi mxiaruli damokidebulebis gacnobierebiT

ganmsWvalulia karnavaluri enis yvela forma da simbolo.~61

da marTlac, robert sturuas mTel Semdgom SemoqmedebaSi sxvadasxva

stilisa da Janris, sxvadasxva saSemsruleblo maneris urTierTSekavSireba

moxda da ara aRreva. `brextis SeuRlebam qarTul TeatrTan~, mdidari

karnavaluri enis gamoyenebam, marTlac rom ucnauri `hibridi mogvca~.

ìnteleqtualuri ironiis dabadeba Teatralur rituals ukavSirdeba,

swored aq gadaikveTeba sturuas konceptualizmSi brexti da baxtini.

yoveldRiur cnobierebas inteleqtualuri gaucxoebis unari naklebad

Seswevs, saWiroa Teatraluri rituali, sadac gaucxoeba sakuTari

empiriuli `medan~ gamosvla da movlenaTa garedan Wvreta SesaZlebeli

gaxdeba. karnavali `Tavisuflebis sivrcea~, xolo masxara – karnavalis

protagonisti da misi sulis gansaxiereba. ... amasTan, reJisori am qmedebaSi

ukve mxolod demiurgis ki ara, mediatoris, komunikatorisa da virtualuri

Tanamonawilis rols asrulebs.~62

brextiseuli Teatris principebi _ msxvreva yovelgvari dogmebis,

qrestomaTiul WeSmaritebaTa axleburi wakiTxva, Rrma tragizmisa da

bufonadis Serwyma, axali aRmoCnda robert sturuas SemoqmedebiTi

mrwamsisaTvis.

61Бахтин М. Творчество Франсуа Рабле и народная культура средневековья и ренессанса. ст. 7.

www.philosophy.ru/library/bahtin/rable.html ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 10.02.2014. 62 bokuCava T. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 88.

77

`xanumaSi~, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, reJisorma gamoiyena `gaxsnili

xerxiT~ TamaSis specifika. es ukve gaxldaT Cvenebis da ara gancdis da

gardasaxvis warmodgena. am speqtaklSi musikas (kompozitori g. yanCeli)

didi adgili eWira, mas dramaturgiuli mniSvneloba hqonda miniWebuli.

brextic xom udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda speqtaklis musikalur

gaformebas. r. sturuam swored qarTuli klasikuri nawarmoebi aiRo

dasadgmelad da xazi gadausva mis tradiciul wakiTxvas. sruliad

axleburad waikiTxa, daanaxa mayurebels. man erovnuli klasikuri piesis

safuZvelze gaamdidra axali xerxebiT saSemsruleblo kultura da am

TamaSis axal, `brextiseul~ wess aRtacebiT Sexvda qarTveli mayurebeli.

es ar iyo SemTxveviTi faqti, rogorc Tavad reJisori ambobs, brextis

dialeqtika Zalian axloa Cvens bunebasTan, qarTveli xalxis bunebasTan.

`gaxsnili xerxiT~ TamaSis specifika robert sturuam gamoiyena

`samaniSvilis dedinacvalsa~ da `yvaryvareSic~. magram am speqtaklebiT ar

Camoyalibebula robert sturuas reJisoruli stilistika. igi jer kidev

Ziebis procesSi imyofeboda, reJisori brextis epikuri Teatris

paralelurad egzistencialuri dramis principebsac iziarebda.

1969 wels robert sturua dgams brextis piesas `seCuaneli keTili

adamiani~. speqtakli ar gamovida. mayurebeli warmodgenas gulgrilad

Sexvda, magram robert sturuasTvis mas ukvalod ar Cauvlia. speqtakls

misi SemoqmedebisaTvis mainc didi mniSvneloba hqonda. robert sturua erT-

erT interviuSi ganacxadebs, rom sakuTari Tavi 1969 wels igrZno brextis

`seCuaneli keTili adamianis~ or scenaSi: `qorwilis~ scenasa da Sen tes

zongSi, romelic man monologad aqcia.63 am faqtis SegrZneba albaT ufro

mogvianebiT moxda, rodesac man ganaxorciela `samaniSvilis dedinacvali~

T. CxeiZesTan erTad, `yvaryvare~ da `kavkasiuri carcis wris~ dadgmebi.

Teatrmcodne dali mumlaZe robert sturuas `seCuaneli keTili

adamianis~ pirveli dadgmis Sesaxeb wers: `rogorc igi Tavad aRniSnavs,

pirvelad brextis `seCuaneli keTili adamianis~ dadgmisas igrZno Tavi

iseTad, rogoric is axla aris, magram es potenciuri SesaZleblobebis

63xalisiTa da SemarTebiT. J. `Teatraluri moambe~. #6. 1980. gv. 11.

78

grZnoba ufro iyo albaT, vidre ukve Semdgari SemoqmedebiTi faqti, radgan

r. sturuas am qmnilebas Zalze emCneoda i. lubimovis mier moskovis

tagankis Teatris scenaze ganxorcielebuli amave saxelwodebis speqtaklis

zegavlena. r. sturua aq Segirds ufro hgavda, vidre ostats.~64

`seCuanel keTil adamianSi~ robert sturuam SeZlo gadmoeca azris

Tanmimdevruloba, socialuri simaxvile, magram speqtaklis formaSi,

mxatvrul saSualebebSi araviTari siaxle ar igrZnoboda.

`seCuaneli keTili adamianis~ dadgmidan cota xnis Semdeg robert

sturua rusTavelis TeatrSi dgams Jan anuis `medeas~. am speqtaklSi

franguli egzistencialuri dramis yvela principi iqna daculi. misi

polemikuri xasiaTi, gaSiSvlebul ideaTa Sejaxeba, arCevanis gakeTeba

medeas pirovnebad Camoyalibebis dros. inteleqtualuri Tanagansjis

procesSi _ mayureblis gamofxizleba da sxva. aq adgili ar hqonda

emociur Tanagancdasa Tu xasiaTisa an movlenis fsiqologiur

ganviTarebas, Cawvdomas, magram, meore mxriv, warmodgenis saSemsruleblo

done dabali aRmoCnda. mayurebelma speqtakli ar miiRo da es arc aris

gasakviri, radganac arc qarTveli msaxiobi da arc qarTveli mayurebeli

ar iyo momzadebuli amisaTvis. garda amisa, egzistencialuri dramis

principebi Sors aRmoCnda qarTveli artistis bunebisagan.

1975 wels robert sturua dgams bertolt brextis `kavkasiur carcis

wres~. es iyo reJisoris meore Sexvedra uSualod brextis

dramaturgiasTan, Tu ar CavTvliT `yvaryvareSi~ mis mier gamoyenebul

scenas àrturo uis karieridan~. cnobilia, rom brextma es piesa,

faSisturi germaniidan aSS-Si emigraciis dros dawera (1945 w.).

dramaturgiuli nawarmoebis safuZvlad ramdenime wyaro saxeldeba:

upirvels yovlisa, es aris, bibliuri mefe solomonis igavi. Semdeg, 1920-ian

wlebSi, frangulidan klabundis adaptirebuli Targmani _ `carcis wre~,

romelic me-13 saukunis imave saxelwodebis, li cinCJaos nawarmoebis

Targmani iyo. agreTve, Tavad brextis 1940-iani wlebis dasawyisSi dawerili

novela àugsburgis carcis wre~. `kavkasiuri carcis wre~ brextis erT-erT


79

saukeTeso piesad aris miCneuli da 1950-iani wlebidan moyolebuli dRemde,

metnaklebi warmatebiT idgmeba msoflio Teatralur scenebze. robert

sturuas speqtakli ki aRiarebulia, rogorc erT-erTi saukeTeso,

saxelganTqmuli warmodgena (igi Setanilia wignSi `XX saukunis 100

saukeTeso evropuli speqtakli~).

`kavkasiur carcis wreze~ muSaobis dawyebisas, msaxiobebi ukve

momzadebulni iyvnen da kargadac icnobdnen brextis aqtioruli TamaSis

principebs, mis specifikas. axla yvelaferi reJisorze iyo damokidebuli.

mas ar unda daeSva is Secdoma, romelic `seCuaneli keTili adamianis~

dadgmis dros mouvida. reJisors unda moeZebna piesis ganxorcielebisaTvis

iseTi struqtura, romelic qarTveli mayureblis bunebasTan axlos

iqneboda. brexti ar iyo dogmatikosi da sxvasTan erTad Tavis sakuTar

Teoriasac ar miiCnevda dasrulebul, gardauval moZRvrebad. robert

sturuam gaiTvaliswina es garemoeba da brextis piesas iseve moeqca,

rogorc Tavad brexti akeTebda amas sxva avtorTa, TviT klasikosTa

nawarmoebebis mimarT. ai, ras wers amis Sesaxeb nodar kakabaZe:

`r. sturuas speqtakli ar aris da arc unda iyos brextis Teoriisa

Tu SemoqmedebiTi praqtikis meqanikuri reproducireba. ar arRvevs ra

brextis esTetikisa da dramis Teoriis arsebiT, ZiriTad principebs,

qarTveli reJisori qmnis brextis piesis axal, miseul qarTul

interpretacias, Tavis individualobasac avlens da Tavis individualur

beWeds asvams am speqtakls. r. sturua brextis arc orTodoqsuli, arc

epigonuri da arc `muzeumuri~ interpretatoria. yoveli namdvili reJisori

dramaturgis Tanaavtori, TanaSemoqmedi da amave dros raRacnairad misi

oponenticaa. igi dramaturgiis masalaze qmnis faqtiurad axal mxatvrul

nawarmoebs, radgan piesa da speqtakli sul sxvadasxva sferoa. TviT

brextic ar iyo fetiSizaciis momxre da reJisorebsac ar avalebda brma

mimdevrobas~.65

65 kakabaZe n. kavkasiuri carcis were. J. `ciskari~. 1976. #11. gv. 130.

80

robert sturuam `kavkasiuri carcis wris~ Tavisufali montaJi

SemogvTavaza. piesis prologi mTlianad amoiRo speqtaklidan, mgosani

Secvala mTxrobliT, amoagdo musikosTa jgufi da maTi dramaturgiuli

datvirTva mTxrobels daakisra, Seamokla teqsti; magram brextis dramis

Teoriis mTavari principebi speqtaklSi daculi iqna. erT-erTi maTgani,

eposisa da dramis sinTezi, romelic speqtaklSi mTxrobels hqonda

dakisrebuli, mTxroblis mier Sesrulebuli zongebi, reCitativebi da imis

gadmocema, Tu ra ifiqra gmirma ama Tu im momentSi, mayurebels yuradRebas

umaxvilebda garkveul faqtebze. igi sul mudam scenaze imyofeboda da ar

iZleoda scenuri iluziis Seqmnis saSualebas, mayurebels uviTarebda

kritikul damokidebulebas scenaze mimdinare siuJetis mimarT da, rogorc

ukve aRvniSne, qmnida epikuri da dramatuli elementebis organul sinTezs.

speqtakli erTgvari `parad-aleTi~ iwyeboda. Cabnelebuli scenis

siRrmidan gamodiodnen mTxrobeli (J. lolaSvili) da koncertmaisteri (l.

siymaSvili). mTxrobeli avanscenis marcxena kuTxeSi gakrul rukasTan

midioda, romelzedac TeTri wre iyo Semoxazuli, xeliTAmiuTiTebda wreze

da acxadebda: brexti `kavkasiuri carcis wre~. mayurebelTa darbazSi

sinaTle qreboda. scenis moedani mTlianad naTdeboda. mTxrobeli scenis

siRrmisken miemarTeboda, WiSkridan urduls gamoiRebda da kars aRebda.

scenaze cekviT speqtaklis personaJebi SemoiWrebodnen mTxroblis

simReris TanxlebiT: ìyideT, iyideT rame~. es, faqtobrivad, speqtaklis

mxolod siuJeturi dasawyisi ar iyo, igi imTaviTve gansazRvravda

warmodgenis mxatvrul stilistikas da mayurebels uqmnida garkveul

ganwyobilebas. sturuam gansacvifreblad amaRlebuli, cocxali, faqizi

iumoriT aRsavse speqtakli Seqmna; sada da Rrma erTsa da imave dros. man

ostaturad Seuxama urTierTs groteski da realizmi. aqtioruli

Sesrulebis stereotipuli maneris parodirebiT, ritmis monacvleobiT

speqtaklSi, reJisorma msaxiobebs xeli Seuwyo mieRwiaT srulqmnilebis im

donisaTvis, roca Sesruleba Tavisufal improvizaciad miiCneva da

msaxiobebi savsebiT erwymian piesis teqsts.

81

`kavkasiur carcis wreSi~ robert sturuam ganaxorciela groteskisa

da realizmis urTierTSerwyma, mis saTeatro enaSi naTlad gamoikveTa

baxtiniseuli groteskuli realizmis arseboba. speqtaklSi brextis kidev

erTi principi iyo daculi _ sxvadasxva mimdinareobaTa erTmaneTTan

organuli Serwymis principi. am SemTxvevaSi naturalizmis, eqspresionizmisa

da simbolizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. naturalistur maneraSi iyo

gadawyvetili, magaliTad, iosebis tanis dabanis scena, efreitoris mier

gruSes gaupatiurebis scena.

brextis Teoriis Tanaxmad reJisorma erTmaneTs Seurwya poeturi da

prozauli, fantastikuri da realuri, gonebrivi da emociuri. amis erT-

erTi TvalsaCino magaliTi gaxldaT mTlianobaSi azdakis saxe. azdaki iyo

mSiSara, loTi, magram amave dros maRali, keTili, poeturi bunebis

adamiani. gavixsenoT sasamarTloSi misi pirveli mosvlis scena. am

epizodSi Tavidan igi `gmirad~ warmogvidgeboda, romelic Tavisi Tavis

dasjas moiTxovda imis gamo, rom xalxis mteri Tavadi jandieri misda

uneburad Seifara. Semdeg mas SiSis grZnoba Seepareboda da gaparva

undoda. amave scenaSi azdaki mReroda Tavis arias, romelic Zalze poeturi

da emociuri iyo. reJisoris sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: ària, romelsac igi

speqtaklSi mReris, misi evoluciis Sedegia, misi rTuli warsulis xmaa. igi

yofili inteligentia, romelic galoTda da fskerze daeSva. aria ki misi

kulturuli Semoqmedebaa~.1

mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda gruSes pirovnebad

Camoyalibebis procesi. speqtaklis generaluri xazi swored gruSes mZime

gza gaxldaT bavSvis gadasarCenad. misi tanjva-wameba, sxvadasxva

situaciaSi sxvadasxva adamianTan Sexvedra, sadac misi, rogorc adamianis,

gamocda xdeboda. sabolood am rTul pirovnebad Camoyalibebis procesSi

igi irCevda Tavisi sicocxlis mrwamss _ `Tesos sikeTe~. gruSes rolis

Semsrulebeli msaxiobis TamaSSi (i. gigoSvili), iseve, rogorc azdakisa (r.

1vergasova i. avtoportreti Teatralur interierSi. J. `sabWoTa xelovneba~, 1983. #12. gv. 92.

92.

82

CxikvaZe), Serwymuli iyo pirobiTi, Teatraluri manera did

gulwrfelobasTan. gavixsenoT, Tundac, scena mas Semdeg, roca gruSe

patara miSikos soflel qals utovebs. wamyvanis SekiTxvaze `maS ratoma

xar mxiaruli, patara qalo?~ saxeganaTebuli, gaxarebuli Tavisi

TavisuflebiT, gruSe upasuxebs: `xedav, pataras swyalobs ufali~. xolo

wamyvanis Semdeg kiTxvaze `maS mowyenili ratom xar, patara qalo?~, gruSe

sulisSemZvreli xmiT eubneba: `swored imitom, rom var ase Tavisufali.~

gruSes msgavsad azdakic sikeTis matarebelia da sabolood maTi sruliad

gansxvavebuli gzebi bunebrivad Seerwya erTmaneTs.

`kavkasiur carcis wreSi~, iseve rogorc `xanumaSi~, didi mniSvneloba

hqonda miniWebuli musikalur gaformebas (kompozitori g. yanCeli). mas

dramaturgiuli funqcia ekisreboda. musika amZafrebda msaxiobTa TamaSs,

aRrmavebda plastikur-gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs, mayurebels uqmnida

ganwyobilebas. robert sturuas udidesi partnioria gia yanCeli, musikis

avtori. igive iTqmis speqtaklis mxatvrul gaformebazec (mxatvari g.

aleqsi-mesxiSvili). scenaze araferi ar iyo zedmeti. yvela detali

moqmedebaSi CarTuli da amave dros simbolur-metaforuli mniSvnelobis

gaxldaT. gavixsenoT, Tundac, moZravi fardebi, romlebic xan Rrublebis

rols asrulebda, xan eSveboda da TiToeuli scenisaTvis ganmsazRvrel

dramaturgias qmnida. mxatvarisa da kompozitoris namuSevrebi harmoniulad

erwymoda reJisoris Canafiqrs.

speqtakli isev `parad-aleTi~ mTavrdeboda. mxolod, am SemTxvevaSi

mas Tavisi azrobrivi datvirTva hqonda. reJisorma aq Tavisi speqtaklis

idea gaSiSvlebuli saxiT mogvawoda _ yvelaferi unda ekuTvnodeT imaT,

vinc sikeTes Tesavs. amasTanave es dasawyisi da daboloeba speqtakls erT

mTlianobaSi kravda. `kavkasiur carcis wreSi~ robert sturuam gamokveTa

brextis piesis mTavari idea: konfliqti adamianis bunebasa da socialur

pirobebs, sikeTesa da borotebas Soris.

evropasa, Tu, amerikaSi brextis `kavkasiuri carcis wris~ dadgmisas

xazs usvamdnen qarTul kolorits. qarTul dadgmaSi ki robert sturua

piruku moiqca. mis speqtaklSi ufro ganzogadebisaken swrafva SeimCneoda,

83

vidre dakonkretebisaken. piesaSi arsebuli niRbebic (esoden originaluri

qarTuli Teatraluri sanaxaobisaTvis), swored am ganzogadebis kuTxiT

gamoiyena reJisorma.

am mosazrebis dasadastureblad, evropasa Tu amerikaSi `kavkasiuri

carcis wris~ dadgmebze recenziebidan, ramdenime amonarids moviyvan. 1997

da 2007 wlebSi londonis `nacionalur TeatrSi~, frenk makginesis mier

adaptirebuli brextis piesa, sxvadasxva Teatralurma dasma orjer dadga.

1997 wels `komplisitis~ (`Complicite~ saTeatro dasi m. v.) speqtaklze

(reJisori da azdakis rolis Semsrulebeli saimon makberni) pol teilori

werda:

`morali `kavkasiuri carcis wrisa~ (rom miwebi unda gadaeceT maT,

visac yvelaze ukeT SeuZliaT misi gamoyeneba) ilustrirebulia yalbi,

zedmetad Sav-TeTri dramatuli situaciis meSveobiT. imavdroulad,

qarTuli himnebiT uxvad gajerebul dadgmaSi, `komplisiti~ kidev erTxel

qmnis Teatralur magias umartivesi saSualebebiT; magaliTad, dasartyami

instrumentebis meSveobiT iqmneba mdinaris dinebis efeqti da Semdeg,

mdinaris dineba, gadaiqceva jariskacTa SemaZrwunebel sabrZolo Subebad.

zogierTi efeqti adreuli dadgmebidan aris aRebuli~.1

Teatraluri dasis `bleqaid Teatri~ (Blackeyed theatre) 2011 w.

ganxorcielebuli warmodgenis Sesaxeb anne morlei-praistmani wers:

`tom neilis dadgma xazs usvams istoriaSi istoriis simbolur aspeqtebs.

viqtoria spearingis Txrobis ZiriTad adgils warmoadgens karis CarCo,

romlis Tavze Camokidebulia maryuJi da paltos sakidi. fiona devisis

niRbebi da kostiumebi (speqtaklSi sul 5 msaxiobi monawileobda m. v.)

xerxia (saSualebaa), rogorc swrafi cvlilebebisa, aseve sasamarTlos

epizodSi scenis xalxiT datvirTvis iluziis Seqmnisa, romelic

speqtaklis kulminaciaa. ron makalisteris dauviwyari musikaluri

1Taylor P. Caucasian Chalc Circle RNT, London: Review. Newsp.The Independent. 1997. 23.04.

http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/caucasian-chalk-circle-rnt-london-review-1268727.html

Finally had been reviewed in 10.02.2014.

84

gaformeba, romelSic uxvad JRers aRmosavleT evropis xalxTa musikis

elementebi, ufro metad ki sevdiani iberiuli, abrwyinebs moqmedebas~.2

SesaZloa, r. sturuas warmodgenaSi brextis cnobili `gaucxoebis

efeqti~ ar iyo yvelgan daculi da mayurebeli aqtiurad ebmeboda

moqmedebaSi, zogan es marTlac ase gaxldaT, magram es reJisoris minusad

ki ara, plusad unda CaiTvalos, radganac, rodesac namdvili Semoqmedi xar,

ar SeiZleba raime axali ar Tqva, raime axlisaken ar miiswrafode Sens

SemoqmedebaSi. amjeradac ase moxda. robert sturuam Tavisi axali sityva

Tqva brextis Teatraluri esTetikis gaazrebaSi. reJisorma, sworedac rom,

brexti daauRla baxtinTan, qarTul TeatrTan da `xelosnis~ msgavsad

pirdapir ar gadmoitana brextiseuli principebi qarTul TeatrSi. amas

garda, r. sturua rogorc ar unda cdiliyo, ver daZlevda qarTveli

msaxiobis bunebas, mis emociurobas, tradiciebs, rac gvsurs Tu ara, mainc

iCens Tavs yoveli niWieri Semoqmedis qmnilebaSi. amis saukeTeso magaliTi

speqtaklSi iyo ramaz CxikvaZis azdaki da iza gigoSvilis gruSe vaCnaZe.

maT TamaSSi organulad Seerwya emociuroba da brextis `gaucxoebis

efeqti~. ai, ras werda `kavkasiuri carcis wris~ Sesaxeb Teatrmcodne v.

kiknaZe:

`karga xania rusTavelis Teatris scenaze ar gvinaxavs amdeni

aqtioruli warmateba erTad. didi da patara rolebis Semsruleblebi erTi

da igive msaxiobebi sxvadasxva rolebSi, efeqturi mizanscenebi,

improvizaciebi, paraleluri moqmedebebi, replikebi, sxvadasxva ritmis

scenebi erTsa da imave dros, sxvadasxva sibrtyeze warmoCenili xasiaTebi,

dedamiwis darad moZravi scenis (viTA cxovreba) sxvadasxva rakursi,

warsuli da Tanamedroveoba, sisastike da simSvide – ras ar naxavT aq: es

aris reJisoruli fantaziis daucxromeli guluxvoba, aqtiorTa gataceba

da maRali profesionalizmi~.3

2 Morley-Priestman A. The Caucasian Chalc Circle (Tour-Norwich). WhatsOnStage. 2011. 02.02. http://www.whatsonstage.com/reviews/theatre/southeast/E8831296746746/The+Caucasian+Chalk+Circle+(tour+%96+Norwich).html Finally had been reviewed in 10.02. 2014. 3kiknaZe v. Teatri da dro. Tb. 1984. gv. 252

85

da marTlac, gavixsenoT, Tundac, g. saRaraZis mier Seqmnili sami saxe

_ efreitoris, berisa da yazbegis. aq gamovlinda g. saRaraZis, rogorc

msaxiobis mravalsaxeoba, misi niWis mdidari SesaZleblobani. i. gigoSvilis

gruSe dramatuli xazis gamtarebeli iyo speqtaklSi. swored misma TamaSma

gansazRvra warmodgenis emociuri tonaloba, emociuri tonalobis

ganmsazRvreli iyo agreTve ramaz CxikvaZis azdaki. xolo misi `simReris

scena~ gamoirCeoda eqspresiiTa da Sinagani tragizmiT. yoveli

personaJisaTvis robert sturuam ipova individualuri, plastikuri

daxasiaTeba. ama Tu im personaJis dasaxasiaTeblad reJisori xSirad

mimarTavda xolme romelime erT, magram aucileblad zustad mignebul

detals. gavixsenoT policieli Salvasa da lavrentis TiTis wverebze

siaruli, anda efreitoris pirveli Semosvla. igi jariskacis mxrebze

àmxedrebuli~ warmogvidgeboda scenaze. amiT reJisori efreitoris

egreTwodebul `saldafonobaze~ migvaniSnebda, romelSic Caqsovili iyo

idea uxeSobisa da Zalmomreobisa. anda, Tavadi yazbegis siaruli,

romelSiac naTlad gamosWvioda misi `gaumaZRari~ buneba.

robert sturuas miswrafebam publicistikisaken, poeturi sityvis,

musikis da cekvis sinTezisaken Tavisi maRalmxatvruli gamoxatuleba pova

brextis `kavkasiur carcis wreSi~, es iyo r. sturuas reJisoruli

azrovnebis namdvili gamarjveba.

àm bolo oci wlis manZilze brextis piesebi Cveni yuradRebis

centrSi moeqca. Cven vnaxeT `kavkasiuri carcis wre~ besonisa da

streleris dadgmiT, magram Tbilisis S. rusTavelis sax. akademiuri

Teatris mier warmodgenili speqtakli sruliad sxvagvari, uaRresad

originaluri, STambeWdavi da ucnauri elementebis Semcveli sanaxaobaa.

qarTvelebma saocari simkvircxle, sicocxle SesZines am piesas da

gamoamzeures brextis dramaturgiis mSveniereba. es Zalze mniSvnelovania,

radgan sul cota xnis win brexti warmogvidgines sulTamxuTav

ideologad, romlis piesebSi ver vxedavT sinaTles da silaRes. swored

amitom, brextis nawarmoebebze Seqmnili speqtaklebi gvRlida da

gvaRizianebda kidec. r. sturuam moaxerxa Taviseburad gaeazrebina brexti,

86

rac sakmaod Sors dgas dasavleT evropis reJisorTa koncefciebisagan.

mayurebeli moajadova am speqtaklis ukidegano Teatralobam da didi

dResaswaulis uSualo monawiled aqcia, TiTqos mayurebelTa darbazsa da

scenas Soris zRvari moiSala~.4

saocrad mravalplaniani aRmoCnda speqtakli `kavkasiuri carcis wre~

reJisoruli azrovnebiT, msaxiobTa SesrulebiT, mxatvris (g. mesxiSvili),

kompozitoris (g. yanCeli) namoRvawariT. simfonizmma, urTierTSerwymam

yoveli detalisa, yoveli xazisa speqtakls mianiWa sisadave da mTlianoba.

speqtakli savse iyo simsubuqiT, sinarnariT, uSualobiT, plastikurobiT,

sicocxliT, mxiarulebiT da gaocebda sinTezurobiT.

1994 wels robert sturua rusTavelis TeatrSi meored dgams brextis

`seCuanel keTil adamians~. am speqtaklSi reJisorma kvlav gausva xazi

sikeTisa da borotebis fardobiTobas, SeiZleba iTqvas, sikeTis praqtikuli

ganuxorcieleblobis Temas. am dadgmaSi reJisori sikeTis sazrisis aseT

interpretacias iZleva: sikeTis keTebisas sakuTari Tavis mimarTac keTili

unda iyo, sxva SemTxvevaSi sikeTe borotebis saTaved SeiZleba iqces.

`saerTod, siyvarulis Tema 90-ianebis erT erTi wamyvani Tema xdeba,

xolo socialur da politikur motivebs adamianis egzistenciisa da misi

individualuri arCevanis, TviTsrulyofisa Tu TviTdestruqciis motivebi

Crdilavs. reJisors sul ufro metad ainteresebs adamianis qcevis

spontanuri, intuiciuri, misi koleqtiuri arsis amsaxveli aspeqtebi.

sturuas anTropologiuri interesi ufro farTo da mravalmxrivi xdeba,

imave `seCuanelSi~, RmerTebis TiTqmis marionetuli figurebi adasturebs,

rom yofierebis ZiriTadi drama dedamiwaze xorcieldeba. aracnobieris,

fuZiseulis, iracionalurisadmi interesi reJisoris SemoqmedebaSi sul

sxvadasxvagvarad aisaxeba. amasTan aqtualuri rCeba ganvlil periodebSi

Seqmnili mxatvruli modelirebis enac~.5

am speqtaklSi robert sturuam gamoiyena `citirebis~ xerxi:

`citirebebi~ Tavisi adrindeli speqtaklebidan, erTgvari kolaJi

sxvadasxva speqtaklebis dekoraciebidan, magaliTad: `kavkasiuri carcis

4 kosinski r. rusTavelis Teatris muzeumis masalebidan, gaz. àvenire~. poloneTi. 5 bokuCava T. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 115.

87

wris~ da `riCard mesamis~. mayureblisaTvis nacnobi anturaJi, sxva

konteqstSi warmoCenili, axal sinamdviles qmnida.

reJisorma `keTili~, magram uZluri RmerTebi liftis kabiniT dauSva

scenaze da miamitur, erTgvarad infantilur personaJebadac ki aqcia. am

infantilur RmerTebs ki daupirispira areuli, orsaxovani samyaro, sadac

boroteba batonobs. aq, am samyaroSi, ar fasobs sikeTe, siyvaruli,

erTguleba, gulwrfeloba... erTaderTi adamiani, romelic sikeTis

matarebelia, aris meZavi Sen te. magram masac aiZuleben gardaiqmnas

daundobel Sui ted, radgan am qveyanaze siyvaruli da sikeTe aravis

sWirdeba. sakuTari adgilis dasamkvidreblad ki sakuTari moyvasic ki ar

unda dazogo.

robert sturuas `seCuaneli keTili adamiani~ erTgvari miTologiuri

igavia samyaros wyobaze. es ukanaskneli, adamianis mier bolomde

Seucnobelia da, albaT amitomac, yovel nabijze Ralatobs RvTaebriv

kanonebs. robert sturuam Riad datova kiTxva _ SeZlebs ki Sen te sikeTis

SenarCunebas, balaganidan, qaosidan wamodgomas, zneobriv gamarjvebas.

darCeba Tu ara igi keTil adamianad? `kavkasiuri carcis wrisgan~

gansxvavebiT, `seCuaneli keTili adamianis~ sturuaseuli brexti ufro

skeptikuria. aq, am speqtaklSi brextiseuli `gaucxoebis efeqti~ yvelaze

ufro metad aisaxa reJisorisa da drois gaucxoebaSi.

88

Tavi III

robert sturuas qrTuli Seqspiriana

`riCard III~

(1978)

klasikuri nawarmoebis dadgmisas reJisorma da msaxiobebma

aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinon, Tu maT mier amorCeuli piesa ramdenad

miesadageba Tanamedroveobas, upasuxebs Tu ara im problemebsa da kiTxvebs,

romlebic dResdReobiT awuxebT da aRelvebT adamianebs. gansazRvruli

qveynis, epoqis yofis asaxva SeiZleba warmoadgendes interess

eTnografiuli muzeumisaTvis, magram aramc da aramc Teatraluri

koleqtivisa da Teatraluri mayureblisaTvis. klasikuri nawarmoebi

yovelTvis humanur, mowinave ideebs amtkicebs. reJisoris amocana da mizani

ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom es ideebi saxeobrivad, mxatvrul formaSi

asaxos. Tanadroulad gaxsna klasikuri piesa, niSnavs masSi ipovo is didi

problemebi, romlebsac ar SeuZliaT ar gamoiwvion dRevandel mayurebelSi

vnebaTaRelva. piter bruki wignSi `carieli sivrce~ wers: `Seqspiri

CvenTvis kvlav misabaZi magaliTia. aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni muSaoba

Seqspiris scenaze gansaxorcieleblad mimarTulia iqiTken, rom mis piesebs

mivaniWoT `Tanamedrove~ JReradoba, vinaidan, mxolod maSin, rodesac

mayurebels uSualod gaaRizianebs piesis Sinaarsi, SesaZlebelia

gadailaxos dro da pirobiTobebi~.6

Seqspiris dramaturgia ekuTvnis swored iseT klasikur nawarmoebTa

ricxvs, romelic reJisorma SeiZleba miusadagos Tanamedrove problemebs,

konkretulad am SemTxvevaSi ki saubaria piesaze `riCard III~.

saqarTveloSi Seqspiri mecxramete saukunis pirveli naxevridanaa

cnobili, misi popularoba ki uSualod aris dakavSirebuli qarTuli

Teatraluri kulturis zrdasTan. qarTuli Teatri mwvaved ganicdida

6 Брук П. Пустое пространство, секретов нет. М. «Наука». 2003. стр.143.

89

erovnuli dramaturgiis naklebobas da imJamad arsebuli piesebis dabal

dones. swored amitomac qarTveli msaxiobebi eswrafodnen sazRvargareTel

dramaturgTa, maT Soris Seqspiris nawarmoebebis ganxorcielebas; iseT

dramaturgias, romlis mxatvrul-msoflmxedvelobiTi poziciebi axlo iyo

qarTveli eris kulturisaTvis. saqarTveloSi Seqspiris popularizaciaSi

didi wvlili miuZRviT ilia WavWavaZes da ivane maCabels. ai, ras wers amis

Sesaxeb profesori niko yiasaSvili: `Secdoma iqneboda gvefiqra, rom ilia

WavWavaZisa da, gansakuTrebiT, ivane maCablis, rogorc ZiriTadi

mTargmnelis, roli mxolod da mxolod Seqspiris teqstis

gadmoqarTulebiT amoiwureboda. `mefe liris~, hamletis~ òtelosa~ Tu

`makbetis~ qarTuli Targmanebi, amave dros, Seqspiris Tavisebur, Rrma

interpretacias warmoadgenda. iliasa da ivane maCabels SesaniSnavad

esmodaT Seqspiris Semoqmedebis ara marto mxatvrul-esTetikuri

srulfasovnoba, aramed misi didi, Rrmad humanisturi msoflmxedvelobrivi

safuZvlebic. swored Seqspirisadmi am msoflmxedvelobriv-esTetikurma

naTesaobam Sva rogorc brwyinvale Targmanebi, iseve SesaniSnavi qarTuli

Seqspiruli Teatric~.7

swored maT saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli `mefe liris~ cocxali

suraTebis ganxorcieleba pirveli saSualo skolis (Zveli gimnaziis)

SenobaSi. ilia WavWavaZem warCinebuli ojaxebidan Sekriba Semsruleblebi,

liris rols ki Tavad asrulebda.

dResdReobiT warmoudgenelia qarTuli Teatris istoria Seqspiris

dramaturgiis gareSe. warmoudgenelia lado mesxiSvilis da uSangi CxeiZis

hamletis, uSangi CxeiZis iagos, akaki vasaZis klavdiusisa da iagos, akaki

xoravas otelos, vaso goZiaSvilis riCardis gareSe. ramdenadac

paradoqsuli unda iyos, qarTuli Teatris didi gamarjvebebi yovelTvis

dakavSirebuli iyo ara erovnuli, aramed sazRvargareTuli dramaturgiis

dadgmasTan; iyo iseTi dadgmebic (mxedvelobaSi maqvs mixeil TumaniSvilis

`zafxulis Ramis sizmari~), romlebic Tavis dros ramdenime wliT

7yiasaSvili n. `qarTuli Seqspiriana~. Tb. 1959. gv. 9.

90

uswrebdnen da amis gamo mayureblisa da kritikisagan miuRebeli da

amouxsnelni rCeboda xolme. araerTi aRfrTovanebuli fraza dawerila

qarTul Seqspirul warmodgenebze. moviyvan erT magaliTs. xoravas otelos

Sesaxeb v. i. nemiroviC-danCenko ambobda: `xoravaze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

sxva masze ukeTesi otelos rolis Semsrulebeli sabWoTa kavSirSi ar

moipoveba. me ar meSinia ganvacxado, rom otelo-xorava es Teatraluri

movlenaa, romlis Sesaxeb ginda ilaparako da wero~.8 am didi Teatraluri

moRvawis sityvebidan naTlad Cans, Tu ra warmatebiT idgmeboda qarTul

TeatrSi Seqspiri.

60-iani wlebis dasawyisidan qarTul TeatrSi, kerZod ki, rusTavelis

TeatrSi iwyeba romantikuli Teatris principebis ugulebelyofa da Ziebani

axali reJisoruli stilistikis damkvidrebisaTvis. es procesi SeqspirTan

mimarTebaSi sabWoTa kavSiris Teatraluri samyaros masStabiT

mimdinareobda. ai, ras wers amis Sesaxeb rusi Teatrmcodne a. bartoSeviCi:

`v. i. nemiroviC-danCenkos TqmiT, tradiciul-romantikuli, damtkbari

Seqspiris uaryofisas, Teatrma gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT aRmoaCina

Seqspiris saxiT xelovani, romelic movlenebs gadmoscemda daundobeli

simaxviliT da Seulamazebeli simarTliT. klasikosis nawarmoebebi

gaiazreboda Tanamedrove dramis, gansakuTrebiT, brextis poziciebidan~.9

Seqspiris gaazreba Tanamedrove dramisa, brextis Teatris poziciebidan

samociani wlebis dasawyisSi rusTavelis TeatrSic SeiniSneboda.

`Seqspiriseul TeatrSi Tavisuflad Tanacxovroben brextic da beketic,

magram Tavad is (Seqspiri) erTi TaviT maRla dgas oriveze. Cveni amocanaa _

postbrextiseul epoqaSi win gavWraT gza, ufro sworad, ukan _

SeqspirTan~.10

mixeil TumaniSvilma rusTavelis Teatris scenaze Seqspiris sami

piesa ganaxorciela. `zafxulis Ramis sizmari~ (1964 w.), `mefe liri~ (1966 w.)

da ìulius keisari~ (1967 w.). am speqtaklebis gaanalizeba calke Temis

8 Беседа с В. И. Немировичем-Данченко. газ. «Заря Востока». 1941. .№290. 9 Бартошевич А. Диалоги с Шекспиром. ж. «Театр». 1976. № 6. ст. 53. 10 bruki. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 143.

91

sagania. me ki am sami dadgmidan gamovyof `zafxulis Ramis sizmars~. m.

TumaniSvilis es dadgma, dResdReobiT, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, `Cavardnil

speqtaklad~ iTvleba. Tavis droze igi `kritikis qarcecxlSi~ gaatares.

mixeil TumaniSvils sayvedurobdnen novatorobas, tradiciisagan gandgomas,

sxvadasxva saSemsruleblo maneris erT speqtaklSi aRrevas, ekleqtizms,

mxatvruli poziciis meryeobas da a. S. rac mTavaria, kicxavdnen msaxiobebis

TamaSis pirobiTobas da uaryofdnen amgvari TamaSis maneras dramatul

TeatrSi. `m. TumaniSvilis reJisorul profilSi TandaTan imata

tradiciisadmi novatorulma damokidebulebam. misi speqtaklebidan TiTqos

`WinWraqas~ mfrinavi xaliCiT, ise gauCinardnen Zlieri vnebis adamianebi.

reJisori TviTneburi stilizaciiT gaumklavda qarTuli folkloris

surneliT Sepkurebul naxucriSvilis piesa-zRapars... m. TumaniSvilma

tradiciisagan gandgomac aRar ikmara da `zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi~ mis

Cawixvlas Seudga~.11 ai, amgvarad akritikebdnen mixeil TumaniSvilis

Ziebebs, cdebs qarTul TeatrSi brextiseuli esTetikis SemotanisaTvis.

`Seqspiris piesebis dadgmebi umeteswilad warmoadgens sxvadasxva

Teatralur stilTa istorias, romlebic ubiZgebda msaxiobebs, reJisorebsa

da mxatvrebs gamoeZerwaT Seqspiris piesebi Taviseburad~.12 _ wers piter

bruki. SeiZleba `zafxulis Ramis sizmari~, marTlac, ar gamouvida m.

TumaniSvils, magram erTi ram udavod faqtia. sturuas mier Seqspiris

`riCard III~ axleburad wakiTxvisa da dadgmis winamZRvrebi unda veZeboT

`zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi~. logikurad ar SeiZleba, rom `WinWraqasa~ da

`zafxulis Ramis sizmars~ gacnobierebulad Tu gaucnobiereblad ar

emoqmeda robert sturuas reJisoruli stilistikis Camoyalibebaze,

radganac swored ekleqtizmi, romlisTvisac ase kicxavdnen TumaniSvils,

mefobs sturuas TiTqmis yvela dadgmaSi da maT Soris `riCard mesameSi~.

Seqspiris `riCard mesame~ ekuTvnis istoriuli qronikebis ricxvs. am

piesaSi dramaturgma dagvixata ara mxolod brZola ZalauflebisaTvis,

aramed adamianebi, romlebic Sepyrobilni arian Zalauflebis `xelSi

11qarTveliSvili v. fiqrebi rusTavelis Teatrze. J. `sabWoTa xelovneba~. 1964. #5, gv. 19. 22.

12 Брук П. Шекспир в наше время. Ж. «Англия». 1964. №2. стр. 8.

92

Cagdebis~ ideafiqsiT da romlebic arafris winaSe ar ixeven ukan Tavisi

miznis misaRwevad. es miswrafeba klavs adamianSi suliers, ukargavs

siyvarulis unars, yovelgvar rwmenas. ZalauflebisaTvis brZola

sabolood iqceva ra maT miznad, gansazRvravs maT xasiaTs, maT

urTierTdamokidebulebas garSemo myofi adamianebisadmi. mTavari problema

am tragediaSi aris tiraniis problema, romelic adamianis Tavisuflebis,

adamianis pirovnebad Camoyalibebis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli. swored

amaSi mdgomareobda Seqspiris tragediis humanuri idea. riCards, romelic

Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis ideiTaa Sepyrobili, SeuZlia gawiros yvela

da yoveli, rac ki mas win aRudgeba am miznis misaRwevad. Tavis gzaze

Zalauflebisaken igi daundobeli, Seuwynarebelia, advilad midis

yovelgvar danaSaulze. `riCard mesameSi~ Seqspirma gaaSiSvla

ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis kanonzomierebani, asaxa misi arsi, gamoamJRavna

misi araadamianuri saxe. Seqspirma gviCvena egreT wodebuli `Caketili wre~,

romelSiac moqmedebdnen riCardi da misi `Tanamzraxvelni~. swored am

viwro wreSi unda gadawydes qveynis bedi, aq xdeba SeTqmulebebi, aq

imarjveben da marcxdebian, awameben da sjian, magram sinamdvileSi aravis

ar awuxebs qveynisa da xalxis momavali, amave dros arcerTi maTgani ar

uSvebs moments xelidan, raTa warmoTqvas amaRlebuli sityvebi

samSobloze, xalxze, sazogadoebriv idealebze. magram es yvelaferi

mxolod politikuri iaraRia maT xelSi. `savsebiT cxadia, rom Seqspiri

Tavisi piesebis werisas, gulisxmobda usazRvro sivrces da ganusazRvrel

dros. rodesac aqcenti keTdeba adamianur urTierTobebze, ar SeiZleba

Tavis SeboWva droisa da adgilis erTianobiT. Cveni yuradReba

koncentrirebulia urTierTqmedebaze erTi personaJisa meoreze, amasTan

cxovrebiseuli konteqsti ki ar gamoixateba, aramed iqmneba sxva

personaJebis mier~.13

Seqspirma Tavis tragediaSi dagvixata agreTve riCardis winaaRmdeg

mebrZolnic. magaliTad, riCmondi. dramaturgma igi piesis bolos

13bruki. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 224.

93

Semoiyvana, SeabrZola riCards da daamarcxebina, e. i. sabolood keTils

gaamarjvebina borotze. robert sturuam ki riCmondic riCardis

Tanamzraxvelad gamoiyvana da SeiZleba masze ufro saSiS

borotmoqmedadac. maxsovs, bevrni ukmayofiloni iyvnen riCmondis amgvari

saxecvlilebiT _ reJisori mayurebels araviTari keTilis rwmenas aRar

utovebso; magram reJisoris aseTi gadawyveta, vfiqrob, ufro Seesabameba im

dros, roca daidga speqtakli, Tanamedrove epoqas. Tanac es ar iyo axali

movlena. ramdenime wliT adre sabWoTa kavSiris sxva TeatrebSic moxda

riCmondis saxis amgvari gadawyveta. ai, ras wers amis Sesaxeb Teatrmcodne

a. bartoSeviCi: `lipeckis Teatris speqtaklSi `riCard III~ riCmondi _

axalgazrda, Zlieri mxecia, mglis lekvi, romelsac surs Serkineba, bolos

meore riCardi aRmoCndeba. TiTqmis imave sqemiT, sazogadod miRebuli

gadawyvetisgan gansxvavebulad aris dadgmuli `riCard III~ finali lvovis

TeatrSi. speqtakls amTavrebda igive macne, vinc iwyebda. igi mxned

mouTxrobda simSvidesa da keTildReobaze, bolos da bolos ingliss rom

ewvia. macnes wamoZaxilebis fonze riCmondi Cumad ebRauWeboda gvirgvins,

ixutebda mkerdze, xolo scenis centrSi TandaTan naTdeboda riCardis

najaxi _ bolo sagani, rasac xedavdnen speqtaklSi. yvelaferi Tavidan unda

daiwyos~.14

rogorc vxedavT, sabWoTa kavSiris sami sxvadasxva Teatri TiTqmis

erTdroulad, sxvadasxva mxatvruli formiT, mivida riCmondis saxis

azrobrivad erTnair gadawyvetamde. es faqti, ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviTi ar

aris, rogorc zemoTAaRvniSne, igi drom da epoqam moitana. Seqspiris

sturuaseuli interpretaciiT, brZola, romelic mimarTulia riCardis

winaaRmdeg, gamomdinareobs ara moraluri da eTikuri, aramed piradi

gamorCenis, sakuTari interesebis dakmayofilebis Tvalsazrisidan. da gana

Cvens droSi swored amgvar gadagvarebamde araa misuli xalxi? robert

sturua Tavisi speqtakliT eubneboda mayurebels, xalxs, SeCerdiT,

dafiqrdiT, ras sCadixarT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Tqven dakargavT

adamianur saxes, adamianur Rirsebas, yovelgvar adamianurs da gadaiqceviT

14bartoSeviCi a. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 60-61.

94

gandidebis maniiT Sepyrobil meqanizmebad. ra Tqma unda, sturuas

speqtakli mimarTulia yovelgvari tiraniis winaaRmdeg. àdamianuri

faseulobebis Skalaze Seqspiri ukan ar ixevs arc maRalis da arc dabalis

gadmocemisas. misi Teatri ar auxeSebs suliers, imisTvis, rom gaxados igi

xelmisawvdomi da ar uaryofs WuWys, simaxinjes, Zaladobas am or

ukiduresobas Soris da nabij-nabij krefs energias, aZlierebs grZnobas,

romelic mwifdeba, sanam mayureblis winaaRmdegoba ar iqneba motexili da

ar gamofxizldeba, raTa wamierad Caixedos realurobis siRrmeebSi.~15.

SeqspirTan, iseve rogorc speqtaklSi, riCardi Tavisi zraxvebis

ganxorcielebisaTvis eyrdnoba Tanamzraxvelebs, romlebic raRaciT

politikur partias mogvagoneben, maT aerTianebT mTavari politikosis,

riCardis neba da Tu vinme ver Seasrulebs Tavis `rols~, im wuTSive

aqroben. aqroben cotaodeni winaaRmdegobis gamwev, bevris mcodne,

gansazRvruli etapis Semdgom naklebad saWiro pirebs. es erTgvari TamaSia,

politikuri `TamaSi~. aq ukve adamiani da adamianuri aRaraviTar rols

aRar TamaSobs. èrT-erTi problema, romelsac Cven vawydebiT speqtaklSi

`riCard III~ aris adamianurobis araadamianurobaSi gardaqmna. SemTxveviTi

ar aris, rom dramis nebismieri monawilis daRupva CvenSi ar iwvevs

TanagrZnobas. isini, vinc CaerTnen sisxlian TamaSSi, erTmaneTze ise

nadiroben, rogorc es namdvili nadirobis dros xdeba. rodesac mtaceblis

ganadgureba _ mizania, romelic amarTlebs nebismier saSualebas. yoveli

maTgani gansakuTrebulad daundobelia, saerTod ara aqvT Secodebis

instinqti. aravin ar gansazRvravs sxvis cxovrebas, rogorc raRac

faseuls. aq fasobs mxolod Tanamoazre, isic iqamde, sanam SeuZlia

gagiwios samsaxuri~.16

SeqspirTan Zalmomreoba da cinizmi erT-erTi mTavari iaraRia

ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi. swored amas usvamda xazs Tavis speqtaklSi

robert sturua. amisaTvis sakmarisia gavixsenoT, Tundac, klarensis,

ufliswulebis, hestingsis mkvlelobis scenebi. ZalmomreobiTa da cinizmiT

15bruki. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 258-259.

16Орджоникидзе Г. Прочтение Шекспира. газ. «Литературная Грузия». 1984. .№1.

95

moralurad aknineben, sakuTar me-s akargvineben adamians, laquca finiad

gadaaqceven, rogorc amas ukeTeben kenterberis arqiepiskoposs. yovelive

gancdilisa da gadatanilis Semdeg arqiepiskoposi gardaiqmneboda raRac

cxovelis msgavs, usityvo arsebad, riCardis uerTgules msaxurad, romelic

yovelgvar damcirebazea Tanaxma, oRondac is tkivili, romelic man

ganicada, meored aRar miayenon. amitomac igi sityvaSeubruneblad asrulebs

bakingemis cinikur rCevas _ xalxSi gaavrcelos riCardis interesebisTvis

hestingsis danaSaulebrivobis versia da, aqedan gamomdinare, misi dasjis

aucilebloba. gana cinizmis gamovlineba ar aris riCardis sityvebi:

`rogor miyvarda me es kaci~, mas Semdeg, roca brZanebs, hestingss Tavi

mohkveTon.

robert sturuas daintereseba Seqspiris `riCard mesameTi~ ar yofila

SemTxveviTi. tiraniis globaluri aspeqtebis Cveneba, mis winaaRmdeg

brZola, tiranul saxelmwifoSi pirovnebis nivelirebis problema

yovelTvis awuxebda da aRelvebda reJisors. gavixsenoT `yvaryvare~,

`Ralati~, `kavkasiuri carcis wre~. Tu ki `yvaryvareSi~ yvaryvare, Tavisi

namdvili, nacarqeqias saxis dasafarad, niRabs amofarebuli moqmedebs,

`riCard mesameSi~ ukve ufro saSiS `borotmoqmedTan~ gvaqvs saqme. riCardi

borotmoqmedi, magram Wkviani politikosia. erTaderTi Secdoma, romelsac

igi am TamaSis dros dauSvebs, es aris riCmondis siyvaruli, erTaderTi

adamianuri grZnoba, romelic riCards gaaCnda. robert sturuam `riCard

mesamis~ dadgmis drosac ar uRalata Tavis meTods da reJisoruli

koncefciis gamosaxatavad Seqspiris teqstsac iseve Tavisuflad moeqca,

rogorc amas sxva dramaturgTa mimarT akeTebda xolme. amisda miuxedavad,

rusTavelis Teatris `riCard mesame~ Seqspiruli speqtaklia, didi

ingliseli dramaturgis nawarmoebis sulis erTguli. `me vTvli, rom

damdgmels aqvs ufleba misces forma, daWras da gadaaadgilos, magram

mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki Rrmad sjera imisa, rom stilizaciis is

xerxi, romelsac igi axorcielebs, emsaxureba Zalian mniSvnelovan, arsebiT

amocanas _ Tanamedrove auditoriisaTvis, piesis ZiriTadi masalis

96

aRorZinebasa da gacocxlebas. magram man yovelTvis unda gaiTvaliswinos,

rom raime erTiani stilis dadeba gamofitavs piesas~,17 _ wers bruki.

tragediis sturuaseuli rekonstruqciiT speqtaklSi zogierTi

personaJi saerTod gaqra. gaCndnen axali gmirebi, teqsti Seamokles,

specialurad am dadgmisTvis. zurab kiknaZem Seasrula axali

prozauliATargmani, romelSiac nawilobriv Sevida ivane maCablis Targmani,

Caemata axali teqstebi, Seqspiris tragediis xuTi moqmedeba, sam aqtamde

daiyvanes. rigi scenebi, romlebic SeqspirTan Tanmimdevrulad aris

mocemuli, speqtaklSi gaerTianda polifoniur plastebSi, amiT naTlad

gamomJRavnda movlenebis is urTierTSemakavSirebeli xazi, romelic sxva

SemTxvevaSi mayureblisaTvis SeiZleba amoucnobi gamxdariyo.

magaliTisaTvis gavixsenoT hestingsTan riCardis gamefebaze

dasaTanxmeblad migzavnili Suakacebis epizodi, romelic gaerTianebulia

riCardisa da misi amalis molaparakebis scenasTan. riCardi TiTqos eswreba

hestingsTan Suakacebis dialogs, afasebs mas da iRebs garkveul

gadawyvetilebebs. Seqspirs klarensis mkvleloba ramdenime epizodSi aqvs

mocemuli. pirveli moqmedebis mesame nawilSi, riCardi mkvlelebTan

molaparakebas awarmoebs, meoTxe nawilSi, klarensi brekenbers uambobs

Tavis saSinel sizmars. mkvlelebi saSvs warudgenen brekenbers,

ukanaskneli tovebs klarenss, viTomda sasaxleSi mefisaTvis moxsenebis

gasakeTeblad. Semdgom _ mkvlelebis dialogi, sadac maTi sxvadasxvanairi

damokidebuleba mJRavndeba danaSaulisadmi anu mkvlelobisadmi. klarensi

da mkvlelebi, da bolos, mkvlelebi mkvlelobis Cadenis Semdgom. yvela am

epizods robert sturuam erT scenaSi mouyara Tavi da yvela es moqmedeba

erT droSi warmogvidgina. scena or nawilad daiyo. mayureblidan marcxniv

klarensi yveba sizmars. scenis Sua nawilSi riCardi mkvlelebTan erTad

miemarTeba avanscenisaken. riCardi TiTqos yurs ugdebs klarensisa da

brekenberis dialogs. riCardi mkvlelebs aZlevs brZanebas da ukanasknelni

ganlagdebian scenis marjvena kuTxeSi, erTmaneTSi arCeven situacias. es

yvelaferi, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTobaa, magram gamarTlebuli pirobiToba.

17 Брук П. Шекспир в наше время. ж. «Англия ». 1964. №2. стр. 16.

97

amiT reJisorma dro moigo da amave dros gviCvena riCardis

damokidebuleba, misi fiqri mxdali klarensis ukanasknel Rameze. robert

sturuas speqtaklidan mTlianad gaqra epizodebi, romelSiac mocemuli iyo

dialogi moqalaqeebisa mefe edvardis sikvdilis Semdgom, gaqra agreTve

ojaxuri scena mcirewlovani iorkis hercogis, dedofal elizabeTis,

iorkis mTavris meuRlisa da kenterberis arqiepiskoposis monawileobiT,

aqedan reJisorma gamoiyena mxolod ramdenime sarkastuli SeniSvna Tavisi

biZis riCardis Sesaxeb, xolo uelsis princis CamosvlasTan dakavSirebiT

arqiepiskoposi ambobs oficialur sityvas, romelic SeqspirTan saerTod

ar aris, sainteresoa agreTve, rom princis pasuxSi gaismis sityvebi,

romliTac Seqspiris piesaSi riCmondi amTavrebs tragedias.

ìnglisi didxans WkvaSeSlilebr itanjeboda,

uwyalod Rvrida Zma Zmis sisxlsa, mama Svilisas~18 da a. S.

princis mier warmoTqmuli sityvebi, TiTqos raRaca SemTxvevisaTvis

specialurad naswavli, gazepirebuli, haerSi nasroli sityvebia. robert

sturuam speqtaklSi Secvala Seqspiris tragediis dasasruli. aRar aris

riCardisa da riCmondis brZolisaTvis mosamzadebeli scenebi. Seicvala,

gadakeTda aCrdilTa gamocxadebis scenebi. SeqspirTan isini riCardsa da

riCmonds moevlinebian brZolis win, wyevlian ra pirvelsa da amxneveben

meores. speqtaklSi lirikuli valsis TanxlebiT saorkestro ormodan

amodian xelixel Cakidebuli patara princebi, isini avanscenidan scenis

siRrmisaken miemarTebian. maTi msvleloba ramdenjerme meordeba. scenis

siRrmeSi Cndebian sxva aCrdilebic. riCardi am dros ori gvirgviniT xelSi

giJiviT daborialobs scenaze da cdilobs aCrdilebis gandevnas. am

epizodebs Soris xdeba misi Sexvedra tirelTan, dedasTan da elizabeTTan.

speqtaklidan amoRebulia riCardis mier sikvdilis win wakiTxuli

monologi da datovebulia mxolod erTi fraza: `cxeni, cxeni, erT cxenSi

vaZlev mTels Cems samefos~. aRsaniSnavia robert sturuas mier speqtaklSi

Casmuli scenebi riCardisa da riCmondis SebrZolebis win, es gakeTebulia

riCardis bolo monologis safuZvelze. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs riCardisa da

18 Seqspiri u. riCard mesame. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t. 1. `xelovneba~. Tb. 1983. gv. 222.

98

margaretis, riCardisa da riCmondis dialogebi. speqtaklSi Semoyvanilia

axali personaJic, romelic Seqspiris tragediaSi ar aris. es aris masxaras

saxe. robert sturua Seqspiris tragedias tragifarsis formiT gvawvdis.

tragikulia yvelaferi is, rac scenaze xdeba, ra Tqma unda, tragediaa

adamianTa imgvari yofa, arseboba, rogoradac es Seqspiris `riCard

mesameSia~ mocemuli, magram reJisori yvelafer amas, adamianTa gaSmagebul

brZolas Zalauflebis mopovebisaTvis, ironiulad uyurebs, TiTqos

dascinis kidec maT. igi TiTqos civi gonebiT ukvirdeba, afasebs maT

Semoqmedebas da mayurebelsac uqmnis scenaze mimdinare ambis Sefasebisa da

ara gancdis saSualebas. warmodgenis amgvar xasiaTSi gadawyvetas

Seefereba rogorc speqtaklis mxatvruli (m. SveliZe), aseve musikaluri (g.

yanCeli) gadawyveta. aqve moviyvan patara nawyvets robert sturuasTan

saubrisa, romelic ufro metad mohfens naTels sturuaseul `riCard III~

interpretacias.

`m. v. _ piter bruki Tavis werilSi `Seqspiri Cvens droSi~ wers: `Cven

vxedavT, rom TeatrSi msaxiobebi, mxatvrebi da reJisorebi Tavs imtvreven,

Zalisxmevas ar iSureben scenebis aranJirebis problemis gadawyvetaze,

maTTvis damTavrebuli formis, erTiani Tanmimdevruli stilis misacemad

da ver acnobiereben, rom es problema SeiZleba sinamdvileSi arc

arsebobdes. rogorc aRmosavleli brZeni, galiidan Citis amoyvanisas, taSs

Semokravs da wamoiZaxebs ài, isic!~, Cvenc ukuvagdebT ra aseul tomebs,

romlebSic Seqspiris mkvlevrebi daoben Seqspiris piesebis amoxsnaze,

SegviZlia SemovkraT taSi da wamoviZaxoT ài, rogori unda iyos!~ rogoria

Tqveni damokidebuleba Seqspirisadmi da Tqveni midgoma Seqspiris piesebis

interpretaciisa, Tqveneuli koncefciis misadagebisas?

r. s. _ rasakvirvelia, vkiTxulob interpretaciebs Seqspiris Sesaxeb

Teatrmcodneebis... zogierTi raRacas mkarnaxobs. erTi ingliseli avtoris

citata mohyavda aniqsts, rom `riCard III~ es aris, yvelaze mxiaruli

tragedia. aman momca raRac garkveuli ufleba, rom damedga, rogorc Savi

komedia, samwuxarod, albaT Zalian logikurad, aq ar icinodnen, imitom

rom, is ambebi, romelic xdeba, yvelas Tavis istorias axsenebda, 1937 weli

99

da a.S., amitom ar icinodnen. londonSi, edinburgSi rom viTamaSeT,

siciliT iwyeboda speqtakli da siciliT mTavrdeboda. ramazma (ramaz

CxikvaZe m. v.) miTxra antraqtSi, _ biWo Cven mgoni komedia davdgiTo. me

vuTxari _ xo, _ mxolod Savi. Zalian kargad miiRes es Janri. jer erTi,

ingliselebi iumorTan Zalian axlos arian, meorec, maTi istoria

aranakleb sisxliania, vidre Cveni, magram Soreuli istoriaa. XIX _ XX

saukuneebSi maTi qveyana ukve demokratiisken miiswrafoda da aRar xdeboda

is saSinelebebi, rac CvenTan me-20 saukuneSi. daaxloebiT ase viqcevi. me ar

maxsovda es citata, Zalian sworad wers es kaci, yvelam Tavisi Citi unda

amoiyvanos galiidan. rac Seexeba Tqvens mier moyvanil brukis citatas, me

principSi ase vdgam ~.19

mayurebelTa darbazSi SesvlisTanave Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobda

scena, romelic bunkers mogvagonebda. Warbobda ruxi, monacrisfro, moSavo

ferebi, kedlebi alag-alag CaSavebuli. ramdenime adgilas TiTqos xvrelebi

gaCeniliyo. am xvrelebidan moevlinebodnen Semdgom riCards aCrdilebi.

moTeTro, alag-alag TiTqos amomwvari tilo faravda scenis ukana mxares.

scenis centrSi Weri Camongreuliyo da iqidan moCanda daZenZili tiloebi.

scenaze gafantuliyo sxvadasxva aqsesuarebi: zeamarTuli namglebi, celebi,

Subebi, wylis wisqvilis borbali. yvelaferi es erT mizans emsaxureboda _

Seexsenebina epoqaTa swraf monacvleobaSi Zalauflebis mopovebisaTvis

brZolis ganmeorebadoba.

robert sturuas yvela speqtaklsa da maT Soris `riCard mesameSi~

didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda musikas. umetes SemTxvevaSi igi sazRvravda

speqtaklis plastikur gadawyvetas. amis Sesaxeb robert sturua erT-erT

interviuSi ambobs: `piradad me arasdros vdgam speqtaklebs musikis gareSe

_ CemTvis igi Zalian mniSvnelovani, SeiZleba ganmsazRvreli komponentia,

maSinac ki, rodesac igi ar JRers speqtaklSi~.20

19vasaZe m. saubrebi robert sturuas saTeatro enaze. J. `saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani~,

2010. #4. gv. 20-21.

20Зейфас Н. Dramma der musica и музыка для драмы. ж. «Советская музыка». 1981. №2. ст. 92.

100

amasTan dakavSirebiT minda erTi faqti gavixseno. `riCard III~ dadgmis

procesSi robert sturua iyenebda aRmosavlur, iaponur musikas. Semdgom es

musika amoiRes speqtaklidan, magram darCa misi gavlena, rac speqtaklis

plastikur gadawyvetaSi Canda. `riCard III~-Si reJisorma da kompozitorma

stilurad Zalze gansxvavebuli musikaluri nawyvetebi Seitanes. speqtaklSi

JRerda reg-taimi, Cernis etiudi, baxi, specialurad am speqtaklisaTvis

dawerili g. yanCelis musika da yvelaferi es isev da isev speqtaklSi

dasmuli problemebis globalur, msoflio masStabebSi gaazrebis

mimniSnebeli iyo. amis mimniSnebeli gaxldaT agreTve kostiumebi, romlebic

speqtaklSi monawile msaxiobebs, `riCard mesamis~ personaJebs ecvaT. es iyo

abstraqtul-stilizebuli kostiumebi, romlebic TiTqosda yvela drois

politikosTa Cacmulobas mogvagonebda (hitleris, napoleonis da a. S.).

darbazSi ismoda reg-taimis bgerebi. saorkestro ormodan amodioda

SavebSi Semosili qali _ margareti. iRebda wigns, romelic speqtaklis

msvlelobis dros, rogorc `bedisweris~ wigni, ise TamaSdeboda da

acxadebda: `cxovreba da sikvdili mefe riCard mesamisa~. Cernis etiudis

bgerebis fonze gamodiodnen riCardi da riCmondi (speqtaklis bolo

epizodebamde riCardis erTguli mowafe, gulis mesaidumle da Tanamdevi).

scenis siRrmeSi zeaityorcneboda TeTri tilos farda. gamoCndeboda

scenis ukana kedeli, SuagulSi Savi xvreliT. mis win sacekvao moZraobebs

akeTebdnen cxoveluri JiniT Sepyrobili adamianebi (brbo, masa yovelgvar

pirovnul Tvisebebs moklebuli). maT mouwesrigebeli moZraobebi hqondaT.

es yvelaferi Senelebuli kadris tempSi mimdinareobda. maT Tvalyurs

adevnebda riCardi, romelic imave Savi xvrelidan gamodioda scenaze.

riCardi _ ramaz CxikvaZis SesrulebiT mTavari da amosavali wertili

gaxldaT speqtaklSi. masze, mis TamaSze modioda speqtaklis azrobrivi

datvirTvis erTi mesamedi. swored riCardis saxeSi iyo gamoxatuli

yvelaze ufro naTlad daundobeli araadamianuroba, Zalauflebis xelSi

Cagdebis yvelaze ufro mZafri survili. misi cxovreba TamaSia, `riskiani

TamaSi~. riCardi–CxikvaZe gulcivi, azartuli, mis garSemo myofebze ufro

Wkviani moTamaSe, imdenad iyo koWli da kuziani, ramdenadac es mas

101

sWirdeboda. ramaz CxikvaZis SesrulebaSi SeimCneoda Serwyma tragikuli

eqspresiisa brextis `gaucxoebis efeqtTan~. adamianebisadmi siZulvils,

maTdami cinikur damokidebulebas gadmoscemda r. CxikvaZis TamaSis manera,

mimika, intonacia. am mxriv, SesaniSnavad asrulebda msaxiobi parlamentis

sxdomis, hestingsisa da bakingemis sikvdiliT dasjis scenebs. ramdeni

cinizmi da ironia gamosWvioda am dros ramaz CxikvaZe-riCardSi.

groteskulad iyo gadawyvetili riCardis scena ledi anasTan. es, SeiZleba

iTqvas, ramaz CxikvaZis mier erT-erTi brwyinvaled Sesrulebuli epizodi

iyo. riCardi mekuboeTa da riCmondis TandaswrebiT uxsnida siyvaruls

ledi anas, ufro metic, aqve kubosTan imorCilebda mas. pirveli sityvebi,

riTac iwyeboda ledi anas `Semobruneba~ riCardisaken, iyo riCardis

sityvebi: `Sens loginSi unda vkvnesode~. sxeulebrivma Jinma imarjva ledi

anas gonebaze, mis inteleqtze. am dros ismoda violinoze Sesrulebuli

naTeli melodia, rac kidev ufro metad usvamda xazs scenaze

gaTamaSebulis simdables, sibilwes. am scenaSi riCards ar Wirdeboda

gulwrfeli aRelvebis TamaSi. riCardi TiTqos amasxaravebda anas da es

gamasxaraveba, abuCad agdeba grZeldeboda `mosasxamTan~ scenaSi. da bolos,

mxiarul musikaze fexis ayolebiT, wiTeli vardis xelSi SeTamaSebiT da

ironiuli intonaciiT warmoTqmuli sityvebiT: ùarSiynia vinmes qalTan ase

saocrad?~ gadioda scenidan. aq igi ukve yvelas dascinoda, visac sjera

namdvili, amaRlebuli, saukuno siyvarulisa, qalis saTnoebisa.

Seqspiris tragediaSi riCardi fizikuri naklovanebis,

arasrulyofilebis gamo aris gaborotebuli, igi Tavis pirvelive

monologSi ambobs:

`da ai esred modunebuls mSvidobis Jamsa

sxva araferi damrCenia dros gasarTobad,

Tu ara igi, rom vuyuro Cems aCrdils mzian dRes

da Cemis TvaliT ganvicado es saxiCroba.

raxan asea, arSiyoba raki ar Zal-miZs

da ver avyvebi am tkbil JamTa dros gatarebas,

maS siborotiT mainc unda viCino Tavi

102

da Cavumwaro sxvebs amao siamovneba~.21

robert sturuas speqtaklSi r. CxikvaZis riCardi ar iyo Sepyrobili

garegnuli simaxinjis gancdiT. yovel SemTxvevaSi es ar gaxldaT mTavari

momenti gandidebisaTvis mis brZolaSi Zalauflebis mosapoveblad. igi

speqtaklis dasawyisidanve gamsWvaluli iyo Tavisi upiratesobis grZnobiT

garemomcvel adamianebTan. riCardi maTze ufro Wkviani da cbieria. amitom

TiToeuli maTgani mis winaSe ususurad gamoiyureboda. riCardma icoda

TiToeulis fasi da es SeuZlebels xdida mis motyuebas. riCardis amgvari

saxis Seqmna savsebiT gamarTlebuli gaxldaT piesis reJisoruli

gadawyvetidan gamomdinare. robert sturuas speqtaklSi ar iyo arcerTi

dadebiTi personaJi. yovel maTganSi ido borotebis marcvali da

gandidebis survili. TiToeuli, pirdapir Tu iribad, riCardis zraxvebis

Tanamonawile gaxldaT. yvela isini garkveuli saxiT riCardebi iyvnen.

speqtaklSi riCardis xasiaTi, sxva personaJebTan SedarebiT ufro

mravalmxrivad iyo mocemuli. amis gamo ramaz CxikvaZis gmiri SeiZleba

momxibvlelobasac ar iyo moklebuli. mas SeeZlo moexibla ana da

elizabeTi im dros, rodesac isini glovobdnen riCardis mier moklul

maTTvis sayvarel adamianebs. ra Tqma unda, aq gvirgvinisaken swrafvis

momentebis garda moqmedebda riCardis mamakacuri momxibvlelobac.

princebTan Sexvedrisas igi iCenda bavSvis fsiqologiis araCveulebriv

codnas. zogierT SemTxvevaSi mis `msxverplT~ SeuZlebeli iyo eWvi

SehparvodaT riCardis gulwrfelobaSi, magram amave dros, ramaz CxikvaZe

`gaucxoebis efeqtis~ meSveobiT yovelTvis gulwrfeli iyo mayurebelTan,

yovelTvis avlenda maT winaSe Tavis namdvil saxes.

transformaciam, romelic ganicades robert sturuas speqtaklSi


JReradoba. Seqspiris `riCard mesamis~ yvela gmiri ar aris aramzada.

riversma Tavis droze erTgulebis fici daudo henrix VI da aqedan

gamomdinare asrulebda Tavis vals, ebrZoda ra mis mtrebs. hestingsi

21 Seqspiri u. riCard mesame. uiliam Seqspiris tragediebi. t. I. Tb. 1953. gv. 6.

103

yovelgvari egoisturi zraxvebis gareSe, gulwrfelad uWerda mxars

uelsis princs. riCmondi, marTlac, sazogadoebrivi idealebiT Sepyrobili

ibrZoda tiraniis winaaRmdeg, speqtaklSi ki, teqstSi aqcentebis

gadaadgilebiT, replikebis amogdebiT, CasmiT, gadakeTebiT da sxva amgvari

saSualebebiT, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, yvelani aRmoCndnen pativmoyvare,

Zalauflebisaken swrafviT Sepyrobilni. riCmondi, bakingemi, stenli,

keitsbi, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, riCardis `bandidan~ iyvnen. SeqspirTan

riCmondi gmiria, romelic riCardis anu tiraniis winaaRmdeg ibrZvis.

sxvanairad Seqspirs arc SeeZlo riCmondis saxis daxatva, radganac igi iyo

tiudorebis dinastiis damamkvidrebeli. Seqspiri ki cxovrobda da

moRvaweobda tiudorebis mefobis dros. sturuas speqtaklSi riCmondi (a.

xidaSelis SesrulebiT) gvevlineboda riCardis mudam Tanamdev oreulad,

sulier Svilad, riCardis yvelaze amazrzeni borotmoqmedebebis mowmed.

riCardi yvelaferSi endoboda riCmonds da swored amaSi tyuvdeboda.

riCmondi riCardze axlgazrdaa da garegnuladac masze mimzidveli. magram

am garegnul silamazeSi borotebis iseTive marcvlebi Zevs, rogoric

riCardis maxinj sxeulSi. reJisorma riCmondisa da riCardis am garegnul

sxvaobas imitom gausva xazi, rom kidev erTxel daemtkicebina _ riCardis

boroti zraxvebi mxolod misi garegnuli simaxinjidan ar gamomdinareobs.

riCmondi fizikurad janmrTeli da lamazi, riCardis msgavsi

borotmoqmedia. gavixsenoT scena kenterberis arqiepiskoposis egreT

wodebuli `moqcevisa~. riCardis amala gars Semoexveoda muxlebze daCoqil

RvTis msaxurs. brekenberi fexebs Sua moiqcevda arqiepiskoposis Tavs da

ise uWerda fexebs, rom ukanaskneli tkivilisagan itanjeboda.

arqiepiskoposi kvlav muxlebze iyo daCoqili, rodesac mas riCmondi

ubrunebda dasjamde `gaxdil~ tansacmels, Tan misive tansacmliT urtyamda,

xolo, rodesac arqiepiskoposi gasasvlelisaken mibrundeboda, riCmondi ar

akmarebda manamde gancdils, gadatanils da panRuriTac daajildoebda. aq,

iseve, rogorc sxva scenebSi, riCmondi riCardis `bandis~ tipur

warmomadgenlad gvevlineboda da riCardis dammarcxebeli, momavali mefe

zneobriv aspeqtSi arafriT ar aRemateboda riCards. aRsaniSnavia is faqti,

104

rom rodesac riCmondi mirboda riCardis winaaRmdeg jaris mosagroveblad,

robert sturuas mier speqtaklSi Semoyvanili masxara panRuriT acilebda

mas, gamoxatavda ra amiT upativcemlobas riCmondisa da misi viTomda

keTilSobiluri misiisadmi. riCmondis pativmoyvareobis da

Zalauflebisaken miswrafebis damamtkicebeli gaxldaT speqtaklis

finaluri scena. riCardis mokvlis Semdeg xelSi Caigdebda ra gvirgvins,

udierad gadaabijebda riCardis gvams da sanatreli ocnebis gvirgvins

miSterebuli adioda Zalauflebis mwvervalisaken da idgamda gvirgvins

Tavze. `Seqspiris piesebis siZliere imaSia, rom maTSi adamiani

erTdroulad warmodgenilia yvela aspeqtSi: Cven SegviZlia masTan

identificirebac da misgan daSorebac. umartivesi situacia gvaforiaqebs

qvecnobieris meSveobiT, am dros ki inteleqti akvirdeba, akeTebs

komentarebs, filosofosobs~.22

speqtaklSi Taviseburi transformacia ganicada dedofal margaretis

saxem. mas medea Caxava asaxierebda. Seqspiris piesaSi margareti savsebiT

realuri personaJia. igi wyevlis yvelas, vinc misi gaubedurebis: Svilis da

qmris mokvlis, gvirgvinis warTmevis mizezi yofila. speqtaklSi margareti

warmoadgenda TiTqos erTgvar simbolos bediswerisa. simbolos imaTi

dasjisa, vinc ki adamianur uflebebs Telavda. mas xelSi eWira bedisweris

wigni. margareti ìbarebda~ xolme riCardis mier moklulTa sulebs. am

proceduris Sesrulebis dros mis sityvebSi erTgvari ironiac JRerda. ase

mimarTavda margareti hestingss misi sikvdiliT dasjis win.: ìCqareT

milord, riCards sadili ugviandeba~. zogierT scenaSi margareti realur

personaJadac warmoCndeboda. magaliTad, wyevlis scenaSi. magram riCardTan

misi dialogi finalur scenaSi wminda pirobiToba iyo. aq margareti

riCardis erTgvari sindisis qenjna gaxldaT. speqtaklSi margareti xSirad

Tavisuflad ereoda moqmedebis msvlelobaSi. swored igi afrTxilebda

riCmonds riCardis gamefebis Semdgom, rom man iCqaros, Torem riCardi

misTvisac moiclis.


105

elizabeTis rols speqtaklSi asaxierebda salome yanCeli.

elizabeTma erTxel ukve igema Zalauflebis sitkbo da ar surda dakargva.

es momenti amosavali wertili iyo elizabeTis saxis sturuaseuli

interpretaciisa. es brwyinvaled iyo gamoxatuli riCardisa da elizabeTis

bolo dialogSi, speqtaklis mesame moqmedebaSi. riCardma elizabeTis ori

vaJi mokla da axla qaliSvilis xeli unda sTxovos mas. riCardis cinizmi

ukve yovelgvar sazRvrebs scildeba. magram amave dros riCardma kargad

icis Zalauflebisaken adamianTa Sinagani ltolvis ambavi. aqedan

gamomdinare igi arwmunebda elizabeTs, rom mefis bebiaoba aranakleb

sapatioa mefis dedobaze da Tanac am saubris dros gvirgvins utrialebda

cxvirwin. elizabeTi mojadoebuliviT ucqerda gvirgvins da aviwydeboda

Tavisi mokluli Svilebi. igi imdenad iyo aRelvebuli, rom sityvis

warmoTqmac ki ar SeeZlo. rodesac gvirgvini elizabeTis xelSi

aRmoCndeboda, misi aRfrTovaneba, udidesi swrafva Zalauflebisaken, raRac

cxovelur amoZaxilSi gamoixateboda.

ledi anas saxec (nana faCuaSvili) reJisorma sul ramdenime StrixiT

dagvixata. ana garegnulad damwuxrebuli da dadardianebuli, Sinaganad

Zalze didi temperamentis mqonea (gavixsenoT scena kubosTan). arc igi iyo

gulgrilad ganwyobili gvirgvinisadmi. speqtaklis meore moqmedebaSi,

rodesac riCardi viTomda uars ambobda gamefebaze, ana (piesisagan

gansxvavebiT) mis gverdiT imyofeboda da nerviulobda, aRelvebda riCardis

mefed kurTxevis sakiTxi.

edvard IV (a. maxaraZe) speqtaklSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze

groteskul personaJad iyo warmodgenili. reJisorma igi dagvixata iseT

mbrZaneblad, romelic mxolod da mxolod Tavisi keTildReobis,

nebismieri – adamianuri Tu araadamianuri _ survilebis asrulebisaTvis

zrunavs. Tavisive Rormucelobis msxverpli, avTo maxaraZis edvard IV ar

iyo moklebuli SarJsa da karikaturas. igi iyo adamianis msgavsi cxoveli.

swored amas gausva xazi reJisorma, rodesac edvard IV TeTri vardebis

WamaSi amohxada suli.

106

literaturul pirvelwyarosTan yvelaze ufro axlos klarensis saxe

iyo (speqtaklSi mas gogi xarabaZe asaxierebda). man srulad SeinarCuna

Tavisi xasiaTi _ araSorsmWvreteloba, gulubryviloba da simxdale. F

riCardis deda _ iorkis hercoginia (m. Tbilelis SesrulebiT)

ubeduri deda gaxldaT. garegnulad igi welSi moxrili bebruxana iyo.

rodesac mas uyurebdi, gjeroda, rom am qals SeeZlo eSva iseTi sulieri

da fizikuri simaxinje, rogoricaa riCardi. igi grZnobda da ganicdida

Tavis danaSauls qveyanaze riCardis movlinebis gamo. speqtaklSi riCardi

dedis Seuxorcebeli Wriloba iyo. dedobrivi instinqtiT dakavSirebuli

riCardTan, grZnobs mis ganwirulobas da simartoves. amave dros sxva

adamianuri ufro Rrma instinqti aiZulebda daewyevla riCardi. iorkis

hercoginiam kargad icoda, rom riCardi misi danaSaulebrivi warsulis

maxinji sarkea. speqtaklis finalSi, rodesac isini xvdebodnen

molandebebis scenebs Soris, igi TiTqmis miwis qveSidan amodioda.

molandebebisagan daRlili riCardi exveoda mas, am misTvis mZime momentSi

TiTqos Svelas iTxovda dedisagan, ukanasknelis xmaSi ki ismoda rogorc

tkivili, Secodeba, TanagrZnoba, aseve zizRi. igi wyevlida Tavis Svils da

am wyevlis sityvebiT uCinardeboda miwaSi. `SemaZrwunebeli borotebis da

Zaladobis deda _ es Tavad bunebis xmaa mimarTuli mis mierve Sobili

borotebis winaaRmdeg. bunebrivia, dedas ar SeeZlo win aRdgomoda

riCardis qveynad movlinebas da bolo moeRo misi sisxliani TamaSebisTvis.

magram, Tundac mxolod biologiur aspeqtSi, deda mainc pasuxismgebelia

yvelaferze, rac misma Svilma Caidina. da misi sinanuli, SeiZleba

erTaderTi naTeli wertilia am bneliT mocul tragediaSi~.23

speqtaklSi bakingemi (g. gegeWkori) gamoyvanili iyo yvelaze ufro

erTgulATanamzraxvelad garkveul sazRvramde. igi yvelaze ufro eSmaki da

Wkviania. misi amocnoba arc ise advilia da, albaT amitomac, margaretis

wyevlaSi mxolod da mxolod bakingemi ar ixsenieba. g. gegeWkoris bakingemi

iyo moqnili. mis saxes arasodes scildeboda Tavaziani Rimili, igi

23 orjonikiZe g. dasaxelebuli naSromi.

107

Tavaziani iyo maSinac, rodesac xalxs sikvdiliT dasjaze uSvebda.

bakingemi exmareboda riCards, magram amas akeTebda piradi gamorCenisTvis.

amas riCardi xvdeboda. amitomac bevr dapirebas aZlevda, xolo im momentSi,

rodesac bakingemi danapirebs mosTxovda, misTvis Cveuli gziT moiSorebda

Tavidan. moiSorebda ara mxolod danapirebis arasrulebis mizniT, aramed

bevris codnisaTvisac.

zemoT vTqviT, rom mesame moqmedebaSi r. sturuas Semohyavda jambazi.

mas a. maxaraZe asaxierebda. jambazi scenaze mimdinare moqmedebas ironiul,

gamosaaSkaravebel komentarebs ukeTebda. reJisorma mas mayureblis

`gaucxoebis~ funqcia daakisra. `gaucxoebam SeiZleba imuSaos antiTezis

principiT; parodia, imitacia, kritika _ mas eqvemdebareba mTeli

ritorikuli rigi. es aris Teatraluri meTodi dialeqtikuri

winaaRmdegobebisa. gaucxoeba _ dRes CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi enaa,

potenciurad iseTive mdidari, rogorc poezia. es aris erT-erTi magaliTi

dinamikuri Teatrisa cvalebad samyaroSi da gaucxoebis saSualebiT Cven

SegviZlia mivaRwioT imasve, rasac Seqspiri aRwevda enis dinamikurobis

gamoyenebisas~.24

jambazi mayurebels ironiulad esaubreboda tragediis bunebis

Sesaxeb. dascinoda scenaze moqmed personaJebs. yvelafer amas ki akeTebda

imisTvis, raTa mayurebels SesZleboda gaeanalizebina scenaze momxdari

ambis saSineli uazroba da Seegno, rom ZalauflebisaTvis, sakuTari

gandidebisaTvis brZola klavs adamianSi yovelgvar adamianurs, aqcevs mas

sisxlismsmel, ideafiqsiT Sepyrobil meqanizmad.

`riCard mesameSi~ reJisorma xazi gausva im garemoebas, rom

zneobrivad arajansaRma garemocvam xeli Seuwyo riCardis araadamianuri

zraxvebis rogorc aRmocenebas, aseve aRsrulebas.

speqtaklSi sainteresod iyo gadawyvetili riCardis sikvdilis scena.

jambazi acxadebda finaluri scenis saxelwodebas: `sikvdili mefe

riCardisa~. riCmondi fizikurad lamazi da riCardi fizikurad maxinji

miemarTebodnen inglisis rukisagan. yofdnen masSi Tavs, iRebdnen


108

uzarmazar xmlebs da iwyeboda brZola. es scena musikisa da ganaTebis

meSveobiT sakmaod efeqturad iyo gakeTebuli. riCmondi imarjvebda am

orTabrZolaSi. riCardi am rukaSi gaxveuli simwriT mococavda

avanscenisaken da SeZaxili: èrT cxenSi vaZlev mTel Cems samefos~ _

misTvis sasikvdilo xrialad iqceoda. ficarnagisaken neli nabijiT samefo

gvirgviniT xelSi miemarTeboda riCmondi, aseve nela gvirgvinisagan

TvalmouSorebliv adioda yvelaze amaRlebul, mbrZaneblis adgilze da

Camoicvamda ra Tavze gvirgvins, qvavdeboda. scenaze avis momaswavebeli

dumili daisadgurebda. mefdeboda riCmondi, riCardze aranaklebi

borotmoqmedi. `Cven gvinda gavafrTxiloT mayurebeli, rom boroteba

SeiZleba dabrundes, Tu Cven ar viqnebiT dakvirvebulni da yuradRebiT...

rac ufro uaxlovdeba riCardi Zalauflebas, miT ufro Rrmad efloba igi

uzneobaSi. Cven vsaubrobT imis Sesaxeb, rom Tuki adamianis miswrafeba da

brZola ar aris aRvsili zneobrivi idealebiT _ mis saqmeebs mivyavarT

borotebasa da RvarZlTan.~25

`mefe liri~

(1987)

Seqspiris `mefe liri~ saqarTveloSi, kerZod TbilisSi, pirvelad

XIX saukuneSi ilia WavWavaZem ganaxorciela gimnaziis SenobaSi. rogorc

aRvniSneT, man warCinebuli ojaxebidan Sekriba Semsruleblebi da cocxali

suraTebi warmoadgina. mefe lirs ki Tavad asaxierebda. `mefe liris~

dadgma, Semdgom kote marjaniSvils da sandro axmetelsac hqondaT

ganzraxuli, magaram ar ganuxorcielebiaT. Semonaxulia am piesis maTi

interpretaciebi. 1948 wels `mefe liri~ akaki vasaZem dadga rusTavelis

TeatrSi, akaki xorava asrulebda mefe liris rols. akaki vasaZe Tavis

`mogonebebsa da fiqrebSi~26 am speqtakls gaumarTlebel da uazro cdas

25 Интервию с Р. Стуруа. ж. «Театральная жизнь». 1983. №4. ст. 14. 26 vasaZe ak. mogonebebi, fiqrebi. t.II, Tb. `kentavri~. 2010. gv.426.

109

uwodebs. speqtakli Cavarda. 1960-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi mixeil

TumaniSvili dgams `mefe lirs~ rusTavelis TeatrSi, liris rols sergo

zaqariaZe TamaSobda. warmateba arc am speqtakls xvda wilad. 1974 wels

giga lorTqifaniZe rusTavis dramatul TeatrSi dgams Seqspiris am piesas.

liris rols akaki vasaZe asaxierebda.

robert sturuam `mefe lirze~ muSaoba 1982 wels daiwyo. periodulad

muSaobda piesaze. rusTavelis TeatrSi remonti tardeboda da dasi

profkavSirebis sasaxleSi iyo dabinavebuli. aqve Seiqmna speqtaklis

ramdenime ZiriTadi epizodis monaxazi, romelic uCvena kidec Teatraluri

sazogadoebis viwro wres. man 5 weli moandoma Canafiqris ganxorcielebas,

premiera 1987 wels Sedga.

robert sturuam piesis axali prozauli Targmani gaakeTa (avtorebi:

g. Carkviani, r. sturua, l. fofxaZe).. mas prozauli Targmani Tavisi

koncefciis ukeT warmoCenisaTvis, axali aqcentebis gamo sWirdeboda. axali

Targmani aseve mimarTuli iyo Seqspiris tragediis deklamaciuri

warmodgenis winaaRmdeg.

`rasakvirvelia, ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom r. sturuam `mefe lirSi~

`yvelaferi daiviwya~, rac aqamde TeatrSi ukeTebia, magram Cemi azriT,

ueWvelia, rom am speqtaklma saTave daudo axal tendencias mis

SemoqmedebaSi. metic, `mefe liri~ ajamebs yovelives, rac aqamde iwodeboda

rogorc `robert sturuas~ Teatri da amave dros, Tvisobrivad aaxlebs da

afarToebs mis Tvalsawiers~.27 _ wers nodar gurabaniZe.

robert sturuam `mefe lirSi~ harmoniulad gaaerTiana sxvadasxva

Teatraluri mimdinareoba. Tavis `saTeatro enas~ axali JReradoba SesZina.

e. w. `warmosaxvis Teatrs~, pirobiTobas, `gaucxoebis efeqts~ da

distanciur damokidebulebas, Teatralobas daumata gmirTa xasiaTebis

fsiqologiuri damuSaveba. man am speqtaklSi gaaerTiana TiTqosda

urTierTgamomricxavi Teatraluri esTetika. sturuam wina planze wamoswia

Seqspiris teqstis qveteqsti. tragifarsuli, tragikomikuri Teatris

gverdiT, reJisorma Rrmad Cagvaxeda adamianis Sinagan samyaroSi, mis

27 gurabaniZe n. reJisori robert sturua. Tb. `xelovneba~, 1997. gv. 385.

110

sulSi, gviCvena pirovnuli tragedia, pirovnebis sulis rRveva da

aRorZineba. zogadi, sakacobrio problemebi sturuam pirovnebis, individis

WrilSi gardatexili warmogvidgina.

`Tavidanve xazgasasmelia, rom is saSualebebi da xerxebi, romelTac

iyenebs reJisori, upirveles yovlisa, gamiznulia scenuri qmedebis

grZnobad, emociur aRqmaze, raTa ,,SeZras“ mayurebeli. ...fxizeli TvaliT

Sexedos samyaros, SeigrZnos, rom mxolod mis aqtiur moqmedebazea

damokidebuli, samyaro uwindeburad ucvleli darCeba, Tu ara. ai,

speqtaklis ZiriTadi mizani da aq imdenad ara bertolt brexts, ramdenadac

antonen artos uaxlovdeba reJisoris fantazia, misi usazRvro

gamomgonebloba, Teatris miznisa da daniSnulebis gageba. Teatri Sokis,

Teatri sisastikis _ ,,wminda Teatri“, mowodebuli ixsnas samyaro

sisastikisagan _ ai, is sadadgmo koncefcia, romelic r. sturuas axali

nawarmoebis safuZvelSi Zevs~.28

dekoracia (mxatvari m. SveliZe) scenaze mayurebelTa darbazis

anarekls warmoadgenda. scenaze warmodgenili iyo scenis ukana

`gaSiSvlebuli~ kedeli, scenas rkalad ekra loJebi da iarusebi

(mayurebelTa darbazis imitacia), `gaSiSvlebuli~ iyo scenis ganaTebac,

sofitebi, proJeqtorebi. scenis centrSi samefo taxti_saxrCobela idga,

romlis Tavze maimuni iyo wamoskupuli. qandaraze ki Semosmuli iyo

adamianis fituli, krebiTi saxe _ mudmivad Tvalyuris madevnebeli scenaze

mimdinare movlenebisa, `cxovrebis Teatris~ moTvalTvale. usityvo mowme im

TamaSisa, romelic lirsa da mis STamomavlebs gaumarTavT. swored mis

indiferentizmSi TiTqos moiazreboda samyaros tragikuli aRsasruli.

scenis siRrmeSi `samSeneblo nagavi~ iyo mimofantuli, iqve dagebuli viwro

liandagi, zed Semdgari vagonetiT. mTeli dekoracia TeatrSi Teatris

imitacias warmoadgenda. mayureblis aRqmaSi es TeatrSi gaTamaSebuli

Teatris STabeWdilebas tovebda. `Teatri cxovrebaa~, `cxovreba ki Teatri.~

`r. sturuas interpretaciiT liris tragedia droiT SemousazRvrelia, igi

28 uruSaZe p. mefe liri qarTul scenaze. J. `Teatraluri moambe~. #5.1988. gv. 73.

111

SeiZleba momxdariyo miTiur epoqaSi da igi SeiZleba moxdes dResac. m.

SveliZis scenografiac amasve gulisxmobs~.29

robert sturua `mefe lirSi~ agrZelebs kvlevas pirovnebis, tiraniis,

saxelmwifos, diqtaturis problemebisa. speqtaklSi reJisorma wina planze

wamoswia tiranis, despotis danatovris saSineli aspeqtebi. is, Tu ra

saSinel kvals tovebs liri Tavis STamomavlebSi. despoturi mmarTvelobis

sistema qmnis naZirlebs, araadamianebs, romlebsac aranairi sikeTis,

siwmindis ar swamT. maTTvis ar arsebobs aranairi naTeli.

mayureblis yuradRebas reJisori speqtaklis dasawyisidanve ipyrobda.

scenaze liris samefo karis warmomadgenlebi midi-modian. ucbad gaismoda:

mefe mobrZandeba! da Camovardeboda molodinis gausaZlisi ugrZesi pauza.

samariseburi siCume daisadgurebda. erT-erT personaJs gulic ki misdioda

da ecemoda. mas aravin aqcevda yuradRebas, aravin eSveleboda wamodgomaSi.

am gulisSemaRonebeli pauzis Semdeg scenaze Semodioda liri _ ramaz

CxikvaZe _ Tavisi amaliT. Semodioda mxiaruli, cal xelSi galia eWira,

Sig gamomwyvdeuli CitiT. amalac mxiaruli da momRimari Canda. es

xmauriani gundi mTel scenas moedeboda. maT Soris iyo kordiliac.

aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela personaJis Cacmuloba, garda kordiliasi, TviT

mefe lirisac ki erTnairi da usaxuri iyo yvelas uxeSi jvalosagan

Sekerili nacrisferi, grZeli anafora ecva. mxolod kordilias Cacmuloba

gamoiyofoda siWreliT da feradovnebiT. reJisorma kostiumebSic gausva

xazi im faqts, rom erTaderTi adamiani, romelic liris despotizms

ewinaaRmdegeba, aris misi nabolara, sayvareli qaliSvili kordilia. misi

Cacmuloba, eqstravaganturi da mayureblisTvis TvalSi sacemi iyo. liris

da misi amalis Semosvlisas scenaze ucnauri Rmuilis xma ismoda. es

Rmuili, autanel siCumesTan monacvleobiT, ramdenjerme meordeboda. es

molodinis grZnoba ukve autaneli xdeboda, gausaZlisi. mayurebeli, moqmed

pirebTan erTad eloda liris gamoCenas. fiqrobda, vin aris igi?

mayurebels liri warmoedgina didebuli, warmosadegi garegnobis

pirovnebad. scenaze ki Semodioda TmagaTeTrebuli moxuci. mas sxvebsaviT

29 gurabaniZe n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 389.

112

jvalos nacrisferi anafora ecva. vin aris es pirovneba? visic ase eSiniaT

da azanzarebT mis qveSevrdomebs? vin aris es damTxveuli moxuci? ai,

pirveli kiTxvebi, romelic mayurebels uCndeboda. ramaz CxikvaZis liri

puris namcecebs uyrida galiaSi iadons. TiTqos arafrad agdebda Tavis

qveSevrdomebs, romlebic gafacicebiT Sescqerodnen TvalebSi. misi qceva

TiTqos alogikuri iyo; xan icinoda, xan tiroda. erTi SexedviT es aris

damTxveuli moxuci, romelsac Tavisi saxelmwifos dayofa, danawevreba

ganuzraxavs. mayurebeli male xvdeboda, rom ùsusuri~ moxuci usastikesi

mbrZanebelia, romelsac Tavisi TamaSi aqvs dawyebuli. pirveli aqti, iseve,

rogorc speqtaklis dasawyisi, gvaocebda moulodneli gadasvlebiT.

scenaze Seqmnili atmosfero qmnida STabeWdilebas, rom amgvar TamaSebs

xSirad awyobs Zlevamosili mmarTveli, mis axirebas, liris SemoTavazebul

TamaSis wesebs yvela usityvod emorCileba. arvis ZaluZs am wesebis

darRveva. yvelas kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli, Tu ra sastikad gauswordeba

liri TamaSis pirobebis damrRvevT. mxolod nabolara, mefis sayvareli

qaliSvili kordilia Sescqeroda mamis am TamaSs xalisiT. liri TamaSobs.

TamaSis piroba ki aseTia _ vinc ufro ukeT àuxsnis mamas siyvaruls~ _

danawevrebuli saxelmwifodan ufro meti Sexvdeba. pirveli gonerili (T.

doliZe) iwyebda. igi dgeboda mefis winaSe da akankalebuli xmiT

warmoTqvamda monologs. liri SeaCerebda mas. saTevzao badis tariT

mianiSnebda ukan damdgariyo. gonerili emorCileboda, mere Tavidan iwyebda

monologs, raRac momentSi, TiTqos Zala ecleboda, xmac uwydeboda, magram

mainc ganagrZobda da asrulebda mosiyvarule da uerTgulesi Svilis

aRsarebas. Semdeg riganis jeric dgeboda. misi monologi ufro isteriuli

iyo. mayureblisTvis aSkara xdeboda, rom sityvebs, romlebsac liris

qaliSvilebi warmoTqvamdnen araviTari mniSvneloba ar hqonda, aq mTavari

iyo liris mier SemoTavazebuli TamaSis pirobebis dacva, garegnuli

atmosferos Seqmna da SenarCuneba. liri darwmunebulia Tavis

ZalauflebaSi, darwmunebulia Tavis didebaSi, saxelmwifos dayofas igi

formalur aqtad miiCnevs. Tavis memkvidreebs igi gamocdas utarebs, amiT

kidev erTxel usvams xazs Tavis Zalas, imavdroulad miaCnia, rom

113

zeadamianur guluxvobas sCadis. ai, sad aris misi gamousworebeli Secdoma.

sakuTari Zalebis rwmenam lirs goneba daubinda. samefos ki daanawevrebs,

magram gvirgvini xom xelSeuxeblad misi iqneba. da, ai, kordilias jeric

dadga. liris `Rreobebis Tanamonawile~ kordilia, scenaze mamasTan erTad

Semodioda. kordilias ar ecva e. w. uniforma da arc liris TamaSis

monawileTa Soris jdeboda. kordilia mamis fexebTan moikalaTebda, mamis

dadgmuli speqtaklis mayurebeli. am TamaSSi igi ar iRebda monawileobas.

amitomac misTvis moulodneli iyo liris moTxovna `siyvarulis axsnisa~.

liri am moTxovnas TiTqos xumrobiT ambobda. kordilia ar gadioda e. w.

àvanscenaze~. imave pozaSi myofi, m. kaxianis kordilia, mSvidad,

zedapirulad, impulsurad upasuxebda: àrafers, Cemo batono~. Tavidan

liri usayvarlesi qaliSvilis am pasuxs did yuradRebas ar aqcevda da

sxvaTaSoris ikiTxavda: àrafers?~ r. CxikvaZis liri kordilias meored

pasuxze ucbad ifeTqebda. mayureblis winaSe ramaz CxikvaZe uecrad

gardaiqmneboda ùwyinari moxucidan~ udidesi Zalauflebis mqone

mbrZaneblad. igi aravis, TviT usayvarles Svilsac ki ar apatiebs misi

TamaSis wesebis darRvevas. CxikvaZis liri imdenad iyo ganrisxebuli, rom

SeeZlo iqve moexrCo kordilia. Semoaxevda tansacmels da miwaze

daanarcxebda. sibraze da ganrisxeba mas ara marto gonebas, aramed smenasac

uxSobda. mis gonebamde ver aRwevda kordilias warmoTqmulis

gulwrfeloba. Semdeg, TiTqos am gamZvinvarebam Zal-Rone gamoacala, liri

mowyvetili daeSveboda skamze, Tavi Camouvardeboda, TiTqos gardaicvalao.

yvela lirs miaSterdeboda. mxolod kenti gabedavda da majis cemas

umowmebda. liri saxiT mayurebelTa darbazisken ijda. saxeze sicocxlis

niSanic ki ar etyoboda. SeSinebuli kordilia mamas uyurebda. r. CxikvaZis

liri moulodnelad gaaxelda Tvals, enas gamohyofda da daimanWeboda.

kidev erTi speqtakli gaiTamaSa lirma, kidev erTxel gaacura Tavisi

qveSevrdomebi. saxelmwifo ukve danawevrebulia, yvelas Tavisi wili Sexvda.

lirs ki, TiTqos axla ukve ainteresebs misi sikvdilis Semdeg rogor

moiqcevian qveSevrdomebi.

114

robert sturuas interpretaciiT liri Tavis Seqmnil, misTvis

erTaderT misaReb samyaroSi cxovrobs. yvelaferi danarCeni, rac aq ar

Tavsdeba, misTvis miuRebelia. liri, yvela Zlevamosili tiranis msgavsad,

ver itans winaaRmdegobas. is, vinc mas ar daemorCileba, moRalatea; vinc

urCobas gamoiCens, misi samyarodan gaZevebuli iqneba. ase gaaZeva man

kordilia da kenti. igi kidev ufro gamZvinvardeba, rodesac safrangeTis

mefe TanagrZnobas gamoavlens kordilias mimarT da fexze wamoayenebs.

liri did, masiur xis magidas gadaabrunebda da garboda scenidan. `misTvis

warmoudgeneli gaxldaT is kadniereba, nebiera kordilias

daumorCileblobas rom miawerda aRSfoTebuli monarqi. da aqedan

moyolebuli iwyeboda kidec rogorc mis mier Seqmnili saxelmwifo

sistemis daSla, ise Tavad liris gamofxizleba~.30

reJisor robert sturuas koncefciaSi gadmocemuli iyo liris

samyaros arsi, e. w. `liris Teatri~. ra aris es liris samyaro? es aris

mxolod erTi, Zlieri pirovnebis nebaze agebuli samyaro, sadac mxolod

erTis nebas emorCilebian sxva danarCenni, sadac erTis nebaa mTavari da

warmmarTveli. danarCenebs ki adamianuri saxeebi daukargavT da SeSinebul

monebad arian qceulni. robert sturuam Seqspiris tragedias absoluturad

Tanamedrove JReradoba SesZina. igi misTvis damaxasiaTebeli `saTeatro

enis~ meSveobiT Caswvda Seqspiris tragediis siRrmeebs, gadaamuSava is

problemebi, rac am piesaSia Cadebuli, gaaTanamedrova da ise moitana

mayurebelTan. sturuas TqmiT, reJisura es aris azrovnebis stili. am

TvalsazrisiTac speqtakli `mefe liri~ Taviseburi azrovnebis stilis,

originaluri azrovnebis nayofia. am SemTxvevaSi sturuas stili,

sareJisoro ena, Seqspiris piesis siRrmeebSi unda veZeboT. unda veZeboT

Seqspiris gmirebis rTul, dramatul gamosaxvaSi. Seqspiris poeturi,

filosofiuri sityva sturuam scenaze vizualurad gamoZerwa. ama Tu im

epizodSi movlenis arss igi Tavisebur scenur formas usadagebda.

30 mumlaZe d. ramaz CxikvaZe. werili meore. J. `Teatri da cxovreba~. 2008. #2 gv.39.

115

ai, rogor ganmartavs Seqspiris `mefe lirs~ piter bruki _

`tragediaSi Tqven ver ipoviT verc erT personaJs, romelic Tvalebs

daxuWavs samyaros sisastikeze, amisda miuxedavad, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

es aris Savi egzistencialuri piesa adamianis modgmis araraobaze, magram

aq ar aris arc gulubryvilo warmodgena imaze, rom igi aRsavsea

keTilSobilebiTa da silamaziT. aq vertikali da horizontali unda

aRviqvaT erTdroulad, Tuki Tqven gindaT da SegiZliaT amis gakeTeba~.31

liris mier gamarTuli `speqtakli~ scenidan marjvniv kulisebTan

axlos, scenaze gakeTebuli dekoratiuli loJis qveS TamaSdeboda. liris

speqtaklisaTvis dekoraciebi glosterma da edmundma moamzades. liri

xelmZRvanelobda am speqtakls da TiTqos `tkbeboda~ kidec Tavisi

SemoqmedebiT. liris speqtaklSi daugegmavi movlenebi viTardeba, rac

ganarisxebda da wyobidan gamoiyvanda e. w. `reJisors~. lirs Tavis gonebaSi

winaswar aqvs mofiqrebuli da dadgmuli es speqtakli. amitomac movlenebis

moulodnelma ganviTarebam qaosi gamoiwvia. liri TiTqos winaswar grZnobs

raRac safrTxes. am safrTxes igi ufro kentisgan moeloda, romelic karga

xania aRar yofila mis saxelmwifoSi da axlaxan dabrunda mogzaurobidan.

liri TiTiT mouxmobda kents, jer Tavze xels gadausvamda da mere beWdian

xels gauSverda amborisTvis. TiTqos amiT surs Seaxsenos kents, rom es,

misi, liris samyaroa da rom aq igi, liria erTpirovnuli mmarTveli. sxvebi

xom misi usityvo monebi arian.

liri uars ambobs samefo Zalauflebaze. iwyeba misi dacema da

imavdroulad amaRlebac. Zalauflebis mqone tiranis umaRles safexurze

mdgomi xdeba uuflebo da uTanabrdeba socialurad arafris mqoneT. igi

iseTive Ratakia, rogorc nebismieri glaxaki. imavdroulad iwyeba misi

zneobrivi amaRleba. is konfliqtebi, romelic mis garSemo xdeba, romlebic

Tavs daatydeba, liris sulsa da gonebaSi iwvevs udides tkivilebs. masSi

xdeba msoflmxedvelobis xelaxali gadafaseba, rac xels uwyobs sulier

gankurnebas.

31 Брук П. Пустое пространство, секретов нет. М. . «Наука». 2003. стр. 329.

116

robert sturua sxvadasxva xerxiT warmoaCenda liris tiraniis

nayofs, mis èrTgul STamomavlobas~. reJisori yovel personaJs

gansxvavebul qmedebebsa da qcevebs usadagebs. magaliTad, edmundi Tavis

Savbnel zraxvebsa da fiqrebs plastikur moZraobebSi gadmoscemda.

gonerils Tavisi msaxurni Zvel saberZneTsa Tu romSi arsebul pozebSi

daeyenebina da erTgvar ferwerul tilos qmnida. raRac momentSi donicetis

musikis hangebis TanxlebiT, msaxurTa xelebze dayrdnobili gonerili

TiTqos dafrinavda.

sulis SemZvreli sanaxaoba Seqmna robert sturuam e. w. maskaradis

epizodSi, romelic glosteris sasaxleSi imarTeba. Savi naWriT

Tvalebaxveuli liri aqeT iqiT darboda rigans da gonerils Soris. isini

taSis SemokvriT mouxmobdnen, aqeT-iqiT arbeninebdnen lirs. aq xdeboda

liris damcireba, misi Rirsebis Selaxva. liris `STamomavloba~

Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad iRvwis. isini, vinc usityvod

emorCilebodnen axirebuli tiranis yovel survils, axla mzad arian

samagieros gadaxdisaTvis. liris tirania, despotizmi Taviseburad, maxinji

formebiT gadasula mis STamomavlebSi. isini mzad arian ara marto liri

gaanadguron, gaacamtveron, aramed erTmaneTs daerion, erTmaneTi mospon.

maT TiTqos kidev ufro dauxvewavT is sastiki qmedebebi, rasac Tavis

droze liri sCadioda. ucnauri Rmuilis xma, romelic speqtaklis

dasawyisidanve pauzebis monacvleobiT gaismoda da mayurebelSi usiamovno

SiSis momgvrel grZnobas iwvevda, axla kidev ufro xazgasmulad

mianiSnebda mosalodnel `qariSxalze~. edmundi (a. xidaSeli) gia yanCelis

`texili~ musikis hangebze cal fexze askinkiliT moemarTeboda

avanscenisken. mas Savi grZeli fraki ecva, Tavze Savi cilindri exura da

xelSi aseve Savi feris fakiris joxi eWira. jvalos usaxuri, nacrisferi

tansacmeli, romelic mas ar ganasxvavebda sxvebisgan, reJisorma e. w.

`magis~ kostiumiT Seucvala. kostiumis gamocvlasTan erTad Seicvala misi

qcevebic: moridebuli, usaxuri axla igi erTgvar mxiarul eSmakunad

gardaisaxeboda. Jonglioris msgavsad xelSi atrialebda joxsa da

cilindrs, msubuqad Sexteboda skamze da iwyebda mayureblisTvis Tavisi

117

boroti zraxvebis gandobas. mTlianobaSi es mizanscena sanaxaobrivi

TvalsazrisiT mimzidveli da Sinaarsobrivad datvirTuli iyo. am epizodSi

liris ufrosi qaliSvilebi reJisorma scenaze datova. isini yurs

ugdebdnen edmunds, mayureblisken zurgiT idgnen da edmundis e. w.

`takimasxaraobis~ ritms TandaTanobiT ayvebodnen. maT samosi jer kidev

Zveli acviaT, jvalos perangebi, magram am mouxeSav kostiumebSic kargad

Canda maT mier Sesrulebuli moZraobebis plastika. TiTqos maT sxeulebSi,

TandaTan, didi xnis dafaruli vneba iRviZebda. edmundi Sav joxs,

romelsac xelSi mudmivad atrialebda, raRac momentSi fexebSua amoidebda

da, TiTqos falosiao, ise `SeaTamaSebda~. rigans da gonerils

erTdroulad aRmoxdebodaT vnebiani gminva. `yovelgvari `qimerisagan~

Tavisufali gmiri mayureblis Tvalwin cinikurad aSiSvlebs Tavis suls,

TiTqos tkbeba mayurebelTa TvalebSi areklili sakuTari sxeulis

gamomwvevi plastikiT, TiTqos darbazsa da scenas Soris aRmarTulia

uxilavi sarke, romlis meSveobiTac igi Tavis oinbazur ileTebs xvews.

saocari aq isaa, romEedmund _ a. xidaSels am SemTxvevaSi, surs mayurebeli

Tavis partniorad aqcios, Tavisi bneli zraxvebis Tanaziari gaxados,

CaiTrios borotebis TamaSis stiqiaSi. amas niSnavs swored mayureblisaken

mimarTuli monologi, romelic masTan dialogs gulisxmobs~.32 _ wers

nodar gurabaniZe.

liris garemocva TiTqos sulmouTmenlad eloda mis mier gadadgmul

nabijs Zalauflebis daTmobisaken. isini momentalurad icvlidnen ier-

saxes. maTTvis es erTi nabiji sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom

Tavisuflad amoesunTqaT, vinaidan didxans inaxavdnen Tavis TavSi Zlier

vnebebs. lirma ki maT misca saSualeba am vnebebis gamoTavisuflebisa. T.

doliZis gonerili, feradi tansacmliT, msubuqi, plastikuri moZraobiT,

romelSic gamosWvioda dauokebeli Jini da avxorcoba, TiTqos tkbeboda

sakuTari silamaziT da sakuTari Tavis rwmeniT aRivseboda. gonerili

daundoblad moiSorebda yvelas, vinc ki win aRudgeboda, amave dros mis

saxes Rimili ar Sordeboda.

32 gurabaniZe n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 401-402.

118

d. xarSilaZis rigansac Wreli kostiumi ecva: gamWvirvale qsovilis

Sarvali, yviTeli, bumbulebiani mokle Jaketi, Tavze mZivebiT moqarguli

qudi. kostiumi mis sxeuls mkveTrad gamohyofda. mas uemocio saubari

hqonda, amave dros gamyinavi, gamWoli xmis tembriT. mis yovel Jestsa Tu

moZraobaSi dauokebeli seqsualuri Jini da vneba igrZnoboda. reJisoris

koncefciiT igi TavSeukavebeli da isteriuli gaxldaT. amazrzeni da

Semzaravi iyo scena, rodesac glosters gaSmagebuli amoglejda Tvals da

Semdeg, miwaze garTxmuls, TvalebSi CaaSardavda.

robert sturuam msaxiobTa kostiumebiT xazgasmuli kontrasti

gviCvena liris mier samefos dayofis pirvel scenasa da danarCen scenebs

Soris. sanam liri_tirani Zalauflebis saTaveSia, mis qveSevrdomebs

(kordilias garda) usaxuri, monacrisfro, erTnairi samosi acviaT. es

liris samyaroa, sadac reJisoris CanafiqriT aranairi pirovnuli ar unda

arsebobdes, sadac adamianebi erTmaneTis msgavsni unda iyvnen, arafriT

gamorCeulni. xolo Semdgom, maTi kostiumebi personaJebis Sinagani bunebis

gamomxatvelia, maTi Sinagani samyaros garegnulad gamomxatveli.

mayureblisTvis erTgvarad SiSis momgvrelia scenaze moqmed pirTa

sisastike, amoraloba, ampartavnoba. aq, am samyaroSi adamianebi ar eridebian

aranair uzneobas _ loTobas, haSiSis mowevas, sisxlis aRrevas, Ralats,

mkvlelobas... sxvis tanjvas da wamebas sruli simSvidiT xvdebian,

mdgomareobidan mxolod maSin gamodian, rodesac maT neba-survils raime

aRudgeba win. aq, am samyaroSi, adamianebi Zalian iolad swiraven erTmaneTs:

mama _ Svils, Svili _ mamas, Zma _ Zmas, erTmaneTis sayvarlebze nadiroben

RviZli debi. adamianebi am samyaroSi cxoveluri instinqtebiT cxovroben

da moqmedeben. yovelgvari adamianuri maTSi dakargulia. ra Tqma unda,

mayureblisTvis Zalian Znelia am samyaros yureba da aRqma. Znelia im

samyaros aRqma, sadac ar arsebobs siyvaruli, samarTlianoba,

urTierTpativiscema, axalgazrda Tu xnieri aq sisastikisa da sikvdilis

zRvarze imyofeba gamudmebiT sibinZuresa da sisxlSi amoTxvrili. am

samyaroSi boroteba mefobs. `speqtakli ise iyo agebuli, rom misi

mravalSriani simboloebiT uxvad gajerebuli reJisoruli partitura TviT

119

im scenebSic ki warmoaCenda liris pirovnebas, romelSic Tavad ramaz

CxikvaZe ar monawileobda. Cven warmogvidgendnen SvilebSi gamxelili mamis

Zalzed sainteresod damuSavebul Temas, romelic ara mxolod liris,

aramed masTan dublirebuli glosteris (a. maxaraZe) Tvisebebis amocnobaSi

exmareboda mayurebels~.33

robert sturua sxvadasxva reJisoruli xerxiT amZafrebs scenaze

warmodgenili samyaros saSinelebebs. am saSinelebebis warmoCeniT mihyavs

mayurebeli daZabulobis ukidures zRvramde. reJisori cdilobs lirTan

erTad mayurebeli Caaxedos im sastik samyaroSi, romelic savsea adamianTa

mier Cadenili danaSaulebiT. mayurebeli SeZras imis CvenebiT, Tu ramxela

sisastikis Cadena SeuZlia adamians. amas reJisori aRwevs sxvadasxva

Teatraluri saSualebis gamoyenebiT _ proJeqtorebis damabrmavebeli

efeqtis meSveobiT elvis imitaciis Seqmna, Weqa-quxilis gamayruebeli xmebis

imitacia, scenis siRrmidan wamosuli gamaognebeli Rmuilis xma da a. S.. es

yvelaferi ki mimarTulia mayureblis gamosafxizleblad. robert sturuas

mier speqtaklSi Seqmnili àtmosfero~, ara marto liris, aramed, dRes

Cvens garSemo arsebuli garemoc aris. sisastike, boroteba,

Seuwynarebloba, gautanloba, despotizmi gana Cvens samyaroSic ar aris

ase uxvad warmodgenili? sarkisebri arekvla mayurebelTa darbazisa

scenaze swored amis mimaniSnebeli gaxldaT. speqtaklSi dro da adgili

aranairad ar iyo Semofargluli. is, rac scenaze xdeboda, nebismier drosa

da sivrceSi SeiZleba ganmeordes.

liris goneba veRar uZlebs, veRar aRiqvams am borotebas da nel-nela

mas goneba ebindeba, igi giJdeba. arada, liri imkis imas, rac Tavad daTesa.

liris STamomavlebsa da qveSevrdomebs kargad aqvT aTvisebuli mis mier

Seqmnili sastiki, despoturi samyaro da misi wesebi. ufro metic,

aTvisebulic aqvT da Sesisxlxorcebulic. isini ufro Sorsac ki midian

sisastikis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT. `samyaros ucvlelobis~ cneba r.

sturuasTvis iseTive miuRebeli da arabunebrivia, rogorc am sityvebis


120

avtoris bertolt brextisaTvis da Tuki r. sturua Tavis saukeTeso

speqtaklebSi daJinebiT Segvaxsenebs imas, rom istoria meordeba, rom

droSi transformirebul adamianTa mankierebani sul ufro met

sicocxlisunarianobasa da damangrevel Zalas iZenen _ es sulac ara

imitom, rom dagvarwmunos adamianTa yofierebis usaSvelobasa da

uazrobaSi~.34

robert sturuam da avTo maxaraZem glosteris saxes mianiWes Zlieri,

winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse xasiaTi. avTo maxaraZis glosteri erTgvarad

imeorebda lirs, mis istorias Sebrunebulad. wynari, mimndobi moxucis

nacvlad glosteri misTvis sanukvar ocnebas atarebs da gulis siRrmeSi

inaxavs. dasawyisSi igi warmogvidgeboda moridebul, rafinirebul,

windaxedul politikosad, romelic liris erTguli msaxuria da cota

SeSinebulic ki aris movlenebis amgvari ganviTarebiT. Semdgom, rodesac

marto rCeba, misi sxeuli TiTqos sicocxliT ivseba. adre liriviT ecva,

axla meTevzis samosi, mZime baTinkebi acvia da xelSi saTevzao bade

uWiravs. Tavze Jokeis qudi axuravs, qudis qveS ki moqsovili CaCi.

mayurebeli advilad xvdeboda lirTan mis msgavsebas, mxolod groteskuli

xerxiT gadawyvetils. igi kamfetis wuwniT iwyebda saubars, TiTqos

mayurebels Tavis gulisnadebs andobso. mis monologSi damwuxrebuli

JReradoba ismoda, xasiaTSi ki mZvinvare buneba boboqrobda. rodesac

edmundi orWofobda, igi mZlavr, mrisxane kacad gardaiqmneboda, mZlavrad

hkravda xels edmunds da skamze daanarcxebda. xolo, rodesac edmundi

Wrilobas uCvenebda èdgaris mier miyenebuls~, glosteri mZlavrad

dahkravda xels sisxlian Wrilobas. da ai, aseTi adamiani ijerebs edmundis

mier SeTiTxnil istorias edgaris Ralatis Sesaxeb. am dajerebis moments

reJisorma da msaxiobma mravali axsna mouZebnes. upirveles yovlisa _

qveyana airia da glosteri momswrea imisa, Tu ra advilad moiSora lirma

uerTgulesi kenti da usayvarlesi qaliSvili kordilia. am areul

qveyanaSi ki Ralati Cveulebriv ambad iqca. glosteri Zalian mSvidi,

sasaubro kiloTi uyveboda mayurebels, rom maT garSemo daisadgura

34 uruSaZe p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 71-72.

121

samyarom, sadac Zma Zmas aRar indobs, megobroba gaufasurda da siyvaruli

ki kvdeba, magram mis saubarSi mayurebeli erTgvar sarkastul momentebs

avlenda. es saSineli movlenebi Cveulebrivi Txrobis sagani gamxdara. ai,

swored amitomac glosters ar ukvirs edgaris Ralati da ijerebs kidec

am Ralatis SesaZleblobas. am areul qveyanaSi glosters kidev erTi

momenti amoZravebs. mas surs didi nadavlis daWera. mas kidev ufro didi

Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba surs da axla ki saukeTeso momentia amisTvis,

roca yvela erTmaneTs daeria. robert sturuam mayureblis winaSe

glosteris ocnebaTa samyaro Teatraluri maskaradis gaTamaSebiT

warmoaCina. gonerilisgan Seuracxyofili da gamogdebuli liri

glosteris sasaxleSi midis. aq mas kidev ufro meti damcireba elis. aq

lirs daxvdebian rigani da kornuoli. sasaxleSi srul siCumes

dausadgurebia. Rreobis Semdeg yvelas CasZineboda. liris mobrZanebas

sasaxlis patroni glosteri Seegebeboda. Savi qaRaldisgan damzadebuli

didi saTvale mas niRabiviT hqonda akruli saxeze. cota xanSi ki

glosteri mayureblis winaSe warsdgeboda oqrosfer mosasxamSi

gamoxveuli, Tavze maRali muyaos gvirgviniT. igi uSvelebel fars eyrdnoba

da didgvarovnis, saxelmwifos mmarTvelis pozaSi, musikis fonze iwyebda

saubars. es gazviadebulad amaRlebuli JReradoba misi saubrisa, komikur

STabeWdilebas tovebda. mTvrali kornuoli sastikad sjida glosters. igi

skamze gaaTokvinebda glosters (es is skamia, romelzec sul cota xnis win

ìcxovra riganTan~) da TiTiT Tvals gamosTxrida. meore Tvals ki rigani

amougdebda. tkivilisagan gamwarebuli glosteri skamianad wamoiWreboda,

magram iqve daecemoda. rigani ki gadaalajebda da TvalebSi `CaaSardavda~.

iseve rogorc lirs SeSlilobis Semdeg ZaluZs WeSmaritebis ganWvreta da

SegrZneba, dabrmavebul glostersac Tvalebi èxileba~ sinamdvileze.

aRsaniSnavia speqtaklSi TvalebdaTxrili glosterisa da SeSlili

liris Sexvedris scena. ori gamoZevebuli, devnili, uZluri moxuci

erTmaneTs ukacriel sivrceSi xvdeboda. liris areuli goneba raRac

momentebSi naTdeboda. dauZlurebuli glosteri ki TanagrZnobas iCenda

liris mimarT. glosteri Tavad ganicdida autanel fizikur Tu sulier

122

tkivils, magaram mainc liris gamo wuxda da lamobda mis sulier

gankurnebas. es yvelaferi a. maxaraZis xmaSi gamosWvioda. igi fizikuradac,

Tavisi sxeulis siTboTi cdilobda moxuci liris qariSxalSi gayinuli

sxeulis gaTbobas. SeSlili liri ver xvdeboda glosteris am

TanagrZnobas. xolo glosterisaTvis ki dabeCavebul lirTan Sexvedra

TiTqos misi Tvalaxelis dasawyisia. lirTan Sexvedrisas mis isedac

tragikulobiT aRsavse samyaroSi, kidev ufro didi da tragikuli tkivili

SeiWra da SeZra igi. am epizods aboloebda mokveTil SvilTan ukanaskneli

Sexvedris scena.

amdeni Seuracxyofisa da damcirebis Semdeg glosteri ukve

yvelafers `xedavda~ da ase `Tvalaxelili~ gadadioda maradiul

sibneleSi. am SemTxvevaSic man liris msgavsi gza gamoiara, magram amjerad

uRrmesi dramatizmiT aRsavse. Tuki adre misi msgavseba lirTan komikur

xasiaTs atarebda, amjerad misi am qveynidan wasvla aRsavsea dramatizmiT.

igi midis am cxovrebidan yvelasgan mitovebuli, aravin miutevebs mas

misTvis sabediswero Secdomebs, codvebs, vinaidan samyaro, sadac cxovreba

ganvlo, usiyvarulo da ulmobeli samyaroa. verc SeSlilma lirma gaugo

da uTanagrZno da verc Svilma apatia maniakalurobaSi gadazrdili

eWvianoba. SeqspirTan glosteri TiTqos ar aris damnaSave masze Tavs

datexili ubedurebebis gamo. robert sturuam ki mayurebels warmoudgina

glosteri, romelmac Sva edmundi _ `suliT maxinji, ukanono Svili~.

òdesme mTeli samyaro ase daingreva _ ambobs piesaSi gonebaSeSlili

liris Semyure glosteri. liris `paraleluri“ gmiris is

winaswarmetyveleba sturuaseuli dadgmis zeamocanas warmoadgens. swored

es azri `moaqvT“ kulminaciuri momentebis ,,mecxre zvirTebs“, igi msWvalavs

speqtaklis mTel saxier wyobas da bolos, axdeba kidec finalSi

nawilebad daSlili samyaros saxiT~.35

scenaze warmodgenili samyaro sul male daingreva. amis Sesaxeb

robert sturua mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli saTeatro enis

gansxvavebuli xerxebiT amcnobda mayurebels. `scenaze warmodgenili

35 uruSaZe p. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 73.

123

samyaro ki, mZimed daWrili, kvnesis, oxravs, idumali xmebis grgvinviT

auwyebs adamianebs mosalodnel katastrofas, magram isini _ sakuTar

vnebaTa oromtrialSi CarTulni, ver xvdebian bunebis gamafrTxilebeli

xmebis azrs~.36

masxaras saxe yovelTvis iyo SeqspirologTa kamaTisa da davis sagani.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobda misi gaqroba piesidan. Janri

lolaSvilis masxarac araerTgvarovani da mravalplaniani iyo. reJisorma

mis pirvelive gamoCenas scenaze garkveuli ucnaurobis elferi SesZina. igi

swrafi musikaluri ritmis TanxlebiT muxlebze daCoqili SemoiWreboda

scenaze, pirdapir lirisken midioda, miuaxlovdeboda mas da Tavs Caudebda

kalTaSi. mas grZeli Savi serTuki da daxeuli fexsacmelebi ecva. Savi

Tmebi gaCeCili hqonda. igi SeiZleboda Segedarebina cirkis jambazisTvis.

mis Savad moelvare TvalebSi usazRvro sevdac gamosWvioda. igi Tavis

brZnul, mware xumrobebs swraf-swrafad warmoTqvamda, TiTqos

sasxvaTaSorisod. mayurebels STabeWdileba rCeboda, rom masxaram winaswar

icoda, lirs simarTles mainc ver Seagnebinebda. masxara samefo taxt-

saxrCobelaze Semomxtari plastikur moZraobebze agebda Tavis monologs.

mis sityvebSi igrZnoboda groteskic. igi sxvadasxva Jestebs usadagebda

warmoTqmul `mware xumrobebs~. Tuki naTqvami `dafaruli~ iyo, maSin Jesti

pirdapir mianiSnebda da piriqiT, `Riad naTqvams~ dafaruli Jesti mosdevda.

karis masxara `mware simarTles~ ambobda da ganasaxierebda erTdroulad.

amasTan, Tavis xelobasac ki dascinoda. igi xazgasmuli TeatralobiT,

paTetikuri intonaciebiTa da JestebiT esaubreboda lirs. liri Tavidan

mxars ubamda masxaras, simpaTiiT Sescqeroda mis oinbazobas, magram raRac

momentSi Riziandeboda. Janri lolaSvilis masxara xan gulTbili, xan

mwared damcinavi, xan agresiuli da xanac cotaTi SeSinebulic iyo. igi xom

Tavisi xumrobebiT sikvdils eTamaSeboda. mayurebeli grZnobda, rom

masxara yovel gabedul, `mware xumrobas~ cotaTi Secbunebuli amTavrebda

da Tanac ise, rom ukandasaxev gzas itovebda, anu naTqvamis gadasxvaferebis

SesaZleblobas. yvelaze `mware simarTle-xumrobas~ muxlebze daCoqili


124

ambobda, TiTqos amiT Tavis morCilebas gamoxatavda. scenaze saidanRac

Toki Cndeboda. kiserze Tokgamobmuli xan masxara iyo, xan liri. es Toki

TiTqos ori gmiris _ masxaras da liris samudamod damakavSireblad

iqceoda. es Toki Zalian xazgasmiT iyo gaTamaSebuli am epizodSi. kiserze

Tokgamobmuli liri bavSviviT `cxenosnobas~ TamaSobs, daCoqil lirs win

masxara Caucucqdeboda, Toks dabla daagdebda da TiTqos moisaqmebda. am

qmedebiT masxaras, TiTqos surda lirisTvis eCvenebina, Tu ra darCeboda

misi mefobidan. raRac momentSi masxara lokokinas daiWerda da lirs

uCvenebda, riTac eubneboda am erTi bewo lokokinasac ki aqvs Tavis

sakuTari saxlio. laparakisas, liri ucabedad fexs daadgamda lokokinas

da gasresda. masxara xmamaRla wamoiyvirebda: Sen rom Cemi masxara

yofiliyavi, cemiT amogxdidi sulso. r. CxikvaZis liri ki dadardianebuli,

Cafiqrebuli gaxldaT, sul cota xnis win, ganrisxebulma sayvareli

qaliSvili moikveTa. liri skamze daRlili daeSveboda, Tavis fiqrebSi

garTuli. raRac momentSi, TiTqos ahyveboda kidec masxaras xumrobebSi,

magaram fiqri, axlaxan mokveTil qaliSvilze ar asvenebda. TandaTan

TiTqos isev brazi moereoda. masxara grZnobda mefis ganwyobas da

cdilobda Tavisi `mware xumrobebis~ Serbilebas. ramaz CxikvaZes da Janri

lolaSvils ise mihyavdaT am scenaSi Tavisi urTierTobebi, rom mayurebeli

grZnobda im siTbos da siaxloves, rac mefesa da mis erTgul masxaras

Soris SeiZleboda arsebuliyo. es gansakuTrebiT kargad gamoCnda im

epizodSi, rodesac lirs qaliSvilebi amcireben. aq Janri lolaSvilis

masxara TanaugrZnobda arafris mqone mefes, Tumca simarTles ambobda,

magram ukve Serbilebulad da ara ise `mwared~ da `mkvaxed~, rogorc amas

akeTebda xolme. `Tu aqamde r. sturuas àmaRlebuli~, tragikuli gmirebi _

tragifarsis samyaroSi amTavrebdnen sicocxles, aq man da J. lolaSvilma

masxaras groteskuli figura Rrma adamianuri tkivilebiT da gancdebiT

aavses, aqcies igi tragikul gmirad, da rogorc es tragikul gmirs

Seefereba _ misi sicocxle sikvdiliT daasrules scenaze... SeSlilobis

125

zRvramde misuli liri, mtanjveli halucinaciebis Semdeg, samgzis gauyris

mucelSi danas...~37

liri samjer gauyrida danas masxaras. pirveli dartyma moulodneli

iyo masxarasaTvis da igi gaognebisgan gaRimebuli xvdeboda am pirvel

dartymas. meore dartymaze fexis wverebze wamoiweoda, mesameze ki dabla

eSveboda, mis saxeze ki aRibeWdeboda mimtevebloba. liris gamometyveleba

ki am dros uazro, SeSlilis gamometyveleba gaxldaT. igi gauazreblad

urtyamda danas masxaras. mxolod mesamed danis gayris Semdgom, mis

Tvalebs TiTqos azri ubrundeboda da xvdeboda, rac Caidina, magram ukve

Zalze gviani iyo. masxara ukve mkvdaria. im wuTebSi liri TiTqos xvdeboda,

rom masxaras mkvlelobiT man sakuTari Tavis mkvleloba Caidina.

SeqspirTan masxara ar kvdeba. robert sturuas speqtaklSi Janri

lolaSvilis gardacvlili masxara uecrad wamoxteboda da cal fexze da

cal xelze dayrdnobili xtunviT gadioda scenidan.

liri Seirya mis garSemo datrialebuli saSinelebebis yurebiT da

gancdiliT, magram es yvelaferi misi Seqmnili da daTesili borotebis

logikuri ganviTarebaa. amaSi TviTvea damnaSave da sxvas ver daabralebs.

borotebam Tavis ganviTarebaSi iseT sazRvrebs miaRwia, rom liris gonebas

ukve aRar SeeZlo yvelafris aRqma da gaanalizeba. am borotebiT aRsavse

ukuRmarT samyaroSi, adamianuri urTierTobebi aRar arsebobs, adamianebi

TavianT instinqtebs ahyolian da mxolod am instinqtebiT cxovroben. ai, am

situaciaSi, am movlenebis ganviTarebis fonze liri cdilobda sakuTari

Tavis Secnobas. liri grZnobda da mwvavedac ganicdida sakuTar umweobas

mis garSemo arsebuli realobis winaSe. lirma mxolod Tavs datexili

ubedurebebis, sulieri tanjvis fonze SeZlo gaecnobierebina da

gaeanalizebina sxvisi gancdebi. liri TandaTan TanagrZnobas iwvevda

mayurebelSi. liris e. w. `kaTarzisi~ mayurebelSi misadmi simpaTias

aRviZebda. liris ampartavneba, siamaye, TviTdajerebuloba moryeuli da

damsxvreulia. misi qceva Tu saubari lmobieri xdeba. igi kompromiszec ki


126

midioda Tavis qaliSvilebTan urTierTobaSi, magram pasuxad kidev ufro

daxvewil siborotes da daundoblobas awydeboda.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, saocrad efeqturad iyo gadawyvetili

speqtaklSi glosteris sasaxleSi lirisa da misi qaliSvilebis Sexvedris

scena. am scenaSi rigani da gonerili, TiTqos patara bavSvi iyos, alersiT

esaubrebodnen, uyvavebdnen `moxuc mamas~. damamcirebeli da

Seuracxmyofeli iyo, rodesac Tvalaxveul liri, Svilebs Soris taSis

xmaze darboda aqeT-iqeT. epizodis bolos, scenaze Semodiodnen SavebSi

Semosili adamianebi, Savi niRbebiT. isini nel-nela miiwevdnen lirisa da

masxarisaken. SeSinebuli masxara raRac momentSi yvirils iwyebda. liri

dabneuli da SeSinebuli uyurebda am saocar arsebebs. isini fexebSi da

xelebSi waavlebdnen lirs da ramdenjerme haerSi aisvridnen,

aaburTavebdnen. musika, yvirili, xmauri, niRbosnebi, haerSi asrolili liri

_ scenaze qaoturobisa da aRreulobis atmosferos qmnida. raRac momentSi

es yvelaferi mayurebelSi àpokalifsis~ gancdas iwvevda. saocrad

asrulebda am scenaSi ramaz CxikvaZe gaognebuli, dapataravebuli, ususuri,

odesRac Zlevamosili mefis gancdebs. `groteskul-absurdul samyaroSi

moqceuli liris Rrma adamianuri gancdebi, misi TviTironia, ase

brwyinvaled gamovlenili msaxiobisa da reJisoris mier, am speqtaklis

erT-erT umTavres Rirsebad mimaCnia. polistilistikis da mravalxmianobis

am rTul kontrapunqtSi `Casmuli~ fsiqologia Serwymuli `klasikur

absurdizmebTan~ _ zemoqmedebis did Zalas ikrebs. r. CxikvaZe

TandaTanobiT, didis ostatobiT gviCvenebs gadasvlas liris erTi

mdgomareobidan meoreSi. aq ar aris mkveTri naxtomebi, moulodneli

Semobrunebani: wveTobiT grovdeba mis arsebaSi tanjvis vnebani~,38 _ wers n.

gurabaniZe.

Zalian originalurad da sainteresod iyo gadawyvetili `qariSxlis~

scena. scenaze ucnauri gugunis xma gaismoda. scenis sigrZeze dakidebuli

rkinis relsebi irxeodnen. am epizodSi mTeli yuradReba reJisoris mier

koncentrirebuli iyo msaxiobze. erT-erT interviuSi robert sturua


127

ambobs, rom qariSxali, es liris gonebaSi datrialebuli stiqiaa, mas

qariSxali elandeba. ramaz CxikvaZis liri gauazreblad daborialobda

scenaze. mis saxeze airekleboda xan SeSlili adamianis gamometyveleba da

xan mis TvalebSi saRi azri ikveTeboda. erTxans scenaze borialis Semdeg,

miadgeboda taxt-saxrCobelas, masze Sedgeboda, CaebRauWeboda saxrCobelas

yulfs da aRmoxdeboda qariSxlis moxmoba, raTa es borotebiT aRsavse,

codvili qveyana waeleka. liri TiTqos mSviddeboda. amis Semdeg

xvdebodnen erTmaneTs liri da glosteri. ori tragikuli istoriis mqone

moxuci. liri glosters Tvalis gugebSi amousvamda TiTebs da eubneboda,

TvalebiT gicanio. isini erTmaneTs gadaexveodnen da Zirs goravdnen. liri

Tavidan iSorebda glosters da aq es ori msgavsi cxovrebis gmiri

sabolood scildeboda erTmaneTs. Semdgom scenaze siCume isadgurebda.

kordilia da liri erTmaneTs xvdebodnen. raRac momentSi igi ver cnobda

kordilias. Semdeg Seicnobda, mzerasa da xmaSi sixarulis nacvlad

Secbuneba, damorcxveba gamosWvioda. patiebas sTxovda kordilias. lirs

goneba gaunaTda, axla igi adamianuri sikeTiTa da siTboTia gamsWvaluli,

magram liris es metamorfoza Zalze dagvianebulia. scenis sxvadasxva

mxridan mococavdnen SemaZrwunebeli Savi figurebi. isini mivardebodnen

lirsa da kordilias, xelSi aiyvandnen maT da sxvadasxva mxares

gaitacebdnen. es yvelaferi saSineli xmauris fonze xdeboda. lirs da

kordilias erTmaneTisken xelebi hqondaT gaSverili, magram isini

uCinardebodnen scenis siRrmeSi, sibneleSi. am dros scenaze TiTqos

miwisZvra iwyeboda, irgvliv saSineli gugunis fonze yvelaferi iryeoda da

ingreoda. scenis siRrmidan kvamli gamodioda, am kvamls proJeqtoris sxivi

kveTda. adamianebi, romlebic scenaze idgnen, Zirs ecemodnen. irgvliv

yvelaferi ingreoda, scenaze sarkisebrad areklili parteri mTlianad

Camoiqceoda. Tavis droze liris mier Seqmnili samyaro mTlianad

nadgurdeboda. e. w. moTvalTvalisa Tu damkvirveblis fituli umweod

qanaobda haerSi. scenaze kvlav siCume isadgurebda. liri nel-nela

Semodioda scenaze da mxrebSi Tokgamobmul kordilias Zlivs moaTrevda,

Semdeg Camojdeboda avanscenaze, kordilias gulSi ikravda da

128

sasowarkveTili darbazs mimarTavda: `mkvlelebi xarT! gamyidvelebi!

SegaCvenoT ufalma yvela!~ sasowarkveTili liri sruliad marto rCeboda

am daqceul samyaroSi. aseTi iyo speqtaklis finali, Semzaravi,

erTdroulad damTrgunveli da saocrad gulisamaCuyebeli.

`kvlav gaismoda speqtaklis dasawyisSi gaJRerebuli axali

apokalifsis Zveli xmebi da ingreoda kidec is saremonto nageboba,

romelsac CvenTan erTad Sescqeroda liris Teatris kidev ori aqac

erTmaneTTan dublirebuli figura – qandaraze wamomjdari utyvi

maradiuli mayurebeli da Zelze daskupebuli maimuni. es ori

indiferentuli figura, raRa Tqma unda, mayurebelTan iyo

identificirebuli da liris Teatris Semzaravi finalic misi zneobrivi

Tu inteleqtualuri umwifrobiT gaxldaT ganpirobebuli~.39

robert sturuas `mefe lirSi~ gamoCnda reJisoris `saTeatro enis~

axali plastebi, axali Sreebi. es iyo gansxvavebuli robert sturuas

politikuri Teatrisagan. TamaSis axleburi manera, fsiqologiuri svlebi

Serwymuli mis Teatralur stilistikasTan ufro met Sinagan Zalas da

siTbos aniWebda speqtakls.

makbeti

robert sturuam Seqspiris `makbeti~ rusTavelis TeatrSi 1995 wels

dadga. es iyo reJisoris mier saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli Seqspiris

mesame tragedia. robert sturua `riCard mesameSi~ da `mefe lirSi~ wina

planze wamoswevs saukuneebis manZilze msoflioSi kacobriobis mier

Cadenil borotebas, kacobriobis uzarmazar uaryofiT energias, im

energias, romelmac msoflio katastrofamde SeiZleba miiyvanos. `makbetSi~

reJisori isev mimarTavs ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis Temas, magram am

SemTxvevaSi igi yuradRebas amaxvilebs adamianze, mis gancdebze. am


129

speqtaklSi ufro mZafrad gamoikveTa samyaro adamianTa codvebiTa Tu

ubiwoebiT aRvsili. aq adamianis sulieri ngreva, gadagvareba, sikvdili

gaTanabrebulia samyaros ngrevasa da gacamtverebasTan.

`makbetSi~ dro ar aris gansazRvruli. is, rac scenaze xdeba, yovel

drosa da epoqaSi SeiZleboda momxdariyo da momavalSic moxdes. reJisoris

am Canafiqrs scenografia (mxatvari m. SveliZe) da kostiumebi mkveTrad

usvamen xazs. speqtakli TiTqos migdebul sardafSi an, SeiZleba, bunkerSi

TamaSdeba. scenaze mimofantuli nivTebi drois ganusazRvrelobas usvams

xazs. scenis Suaguli TiTqmis carielia. ufro swori iqneboda meTqva,

gacamtverebulia. scenis orive mxares CaSavebuli kedlebi omis Semdgom

gadabuguli Senobebis narCenebis STabeWdilebas toveben. adgilebSi moCans

daJangebuli, gamoCrili milebi da eleqtrosadenebi. gaugebar nagebobebze

mtvriani polieTilenis materiebia Camofarebuli. zemoT, mTeli scenis

gaswvriv celofania gadaWimuli, romelic scenaze gaTamaSebuli

movlenebis ganviTarebasTan erTad xan TiTqos moiqufreba, xan scenaze

CamoeSveba da fardis rols asrulebs da scenas orad yofs. avanscenaze

wiTeli savarZeli dgas, mis garSemo sxvadasxva nivTia mimobneuli. marjvniv

maRalzurgiani Savi savarZelia. gverdiTa loJaze miyudebulia wmindanis

fituli, wminda weriliT xelSi. TabaSirisagan damzadebuli Tavi metalis

joxzea wamocmuli. qvabSi adamianis fitulia Cakidebuli. qveviT, mTel

sigrZeze, gafenilia tyavismagvari, WuWyiani, TiTqos sisxliT gaJRenTili,

qsovili. scenis garSemo xmlebia CarWobili. cariel scenaze dgas mxolod

Savad SeRebili tabureti _ samefo taxtis komikuri analogi. scenaze

Seqmnilia usaxuri, erTferovani samyaro, sadac sicocxlisTvis adgili ar

arsebobs. swored am garemoSi TamaSdeba amazrzeni, binZuri brZola

ZalauflebisaTvis.

àm speqtaklSi adamianis sulieri gadagvareba da sikvdili aRiqmeba

aranakleb tragikul movlenad, vidre samyaros hipoTeturi ngreva da

gacamtvereba~.40 _ wers paola uruSaZe.

40 uruSaZe p. `robert sturuas makbeti~, Jur. `xelovneba~ 2001. #3-4. gv. 7.

130

speqtaklSi yvelaferi reJisoris nebas eqvemdebareba. aq, xazgasmulia

mxolod misi xedva speqtaklSi warmoCenili konfliqturi situaciebisa.

scenografia, mizanscenebi, Strixebi, msaxiobebis TamaSi reJisoris zust,

TiTqosda maTematikur gaTvlebs eqvemdebareba. aq, am speqtaklSi yvelaferi

TamaSobs: tani, xelebi, TiTebis plastika. TiToeuli moZraoba, yvelaferi

dakavSirebulia adamianis sulierebasTan, mis Sinagan ganwyobasTan.

`makbetSi~ robert sturuas sareJisoro ena Sors aris `yofiTi~ scenuri

urTierTobebisgan, cxovrebiseuli detalebisgan. aq, TiTqos, yvelaferi

ukiduresi daZabulobis zRvarze mimdinareobs. speqtakli ar aris

gadatvirTuli efeqtebiT, magram amave dros mayurebeli SeigrZnobs

reJisoris ulevi fantaziis nayofs.

speqtaklis dasawyisSi zaza papuaSvilis makbeti erTgvar nagvis

grovaSi Tvlems. mxolod viwro Suqis zoli gamoyofs mas sibnelidan. igi

gayuCebulia, TiTqos elis xelsayrel moments, raTa es momenti xelidan ar

gauSvas da samefo gvirgvins daeuflos. am natvris asaxdenad ki

xelsayreli pirobebia saWiro. speqtaklSi makbetis garSemo arsebuli

qveyana ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis morevSia Cafluli. aq yovel

avantiurists SeuZlia ibrZolos taxtisTvis. amisaTvis igi sxvebze odnav

Wkviani, moxerxebuli, sastiki da daundobeli unda iyos. aq, am samyaroSi,

aravinaa ucodveli. piesis personaJebisagan gansxvavebiT, speqtaklSi mefe

dunkanic (daviT papuaSvili) sisxliani tirania. danarCeni didebulebic,

qveynis mmarTvelobis saTaveSi myofni, masaviT TvalTmaqcni arian. yvelani

erTnairebi arian da yovelis sanukvari ocneba samefo gvirgvinia. samefo

gvirgvinisaTvis brZolaSi ki xan erTi imarjvebs, xan meore.

robert sturuas makbets samefo atributika, simboloebi saerTod ar

ainteresebs. misTvis mTavaria Zalauflebis mopoveba, rac mas saSualebas

miscems ibatonos adamianebze. sisxlis suni aTrobs da abruebs. piesaSi

makbeti SeSfoTebulia imis gamo, rom xelebidan sisxlis laqebs ver

iSorebs, speqtaklSi ki makbeti sisxlis sunis SegrZnebas ver iSorebs. mefe

dunkanis mkvlelobis Semdeg igi xSirad ynosavs Tavis xelebs.

Tavdapirvelad mas TiTqos gulisrevis SegrZneba eufleba, magram Semdgom,

131

sisxlis suni axali sisxlis daRvris survils aRuZravs. ledi makbetic

raRacnairi netarebiT Seiynosavs xolme am sisxlis suns. magaliTad,

makbetTan alersis scenaSi igi xarbad daynosavs meuRlis xelebs da mis

saxeze Rimili gakrTeba. sisxlis suni meuRleebs TiTqos simxneves matebs

da Semdgomi qmedebebis survils aRuZravs. amasTanave, makbets sindisis

qenjnac awuxebs. mas aRelvebs ìmqveyniuri dasjis~ sakiTxi. zaza

papuaSvilis makbetisTvis ar aris sulerTi, Tu ra moelis mas sikvdilis

Semdeg. speqtaklSi makbetisTvis erT-erTi yvelaze sulisSemZvreli kiTxvaa:

`da me sad gameRviZeba?~ es fraza reJisoris CarTulia, rac kidev ufro

metad aRrmavebs makbetis danaSaulis da sasjelis mniSvnelobas. erTxel

Cadenili borotebis, mkvlelobis Semdeg, sindisis qenjnis miuxedavad,

makbeti jiutad agrZelebs sakuTar TavSi adamianuri grZnobebis Cakvlas.

TiTqos borotebas gemo gaugoo, veRar Cerdeba, Tumca dunkanis mkvlelobis

Semdeg igi Tavad aRar isvris sisxlSi xelebs da mkvlelebs qiraobs.

speqtaklSi zaza papuaSvilis makbeti da nino kasraZis ledi makbeti

ufro axalgazrdebi arian, vidre es piesaSia. gaaxalgazrdavebulia

speqtaklSi maTi garemocvac. isini TiTqos daavadebulni arian

mkvlelobebis Cadenis sindromiT da daufiqreblad xocaven erTmaneTs.

maTSi Cabudebuli sisastike uazro da auxsnelia. isini TiTqos gangebam

Seqmna mkvlelebad. amis xazgasasmelad robert sturuam grZneuli debis

saxeebi groteskul aspeqtSi gadawyvita. sam grZneul arsebas speqtaklSi

ufrosi Taobis msaxiobebi: giorgi gegeWkori, guram saRaraZe da jemal

RaRaniZe ganasaxierebdnen. reJisoris CanafiqriT isini idumali moCvenebebi

ki ara, aramed gaurkveveli sqesis arsebebi arian. reJisori daeyrdno

piesaSive arsebul miniSnebas _ banqo mimarTavs kudianebs: `dedakacebi unda

iyoT, magram eg wveri sxvas mowmobs~. sturuas alqajebi ufro miwierni

arian, vidre mistikurni. reJisorma da msaxiobebma ganzrax mimarTes yofiT

detalebs, raTa alqajebi ufro cocxal, miwier arsebebad eqciaT. maTi

personaJebi speqtaklSi ufro sasaciloebi Canan, vidre idumalni da

mistikurni. `jadosnobis~ adgili didi sardafia, romlis SuagulSi qvabi

daudgamT, grZneul naxarSs aTuxTuxeben da xtunva-xtunviT uvlian gars.

132

eSmakeulnic da adamianebic, reJisorisa da mxatvris CanafiqriT, erTsa da

imave garemoSi moqmedeben. es garemo jojoxeTis asociacias iwvevs.

speqtaklSi zRvari adamianebsa da grZneulebs Soris ar arsebobs.

grZneulebi gaadamianurebulebi arian da, piriqiT, adamianebi satanisebr

arsebebad gvevlinebian. amitomac aris, rom makbeti aranair gaucxoebas ar

ganicdis maT sabrZanebelSi, maTTan erTad amzadebs jadosnur naxarSs da

gemosac ki usinjavs. reJisoris interpretaciiT, makbetis beds Tavad

makbeti ganagebs da ara es grZneuli arsebebi. ritualebi, romlebsac

alqajebi asruleben, komikur xasiaTsac ki atareben. reJisoris CanafiqriT

msaxiobebi xazs usvamen im garemoebas, rom isini, swored rom, TamaSoben

grZneulebs. amitomac arian isini ufro groteskulebi da ara idumalebiT

garemoculni. makbetis moqmedeba mxolod formalurad aris dakavSirebuli

grZneulebis winaswarmetyvelebasTan. makbeti ar moqmedebs sxvisi karnaxiT,

vinaidan Tavis bedisweras Tavadve gansazRvravs. marTalia, igi meoredac

midis grZneulebTan, magram gulgrilad usmens maT darigebebs, vinaidan

mSvenivrad icis, Tu rogori iqneba misi Semdgomi nabijebi.

SeqspirTan makbets gmiruli da saxelovani warsuli aqvs. robert

sturuas interpretaciiT ki z. papuaSvilis makbetis warsuli erTgvarad

ugulebelyofilia. igi TiTqos warsulis gareSe xvdeba am samyaroSi, sadac

TviTon, brZoliTa da agresiiT, unda ipovos sakuTari Tavi.

`rogorc cnobilia, tragedia `makbeti~ gamsWvalulia arsebobis

orazrovnebis suliskveTebiT. gmiris vaJkacoba, qveloba saSinel

borotebaSi gadaizrdeba, riTac TviT es qvelobaa eWvqveS dayenebuli. r.

sturuas mixedviT, yovlismomcveli qaosi stiqiurad amoraluria da

gulgrilia yvelanairi borotebisa da sikeTis mimarT. amas ganasaxierebs

swored z. papuaSvilis makbeti. tragikuli kolizia mis SigniTaa, mis

sulSia dabudebuli, anu mas ar upirispirdeba (garkveul dromde) raime

garegani faqtori, an vinme _ antigmiri. amitom igi, Seqspiris gmirisagan

gansxvavebiT, ar aris zebunebrivi Zalebisgan _ am SemTxvevaSi grZneuli,

kudiani qalebisagan _ amaRlebuli gmiri~.41

41gurabaniZe n. reJisori robert sturua. Tb. `xelovneba~. 1997. gv. 476-477.

133

robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis, misi Teatraluri

esTetikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia dramaturgiis sapirispiro gziT siaruli.

imavdroulad igi axerxebs asaxos dramaturgiuli Canafiqri. am

SemTxvevaSic robert sturuas grZneuli qalebi formaluri mxatvruli

xerxia, metaforaa. maT gamosaxvas reJisorma Camoacila yovelgvari

tragikuli, mistikuri, idumali paTosi. aseve, Seqspiris tragikuli gmiri

makbeti speqtaklSi erTob miwieria, aranairi sidiade da gansakuTrebuloba

ar axasiaTebs z. papuaSvilis makbets.

`robert sturuas speqtaklSi bedi makbetis winaSe warsdgeba ara

`grZneuli debis~ zRapruli saxiT, aramed swored adamianuri, dakninebis

da gadagvarebis gansaxierebiT. da, amave dros, es marTlac rom ucnauri

arsebani (Weird Sisters) Cvens TvalSi ufro sasaciloni Canan, vidre SiSis

momgvrelni _ Tavisi suleluri xiTxiTiTa da CifCifiT, moulodneli

paTetikiT, mediduri pozebiTa da JestebiT, aSkarad Tavis gemoze SerCeuli

xatovani ZonZebiT~.42

zaza papuaSvilis TamaSSi wina planzea wamoweuli makbetis sulieri

dakninebis procesi. movlenebis ganviTarebasTan erTad igi TandaTan

kargavs adamianur Rirsebebs da sul ufro naklebad mogvagonebs mamac

meomars. misi arseba iJRinTeba borotebiT da siZulviliT, sakuTari

Tavisadmi pativiscemas enacvleba agresiuli TviTdamkvidrebisaken ltolva.

mis sulSi gaCenil sicarieles ki SiSis grZnoba avsebs. am SiSis grZnobis

damalvas igi jambazobiT da cinizmiT cdilobs. kudianebTan Sexvedris

Semdeg makbetis yvela qvena grZnoba gamosavals poulobs. misi erTguli

Tanamzraxveli _ ledi makbeti, romelsac nino kasraZe asaxierebs robert

sturuas speqtaklSi, momxibvleli, nazi, mimzidveli axalgazrda qalia. maT

erTmaneTisadmi Zlieri ltolva aqvT. ledi makbeti am ltolvas

ostaturad iyenebs da cdilobs qmris gaorebisa da yoymanis aRmofxvras.

speqtakli qmnis SiSis, sikvdilis, katastrofis molodinis

atmosferos. aq, am garemoSi, yvela erTmaneTs mtrobs. scenaze

damTrgunveli ganwyobilebaa gamefebuli. daviT papuaSvilis mefe dunkanic


134

ki daundobeli da borotebiT aris aRvsili. misi pirveli gamoCena scenaze

gia yanCelis musikis TanxlebiT erTgvar sabrZolo Tavdasxmas mogvagonebs.

igi Tavisi amaliT SemoiWreba scenaze. gaismis ucnauri xmebi, rkinis

JRaruni, kvnesa, oxvra, frinvelTa gamkivani xmebi, jariskacTa legionebis

nabijebis xmebi. dunkani da misi jariskacebi avanscenisken moabijeben.

keTili ambis mauwyebel, sasikvdilod daWril jariskacs dunkani yelSi

xels wauWers da awamebs.

mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi normaluri adamianuri

urTierTobebi TiTqmis ar xorcieldeba. qmedebebSi Warbobs damcireba,

Zalmomreoba, cinizmi, mkvleloba, gaSmagebuli seqsualuri urTierTobani.

ufro metic, speqtaklSi Cveulebrivad TiTqos arc dadian: an darbian, an

Zirs dacemulni xoxaven, an erTmaneTs ebrZvian, moWrili TavebiT

burTaoben. mravlis mimniSnebelia moRalate kavdoris mTavris sikvdilis

epizodi. urikaze moTavsebul TavmokveTil gvams Semoagoreben scenaze,

Semdeg ki saorkestro ormoSi gadauZaxeben. es epizodi makbetisTvis bevris

mimaniSnebelia. kavdoris mTavari makbetiviT warCinebuli didebulia.

makbetma misgan ara marto misi adgil-mamuli, aramed TiTqos sulic miiRo.

makbeti _ z. papuaSvili, xeliT exeba mis waWril Tavs da sisxlian xelebs

daynosavs. Tavidan zizRis grZnoba eufleba, mere ki am zizRs erTgvari

netareba cvlis, ufro Rrmad Seiynosavs sisxlis mZafr surnels. robert

sturuam am scenas sabediswero mniSvneloba mianiWa. aq gadmotanili riCard

mesames fraza _ `Cven codvilni, mxolod saxeebs vcnobT da ara gulebs~,

usazRvrod vendobodi am didebulso, _ romelsac mefe dunkani

warmoTqvams, makbets unda moxvedroda gulze. es fraza xom swored misi

misamarTiT iyo naTqvami, magram makbetis ukan daxeva SeuZlebelia, igi

ukve daadga sisxlian gzas.

speqtaklSi mkvdrebs ar asaflaveben. maT TiTqos uzarmazar

nagavsayrelze gadaisvrian xolme. Tavad mefe dunkansac qsovilSi gaxveuls

moaTreven da avanscenaze daasveneben. celofnis WuWyiani ca kulminaciisas

talRisebr moZraobas iwyebs, misi neli rxeva avismomaswavebelia. scenaze

maxvilebia mimobneuli, amdenad, dapirispirebulebs iaraRis Zebnac ki ar

135

sWirdebaT. speqtaklSi erTxel moklulebi kvlav agrZeleben sicocxles da

ara marto makbetisa da misi meuRlis `zmanebebSi~, aramed `realurad~.

isini cocxldebian piradi SurisZiebisaTvis da ara samarTlianobis

aRsadgenad. sikeTe da samarTlianoba Sors aris am adamianebisagan. Tumca,

makbetis boroteba erTxel ukve moklulebs aiZulebs mis mowinaaRmdegeTa

banakSi yofnas. makbetis kidev ufro didi borotebis winaaRmdeg mkvdrebi

da cocxlebi erTiandebian. makbetis mier mokluli dunkani, romlis

qsovilSi gaxveuli gvami avanscenaze miatoves, gainZreva, Tavs

gamoiTavisuflebs da ambobs, Tu ramdeni sazareli ambis momaswre yofila

cxovrebis manZilze, magram aseTi saSineli Rame jer ar maxsovso. es

TiTqos sakuTari mkvlelobis mxilvelis aRsarebaa da amave dros ukve

dawyebuli `saSineli Rameebis~ koSmaris gancdac. es `saSineli Rame~ mZime

tvirTad awevT speqtaklis gmirebs.

`moqmedebis adgilis da drois pirobiToba, speqtaklis irealuri

àre~ arc erTi wamiT ar arRveven gmiris saxis fsiqologiur mTlianobas,

misi scenuri ganviTarebis logikas, mis adamianur damajereblobas.

`Winkebi~ da àCrdilebi~, speqtaklis es srulfasovani monawileni,

makbetTan Sexebisas misi, Zalauflebis wadiliT aRgznebuli gonebis, misi

dafaruli fiqrebisa da fantaziis nayofad aRiqmebian. yvelaze mkafiod

maTSi aisaxeba misi dauZleveli SiSi, qvecnobieri swrafva _ moxsnas Tavis

suls misTvis autaneli zneobrivi tvirTis mcire nawili mainc da

`gadaabralos~ igi uxilav, masze mZlavrad zemoqmed `Tanamesaqmeebs~.43

speqtaklSi ar aris mkveTrad gamijnuli boroteba da sikeTe, iseve

rogorc, waSlilia zRvari mkvdrebsa da cocxlebs Soris. aq, am

speqtaklSi idumal, mistikur Zalebs didi yuradReba ar eqceva. aq mTavaria

personaJebis urTierTobebi, gauTavebeli Ralati, SeTqmulebebi,

mkvlelobebi. piesaSi mefe dunkanis mkvlelobiT yvelani gaognebulebi

arian, speqtaklSi ki dunkanis mkvlelobas SeTqmulebis, saxelmwifo

gadatrialebis elferi aqvs. makbetma da misma meuRlem mokles mefe

dunkani, magram sakmarisia banqom da makdufma eWvi Seitanon makbetis


136

sityvebSi, rom myisierad SavebSi Cacmuli mebrZolebi gamocvivdebian,

alyaSi moaqceven da Tofebs miuSveren maT, vinc eWvi gamoTqva. lenoqsis

sityvebi ki _ `rogorc Cans, misma mcvelebma mohkles...~ ise JRers, rom man,

lenoqsma ki icis, vinc aris namdvili mkvleli, magram igi makbetis

mxaresaa.

makbeti da ledi makbeti mefe dunkanis mkvlelobis Semdeg erTmaneTis

alersiT cdiloben aforiaqebuli sulis damSvidebas. amazrzeni da

Semzaravia maTi erTmaneTisadmi vnebiani ltolva am sisxliT mosvril,

binZur samyaroSi.

makbetis sityvebia _ `sisxls sisxli mosdevs~ da igi iwyebs

Tanamzraxvelebis mkvlelobas, tirani mxardamWerebis mospobas iwyebs da

TandaTan ufro metad efloba sisxlSi. reJisori da msaxiobi gviCveneben

borotmoqmedad qceuli makbetis zneobriv dacemas, sulieri samyaros

rRvevas, adamianuri Rirebulebebis gaufasurebas da aqedan gamomdinare,

sulieri simSvidis dakargvas. makbeti ledi makbetTan erTad logikurad

miemarTeba aRsasrulisaken, magram am aRsasrulamde isini sazarel tanjvas

ganicdian. es aris safasuri Zalauflebisa da gvirgvinisaTvis brZolisa.

manamde ki makbets mefed akurTxeben _ hendelis hangebis fonze. brWyviala

gvirgvini, hendelis musika da is tragikuli movlenebi, romlebic am

didebis mosapoveblad ganaxorciela makbetma, speqtaklSi reJisoris mier

specialurad aris xazgasmuli, raTa ufro naTlad warmoaCinos adamianuri

dacemis siRrmeebi.

takimasxara tiranis, romelic cinikurad Telavs yvelas da

yvelafers sakuTari miznis misaRwevad, gverdiT dgas namdvili jambazi (d.

uflisaSvili).. igi ganasaxierebs morCil, laquca qveSevrdoms, romelsac

mTlianad dakarguli aqvs adamianuri Rirseba. `makbetis~ masxara

gansxvavdeba `riCard mesamis~ masxarisagan. `riCard mesameSi~ avTo maxaraZis

mier gansaxierebul personaJs ironiuli damokidebuleba hqonda scenaze

gaTamaSebuli movlenebisadmi.

mefed kurTxevis Semdeg makbeti wveulebas marTavs. am scenaSi igi

Tavs anebebs jambazobas da manWva-grexas. mas daqiravebuli mkvlelebis

137

mier mokluli banqo (l. berikaSvili) ecxadeba. im wuTebSi makbets arc

stumrebi ainteresebs da arc ledi makbeti. misTvis banqos aCrdili ufro

realuria, vidre mis garSemo arsebuli cocxali adamianebi. aq erTmaneTs

enacvleba realuri da irealuri. stumrebi da ledi makbeti _ molandebebi

arian, banqo ki realuri, xelSesaxebi da namdvilia. es situacia orjer

meordeba, rac kidev ufro aZlierebs makbetis sulier depresias, kriziss.

es àvi seni~ tanjavs da nel-nela anadgurebs makbets. stumrebi ki

SeSinebulebi arian da elian moaxloebul katastrofas, an makbetis

`TamaSis~ dasasruls. piesaSi makbetis wveuleba xalxmravali da

didebulia, speqtaklSi ki es wveuleba erTob mcirericxovania. mowveuli

stumrebi SeSinebulni arian. maT imisic ki eSiniaT, rom ledi makbetis mier

miwodebuli langridan sasmeli aiRon, radganac mowamvlis eSiniaT. swored

es SiSi da undoblobaa gamefebuli makbetis samyaroSi da ara

moaxloebuli katastrofis mistikuri niSnebi.

`rac Seexeba speqtaklis fantasmagoriul Sres, igi aq Tavisebur

filosofiur `zednaSenad~ aRiqmeba. swored masSia Caqsovili is maradi,

dRemde amouxsneli kiTxvebi, romlebzedac pasuxis gacema bolomde verc

Seqspiris drom SeZlo da verc am droze ufro xnierma da gamocdilma

dRevandelobam... kiTxvebis es korianteli uneblieT TviT makbetsac usvams

kiTxvas: kacia-adamiani?! speqtaklis mixedviT pasuxi erTniSnadia:

WeSmaritad adamiania... da mTeli ubedureba swored imaSia, rom igi

adamiania~.44

robert sturuas speqtaklSi, iseve rogorc SeqspirTan, zaza

papuaSvilis makbeti, upirveles yovlisa, adamiania, yvelanairi adamianuri

gancdebiT. igi, rogorc adamiani, sCadis borotebas da am Cadenili

borotebisTvis adamianiviT isjeba. zaza papuaSvilis makbeti yoymanobs,

itanjeba, igi gadmoscems im rTul sulier mdgomareobas, romelsac makbeti

ganicdis. yvelaze sastiki ki am sulier WidilSi aris sindisis qenjna.

makbeti, erT dros mamaci mebrZoli, moazrovne da mosiyvarule adamiani,

sastik borotmoqmedad iqca. yvelaferi es ki, swored adamianuri


138

ampartavnebis Sedegia. gamarjvebebma, romlebic makbetma brZolebSi moipova,

daarwmuna imaSi, rom mas SeuZlia adamianebze batonoba, adamianebis marTva.

amitomac igi mzad aris ibrZolos Zalauflebis mosapoveblad, am gzaze ki

arafris winaSe ar daixevs ukan. yvela is sikeTe, rac mas adre gaaCnda,

axla sastik da damangrevel Zalad gardaiqmneba. makbets didi warmosaxvis

da fantaziis unari aqvs. es mkafiod vlindeba mis gamZafrebul

mgrZnobelobaSi. mas SeuZlia dainaxos is, rac sxvebisTvis uxilavia.

swored es exmareba Tavisi sastiki borotmoqmedebebis ganxorcielebaSi.

banqos da makdufis ojaxis mkvlelobebi zustad gaTvlili da dagegmili

aqvs. igi yuradRebiT adevnebs Tvals Canafiqris ganxorcielebas, erT

epizodSi ki Tavad axorcielebs e. w. `Sikrikis~ rols.

speqtaklSi makbeti da ledi makbeti Zalian Cqaroben. isini yvelafers

swrafad, impulsurad, nervulad, aRgznebulad akeTeben. maTi qmedebebi

TiTqos deformirebulic ki aris. maTi sasiyvarulo scenebic ki TiTqos

ormxrivi seqsualuri Zaladobaa. swored siyvarulia maTi borotebis

yvelaze ufro sulisCamdgmeli da, imavdroulad, qmediTi Zala. Tanac

siyvaruli mTeli Tavisi arsiTa da gamovlinebebiT. robert sturuam

erTgan aRniSna, rom makbeti Seqspiris `romeo da julietas~ erTgvari

transformirebuli gagrZelebaa. ai, raSi SeiZleboda gadazrdiliyo maTi

siyvaruli, rogorebad SeiZleba qceuliyvnen romeo da julieta. boroteba

da siyvaruli aq erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTula. siyvaruli kvebavs borotebas

da piriqiT, boroteba raRac gansakuTrebul simwvaves aniWebs maT

siyvaruls. bedis ironia is aris, rom es siyvaruli borotebisaTvis

micemuli droiT Semoifargleba. swored boroteba aniWebs am siyvaruls

simwvaves da gznebas. makbeti da ledi makbeti e. w. idealuri wyvilia. isini

WeSmaritad èrT xorc da erT sul~ arian. maT usityvod esmiT erTmaneTis,

gumaniT xvdebian erTmaneTis sanukvar miswrafebebs. robert sturuam da

qoreografma gia marRaniam am wyvilis araCveulebrivi plastikuri naxazi

Seqmnes, scenaze gaacocxles maTi ucnauri da tragikuli siyvaruli.

reJisorma da qoreografma msaxiobebTan erTad SeZles SeeqmnaT mZafri,

eqspresiiT aRsavse plastikuri naxazi. maTi vneba da sulieri erTianoba

yvelaze mZafrad mefe dunkanis mkvlelobis Rames gamovlinda maTi

139

sisxliani xelebis SeerTebaSi. Semdgom am wyvils aseTi vnebiani Rame aRar

eqnebaT... finalSi am udidesi grZnobis mxolod namsxvrevebiRa rCeba. ledi

makbeti cdilobs xelebidan uxilavi sisxlis moSorebas, igi esaubreba

makbets, romelsac mxolod Tavad xedavs, ealerseba, amSvidebs da Tan

cdilobs raRac gaixsenos, raRac moZebnos. bolos aRmoaCens makbetis

werils, romelSiac igi kudianebTan Sexvedris ambavs mouTxrobs. ledi

makbeti nakuwebad aqcevs am werils. am aqtiT mas surs xazi gadausvas

yvelafers, rac moxda. mas unda yvelaferi Tavidan daiwyos, magram axla

aRar surs im borotebebis Cadena, romlebic man da misma meuRlem Caidines.

`speqtaklis namdvili gmiri ledi makbetia. igi reJisoris mier

araorazrovnad win wamoweulia.... ledi makbeti (nino kasraZe) Tavisi

pirovnuli mimzidvelobiT borotebis unazesi da umSvenieresi

gansaxierebaa. rogorc makbeti itanjeba hamletiseuli meryeobiT, aseve

ledi makbeti ofelias xvedrs iziarebs. Tu gamocdas ver gauZlo, is

SeiSleba da daasrulebs sicocxles... meoTxe jadoqrad. Tumca ara,

rogorc pirveli ledi. axali samoselic ki im sameuli jadoqrisgan

ergeba~.45

speqtaklSi sinamdvile da irealoba erTmaneTSia gadaxlarTuli. am

xerxiTvea dadgmuli makdufis colis (lela alibegaSvili) da Svilis

(daviT iaSvili) mkvlelobis scena. es epizodi Tavisi plastikiTa da

emociuri zegavleniT isea awyobili, rom swored am or _ realur da

irealur, sinamdvilisa da koSmaruli zmanebis mijnaze aRiqmeba. irgvliv

sibnelea. mxolod mkrTali sinaTlis Suqi gamoyofs saxeebs. maT win

saSineli Savi ormoa. teqsti `moRalate mamebis~ Sesaxeb msaxiobebis mier

meqanikurad, yovelgvari emociis gareSe warmoiTqmeba. maTi yuradReba

mipyrobilia im Semzaravi siCumisaken, romelic aseve Semzaravi Zalis

moaxloebis momaswavebelia. ukan, scenis siRrmeSi, makbetis Savi silueti

moCans lurj burusSi gaxveuli. ai, scena naTdeba, makbeti uaxlovdeba

deda-Svils da makdufis Sikrikad moaCvenebs maT Tavs. eubneba, male 45gulCenko v. makbetis gamarTleba, an suitis saqebari sityva. J.. `Teatri da cxovreba~,

1996. #5-6. gv. 66.

140

moSordnen aqaurobas da scenaze mkvlelebic gamoCndebian. mkvlelebi (l.

gafrindaSvili, t. saraliZe) reJisorma kabares mocekvaveebis stilSi

warmoaCina. kabaresaTvis damaxasiaTebeli CacmulobiT, stekiT xelSi,

sacekvao ritmSi moZraoben, saxeze ki Rimili ar scildebaT. isini

mocekvavisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli msubuqi moZraobebiT klaven banqos da

Semdgom makdufis col-Svils _ adamianis mkvleloba xom makbetis mier

dadgmul sanaxaobad aris qceuli. makdufis col-Svilis mkvleloba

reJisorma regTaimis fonze ganaxorcielebina mkvlelebs. mkvlelobebis

warmoCenam aseT, erTi SexedviT TiTqosda, msubuq, ironizirebul formaSi,

kidev ufro meti simZafre da Semzaraoba SesZina maT. aseTi scenebiT,

sxvadasxva detalebze aqcentirebiT, reJisori speqtaklSi qmnis adamianis

damTrgunvel, adamianis aRqmisTvis SemaZrwunebel atmosferos.

Teatrmcodne paola uruSaZe robert sturuas da zaza papuaSvilis

makbets uwodebs `reJisors~, romelic garedan adevnebs Tvalyurs Tavis

`dadgmebs~. `misi udidesi warmosaxvisa da fantaziis unari, poeturi

saxeebiTa da metaforebiT azrovnebis niWi, romlis badali Seqspirs arc

erTi misi gmirisTvis ar uboZebia. makbetis Sinagani bunebis es mxare

scenaze vlindeba ara marto mis gamZafrebul mgrZnobelobaSi, mis unarSi

dainaxos is, rac sxvebisTvis uxilavia, aramed imaSic, Tu rogori

STagonebiT `dgams~ igi Tavis borotmoqmedebebs~.46

reJisor robert sturuas saTeatro enas axasiaTebs erTdroulad

ramdenime moqmedebis gaSla scenaze. ase xdeba `makbetSic~. sakmarisia,

gavixsenoT epizodi, rodesac scenis erT mxares malkolmi (Temiko WiWinaZe)

da misi momxreebi makbetis winaaRmdeg, misTvis samagieros gadasaxdelad,

SeTqmulebas amzadeben, xolo scenis meore mxares SeSinebuli, sindisis

qenjniT gawamebuli ledi makbetis sasikvdilo agonia TamaSdeba.

reJisorma da mxatvarma `makbetSi~ iseTi scenuri atmosfero Seqmnes,

sadac dro gansazRvruli ar aris. zeviT ukve aRvniSne, rom scena

mogvagonebs sardafs an bunkers, Tavisi CaSavebuli kedlebiT da

gaSiSvlebuli sakomunikacio sistemebiT. alag-alag am usaxur garemocvas


141

mimobneuli sisxlisferi laqebi avsebs. swored, aq, am atmosferoSi,

SeiZleba kudianebis dabadeba. nagvis grovidan, romelzedac gamWvirvale

celofania gadafarebuli, aRmocendebian gaugebari sqesis, ucnaur samosSi

gamowyobil arsebebi. swored es ucnauri, jojo arsebebi wamosweven

makbetis idumal zraxvebs, sxva adamianebze batonobis, Zalauflebis

mopovebis usazRvro survils. alqajebTan Sexvedra makbets gaumyarebs

miznis miRwevis wadils da imavdroulad erT-erTi kudianis mier micemuli

`mezRvauris ceri~, romelsac kiserze Camoikidebs, daarwmunebs, rom igi

dausjeli darCeba. Semdgom es metafora, transformirebuli saxiT, mTel

speqtaklSi povebs gagrZelebas. laparakia moqmed pirTa e. w. `boroti

xelebis~ aqcentirebaze. zogierT scenaSi swored xelebi amxelen gmirTa

zraxvebs. magaliTad, ledi makbetisaTvis speqtaklis dasawyisSi xelebi

misi survilebis yvelaze erTguli Semsruleblebi arian, bolosken ki es

xelebi mtrebad iqcevian. swored am xelebSia ledi makbetisTvis raRac

Semzaravi. aseve, speqtaklis pirvel scenebSi makbetis mzera yvelaze

xSirad xelebisken aris mimarTuli. igi xSirad gakvirvebuli uyurebs Tavis

xelebs, TiTqos ukvirs, Tu ras sCadian misi xelebi. makbetis xelebi ki isev

da isev axorcieleben borotebas, makbetis mzeridan ki TandaTan qreba

gaoceba da SiSi, maT Soris gaugebroba aRar arsebobs.

mZime da sulis SemZvrelia `makbetis~ finali. Zalian efeqturad aris

dadgmuli makbetis `cad amaRlebis~ scena. reJisorma mokluli makbeti

savarZelSi Casva da ase savarZlianad adis igi maRla. makbeti yvelam

miatova, igi martoa. makbeti Tavdauzogavad ibrZvis. mas gars Semoexvevian

SavebSi Cacmuli mowinaaRmdegeebi. mayurebeli mxolod imas xedavs, Tu ra

gametebiT urtyams mas maxvils makdufi (m. qvriviSvili). am masidan

amovardeba makbetis mokveTili Tavi. makbetis nacvlad taxtze kanonieri

memkvidre malkolmi adis (Temiko WiWinaZe). mis mSvidobian, humanur

dapirebebs ironiuli RimiliT usmenda d. iaSvilis gmiri, romelic

speqtaklSi sam rols asaxierebda: mefe dunkanis umcros vaJs, donalbens,

banqos vaJs, fleanss da makdufis vaJs. samive personaJi garegnulad

erTnairia. am sami axlagazrdis saxiT igi mTel Taobas ganasaxierebda.

142

finalur scenamde banqo (levan berikaSvili) Tavis vaJs burTs eTamaSeboda.

mama Svils ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis sastik, sisxlian TamaSSi iTrevs. d.

iaSvilis gmiric xalisiT dgeboda karSi, raTa mamis mier dartymuli

burTi moegeriebina. ufrosebi sakuTari TamaSis wesebs sTavazoben da Tavs

axveven momaval Taobas.

finalSi scenaze gamodioda mokluli makbeti. igi patara fleanss,

alqajebma mefoba rom uwinaswarmetyveles, gamoiwvevda burTis saTamaSod.

makbeti burTis nacvlad sakuTar, butaforiul mokveTil Tavs debda Zirs

da ukan ixevda burTis dasartymelad. d. iaSvilis fleansi, azarts

ayolili, swrafad garboda da warmosaxviT karSi ikavebda adgils, mas ar

afrTxobda is, rom burTis magier mokveTili TaviT unda iTamaSon. igi

iRebs ufrosebis mier SemoTavazebuli sisxliani TamaSis pirobebs,

vinaidan Tavadac am samyaros Svilia. makbetis mokveTili Tavi, romelic

SiSis zars scemda, axla saTamaSo sagnad aris qceuli. speqtaklis

damagvirgvinebeli akordi ki makbetis mier ledi makbetis danTebuli

sanTlis sulisSeberviT Caqroba iyo, ris Semdegac scenaze ukuneTi

sibnele daisadgurebda.

`momakvdavi da mkvdreTiT aRmdgari gmiri sturuas Teatris ukve

Cveuli personaJia. aseTi gmiri an TviTon àRsdgeba~, rogorc `meored

mosuli~ yvaryvare, an misi saqmis gamgrZelebelSi `cocxldeba~ (hitleri

àsergasis dRe~; riCardi). `makbetSi~, Slis ra zRvars sikvdilsa da

sicocxles Soris, reJisori pirvelad Tavis Seqspirul praqtikaSi,

samyaros gadarCenis imeds aRuZravs mayurebels, imeds imisa, rom kudianebis

mier danapirebi `zRvaris waSla~ SeiZleba ver Sedges...~.47

is, rom samyaros gadarCena SesaZlebelia, speqtaklis sivrceSic

SeigrZnoboda. es sivrce ar warmoadgenda mxolod usaxur bunkersa Tu

sardafs, sadac adamianebi erTmaneTis sawameblad arian movlenilni. scenis

sivrcis miRma, reJisoris CanafiqriT, uxilavi Ramea, romelic mkvdreTiT

aRmdgar mefe dunkans moajadovebs. iqvea buneba, romelsac mzeras ver

swyvetda sikvdilis win banqo. iqidanve ismoda eklesiis zarebis rekvac.


143

scenaze Camowolili celofnis Rrubelic adamianis qmedebebiT ganicdida

metamorfozas. is, rac scenaze xdeboda, TiTqos airekleboda masSi. xan

sisxliT, xan ki naRveliT iJRinTeboda. raRac momentebSi, TiTqos

moiqufreboda da mZimed daawveboda scenas, Semdgom ki Secbunebuli

ikumSeboda. masSi TiTqos Cvengan damaluli sicocxle arsebobas

ganagrZobda. aqac kidev erTxel xazgasmulia realurisa da moCvenebiTis,

sizmriseulisa da sinamdvilis erTmaneTSi aRreva. am aRreulobisagan,

realoba-irealobisagan speqtaklSi gmirebs sikvdilic ki ver ixsnis:

dunkani, banqo, ledi makbeti da TviT makbetic sikvdilis Semdegac

gaorebulni arian, raRac momentebSi isev ubrundebian saaqaos, da mainc,

romeli samyaroa am ors Soris realuri? kiTxvaze, romelic mayurebels

ebadeba, Tavad mayurebelma unda gasces pasuxi, vinaidan reJisori ar

cdilobs am kiTxvaze konkretuli pasuxis gacemas.

adamianis sulis gadarCenis an sabolood daRupvis globaluri

problemis gadawyvetaSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, `Svilebic~ monawileoben,

reJisorma am `Svilebis~ e. w krebiTi saxe Seqmna. speqtaklSi aqcentirebuli

iyo, rom es `Svilebi~ Tavidanve wigniT xelSi Cndebian. am xerxiT

reJisorma gviCvena, rom SesaZlebelia biWi Seqspiris `makbets~ kiTxulobs

da yvelaferi is, rac scenaze xdeba, misi warmosaxvis, misi fantaziis

nayofia. Teatrmcodne paola uruSaZe erTgvar asociacias xedavs Seqspiris

hamletTan.

`yvelaze mkafiod hamletis Tema ikiTxeba donalbenSi, mefe dunkanis

umcros vaJiSvilSi, istoriuli makbetis ZmiswulSi... Cveuli JestiT igi

wigns Slis, raTa mounaxos axsna ufrosTa keTilSobilebiT aRsavse

sityvebs da maT uRirs qmedebebs Soris aSkara Seusabamobas da rom ver

monaxavs, igi farad damcinav sicils moiSveliebs, SemdgomSi ki arc

masxaraobas Takilobs, arc ukmex, zogjer cinikur sicils _ yvela drois

hamletebis Tavdacvis Cveul atributikas...~.48

mamis mkvleloba donalbens wigns gverdze gadaadebinebda da xelSi

xanjals aaRebinebda, yoymanis Semdeg ki gaqcevas amjobinebda.


144

fleansisaTvis banqo mxolod mama ar iyo. igi iyo misi uaxloesi megobari,

simamacis da keTilSobilebis gansaxiereba. speqtaklis bolos ki

donalbeni da fleansi sivardSi erTiandebodnen. swored sivardi

aRmarTavda pirveli xels makbetze. yvela axalgazrda masSia

gaerTianebuli. TeTri perangis amaras xelSi isev wigni eWira, gulSi ki

mamis qurTuki hqonda Caxutebuli. igi avanscenaze dgeboda, xolo mis

zurgs ukan ùfrosebi~ makbets klavdnen samarTlianobis aRsadgenad.

speqtaklis finalSi donalbeni àRmdgari~ makbetis win idga. igi

TiTqos mzad iyo makbetis mier dagegmil TamaSSi CasarTvelad. makbetis

fexebTan TeTri, burTis formis sagani ido, mokveTili Tavebis metafora,

romliTac araerTxel uTamaSiaT. donalbenic idga da mouTmenlad eloda

burTis (mokveTili Tavis) miRebas, magram mokveTili TavebiT, adamianTa

sicocxliT TamaSs Tavad makbeti asrulebda. burTi adgilze rCeboda.

reJisori aq wertils svamda. robert sturua TiTqos gveubneboda: siave,

boroteba aRar gagrZeldeba.

rogorc geneboT anu Sobis meTormete Rame

robert sturuam Seqspiris komedia `rogorc geneboT anu Sobis

meTormete Rame~ rusTavelis TeatrSi 2001 wels ganaxorciela.

Seqspirologebis azriT, es aris `hamletamde~ dawerili Seqspiris pirveli

periodis bolo mxiaruli komedia. Seqspirisdroindel inglisSi Sobis

meTormete Rame Sobis Semdgomi, zamTris dResaswaulebis dasasruli

gaxldaT, am meTormete Rames naTlobis Ramesac uwodeben. amboben, rom

Seqspirma pirvelad es piesa mayureblis winaSe swored am meTormete dRes

145

iTamaSa. es aris mxiaruli, raRac TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba, cinikuri,

`situaciebis komedia~. robert sturuas interpretaciiT komedia

rusTavelis Teatris scenaze tragifarsad iqca. warmodgena ironiiT,

sevdiT, xumrobebiT da imavdroulad udidesi sevdiT aris savse. piesa

xelaxla Targmnes robert sturuam da lili fofxaZem da speqtaklis

koncefcias moarges. garda amisa, warmodgenaSi reJisorma komediis

msvlelobaSi CarTo saxarebis siuJetebi, paraleluri scenebi, erTimeoreSi

moulodnelad gadadis. bolo periodSi dadgmul speqtaklebSi sturuas

TiTqos aRar ainteresebs adamiani-personaJebis piradi, wvrilmani

problemebi. igi adamians TiTqos ufro maRal kosmiur ganzomilebaSi

xedavs da klasikur piesebTan mimarTebiT, erTi SexedviT, sruliad

moulodnel istoriebs gadaxlarTavs xolme. ase moxda am SemTxvevaSic,

rodesac `rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rames~ Caaqsova saxarebis

epizodebi. speqtakli iwyeba qristes SobiT da mTavrdeba golgoTiT,

jvarcmiT. reJisoris mier SemoTavazebuli mxatvruli xerxi _ adamianTa

codvebisaTvis jvarcmuli qristes cxovrebis Cveneba vnebebiT aRsavse

codvilTa fuWi cxovrebiseuli oromtrialis fonze _ komediis intrigas

srulebiT ar amZimebs. am xerxiT robert sturuam komediis siuJeti sul

sxva rakursiT, sxva mxridan daanaxa mayurebels.

robert sturua postmodernisti xelovania. aqedan gamomdinare, igi

sazrdoobs sxvadasxva epoqis kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

mimdinareobebiT da kravs maT erT mTlianobaSi. robert sturuas

sareJisoro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva Teatraluri Janrisa Tu

mimarTulebis erT speqtaklSi gaerTianeba. gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT es

gamoCnda `meTormete RameSi~. aq, am speqtaklSi, Suasaukneebis Teatridan

dawyebuli, yvela Janrs amoicnobT: liturgikul dramas, mirakls,

misterias, farss, pastorals, `komedia delartes~ msgavs bufonadas...

reJisorisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Janruli, gamiznuli ekleqtika, SeiZleba

iTqvas, polistilistika am speqtaklSic erT mTlianobaSia Sekruli.

scenuri xelovnebis magiuri mimzidvelobis saidumloeba Zneli

amosaxsnelia. gansakuTrebiT Znelia, rodesac uyureb robert sturuas

momnusxvel, karnavalur speqtaklebs, romelTa zemoqmedeba mayurebelze

146

SeiZleba SevadaroT federiko felinis filmebs. sturuas speqtaklebi,

iseve rogorc felinis filmebi, erTdroulad aris karnavaluri,

sanaxaobiTi, mxiaruli, sevdiani, Rrma filosofiuri azriT gamsWvaluli,

romelTa miRma arsebobs uzarmazari Seucnobadi samyaro. varskvlavebiT da

angelozebiT moWedili ca `meTormete RameSi~ _ kosmosis aRmniSvneli

simbolo _ erTdroulad gizidavs da Tanac gaxsenebs, Tu ramdenad

daSorebulia Cveulebrivi mokvdavi irealur samyaros. scenaze ki TamaSdeba

adamianuri vnebebiT aRsavse tragi-komedia, codvilTa sevdis momgvreli

karnavali.

Seqspiris am komediisagan, adre, albaT, arasodes Seqmnila ase

filosofiurad gajerebuli, sasacilo da amave dros tragizmiT aRsavse

speqtakli. mayurebeli keTilganwyobili xarxariT ajildoebs malvolios

(zaza papuaSvili) yovel sabaleto pas da idiotiviT dakreWil kbilebs,

mTrTolvare grafinia olivias (lela alibegaSvili) sasiyvarulo

SeSlilobas da zigzagisebur siaruls, agreTve eqscentrulobas misi

moaxle qalisa (nanuka xuskivaZe), wiTuri takimasxarisa, patara CiraRdnisa,

romlis wiaRidan ismis kapasi wripina xma.

speqtakli, iliriis, Seyvarebuli hercog orsinos monologis

nacvlad, iwyeba Suasaukuneebis stilizebuli misteriiT _ `xarebis~

epizodiT. ufro sworad, jer mariamis `dawindvis~ scenaa. iwyeba speqtakli

da mayureblis Tvalwin ulamazesi sanaxaoba iSleba (mxatvari gogi aleqsi-

mesxiSvili). scenografia ar aris gadatvirTuli dekoraciebiT. scenaze

daqanebuli samkuTxa sibrtyea, romelzedac TeTri tiloa gadaWimuli.

scenis siRrmeSi, ukana kedelze varskvlavebiT moWedili ca moCans.

samkuTxa sibrtyis kideebSi TeTri, sakraluri kravebi da sxvadasxva feris

buStebi aris ganlagebuli. scenis SuagulSi Camokidebulia TeTri

tiloebi, romlebic ialqniani gemis da zRvis asociacias badeben

mayurebelSi. scena naxevrad Cabnelebulia, ufro sworad, mkrTalad aris

ganaTebuli. scenaze mariami da iosebi dganan. iosebi mariams dawindavs.

amis Semdeg scenis siRrmeSi sami angelozi Cndeba, romlebic amcnoben

mayurebels mariamTan mTavarangeloz gabrielis gamocxadebas, da rom,

147

masze suliwminda gadmovida da Ze RvTisa SeeZineba. zevidan nel-nela

eSveba mTavarangelozi da mariams axarebs RvTismSoblobas.

mayurebels uCndeba kiTxva, ratom gadaxlarTa reJisorma saxarebis

siuJetebi Seqspiris am komediasTan. SeiZleba es Tavad piesis saTauridan

gamomdinareobs. robert sturuas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi surda siuJetebis

ganxorcieleba saxarebidan. `meTormete Ramem~ amis saSualeba misca. Sobis

meTormete Rames sxvadasxva saxis gasarTobebs da xumrobebs igonebdnen da

gaiTamaSebdnen xolme da ratomac ar SeiZleba amas yvelafers daematos

siuJetebi saxarebidan? robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia tragedias Sexedos ironiulad, tragediis scenaze

ganxorcielebisas Caaqsovos komikuri elementebi, mis gmirebs CamoaSoros

paTeturoba da dauaxloos isini dRevandelobas. mas agreTve ZaluZs

udardeli, `situaciebis komedia~ aqcios Rrma, filosofiuri datvirTvis

mqone tragi-farsad. ase moxda am dadgmaSic, rodesac msubuqi, mxiaruli

komedia Seazava saxarebis siuJetebiT. `xarebis~ epizodis Semdeg, iqve,

kostiumebis zezeurad gamocvliT, warmarTobidan qristianobaSi da piruku

gadaxtom-gadmoxtomiT (rac saerTod damaxasiaTebelia adamianis meryevi

bunebisaTvis), gmirebi eZeben TavianT siyvaruls, bednierebas, svamen,

mRerian, imedebs ebRauWebian, gegmebs awyoben, cuRlutoben, xan cirkis

msaxiobebs emsgavsebian, xan bawarze gamobmul marionetebs. robert sturuas

`meTormete Rame~ es aris `Teatri TeatrSi~. am cxovreba = TeatrSi,

cxovreba = balaganSi, adamiani-Tojinebis, adamiani-niRbebis, adamiani-

jambazebis balaganuri amaoebis miRma naTlad Cans sxva, kerZod ki,

ganwiruli adamianis gancdebi.

`meTormete Ramis~ karnavalur-misteriuli Tu farsul-mirakluri

samyaro, sadac personaJebi xan zesknelidan gvevlinebian angelozis

uzarmazari TeTri frTebiT (am frTebs, zogjer, miwier adamianebsac

aTxoveben xolme) xan qvesknelSi eSvebian da ise qrebian, rogorc zRvis

talRa qviSaSi (lurji abreSumis priala qsovili wyaros wylis

simsubuqiT Caiwriteba da gaqreba mSvenier violasTan erTad), xan ki,

piriqiT, saswaulebrivi Zala ìqidan~ aRmoacenebs xolme TvalismomWrel,

brWyviala naZvis xes, romlis irgvliv karnavals marTaven komediis gmirebi,

148

bibliuri personaJebi da, maT Soris is saxedaric, romelmac ierusalimSi

Seiyvana macxovari~.49

robert sturuam speqtaklSi saxarebidan CarTuli siuJetebi

warmoaCina, rogorc oliviaze (lela alibegaSvili) unugeSod Seyvarebuli

hercog orsinos (levan berikaSvili) sasaxlis karze TavSesaqcevad

gaTamaSebuli speqtakli-maskaradi. personaJebi xSirad mimarTaven zecas da

warmoTqvamen sityvebs `RmerTi~, `bediswera~. emorCilebian ra zemdgom

Zalas, isini ibrZvian siyvarulisTvis, ver itanen erTmaneTs, xlarTaven

intrigebs, uxariaT, itanjebian. scenaze SigadaSig erTgvari `taxtrevani~

moZraobs zevidan qveviT da piriqiT, romliTac mogzauroben saxarebis

personaJebad gadacmuli speqtaklis gmirebi. imavdroulad zogierTi

personaJi efeqturad amoZvreba miwidan, rogorc qvesknelidan da isev

eSveba masSi.

robert sturuam `meTormete RameSi~ Seqmna daxlarTuli, sabediswero

peripetiebi, romlebic Tavis morevSi iTreven speqtaklis yvela personaJs.

am xerxiT, eqstremaluri situaciebis SeqmniT, man moqmed pirTa uxilavi

mxareebi da maTSi momxdari metamorfozebi ufro naTlad warmoaCina.

speqtaklSi ostaturad aris gadaxlarTuli saxarebis siuJetebi

sasiyvarulo intrigebTan. am yvelafers ki efeqturobasTan erTad Tavisi

azrobrivi datvirTvac aqvs. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, speqtakli iwyeba

`xarebiT~, finali ki `golgoTis gza~ da qristes jvarcmaa. saxarebis

epizodebma, codvili adamianebisaTvis jvarcmuli qristes cxovrebiseuli

gzis Cvenebam, romlebic gadaxlarTulia piesis personaJebis cxovrebiseul

peripetiebSi, moulodneli rakursi mianiWa piesis siuJets.

`nu ganikiTxavT _ naTqvamia bibliaSi da aq ar ganikiTxaven, ar

Zraxaven codvebisa da cuRlutobisaTvis, Tavqariani da daufiqrebeli

qmedebebisaTvis. aq TiTqos Sen TavTan pirispir gtoveben, gibiZgeben ra im

azrisaken, rom RmerTi ki ara (yovel SemTxvevaSi, amqveyniur cxovrebaSi),

Tavada xar Seni Tavis msajuli~.50

49 gurabaniZe n. rogorc genebos, maria! J. `Teatri da cxovreba~. 2001. #2. gv. 9. 50 SurRaia n. ara mSvidobiT, maxvilad movel! J. `Teatri da cxovreba~. 2001.#2 gv. 5.

149

mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi bibliuri personaJebi kvlav da kvlav

mogvevlinebian scenaze da saRvTo werilis kvaldakval gviyvebian iesos

ambavs, dawyebuli dabadebidan, dasrulebuli jvarze gakvriT. es epizodebi

xSirad iWreba piesis siuJetis qsovilSi. sturua TiTqos cdilobs aCvenos

ori samyaros paraleluri arseboba ara marto scenaze, aramed Tavad

adamianSi. erTi realuri, miwieri arsebobaa, realuri samyaroa, meore ki _

metafizikuri _ sadac yvelafers Tavisi WeSmariti Rirebuleba aqvs.

adamianebs imdenad iTrevs amqveyniuri amaoeba, rom isini veRar amCneven,

veRar xedaven im sxva, sulier samyaros. robert sturuam speqtaklSi

gaaerTiana es xiluli da uxilavi samyaro. mayurebels kidev erTxel

mouwoda, SeCerdes, gamoeTiSos amqveyniur amaoebaTa-amaoebas, Caixedos

sakuTar sulSi da cotaxniT mainc dafiqrdes WeSmarit Rirebulebebze.

yvelafer amas ki xels uwyobs gogi aleqsi-mesxiSvilis sada, daxvewili,

efeqturi scenografia da gia yanCelis STambeWdavi musikaluri gaformeba.

mxatvrul gaformebaSi zedmiwevniT lakonuria ferTa gama. speqtaklSi

mTeli scena aris amoqmedebuli _ scenis maRla damagrebuli Zelebis,

saorkestro ormos, scenisa da darbazis gamyofi parapetis CaTvliT. scenis

siRrmeSi, ukana kedelze xan varskvlavebiT moWedili ca moCans

angelosebis gamosaxulebebiT, xan ki es ca qreba da scenaze rCeba samyaro,

rogorc uzarmazari, TeTri udabno. robert sturuas sxva speqtaklebis

msgavsad, am dadgmaSic mxatvrobis da musikis ena harmoniulad aris

Serwymuli reJisoris saTeatro, sareJisoro enasTan, rac mTlianobaSi

qmnis, araCveulebriv, sulis amaforiaqebel da dasafiqrebel sanaxaobas.

keTili iumori, ironiuli qveteqsti, nebismieri saxis aluziebi,

triukebi, oinebi, msaxiobTa TamaSisaTvis, improvizaciisaTvis Seqmnili

Tavisufleba ki ar cvlis, aramed piriqiT, amZafrebs movlenebis arss.

yvelaferi es ki gakeTebulia sanaxaobiTobis SerwymiT Rrma filosofiur

azrTan. robert sturuas speqtaklSi adamiani iwvevs mayureblis

TanagrZnobas. adamiani Tavad qmnis mis garSemo arsebul samyaros, avsebs da

alamazebs. reJisori ganwyobas da Sinagan mdgomareobas TiTqos arafrisgan

Txzavs, minimaluri dekoraciiT, ganaTebiT da gia yanCelis musikiT,

SigadaSig qoralis gamoyenebiT.

150

sturuas sxva speqtaklebis msgavsad am dadgmaSic ostaturad da

efeqturad aris Sesrulebuli sanaxaobiTi formebi. lurji atlasis naWeri,

romelic mayurebelSi zRvis asociacias iwvevs, SeiZleba violasTan (nino

kasraZe) erTad moulodnelad gaqres scenis xvrelSi (ormoSi, lukSi), amave

ormodan, aseve moulodnelad Cndebian scenaze jambazi, an herode.

efeqturia e. w. taxtrevniT saxarebis Tu piesis personaJebis atyorcna

zecisken da miwaze daSveba. yvelaferi es ki minimaluri dekoraciis

gamoyenebiT xdeba. reJisori TiTqos xazs usvams, rom am samyaroSi araferia

mudmivi, miTumetes, sagnebi. sagnebi sxvadasxvagvaria, maTi Secvla advilad

SeiZleba, WeSmariteba ki erTia da mudmivi.

`magram roca im ironiiTa da sevdiT, xumrobebiTa da udidesi

tkiviliT gamsWvaluli warmodgenis (sadac yvela Teatraluri Janrisa da

mimarTulebisaTvis moiZebna adgili), msaxiobTa STagonebuli TamaSiTa, Tu

speqtaklis uCveulo stiliT gamowveuli aRfrTovaneba odnav mainc

dacxreba, mixvdebiT, Tu ra TamaS-TamaSiT, iolad Segvityues speqtaklis

sivrceSi, WeSmaritebisaken mimaval gzaze rom gaveyvaneT, mis miRma ki

Seulamazeblad gamoCndeba adamiani iseTi, rogoric aris~.51

robert sturuas speqtaklSi, iseve rogorc piesaSi, moqmedeba

`zRaprul~ iliriaSi viTardeba. es aris samyaro, sadac Tavi mouyriaT

mbrZaneblebsa Tu qveSevrdomebs, brZen takimasxarebsa da sulel brZenebs,

e. w. raindebs, romlebsac raindobis araferi scxiaT, loTebs, romlebic

SigadaSig `brZnul~ gamonaTqvamebs wamoisvrian xolme. aq erTmaneTi uyvarT,

sZulT, erTmaneTs amasxaraveben. aq TiTqmis yvela personaJi Tavis patar-

patara speqtakls dgams, am speqtaklebis reJisorebi da Semsruleblebi ki

Tavad arian. speqtaklSi CarTul epizodebs saxarebidan, rogorc ukve

aRvniSneT, oliviaSi unugeSod Seyvarebuli hercogi orsino dgams, raTa

guli gadaayolos. olivias ki Tavis samflobeloSi Zmis daRupvis gamo

gadaWarbebulad Teatralizebuli glova aqvs gamocxadebuli. gemis

boboqar zRvaSi daRupvis Semdeg gadarCenili viola cezariod moevlineba

51 SurRaia n. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 3.

151

hercog orsinos, violas moaxle maria (nanuka xuskivaZe), masxara (goga

gvelesiani), violas loTi biZa ser tobi (guram saRaraZe) da `raindi~ ser

endru malvolios (zaza papuaSvili) gasamasxaravebel speqtakls dgamen,

Tavis speqtakls dgams TviT malvolioc... mokled, speqtaklSi yvela

sakuTar patara, TavSesaqcev maskarads dgams.

`dawindvisa~ da `xarebis~ epizodis Semdeg scena TandaTan naTdeba,

Sua scenaze lurji atlasis naWeria dafenili (SemdgomSi mayurebeli

xvdeba, rom es lurji atlasi zRvis simboloa), romlis qveSidan viola

gamoZvreba. viola dabneuli da ususuria, ar icis, sad moxvda, gaocebuli

iyureba aqeT-iqiT. masTan erTad aris masze uimedod Seyvarebuli kapitani

(Temiko WiWinaZe). rodesac viola gaarkvevs, Tu sad moxvda da imasac

Seityobs, rom iliriis mmarTveli erTob momxibvleli hercogi orsinoa,

gadawyvets mis karze samsaxuris dawyebas da orsinos gulis monadirebas.

hercogis karze samsaxuris dasawyebad ki mas mouwevs kacad gardaqmna.

viola lurj qsovilze dgeba da ormoSi Casrialdeba, TiTqos zRvis

talRam STanTqa. Semdeg scenaze Cndebian olivias msaxuri maria, viTomda

masxaras mxrebze Semdgari, buStiT xelSi. mariasac masxaras kostiumi

acvia, Tavze ki adevs pariki, romelic zRarbis eklebs mogvagonebs. es ori

personaJi TiTqos Sua saukuneebis `komedia del artes~ mxiaruli

bufonadidan mogvevlinnen. isini avanscenisken moemarTebian, erTmaneTs

emasxaravebian, Semdeg mayureblebs SeamCneven, Cerdebian da mayurebels Tavs

ukraven, gvamcnoben, rom warmodgena iwyeba da misi avtorebi ki isini arian.

nel-nela uaxlovdebian ormos, romelSic viola gauCinarda, jer SigniT

iWyitebian, mere ki, TiTqos TokebiT viRacas eqaCebian, Rrmulidan amodis

cezariod gadacmuli viola da iwyeba mis mier Cafiqrebuli speqtakli.

kapitanma is hercog orsinos karze unda waradginos. isini violas

Canafiqris mixedviT yvelaferze moilaparakeben da epizodi mTavrdeba

kapitnis sityvebiT; `ki batono, Tqven cvedani xarT da me ki munji~.

cezario-viola da kapitani scenidan SeTqmuli-gamarjvebulebis nabijebiT

miabijeben da gadian scenidan. scenaze maria, masxara da ser tobi Semodian,

ser tobi gorgolaWebze damagrebul did yanws moasrialebs ise, rogorc

patara bavSvebi asrialeben xolme Tokze mobmul usayvarles saTamaSoebs.

152

mariasa da ser tobis dialogidan mayurebeli igebs, rom olivias, Zmis

daRupvis gamo glova aqvs gamocxadebuli, xolo mxiarulebisa da smis

moyvaruli ser tobi am ambiT Zalian ukmayofiloa, _ vis gaugia aseTi

zRvargadasuli glovao, _ acxadebs ser tobi, yvelafers Tavis sazRvari

aqvso. maria ki mas gamousworebel beber loTs, uwodebs, Tanac ayvedris _

Seni bralia yvelaferi...

Seqspiris piesebSi masxarebs, pampulebs, enamaxvil adamianebs Tavisi

gansakuTrebuli niSa aqvT damkvidrebuli. am masxarebs mis sxvadasxva

piesebSi gansxvavebuli datvirTva aqvT, isini brZenni, filosofosebi,

cxovrebis av-kargianobaze mofiqrali personaJebi arian, zogjer ki

mxiaruli takimasxarebi, romlebic dResaswaulebriv-karnavalur, saxaliso

ganwyobilebas qmnian scenaze. swored aseTebad warmoaCina robert sturuam

maria, masxara da, nawilobriv, ser tobi da ser endru `Sobis meTormete

RameSi~.

`Seqspirs gansakuTrebiT uyvars Tavisi masxarebi, pampulebi,

enamaxvili angalebi, gamTamaSebelni, gadacemis ostatebi, isini misi

STamagonebeli moednisa da bazrobebis Teatris personaJebi arian,

dResaswaulebriv-karnavaluri, saxaliso ganwyobilebebis Semqmnelni,

romelTac sakuTari cxovreba daukargavT da mis povnas am saxaliso

zeimebSi an sxvaTa naklovanebebis komediur gaTamaSebaSi cdiloben~.52

robert sturuas speqtaklSi personaJebi cuRlutoben, sxvadasxva

oinebs sCadian, xandaxan daufiqreblad moqmedeben, rogorc Tavqarian

adamianebs sCveviaT, magram isini ar ganikiTxaven. adamiani am dadgmaSi

TanagrZnobas iwvevs. speqtaklSi mayurebels TiTqos sakuTar TavTan

pirispir toveben, rom Cafiqrdes sxvadasxva cxovrebiseul Rirebulebebze...

speqtaklSi waSlilia zRvari realursa da irealurs Soris. aq

yvelaferi dasaSvebia. qali kacad iqceva da SavebSi Cacmuli viola-

cezario, xan frTebiTa da xan ufrTebod, naTeli da keTilSobili arseba

Tanaarsebobs kuziani masxaras, Tu wiTelTmiani, maxinji marias cinizmTan,

romelic amave dros WeSmaritebad qceuli sisulelea. aqve arian cxovrebis


153

azrdakarguli raindi ser endru (zurab Saria) da loTobaSi am cxovrebis

azris maZiebeli ser tobi (guram saRaraZe). robert sturuam speqtaklis

msvlelobisas isini raRac momentebSi gamofituli papiemaSes Tojinebad

warmogvidgina. siuJeturi realiebi dadgmisaTvis mxolod mizezia imisa,

rom warmoaCinos Cveni arsebobis sxva mxare. mayurebeli amas sabolood

finalSi xvdeba. manamde ki gafacicebiT adevnebs Tvalyurs iliriaSi

mcxovreb adamianTa amwuTier, moCvenebiT garegnul yofas.

mayureblis winaSe mSvenieri iliriaa _ varskvlavebiTa da

angelozebiT moxatuli ca. aqeT-iqiT mimobneuli amaRelvebeli saaRdgomo

kravebiT da nairferadi buStebiT. ukidegano TeTri sivrciT, romelzec

drogamoSvebiT cisferi zRva airekleba, masze moSriale romantikuli

TeTri afrebiT. sxvadasxvagvarad morTul-mokazmulia am qveynis binadarTa

lamazi samosi. maTi metyveleba da plastikac Taviseburi da uCveuloa.

amasTanave, mayureblisTvis nacnobi da axlobelia maTi survilebi, vnebebi,

intrigebi, tkivili, sixaruli... levan berikaSvilis hercog orsinos

oliviasgan uaryofili siyvarulic yvelas dasanaxad gamotanili grZnobaa.

esec TiTqos mis TavSesaqcevad gamogonili erT-erTi TamaSia. levan

berikaSvili ganasaxierebs qaliviT mgrZnobiare naz Seyvarebuls,

mozRvavebuli grZnobebisagan gulic ki SeiZleba wauvides. mas uyvars

olivia, magram amave dros izidavs cezariod gadacmuli viola. igi TiTqos

Sinaganad, gumaniT grZnobs, rom cezario sinamdvileSi qalia. erT epizodSi

orsino da cezario ealersebian kidec erTmaneTs. aseve, sxvebis dasanaxad

TamaSobs olivia daRupuli Zmis zRvargadasul glovas. lela

alibegaSvilis olivia xan melanqoliuria, xan Wirveuli, xolo rodesac

moulodneli siyvaruli daatydeba Tavs, igi am erTgvarad gaqvavebul

monotonur garegnul garss gaarRvevs da gaafTrebuli iwyebs brZolas am

siyvarulis mosapoveblad. olivia TiTqos cdilobs ZaZebSi damalos Tavisi

dauokebeli vnebebi. magram, rogorc ki viola-cezario gamoCndeba mis

cxovrebaSi, es vnebebi gaarRvevs mis garegnulad mkacr pozas, raRac

momentSi igi muSts icems gulSi, raTa siyvaruliT mZlavrad aZgerebuli

daaokos da daaSoSminos. olivias uimedo siyvaruli mayurebelSi

sibralulisa da TanagrZnobis magier sicils iwvevs, radganac es

154

siyvaruli, sinamdvileSi qalisadmi mimarTuli, absurduli da komikuria.

garegnuli da Sinagani pompezurobis magaliTia zurab Sarias ser endru, e.

w. raindi, romelic sinamdvileSi TagviviT mSiSaraa. robert sturuam

sxvebTan erTad speqtaklSi Semoitana herodes personaJi. baCi leJavas

herode _ mosulelo, nayrovanebas gadayolili, wingamogdebuli `RipiT~,

Senelebuli moZraobebiT, idiotis STabeWdilebas tovebs. reJisorma igi

adamianis da imperiis msxvrevisa da gaxrwnis simbolod warmoaCina.

bedisweram swored am samyaroSi gadmoisrola cxovrebis gzaze

axalfexSedgmuli, gamoucdeli, sufTa da gulwrfeli viola. nino kasraZis

violaSi Zlieria momavlis rwmena, amitomac mas sjera, rom misi

tyupiscali sebastiano (daTo gociriZe) gangebam masaviT gadaarCina

boboqar zRvaSi daRupvas. vinaidan nino kasraZis violas warmoudgenlad

miaCnia, rom am saocar da mSvenier samyaroSi SeiZleba arsebobdes

mwuxareba, Seityobs Tu ara kapitnisgan, rom iliriis mmarTveli

ubrwyinvalesi hercogi orsinoa, maSinve gadawyvets mis karze samsaxurs da,

Tu SeZlebs, misi gulis monadirebasac. hercogis karze samsaxuris

misaRebad ki iZulebulia mamakacis samosSi gamoewyos. nino kasraZisaTvis

pirveli ar gaxlavT aseTi saxis metamorfoza (kacad gadacmas

vgulisxmobT). aseTi gamocdileba man jer kidev sadebiuto rolSi miiRo,

rodesac iTamaSa keTili Sen te da boroti Sui ta robert sturuas

speqtaklSi `seCuaneli keTili adamiani~. misi cezario garegnuli manerebiT

da plastikiT Sui tas, xolo Sinagani bunebiT Sen tes mogvagonebs. es

Serwyma mSvenivrad gamouvida nino kasraZes. igi zedmiwevniT kargad flobs

stils, mis TamaSSi aris faqizi emociurobac. swored nino kasraZis

violaSi yvelaze metad SeigrZnoba im sxva samyaros arseboba da masTan

miaxloebis cda.

es daxlarTuli peripetiebis morevi speqtaklis danarCen gmirebsac

CaiTrevs. eqstremaluri situaciebi ki personaJTa uxilav mxareebs

gamoavlens, warmoaCens maTSi im metamorfozebs, romlebic am situaciebma

gamoiwvies.

robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia piesaSi

aqcentebis gadaadgileba. speqtaklSi _ `rogorc geneboT anu Sobis

155

meTormete Rame~ _ reJisorma aqcentebi iseTnairad Secvala, rom moqmedebis

mTavari da mamoZravebeli gmirebi: malvolio_zaza papuaSvili, maria_nanuka

xuskivaZe, masxara_goga gvelesiani da ser tobi_guram saRaraZe arian.

ser tobi belCi guram saRaraZis SesrulebiT usargeblo yofisa da

siberisagan Tavis dasaRwevad xsnas Rvinosa da sxvadasxva saxis garTobaSi

eZebs. amis xazgasasmelad reJisorma scenaze pirveli gamoCenisas igi

gorgolaWebze damagrebuli, Tokze gamobmuli yanwiT warmoaCina. es

gaxlavT renesansuli personaJi, romlisTvisac ucxo ar aris cxovrebaze

`filosofiuri~ msjelobebi, romelsac sxva araferi darCenia, garda imisa,

rom cxovreba arcTu ise uwyinari xumrobebiT gaixalisos. ser tobi

cdilobs Tavisi loToba gaamarTlos da ambobs: ès qveyana fxizelma

xalxma daangria~. igi mayureblis Tvalwin TandaTan gardaiqmneba wvrilman

gaiZverad. misi pirveli msxverpli ser endru egiuCikia, romelsac ser tobi

Tavisi diswulis, olivias, xels pirdeba, amis sanacvlod ki cdilobs, rac

SeiZleba meti fuli dascinclos zRvargadasul RreobebSi dasaxarjad.

swored igi ubiZgebs Tavis megobar-Tanameinaxeebs malvolios winaaRmdeg

`SeTqmulebis~ mowyobas. speqtaklSi ser tobi da ser endru ganuyreli

wyvilia. robert sturuam maTi arsis gamosavlenad raRac momentebSi isini

marionetebis msgavs arsebebad warmoaCina. saorkestro ormodan

amoizrdebian ser tobis da ser endrus sxeulebi da marionetebiviT,

arabunebrivad moZraoben, TiTqos maT viRac marTavs, aTamaSebs. am

epizodebSi, maTi xma firzea Cawerili. maTi dialogi filosofianarevi

absurdia. `Tu gvianobamde ar daiZine, aRar daiZino, adre adgomaSi

CageTvleba. adre adgoma ki janmrTelobis sawindaria~. anda: `Tu guliT

ginda, SeuZlebels umegobrodac SeZleb~, an, `siyvaruli gaqra, ocnebebi _

daasamares~, an kidev, `Cveni cxovrebis arsia Wama da sma, sma da Wama~. ra

SeiZleba mosTxovo am marionetebad qceul adamianebs, romelTa cxovrebis

arsi absurdamdea dayvanili.

robert sturuas da nanuka xuskivaZis maria `komedia del artes~

groteskuli personaJia. biWurad Cacmuli, wiTeli atlasis pantalonebSi

da bzinvare mosacmelSi gamowyobili, romelsac Tavs zRarbisebri pariki

umSvenebs. misi moZraobebi eqscentrikulia, musikis ritmze agebuli mkveTri,

156

xazgasmulad Teatraluri qmedebebiT, SigadaSig ucnauri wamoZaxilebiT.

erTi SexedviT, es roli TiTqos mTlianad garegnul efeqtebzea agebuli.

nanuka xuskivaZem rolis am garegnul formas adamianuri siTbo da azri

SesZina. igi ar gaxlavT komikuri Tojina _ marioneti, aramed mxiaruli,

cocxali masxaraa. maria srulebiTac ar fiqrobs, rom mis mier

gaTamaSebul intrigas aseTi Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves. `me, batono, yoveli

TiTis wverze, TiTo xumroba maqvso~ _ ambobs maria. marTlac, marias xelT

upyria intrigis Zafi. swored misi ideaa olivias msgavsi xelweriT

malvoliosaTvis sasiyvarulo werilis miwera. formis simkveTriTa da

xasiaTis cxovelmyofelobiT nanuka xuskivaZis maria bunebrivad erwymis

robert sturuas, am speqtaklSi SemoTavazebul, karnavalur stils.

reJisoris mier msaxiobisTvis SeTavazebuli farsul-groteskuli forma

nanuka xuskivaZis SesrulebiT ki ar anelebs, aramed amZafrebs efeqturobas.

swored marias mier mofiqrebuli intrigis meSveobiT xdeba malvolios

provocireba da misi ampartavneba saerTo TavSesaqcev komediad iqceva.

`sasiyvarulo werilis~ wakiTxvis Semdeg saxecvlili malvolio _ zaza

papuaSvilis yoveli gamoCena sul sxva, komikurobiT da, raRac

TvalsazrisiT, tragizmiT aRsavse atmosferos qmnis scenaze. marias muqara

_ `Tu eg qveynis sasacilo ar gavxade, maSin neba gaqvT ifiqroT, rom

loginSi gamarTulad wola ar SemZlebiao~ _ zedmiwevniT aRsrulda. aseT

Sedegs Tavad `SeTqmulebic~ ki ar elodnen. maria speqtaklSi uaRresad

mniSvnelovani funqciis matarebelia. amas kargad grZnobs msaxiobi da

reJisoris mier dasmul amocanas mSvenivrad arTmevs Tavs. intrigis

CaxlarTvaSi mas partniorobas uwevs goga gvelesianis _ brZeni, cinikuri,

bedisagan daCagruli, garegnulad kuziani _ masxara. misi `sisulele xom

mzesaviTaa da Tavs dastrialebs dedamiwas~. masxaras usmenen, endobian,

magram ar ujereben. misi Tavisufleba marionetad qceuli adamianis

Tavisuflebis tolfasia. robert sturuas masxarebi erTmaneTs avseben,

erTad moqmedeben da erTad qmnian komikur intrigas. nanuka xuskivaZis

marias Tavisi, gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba aqvs speqtaklis sxva

personaJebTan _ masxarasTan, ser tobisTan, ser endrusTan, oliviasTan da

gansakuTrebiT malvoliosTan. masxaras igi Tavis Tanaswor partniorad

157

aRiqvams. guram saRaraZis ser tobis mimarT ki moridebulobis,

gadaWarbebuli, komikurobamde misuli pativiscemis grZnoba aqvs, vinaidan

swored ser tobia am intrigis Tavi da Tavi da marias STamagonebeli. igi

kargad xedavs da aanalizebs am personaJebis `SecdomaTa komedias~.

uimedod Seyvarebuli, vnebaaSlili olivias gancdebs, ser tobis

udardelobis, TavaSvebuli Rreobis Sedegebs. maria erTgvarad tragikuli

personaJic aris, mas xom aravin aRiqvams qalad. swored SurisZieba aris

marias mamoZravebeli motivi malvolios winaaRmdeg intrigis SeTxzvisa,

radganac TviT malvolioc ki ar aRiqvams mas qalad. finalisken, roca

marias mier SeTxzuli `sasiyvarulo werilis~ Sedegebi naTeli xdeba, roca

aRmoCndeba, rom mosulelo malvoliosac gaaCnia Rirsebis grZnoba, marias

sinanulis da monaniebis gancda daeufleba. im momentSi misi sinanuli da

monanieba alalia, WeSmaritia, magram mayurebeli xvdeba, rom maria meore

wuTs isev Caidens aseTive `codvas~, radgan mas sxvanairad ar ZaluZs,

aseTia misi buneba.

adamiani, robert sturuas dadgmaSi, iwvevs TanagrZnobas.

TanagrZnobas iwvevs mosulelo, ampartavani malvolioc, romelic Tavisive

qedmaRlobis msxverpli xdeba. malvolio reJisoris CanafiqriT da zaza

papuaSvilis brwyinvale Sesrulebis, virtuozuli improvizaciebis

wyalobiT speqtaklis mTavar gmirad iqca. robert sturuam violas,

olivias, orsinos da sebastianos Tavgadasavali ki ar gadaswia ukana

planze, aramed malvolios personaJi kidev ufro gaamravalferovna.

`vinaa sxva, Tu ara maria, avtori provocirebisa, romelic malvolios

pativmoyvareobas da TviTdajerebas, saerTo TavSesaqcev komediad aqcevs,

`Segdebul~ werilze gamoabams da `moedanze~ gamoiyvans, rogorc pampulas,

romlis erTi gamoCenac ki sul sxva atmosferos qmnis?~.53

zaza papuaSvilis kudabzika malvolio TeTri marmaSebiT, ustabaSis

medalioniT, kverTxiT xelSi, TiTiswverebze, msubuqad dafarfatebs

scenaze. malvoliosTvis umTavresia, misi saTayvanebeli qalbatoni olivia

kargad grZnobdes Tavs da yoveli misi umniSvnelo survilic ki


158

dauyovnebliv iqnes aRsrulebuli. olivia, sinamdvileSi ki maria, Tavis

werilSi malvolios mosTxovs, misi gulis sabolood mosanadireblad,

daiviwyos naTesavebi, megobrebi, axloblebi da xelmeored iSvas.

ampartavani da qedmaRali malvolio mzad aris yvela gawiros _ àrc

naTesavebs daindobs, arc _ megobrebs, bolos da bolos xelmeored xom

unda iSvas~. rac mTavaria, satrfos moTxovniT mis saxeze suleluri

Rimilia mudam gamosaxuli. malvolio Seyvarebulia Tavis qalbatonSi,

magram siyvarulis garda, oliviasadmi mis swrafvaSi sxva mamoZravebeli

motivic arsebobs _ Zalauflebisaken swrafva. realurad olivia

malvoliosTvis e. w. `tramplinia~ didebisaken mimaval gzaze. sinamdvileSi

igi garSemomyofTa damonebaze da yovlis SemZle mmarTvelis statusze

ocnebobs.

araCveulebrivi saxierebiT, xatovnad, bufonadisa da farsis

elementebis gamoyenebiT ganaxorciela robert sturuam malvolios maxeSi

gabmis scena.

naxevartonebSi ganaTebul scenaze Semodian TeTr saRamurebSi

gamowyobili SeTqmulebi _ maria, masxara, ser tobi da ser endru. isini

eZeben adgils malvoliosadmi marias mier olivias saxeliT dawerili

sasiyvarulo werilis mosaTavseblad. bolos, maria am werils avanscenis

erT-erT kuTxeSi daagdebs, ise, viTom olivias es werili SemTxveviT

dauvarda. SeTqmulebi imalebian, raTa Tvalyuri adevnon malvolios

reaqcias werilis povnis Semdeg. scenaze SandliT xelSi msubuqi,

baleronis nabijebiT Semodis malvolio. iwyebs monologs: `mTavaria, ras

mimzadebs bedi, gangeba~..., romlis drosac mayurebeli misi sanukvari

ocnebebis mowme xdeba. komikuri, Rimilismomgvreli JestikulaciebiT

malvolio xmamaRla ocnebobs oliviaze da imaze, masTan SeuRlebis Semdeg

grafi rom gaxdeba. `qveSevrdomni mowiwebiT Semomcqerian~ _ es fraza

malvolios Zalauflebisaken swrafvis survils naTlad warmoaCens.

oliviaze Seyvarebuli malvolio aanalizebs misadmi olivias

damokidebulebas da imis SesaZleblobas, rom olivias is SeiZleba

uyvardes kidec. aki erTxel oliviam aseTi fraza warmoTqva _ `Tu vinmes

Seviyvareb, Sen unda ggavdes~. am monologis dros erTob xatovnad

159

ganasaxierebs malvolio ser tobis da mis urTierTobas grafad gaxdomis

Semdgom. malvolio olivias savarZelSi mokalaTebuli ser tobis pawawina

mfrinav buzad warmosaxavs. `bzzzz~ bzuis ser tobi, malvolio mas

daiWers da notacias ukiTxavs, magram manamde ra mowiwebiT esalmeba ser

tobi malvolios.

òliviaze Seyvarebuli misi samefos gulubryvilo `mmarTveli~ (zaza

papuaSvili) ucodvelad afaxulebs Tvalebs da Tavs ityuebs, rom ser tobi

belCisa da misi amalis mier mowyobil speqtaklSi udanaSaulo msxverplis

rols TamaSobs. isini wmindanebiviT TeTr anaforebSi gamowyobilni

usafrdebian malvolios da maxes ugeben. malvolio ki TiTqosda iZulebiT

gawires am rolisaTvis. (...) sinamdvileSi olivia misTvis mxolod erTi

safexuria didebisaken mimaval gzaze, sadac igi garSemomyofTa damonebaze

da yovlisSemZleobaze ocnebobs~.54

oliviasa da Zalauflebaze meocnebe malvolio dafarfatebs scenaze

da uceb werils SeamCnevs. wamierad Seyovndeba da Semdeg gaWimuli

aRmavali intonaciiT warmosTqvams; ès ra gdia aq Cvens fexebTan?~ `me

Tqven gekiTxebiT, ra gdia aaaaq?~ maria ki Tavis samalavidan ambobs:

`yuradReba, iwyeba!~ malvolio gars uvlis werils _ ès namdvilad misi

xelia, misi stili, misi leqsika, beWedic misia~. wamieri yoymanis Semdeg

malvolio gaxsnis werils. am dros ismis ser tobis xma samalavidan _

`RmerTo, xmamaRla waakiTxe~. malvolio iwyebs werilis kiTxvas. mTeli

misi arseba Sinaganad TrTis werilis kiTxvisas. zaza papuaSvili

ostaturad gadaxlarTavs erTimeoreSi mimikas, Jestikulacias, xmis

sxvadasxva modulacias. igi TiToeuli sityvis ilustrirebas axdens.

malvolio orgvarad kiTxulobs werils, TavisTvis, ise rogorc weria da

mayureblisTvis _ Teatralizebulad, misi warmosaxvis prizmaSi

gatarebuls. ostaturad gaTamaSebul zmanebas ki amTavrebs saxeze idiotis

Rimilis niRbiT da vardiT xelSi olivias savarZelSi gaSeSebul pozaSi

mjdomi. SeTqmulebi gamoZvrebian samalavebidan, gaxalisebulebi maTi

54 wulaZe x. me is ara var, visac vTamaSob. gaz. `droni~. 2001. # 61. 08.06.

160

intrigis Sedegad malvolios mier mowyobili sanaxaobiT. werilis avtori

maria ki acxadebs _ àxla ki unda CavusafrdeT da mowmeni gavxdeT maTi

pirveli paemanisa. warmoidgineT sevdiani olivia da uazro RimiliT

gasxivosnebuli malvolio~. da ai, malvolios da olivias pirveli

Sexvedris Jamic dadga. msubuqi, sacekvao hangebis fonze sazeimod

gamowyobili malvolio narnariT, saxeze aRbeWdili uazro RimiliT,

Semodis scenaze. mas ukan maria mohyveba maluli nabijebiT. malvolios

ucnauri saqcieliT gaognebuli da Secbunebuli olivia ekiTxeba: `Tavs

rogora grZnob, malvolio~? `mSvenivrad~ _ saxeze Rimilgaqvavebuli

gamometyvelebiT upasuxebs malvolio. malvolios ucnauri saqcieliT

Sewuxebulia ara marto olivia, aramed intrigis Tavi mariac.

Jestikulaciis uxvi gamoyenebiT zaza papuaSvilis malvolio mTeli

grZnobiT sonets ukiTxavs olivias: òRond moswondes Cems meufes, oRond

eamos, mTeli samyaro rom gadamidges _ gameRimeba~. zaza papuaSvilis

arSiyi gulis satrfosTan komikuri elementebiT uxvad aris gajerebuli,

rac mayurebelTa darbazis xarxars iwvevs. sabolood siyvarulisgan

gaTanguli iqve avanscenis parapetze wamowveba da CaTvlems. Sewuxebuli

olivia brZanebas gascems, kargad mouareTo. scenaze marto malvolio

rCeba. igi gamofxizldeba da netari saxiT mimarTavs mayurebelTa darbazs:

`gaigoneT ra Tqva? adamians mimixedeTo, malvolios ki ara, msaxurs ki ara,

adamianso!~ bednieri, netari malvolio scenis siRrmisken miemarTeba,

SeTqmulebi, maria, masxara da ser tobi ukan misdeven. erTob efeqturad

aris dadgmuli es epizodi. malvolio kverTxiT xelSi, amay pozaSi

amaRlebul adgilas gaSeSebula. viTom Sewuxebuli SeTqmulebi sxvadasxva

JestikulaciiT da mimikiT ekiTxebian malvolios: `ra dagemarTa

malvolio~? `Tavs rogora grZnob, Zvirfaso?~ _ pirvel frazas masxara

warmoTqvams, meores _ ser tobi. maria ucnaur moZraobs akeTebs da samiveni

malvoliosken miemarTebian. maTTan zurgiT mdgari malvolio

Semotrialdeba da kverTxs auqnevs, TiTqos eubneba maT: gamSordiT, Tavi

damanebeT, TqvennairebTan araferi maqvs saerTo. es, erTi da igive qmedeba

ramdenjerme meordeba. Semdeg malvolios aRmoxdeba: `me Tqven ar gicnobT~.

samive SeTqmuli SeSfoTebis gamomxatveli amoZaxiliT avanscenisken

161

gamorbis da isev imeoreben: `ra dagemarTa, malvolio~? `Tavs rogora

grZnob, Zvirfaso?~ malvolio ki abezrebisagan Tavmobezrebuli

gaRizianebuli upasuxebs: `momwydiT Tavidan, ver xedavT, rom adamiani

azrovnebs?~. avanscenaze SeTqmulebi erTmaneTs uziareben malvolios

saqcieliT gamowveul STabeWdilebebs. ès rom TeatrSi menaxa, vityodi,

rom abdaubdaa-Tqo~, _ ambobs maria. ser tobi ki amaze upasuxebs: èh, Cemo

kargo, mTeli cxovreba abdaubdaa, da Tanac rogori~.

`malvolio _ zaza papuaSvili idiotis rols TamaSobs da

kmayofilia, yurebamde pirgaxeuli Sescinis olivias da kinovarskvlaviviT

Tavis publikas ekekluceba, xiblavs Tavisi gamogonebiT. Tavis

qveSevrdomebis winaSe ki kverTxze dayrdnobili, Cafiqrebuli dgas

hamletis pozaSi, abezari buzebiviT daifrens maT da upasuxebs: `me Tqven

ar gicnobT!~.55

ser tobi gadawyvets am abdaubdas bolo mouRos malvolios

sardafSi CaketviT. oliviac daajeres, rom malvolio gagiJda, axla ki

droa, is gakoWon da sardafSi Caagdon. olivias ki etyvian, rom gagiJebuli

malvolio sadRac gaqra. malvolio grZnobs xifaTis moaxloebas da

aRelvebuli aqeT-iqiT iwyebs siaruls Cqari, nervuli nabijebiT. es epizodi

ki mTavrdeba SeTqmulebis TavdasxmiT malvolioze, misi gakoWviT da

sardafSi gamomwyvdeviT.

malvolios saxeze Seyinuli idioturi Rimili Tavidan mayurebels

sicils hgvris, Semdeg ki Secodebis grZnobas iwvevs. olivias bolomde ar

sjera SeTqmulTa moyolili malvolios ucabedi gaqrobis ambavi. dro

dadga malvolios ganTavisuflebisa. intrigis daxlarTul qselSi gabmul

didebasa da siyvarulze meocnebe malvolios mayurebeli TanaugrZnobs

kidec. gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac mas farSevangze amxedrebuls, eklis

gvirgviniT Tavze Semoagoreben SeTqmulebi scenaze. am epizodSi sicilis

da dacinvis obieqti malvolio TiTqmis tragikulobamde misul personaJad

warmogvidgeba. mayurebeli mowme xdeba im metamorfozisa, romelic am

personaJma ganicada. `miSveleT!~ _ ambobs malvolio, `damamcires, giJad

55 wulaZe x. dasaxelebuli naSromi.

162

momnaTles~ _ imdenad gulwrfelia malvolios es sulis amoZaxili, rom

mayurebeli raRac momentSi guldamZimebuli ucqers am gmiris sulier

tanjvas. isini, vinc TavianT Tavze aiRo malvolios dasja, misTvis Wkuis

swavleba da giJad Seracxa, Tavadac codvilebi arian. TeTr samoselSi,

TeTri gvirgviniT Tavze gamogvecxadeba `SeSlili~ malvolio. `me mefe var

suliT da xorciT~ _ ambobs is da gaacnobierebs imas, razec manamde arc

ki ufiqria: àq sibnelea, mTeli samyaro bneleTma STanTqa~. reJisorma es

epizodi ise daasrula, TiTqos malvolio gardaicvleba. mis saxeze kvlav

gamoisaxeba idioturi Rimili da malvolio SeSdeba. SeTqmulebs hgoniaT,

rom igi gardaicvala. Cveulebisamebr, gardacvlil adamians Tvalebs

uxuWaven, malvolios ki cdiloben Rimili CamoaSoron saxidan da pirs

uxuraven, magram amas ver SeZleben. mis saxes aRar Sordeba es Rimili,

TiTqos saxes Rimiliani niRabi samudamod Seezarda. robert sturuam es

scena warmoaCina, rogorc malvolios golgoTis gza, rogorc simbolo

codvili, amaoebaSi gadavardnili, gamasxaravebuli mTeli kacobriobisa.

speqtaklis finalSi malvolio isev gvecxadeba. `situaciebis komediis~

kvanZi TiTqos gaxsnilia, yvelaferi garkveulia, sebastiano da olivia,

grafi orsino da viola SeuRlebas da qorwilis gadaxdas olivias

sasaxleSi apireben. goga gvelesianis masxara taSis dasakvrelad

gamzadebul mayurebels tuCebTan TiTis midebiT aCumebs, TiTqos aniSnebs,

jer yvelaferi ar damTavrebulao. scenis lukidan Tmagawewili, Camoxeul-

Camokonkili samosiT, gaubedurebuli malvolio iwyebs amosvlas. yvela

SeSinebulia, malvolio xom zogierT maTgans gardacvlili hgonia.

Secbunebuli olivia ekiTxeba: `Tavs rogora grZnob, malvolio~? razec

gamwarebuli da sasowarkveTili malvolio upasuxebs: `kmara, kmara, Tqven

me sastikad SeuracxmyaviT, kmara!~ sul male malvolio igebs, rom werili

marias dawerili yofila. igi miemarTeba TavCaRunuli, Tavisi saqcielis

SedegiT damwuxrebuli mariasaken, jer TiTqos surs muSti uTavazos TavSi,

magram iqve gadaifiqrebs da Tavze xels gadausvams. marias ekliani pariki

xels daususxavs. Semdgom igi Tavis mokvlasac cdilobs, magram bedi

TiTqos aqac dascinis, iaraRi ar gaisvris. maria da masxara cdiloben mis

damSvidebas. masxara eubneba: `Zalian gTxov, nu brazdebi, arc Sen xar

163

frTiani angelozi. asea, ase, dro yvelafers dagvanaxebs, adre Tu gvian

codvebi yvelas mogvekiTxeba~. damwuxrebuli, qancgawyvetili malvolio ki

upasuxebs: `marTali xar, Tqveni gankiTxvis dRec dadgeba, ar SegarCenT Cems

damcirebas!~ malvolio scenidan gadis. robert sturuam zaza papuaSvilis

malvolios Carli Caplinis moZraobebi Seasrulebina _ igi Carlis

gmiriviT aagdebs haerSi quds da akeTebs moZraobas, TiTqos gakvetebul

Sarvals isworebs. es Carli Caplinis cnobili Jestebia, romlebiTac

TiTqmis yvela misi moklemetraJiani filmi mTavrdeba. amiT reJisorma

pirdapiri miniSneba gagvikeTa malvolios personaJis tragi-komikurobaze.

`malvolio jvars ecva, magram ara qristes jvars. igi jer qristes

marjvniv jvarcmuli avazakia, romelic sazareli tanjvis fasad Seicnobs

umTavress (malvolio, gaigebs ra, rom es yvelaferi marias oinebia,

mimteveblobiT Tavze xels gadausvams celq qalbatons. am dros iqneb is

cotaTi qristesac uaxlovdeba?), magram bolos iesos marcxniv ikavebs

adgils~.56

robert sturuas `meTormete RameSi~ Zalauflebis simbolo

gvirgvinis nacvlad angelozis frTebia. es frTebi mTeli speqtaklis

ganmavlobaSi xelidan xelSi gadadis. xan hercogis mxrebzea mibmuli, xan

viola-cezariosi, xan masxaris, xan ki am frTebs malvolio da olivia

aTamaSeben.

speqtakli savsea robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli moulodneli svlebiT. finalis droc dadga. reJisorma

speqtakli daiwyo imiT, rac piesaSi ar aris, magram, mTavaria is, rom mis

mier SemoTavazebuli dasasruli sruliad moulodnelia mayureblisaTvis.

malvolios gamoklebiT speqtaklSi monawile yvela personaJi avanscenaze

dgas. olivia TiTqos mayurebelTa darbazs mimarTavs: ùcnaurma SiSma

Semipyro~... am dros SeSinebuli sebastianos SeZaxili gaismis, yvelani

saorkestro ormoSi iyurebian, scena nel-nela bneldeba da gia yanCelis

Semzaravi musikis fonze TeTr burusSi gaexveva. ormodan amoimarTeba

figura, romelic zurgiT moaTrevs uzarmazar xis jvars, scenis siRrmisken

56 CubiniZe m. mokle Sinaarsi. J. àrili~, 2001. #6, gv. 32.

164

miemarTeba da uCinardeba. speqtaklis gmirebi SiSiTa da ZrwoliT

mimoifantebian. gaismis CaquCis uxeSi kakunis xmebi da guldamZimebuli

mayureblis Tvalwin Cveni codvebisaTvis golgoTaze jvarze gakruli mesia

aRimarTeba.

speqtaklis finalSi golgoTis scenis gaTamaSeba, maSin rodesac

`situaciebis komedia~ kvanZis gaxsnis Semdgom TiTqos keTilad unda

dasrulebuliyo, Sokis momgvrel STabeWdilebas tovebs mayurebelze.

albaT, amitomac hercog orsinos damawynarebeli toniT naTqvami sityvebi:

`damSviddiT, gTxovT damSviddiT, udardeli dReebi gvelis, bedniereba da

sixaruli ar moakldeba Cvens qveyanas~... susti argumentia mayureblisaTvis.

amisdamiuxedavad, mayurebelTa darbazSi TiTqos amosunTqvis xma ismis.

robert sturua speqtaklSi warmoCenil codvisa da monaniebis Temas

moulodnel gamosavals usadagebs. amgvari moulodnelobebi ki, rogorc

ukve aRvniSne, damaxasiaTebelia misi sareJisoro xelwerisaTvis.

`hamleti~

Seqspiris `hamletis~ dadgmebiT erTob mdidaria qarTuli Teatri.

sakmarisia gavixsenoT, Tundac, lado aleqsi-mesxiSvilis hamleti, kote

marjaniSvilis mier 1925 wels rusTavelis TeatrSi ganxorcielebuli

`hamleti~ _ uSangi CxeiZiT mTavar rolSi. es speqtakli qarTuli Teatris

istoriaSi erT-erTi saukeTesoa.

am bolo periodSi qarTvelma mayurebelma `hamletis~ araerTi

saintereso interpretacia ixila. 2010 wels `Tbilisis saerTaSoriso

Teatralur festivalze~ naCvenebi iyo msoflioSi saxelganTqmuli

litveli reJisorebis, nekroSusis da korSunovasis ori gansxvavebuli

koncefciis `hamleti~. orive speqtaklma SeZra qarTveli mayurebeli,

gansakuTrebiT ki nekroSusis dadgmam. 2010-2011 wlis Teatralur sezonSi

Tbilisis scenebze sruliad axali TvaliT danaxuli `hamletis~

interpretaciebi vixileT. mxedvelobaSi maqvs beso kupreiSvilis `Cemi

165

hamleti~ marjaniSvilis Teatris mcire scenaze da rusTavelis Teatris

eqsperimentul scenaze axalgazrda reJisoris _ levan xviCias mier

dadgmuli `hamlet komiqsi~.

Seqspiris gmirebis problemebi Soreul warsuls ar ekuTvnis. isini

mudam cocxloben adamianis fsiqikasa da qcevis formebSi, amitomac arian

ase axlobelni yvela droisa da erovnebis mayureblisaTvis. Teatris

funqciaa am dramebis gacocxleba, rac gulisxmobs nacnob erovnul,

politikur Tu socialur konteqstSi maT gadmotanasa da asaxvas.

robert sturua `hamlets~ ramdenjerme miubrunda. pirveli dadgma

1992 wels, londonSi `riversaid studios~ scenaze ganaxorciela, alan

rikmaniT mTavar rolSi. Semdgom, 1998 wels moskovSi, Teatr `satirikonSi~

hamletis rols konstantine raikini asrulebda. rusTavelis TeatrSi

`hamletis~ premiera 2002 wels Sedga. es speqtakli didxans darCa Teatris

repertuarSi, Tumca reJisorma mas ramdenjerme gaukeTa redaqtireba,

Seicvalnen poloniusis da klavdiusis rolebis Semsruleblebic. erT-erT

mizezs `hamletis~ ramdenjerme ganxorcielebisa robert sturua Tavad

asaxelebs interviuSi, romelic 2010 wlis Semodgomaze Sedga.

`m. v. _ Tqven ramdenjerme ganaxorcieleT `hamletis~ _ Seqspiris

yvelaze filosofiuri piesis dadgma. ratom? risi Tqma gsurdaT kidev?

raSi mdgomareobda axali interpretacia? axali midgoma?

r. s. _ maxsovs, `hamlets~ roca vdgamdi britaneTSi, klavdiuss da

mamis aCrdils TamaSobda erTi da igive msaxiobi, Zalian kargi,

Sotlandieli cnobili msaxiobi. davamTavreT speqtakli, premiera

viTamaSeT, movida CemTan da meubneba: robiko, ai, axla, unda dagvewyo

Tavidan repeticiebi, axla me mivxvdi, ra mimarTulebiT da rogor unda

viTamaSo Sens speqtaklebSio. xSirad Teatrebi, sadac me manamde ar

mimuSavia, Tanac Seqspirze, ver aswreben sworad gaaanalizon is, rasac me

maT vTavazob~.57

57 vasaZe m. saubrebi robert sturuas saTeatro enaze. J. `saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa

Ziebani~. 2010. #4 (45). gv. 20-21.

166

am SemTxvevaSi ganvixilav rusTavelis TeatrSi ganxorcielebul

`hamlets~. kidev risi Tqma surda robert sturuas XXI saukunis dasawyisSi

`hamletis~ dadgmiT. rogoria dRes hamleti, kidev ra arguna mas bedma

gadasaWrelad?

robert sturuam da lili fofxaZem erTad axali Targmani

Seasrules, romelic moklebulia yovelgvar paTetikasa Tu zeamaRlebul

stils. Seqspiris gmirebi Tanamedrove eniT metyveleben. am axal TargmanSi

kidev ufro mZafrad SeigrZnoba daundobeli da sastiki mxare

Tanamedroveobisa. speqtaklSi robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli fantaziebi erTob gabedulia, magram amave dros igi

Seqspiris teqstis erTguli rCeba. misi reJisurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

dramatuloba da ironiuloba am dadgmaSic erTmaneTis gverdiT

Tanaarseboben. klasikuri da balaganuri dadgmis stili erTmaneTs

enacvleba. piesis gmirebi speqtaklSi tragikuli balaganis monawileebad

arian qceulni.

Seqspirologebi amtkiceben, rom hamletis personaJi Tavisi

msoflmxedvelobiT yvelaze metad hgavs Tavad Seqspirs. hamleti, samyaros

tragikuli msoflSegrZnebiT, yofierebis filosofiuri aRqmiT, warsulisa

da momavlis gardauvali da uwyveti kavSiris gaazrebiT, robert

sturuasTvisac erTob axlobeli da saintereso personaJia.

daaxloebiT ori wlis win baton robert sturuasTan vsaubrobdi.

Cveni dialogi sxvadasxva sakiTxs exeboda da erTob sainteresoc gamodga.

swored im periodSi, moskovSi, TeatrSi Et Cetera, TamaSobdnen robert

sturuas mier dadgmuli `qariSxlis~ sapremiero speqtaklebs. bunebrivia,

erT-erTi kiTxva am warmodgenas exeboda, dadgmis koncefciazec visaubreT.

maSin batonma robertma Tqva, rom prospero _ es aris hamleti wlebis

Semdeg da rom ar gardacvliliyo, prosperosaviT uars ityoda

SurisZiebaze.58 reJisori, SeiZleba iTqvas, gamudmebiT fiqrobs hamletis

personaJze, rogorc inteleqtualze, mravlismcodne, magram axalgazrdobis

gamo jer kidev gauwonasworebeli sulieri mdgomareobis mqone

58 vasaZe m. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv.16-25.

167

pirovnebaze, romlisTvisac SurisZiebis SegrZneba damRupveli aRmoCnda.

albaT, swored amitomac miubrunda `hamlets~ araerTgzis.

robert sturua rusTavelis Teatris dadgmaSi TiTqos ekiTxeba

hamlets: àm bolo dros, rogor brZandebiT, xelmwifis Svilo?~ bolo

dros, rodesac droTa kavSiri isev darRveulia da `guls, qvad qceuls,

glovis niRabi aRar sWirdeba~.

robert sturuas interpretaciiT, zaza papuaSvilis hamleti bedTan

TiTqos Seguebulia. misi qcevebi TiTqos ucnauria, ucnauria misi

damokidebulebac samyaroSi arsebuli borotebis, Ralatis mimarT. is aRar

kiTxulobs, wyeulma bedma rad arguna gawyvetili kavSiris Sekvra. mis

aRqmaSi es gardauvali faqtia da amitomac iRebs mas da ambobs: `droTa

kavSiri dairRva da wyeulma bedma me marguna misi Sekvra~.

`hamletSi~ dro aRreulia, gansazRvruli ar aris. robert sturuam

dagvixata samyaro, sadac realurobasa da pirobiTobas Soris arsebuli

zRvari waSlilia. es paraleluri Sreebia, romlebic erTmaneTSi

gadaxlarTula.

`moxetiale msaxiobTa mier gansaxierebul speqtaklSi gertruda da

klavdiusic erTvebian. gardacvlilTa aCrdilebi sikvdilis Semdegac

agrZeleben arsebobas, radgan adamianisaTvis, im samefoSi, sadac raRac

dalpa, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, cocxali xar Tu cocxalTa Soris aRar

iTvlebi~.59 _ wers lela oCiauri.

robert sturuasa da zaza papuaSvilis hamleti artistuli sulis

mqonea, igi mZafrad ganicdis samyaros arasrulyofilebas, uxeSi realobis

da ocnebis urTierTdapirispirebas. igi imedgacruebulia mis garSemo

arsebuli realobiT da arc aqvs imedi, rom SeZlebs gawyvetili,

darRveuli droTa kavSiris aRdgenas. droTa kavSiris rRvevasTan erTad,

misTvis kidev ufro darRveulia adamianebTan kavSiri. mamis sikvdilma da

dedis gaTxovebam biZaze mis sulSi Rrma naiarevi datova. misi idealebi

daimsxvra. mamis aCrdilis naambobi mkvlelobis istoria, rom igi sakuTarma

59 oCiauri l. gaaTrieT gvamebi!... gaz. `rezonansi~. 2001. 23.11

168

Zmam mokla, TiTqos kidev erTxel adasturebs hamletis aRmoCenas _

ramdenad amazrzeni SeiZleba iyos adamiani Tavisi arsiT.

`hamletSi~, iseve rogorc `mefe lirsa~ da `makbetSi~, scena ar aris

gadatvirTuli dekoraciebiT (mxatvari m. SveliZe). scenografia da

kostumebi kvlav ar gansazRvraven dros. is, rac scenaze xdeba, nebismier

epoqaSi SeiZleba moxdes. avanscena TiTqmis carielia, scenis siRrmeSi

moCans vitraJebi danawevrebuli gamosaxulebebiT, romlebSic SeiZleba

amovikiTxoT elisabed dedoflisa da Seqspiris portretebi sxvadasxva

adamianTa siluetebTan erTad. swored am vitraJebidan gadmodian scenaze

horacio da sxva mcvelebi, romlebic uecrad gadaawydebian mama hamletis

aCrdils. scenaze aqeT-iqiT ramdenime maRali kibe dgas, romelic

simbolurad cixesimagris anturaJis Semadgeneli nawilebia. Semdgom es

kibeebi sxvadasxva datvirTvas iZenen speqtaklis mimdinareobisas,

magaliTad, ofelias dasaflavebis epizodSi, Tu saTaguris scenaSi da a.S.

scena TandaTan naTdeba, vitraJidan gadmosuli personaJebi scenis SuaSi

mwoliare figuras gadaawydebian, romelsac Tavidan bolomde naWeri aqvs

gadafarebuli da mayurebelSi sudaris asociacias iwvevs. ài isic~ _

warmoTqvams erT-erTi, horacio ki uaxlovdeba da sudaras gadaxdis.

Semzaravi musikis fonze (kompozitori gia yanCeli) gaismis kiTxva _ `xom

hgavs xelmwifes?~ _ da iqve pasuxi _ `rogorc wveTi wveTs~. daviT

gociriZis aCrdili fexze wamovardeba. igi raRacnairad monstrs

mogvagonebs. ZonZebiT Semosili maxinjia, romelic irgvliv myofebs

Tavzars scems, maT Soris hamletsac. igi WinkasaviT Seaskupdeba horacios

mxrebze. winaswarmetyvelebasaviT gaismis sityvebi _ ùbedurebas xom ar

gviqadis gansvenebuli mefis aCrdili~. horacio gadawyvets, hamlets

Seatyobinos es ambavi. aRsaniSnavia, rom am adamianTa moZraobebi

marionetebis moZraobasaviT texili, wyvetilia, reJisorma TiTqos Tavidanve

gausva xazi im faqts, rom am adamianebs marionetebiviT viRac marTavs. vin

aris es viRac? _ mayurebels uCndeba kiTxva: iqneb swored es monstris

msgavsi aCrdilia, ra unda, risTvis mosula?

169

horacio da sxva kariskacebi, scenis siRrmeSi vitraJebTan TiTqos

gaqvavebulebi arian. vitraJebis gaswvriv nel-nela moemarTeba TavCaRunuli

hamleti. scenaze gamodis da mayureblis win raRacnairad jambazobs. mis

garkveul moZraobebs da bgerebs es gaqvavebuli jgufi eqosebri arekvliT

imeorebs. hamleti nel-nela moemarTeba avanscenisken, Semdeg avanscenasTan

arsebul Ria ormosTan jer Camojdeba da mere wamowveba mayureblisken

zurgSeqceviT. am dros vitraJebidan klavdiusi (beso zanguri) gamodis.

robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mTelis da

nawilis, fragmentis erTianobis warmoCena. swored amgvari xerxiT aris

agebuli `hamletic~, misi scenografia, musikaluri gaformeba, kompozicia

da struqtura. amiT igi TvalsaCinos xdis Tavis saTqmels. sturuas

`hamleti~ sarkisebri fragmentuli asaxviT aris agebuli. sarkisebri

asaxvis reJisoruli xerxi mas `mefe lirSic~ aqvs gamoyenebuli. àdamiani,

rogorc potencia, adamiani, rogorc yofiereba, mxolod damsxvreuli

sarkea, mxolod kaleidoskopuri mozaikaa, romlisganac figura, mentaluri

persona unda aiwyos, romelic yofierebis scenaze sulis zeobis sulier

ZalaTa mokrefis Jams Semoabijebs~60.

zaza papuaSvilis hamleti ar aris erTiani monoliTuri figura. misi

hamleti winaaRmdegobrivia, rogorc Sinagani bunebiT, aseve garegnuladac.

igi xan jambazia, ironiiTa da cinizmiT ganmsWvaluli, xan Steria, xan

Wkviania, xan sastikia, xan wrfeli da nazia, xan mZvinvare da ficxia da

xanac _ romantikuli. misi qmedebebi Tu emociuri mdgomareoba sxvadasxva

situaciaSi sxvadasxva elfers iZens.

speqtaklSi arcerTi mniSvnelovani monologi bolomde ar aris

gadmocemuli. magaliTad, aviRoT klavdiusis aRsarebis monologi

`sazareli codva vitvirTe~, romelic aseve dausrulebelia... am TvalTmaqci

adamianis monaniebaSi reJisorma eWvis marcvlebi Seitana. mayurebels

uCndeba kiTxva _ marTla inaniebs, Tu ara, igi Tavis amazrzen saqciels.

aqve SegviZlia gavixsenoT hamletis cnobili monologi _ `rad ar meSleba

es sxeuli~, romelic speqtaklSi moulodnelad Sewydeba da sityvebis

60 bokuCava T. robert sturuas axali `hamleti~. J. `Teatri da cxovreba~. 2002. #1. gv. 25-26.

170

nacvlad musika ismis, SeiZleba ufro mravlismetyveli, vidre Tavad

sityvebi. aseve: `yofna ar yofnas~ iwyebs zaza papuaSvili, magram maleve

wyvets deklamirebas. es scena metad efeqturad aris gadawyvetili. scenis

siRrmidan vitraJebs amofarebuli msaxiobebi da hamleti avanscenisken

moemarTebian. isini naxevarwres qmnian, win xmlebia CarWobili. hamleti

dabneuli Cans. igi dgeba monologis wamkiTxvelis pozaSi. gulTan xels

miidebs, TiTqos unda daiwyos monologi, mere xmlebs daejajgureba, magram

maT amoZrobas ver SeZlebs. am dros, am naxevarwreSi Semorbis mokarnaxe-

msaxiobi da TiTqos axsenebs hamlets monologis dasawyiss: `yofna ar

yofna~... hamleti kvlav dums. danarCeni aqtiorebic vitraJebidan Tavs

gamoyofen da jgufurad karnaxoben: `yofna ar yofna~. dabneuli hamleti

iwyebs: `To be, or not to be~ da kvlav Cerdeba. aqtiori awvdis furcels, TiTqos

`Spargalkas~, magram hamleti mas cecxls ukidebs da wvavs. misi sulieri

mdgomareobis gamosaxatad sityvebi aqac zedmetia. mas TiTqos ezizReba

uazro ybedoba. SeiZleba amis mizezi imaSic veZeboT, rom am sastik

samyaroSi inteleqtualuri `yofna ar yofnis~ Sesaxeb msjelobisaTvis

adgili aRar arsebobs. garSemo yvelaferi daundobeli da mkacrad

gansazRvrulia.

ai, ras fiqrobs amis Sesaxeb Tamar bokuCava: `Tu sturuas versias

esTetikuri rakursiT SevxedavT, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom erTaderTi gza,

romelic asaxvis mTlianobas, anu egzistenciis realurobas xelmisawvdoms

xdis, xelovnebaa. yofna... aryofnis... monologic esTetikur dilemad

gadaiqceva~.61

robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia tragikulisa

da komikuris Tanaarseboba. asea hamletSic. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba

gavixsenoT cnobili epizodi gertrudasTan. deda-Svilis dialogi

daZabulobis da tragikulobis zRvarze mimdinareobs. hamleti SemTxveviT

klavs poloniuss (m. qvriviSvili), vinaidan mas iq klavdiusi eguleba. am

epizodis dasasruls moklul poloniuss hamleti fexze wamoayenebs da

avanscenisaken mohyavs. poloniusi Tavs daukravs mayurebelTa darbazs,

61 bokuCava T. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 29.

171

yvavilebs, romelic manamde gertrudam gvams daado, isev gertrudas

fexebTan dadebs. man Tavisi roli ukve Seasrula da mayurebelTa

darbazisgan taSs iTxovs. `gza mSvidobisa, dido masxarav~ _ am sityvebiT

acilebs hamleti scenidan poloniuss. reJisori aseTi xerxebiT TiTqos

amosunTqvis saSualebas aZlevs mayurebels da imavdroulad xazs usvams

Tavis speqtaklSi `warmodgenis~, `warmosaxvis~ da `gancdis~ Teatris

Tanaarsebobas.

sulisSemZvrelia hamletisa da mamis aCrdilis Sexvedris epizodi. am

scenis plastikuri gadawyveta mayurebels saSualebas aZlevs SeigrZnos

mamisa da Svilis sulieri erTianoba, maTi Sinagani ganuyofeloba ufrosi

hamletis sikvdilis Semdgomac ki. maTi qmedebebi sarkisebri arekvlis

principiT aris gadawyvetili. maTi fizikuri moZraobebi identuria. isini

TiTqos ganuyofel erT mTlianobas warmoadgenen. amiT reJisors surda

xazi gaesva im faqtisTvis, rom mama hamletis daRupvas Svilis cnobierebaSi

ar SeiZleboda ar gamoewvia saSineli gancdebi, romlebic TiTqmis

katastrofis zRvramdea misuli. swored es siaxlovea imis mizezi, rom

axla hamlets aRar ZaluZs uwindeburad iazrovnos, ganicados da

imoqmedos. es tragedia masSi Zireul cvlilebebs iwvevs. hamletis da

ofelias (i. suxitaSvili) scenaSi zaza papuaSvilis TamaSSi,

araerTgvarovani grZnobebis mozRvaveba igrZnoba. mas uyvars da surs es

axalgazrda, nazi qali. imavdroulad igi acnobierebs, rom am axal

realobaSi maTi siyvaruli warmoudgenelia. igi mgznebared ixutebs

ofelias, am CaxutebaSi nazi siyvarulis garda seqsualuri ltolvac

igrZnoba. igi maleve ukuagdebs Tavisi siyvarulis obieqts, rogorc sagans,

romelic ukve aRar aris saWiro. am sastik realobaSi siyvarulisTvis dro

aRar darCenila.

`hamletSi~ sxva sakiTxebTan erTad robert sturuam isev gausva xazi

Zalauflebisken swrafvis Temas. amjerad, klavdiusi sakuTar Zmas klavs

mmarTvelobis xelSi Casagdebad. reJisorma speqtaklSi winaaRmdegobebiT

aRsavse saxe dagvixata. beso zanguris klavdiusi garegnulad warmosadegi,

pirovnulad ki TvalTmaqci adamiania. speqtaklSi robert sturuam xazi

172

gausva klavdiusisa da gertrudas (n. kasraZe) urTierTobaSi

erTmaneTisadmi mZlavr seqsualur ltolvas. maT Taflobis Tve erTob

gaugrZeldaT. klavdiusi odnav ganaTebul scenaze Semodis, igi Tavis

daqorwinebas gertrudaze qveyanaze zrunviT xsnis. gertruda scenaze

Semorbis, Tavidan avanscenaze mwoliare hamletisken gamoqandeba, Semdeg

klavdiuss SeamCnevs, SeCerdeba, gadaikiskisebs da keklucobas iwyebs

klavdiusTan. raRac momentSi klavdiusi gvirgvins adgams Tavze gertrudas,

gvirgvins, simbolos Zalauflebisa. man xom swored am gvirgvinis,

Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad Caidina kaenis codva. klavdiusi da

gertruda vnebaaRZrulni exutebian erTmaneTs. epizodis dasasruls ki

klavdiusi xelSi aitacebs gertrudas da ise gahyavs scenidan.

am epizodSi, iseve rogorc mTel speqtaklSi, mniSvnelovani roli

akisria musikas. saerTod, robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia musikas mianiWos iseTive funqcia, rogorsac aniWebs

sametyvelo enasa Tu sxeulis, plastikis, enas. speqtaklSi ramdenime

musikaluri Temaa, TiToeul maTgans Tavisi dramaturgiuli da emociuri

funqcia aqvs miniWebuli. scenaze situaciis an gmiris ganwyobilebis

Sesabamisad icvleba Temebi. magaliTad, klavdiusis scenaze pirvelad

gamoCenas Tavisi amaliT, rodesac igi paTetikurad iwyebs moyolas, Tu

rogori damwuxrebulia Zmis sikvdilis gamo, musikalur fonad mosdevs

mistikuri hangebi, romlis fonzec gertruda Semorbis scenaze. Semdgom,

rodesac igi cdilobs hamlets Caagonos, rom glova Sewyvitos, mis yalb

paTetikur intonacias erTob sevdiani musikaluri hangebi gasdevs. am

epizodis bolos, rodesac igi xelSi aitacebs gertrudas da gadis

scenidan musikis JReradoba maJoruli xdeba.

robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva

detalis aqcentireba. misi ulevi fantazia swored detalebSi vlindeba.

magaliTad, hamletisa da ofelias Sexvedris epizodSi, sxvasTan erTad,

musikasac didi datvirTva aqvs miniWebuli. am scenis musikaluri foni

erTob sevdiani da amave dros romantikuli JReradobisaa, romelic Tavisi

173

ritmuli struqturiT Txrobis efeqts qmnis. verbalur dialogs Tan

axlavs musikaluri Txroba.

nino kasraZis gertruda momxibvleli qalbatonia. igi erTdroulad

qalia da deda. mis mier Seqmnil personaJSi mZafrad SeigrZnoba Widili

dedobriv grZnobasa da Seyvarebuli qalis grZnobas Soris. igi mgrZnobiare

qalia, romelsac aucileblad sWirdeba klavdiusi, raTa moaxdinos Tavisi

qalurobis realizeba. igi tragikuli bedis adamiania, vinaidan bolos

mixvdeba Tavis udides Secdomas. misma saqcielma Svilis daRupvas Seuwyo

xeli. Tavad hamletis damokidebulebac dedisadmi araerTgvarovania. masSi

SeigrZnoba rogorc TanagrZnobanarevi zizRi, ironia, aseve sakvirveli

wvdoma axalgazrdobis dakargvis SiSiT Sepyrobili qalisa.

iamze suxitaSvilis ofelia momxibvleli, nazi, natifi, moridebuli

qaliSvilia. misi TavaSvebulobis kulminacia, ris nebasac igi Tavis Tavs

aZlevs, Wkuidan SeSlisas fexebze wiTeli windebis wamocma da scenaze

cxen-joxiT gaWenebaa, saxanZro sirenis msgavsi kiviliT. ofelia da

gertruda robert sturuas speqtaklSi, zogadad, erTi tipis qalebi arian,

Zalian mgrZnobiareni, romlebic yvelafers mZafrad ganicdian, faqizi

fsiqikis da sulis adamianebi, romlebic am sastik samyaroSi ganwirulni

arian dasaRupad. erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc hamleti ofelias monasterSi

agzavnis, SeiZleba esec iyos.

robert sturuas saTeatro enis kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania

kostiumebis ekleqtizmi. istoriuli kostiumebis gverdiT Tanamedroved

Cacmul personaJebs vxedavT. sityva ìstoriulic~ erTob pirobiTia. amiT

reJisori kidev erTxel usvams xazs, rom Seqspiris gmirebi mudam

Tanamedroveni, mudam `cocxlebi~ arian. maTi problemebi warsuls ar

ekuTvnis. isini cocxloben adamianis fsiqikaSi da qcevaSi. swored amitomac

arian ase axloblebi yvela droisa Tu erovnebis mayureblisaTvis. robert

sturua yovelTvis xazs usvams Tavis, rogorc reJisoris, funqcias

Seqspiris dramebis, misi gmirebis gacocxlebisa, amitomac gadmoaqvs isini

nacnob, erovnul, politikur Tu socialur konteqstSi. zemoT ukve

aRvniSne, rom sturuas yvela gmiri scenaze vitraJebidan gamohyavs. es

174

iqneba miniatiuruli TeTri, TabaSirisgan gakeTebuli figuris msgavsi

ofelia; Tavisi vnebebis mona, ubeduri dedofali gertruda; TvalTmaqci,

Tumca garegnulad sandomiani klavdiusi; joxze dayrdnobili, qcevebiT

takimasxaras msgavsi poloniusi; TviT msoflio sevdis matarebeli hamleti,

Tu sxvebi. amiT reJisori TiTqos uCvenebs mayurebels, rom es adamianebi,

TavianTi gancdebiT arsebobdnen adre, saukuneebis win da dResac arseboben.

`hamletSi~ Seqspiris mier Cadebulia e. w. `TeatrSi Teatris~

gaTamaSebis principi. robert sturua dramaturgis mier SemoTavazebul am

xerxs iyenebs da avsebs Rrma fsiqologiuri SinaarsiT. amave dros

speqtaklSi `TeatrSi Teatris~ gamoyenebas ormagi datvirTva aqvs. hamleti

da klavdiusi erTdroulad iwyeben `speqtaklis~ dadgmas. hamlets surs

darwmundes mamis aCrdilis mier moTxrobili ambis WeSmaritebaSi _ Zmis,

klavdiusis mier misi mkvlelobis Sesaxeb. robert sturuas koncefciiT

`speqtaklis~ dadgmas iwyebs klavdiusic. cnobili `saTaguris~ scena erT-

erTi, magram mTavari, kulminaciuri epizodia, romlis Sedegadac mZafri,

fsiqologiuri dueli imarTeba. hamletis mier ganxorcielebuli

`speqtaklis~ Semsruleblebi arian moxetiale dasis msaxiobebi. klavdiusis

speqtaklis Semsruleblebi ki _ poloniusi, rozenkranci da

gildensterni. klavdiusis mizania Seityos, icis Tu ara hamletma mamis

gardacvalebis namdvili istoria. `saTaguris~ epizodi am ori gmiris

fsiqologiuri duelis asparezia. saidumlo gaxsnilia, orivem gaigo is,

risi gagebac surda. `saTaguris~ scenis reJisori hamleti cdilobs

warmodgenaSi Caabas gertruda da klavdiusi. igi ise warmarTavs moqmedebas,

rom klavdiusi erTveba TamaSSi. `fiqrebi, bneli, mklavi Zlieri~ _ iwyebs

klavdiusi da garSemomyofni mas taSs ukraven. gertruda mokarnaxis

rolSia. `maradiuli Zilis wamali, Cemi dro dadga, Ze xorcieli aravina

sCans~... klavdiusi imeorebs sityvebs da ai, igi Semzaravi xmiT yviris:

`sinaTle, Cqara sinaTle!~. am epizods mosdevs klavdiusis locvis scena,

romelsac hamleti Tvalyurs adevnebs. mas reJisorma ufro meti simZafre

SesZina. klavdiusi warmoTqvams Tavis locvas: `RmerTo maRalo, ra

saSineli codva vitvirTe, kaenis codva~... beso zanguri Tavis Sinagan

175

gancdebs garegnuladac gamoxatavs impulsuri, bnedianis msgavsi, nervuli

moZraobebiT. scena am dros Cabnelebulia. mxolod klavdiusia mkrTalad

ganaTebuli. raRac momentSi gaismis hamletis xma _ `loculobs~? igi

cotaxans yurs ugdebs klavdiuss, Semdeg mivardeba da danas Cascems

ramdenjerme. klavdiusi miwazea garTxmuli, Semdeg wamodgeba da isev

agrZelebs Tavis monologs. hamletis danis Cacema, es misi fiqrebis da

zraxvebis garegnuli gamoxatulebaa, romlebic robert sturuam

mayureblis win ramdenjerme gaameorebina hamlets. yoveli danis Cacemis win

ki hamleti kiTxvas svams: `loculobs?~. mis qmedebas fonad gasdevs

eklesiis zarebis rekva, oRond es zarebis rekva mayureblis aRqmaSi erTob

Semzaravia. robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia sulis

SemZvreli epizodis Semdgom mayurebels amosunTqvis saSualeba misces.

gaismis gertrudas xma: `Svilo hamlet!~. zaza papuaSvilis hamleti

uaxlovdeba klavdiuss da TiTqos mas CasCurCulebs damjeri bavSvis

kiloTi: ùnda wavide, dedaCemi mixmobs~. scenis SuagulSi klavdiusi dgas,

scenis aqeT-iqidan erTmaneTs hamleti da gertruda uaxlovdebian naxevrad

moxril pozebSi, TiTqos erTmaneTs unda Seerkinono. Semdeg erTmaneTs

exutebian da hamleti zizRnarevi, amave dros sasowarkveTili ekiTxeba

dedas: `rad Seuracxhyavi mamaCemi?~ Tavidan iSorebs gertrudas, iqve mdgar

skams wamoavlebs xels da mouqnevs klavdiuss.

robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli scenuri

Txrobis araCveulebrivi dinamikuroba am speqtaklSi sruli sicxadiT

gamovlinda. mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi mayurebeli Zlieri

STabeWdilebis qveS imyofeba. mayureblis guliscema speqtaklis pulsaciis

Tanxvedria. amas reJisori sxva xerxebTan erTad (rac misi Txrobis stilis

Tavisebureba gaxlavT) imiT aRwevs, rom mudam cdilobs mayureblisaTvis

gadasacemi informacia, mravalplaniani, `mravalxmiani~ gaxados. magaliTad,

Tu gmiri monologs kiTxulobs, es monologi sturuasTan iSviaTad aris

mxolod monologi, klasikuri gagebiT. zog SemTxvevaSi igi an dialogia,

romlis meore wevri an Cumad ismens konkretuli scenis verbalur

informacias da Tavisi iq yofniT raRac socialur garemos qmnis, rasac

176

TavisTavad raRacas niSnavs da aqvs semantikuri datvirTva, an, aRwerili

epizodis msgavsad, igi ar aris ubralod pasiuri msmeneli; Tavisi

moZraobiT, sxeulis eniT igi CarTulia am monologSi da Tavis grZnobebsa

Tu fiqrebs gadmoscems. monologebis amgvarad gaazreba gansakuTrebul

aqcentirebas axdens monologis Sinaarsze da ufro metad qmediTs xdis mas.

robert sturuam `hamletSic~, iseve rogors `riCard mesameSi~, `mefe

lirsa~ da `makbetSi~ gamoiyena komikuri elementebis Serwyma tragikul

movlenebTan, e. w. `moulodnelobis efeqti~. amis erT-erT magaliTad

SeiZleba moviyvanoT hamletis mier poloniusis mokvlis Semdgomi epizodi,

rodesac klavdiusi ekiTxeba hamlets, Tu sad aris poloniusi. am scenaSi

hamleti TiTqos takimasxaras ganasaxierebs. misi plastika, metyveleba,

jambazis moZraobasa da metyvelebas mogvagonebs, xolo, raRac momentSi,

pirSi dagubebuli wylis Sesxma misken zurgiT mdgari klavdiusisTvis,

mayurebelTa darbazSi sicilsac ki iwvevs. tragikul, daZabul momentebSi

am komikuri elementebis Semotana mayurebels Svebas, amosunTqvis

saSualebas aZlevs.

`hamletSi~ robert sturuam Seqmna samyaro, savse moulodnelobebiT

da urTierTgamomricxavi gadawyvetilebebiT. hamleti aRmoCndeba im

movlenebis garemocvaSi, romelic principulad ar Seesabameba mis

pirovnul Tvisebebs. swored amitomac, igi iZulebulia iTamaSos.

darRveulia ara mxolod `droTa kavSiri~, aramed kavSiri garemosa da

pirovnebas Soris. reJisorma amis gadmosacemad tragedias Seuxama ironia,

ufro metic _ `Savi iumoric~. hamletis saqcieli, qmedeba xSirad

araadekvaturia movlenebisa. tragikul situaciebSi zaza papuaSvilis

TamaSi tragikomikuris zRvarze mimdinareobs.

`hamletSi~ ar xdeba Janrobrivi dayofa. ufro metic, Tamamad

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

ekleqtizmi am speqtaklSi yvelaze naTlad gamovlinda. aq yvelafers

erTdroulad aRviqvamT _ tragedias, fsiqologiur dramas, farss, komedias

da a. S. es erTgvari siWrele msaxiobTa mier personaJTa gadmocemaSic

aisaxeba da erTgvarad amarTlebs speqtaklis Janrobriv siWreles. iamze

177

suxitaSvilis ofeliaSi SeiniSneba aRmosavluri plastikisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. beso zanguris klavdiusi negatiuri energiis

matarebelia, zog SemTxvevaSi siTavxedesac avlens. nino kasraZis gertruda

erTgvari Tojinaa. rozenkrancisa da gildensternis dueti ki vesternis

parodirebas axdens. laertis saxeSic (daTo darCia) SeiniSneba komikuri

elementebi. speqtaklis gmirebi viRacis mier marTuli marionetebi arian. es

viRac, mama hamletis aCrdilia, romelsac SurisZieba surs da am

SurisZiebis survils sakuTar Svils da mTel Tavis samefos Seswiravs.

moqmedebis mTel am kontrastebs kidev ufro amZafrebs gia yanCelis musika.

musika ise zustad aris Serwymuli moqmedebasTan, speqtaklis mTavari

gmirebis bunebasTan, rom mas udidesi funqcia akisria warmodgenis

kompoziciurad SekvraSi. movlenebis arsis gadmocemis garda, igi

personaJebis qmedebis plastikur naxazsac avsebs.

`Cemi azriT, `hamleti~ swored asaxvis dramaa. amaSi TvalnaTliv

damarwmuna robert sturuas mier rusTavelis TeatrSi dadgmulma

speqtaklma. mTeli speqtakli, misi scenografia, kompozicia da struqtura

ganmsWvalulia mTelisa da nawilis, fragmentisa da erTiani figuris

urTierTmimarTebis TemiT, aCrdilisa da anareklis, mizanmimarTuli da

uneblie asaxvisa da ganmeorebis motivebiT. yovelive es mowodebulia

iqiTken, rom TvalsaCino gaxdes piris, xasiaTis qmedebis, Tavad sicocxlis,

rogorc aseTis, asaxvis meqanizmis meSveobiT TviTkonstruirebis procesi~.62

_ wers T. bokuCava.

`hamletSi~ aris scenebi, sadac sinanuli, siZulvili da siyvarulic,

es TiTqosda urTierTgamomricxavi grZnobebi, erTdroulad arseboben

scenaze. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvano hamletis mier poloniusis

mkvlelobis Semdgomi epizodi. klavdiusi gertrudasagan igebs, rom

hamletma poloniusi mokla. klavdiusi jer aRSfoTebas gamoxatavs,

poloniusis magivrad SeiZleba me vyofiliyavio, magram iqve igi icinis da

kiTxulobs, sad aris hamleti. gasaocaria, klavdiusi TiTqos gaxarebulic

ki aris hamletis mier Cadenili mkvlelobis faqtiT. amis mizezi ki

62bokuCava T. dasaxelebuli naSromi. gv. 24-25.

178

SeiZleba is iyos, rom axla ukve hamletis xelebic gasvrilia adamianis

sisxliT. am momentidan moyolebuli orives, klavdiussac da hamletsac

adamianis codva awevT kiserze, orives adamianis sisxli umZimebT sindiss.

axla ukve isini erTnairad pasuxismgebelni arian maT mier Cadenili

danaSaulis gamo. anda, magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvano cota ufro

mogvianebiT gaTamaSebuli epizodi. hamleti klavdiuss stvirs awvdis da

sTxovs, daukras. klavdiusi uarzea, man ar icis dakvra, es instrumenti

xelSic ki ar auRia arasdros. hamleti aswavlis, rogor unda stvirze

dakvra. klavdiusi iRebs stvirs, Caberavs, magram mxolod gaurkveveli

JReradoba ismis melodiis magier. garSemomyofni sicils iwyeben amis gamo.

Tavidan igi TiTqos brazdeba kidec: xom giTxari, ar vici dakvrao, mere ki

ukve mSviddeba da ise usmens hamlets, romelic wynarad, auRelveblad,

yovelgvari siZulvilis gareSe eubneba klavdiuss _ ras merCi, Cemgan ra

ginda, am patara sakravs mSvenieri JReradoba aqvs, magram verafers gaxdebi,

ver aalaparakeb. RmerTo Cemo, Tqven ggoniaT, Cems sulis simebze daukravT?

ar gamova, batonebo! Tqven SegiZliaT gamanadguroT, damamsxvrioT, magram

dakvras ver eRirsebiT. klavdiusi Cumad usmens hamlets, ar ewinaaRmdegeba,

mas TiTqos SeZravs kidec hamletis sityvebi. am momentSi orive TiTqos

grZnobs, rom ganwirulebi arian dasaRupad. moulodnelad, hamleti

warmosTqvams: `RmerTo Cemo, mgoni marTla SeviSale~. igi ambobs am

sityvebs, vinaidan acnobierebs, rom yovelgvari siZulvilis gareSe, mSvidad

cdilobs klavdiusTan saubars. Zalian efeqturad daasrula robert

sturuam es epizodi. fortisimoze SemoiWreba gia yanCelis

avismomaswavebeli musika. klavdiusi da hamleti xmlebis moqneviT, hamletis

SeZaxilze _ inglisisaken! miemarTebian scenis siRrmisken, maT danarCenebic

mihyvebian. scenaze TandaTan sibnele daisadgurebs.

robert sturuasaTvis msaxiobebi da Teatri cxovrebis matianea. es

kargad Cans hamletisa da msaxiobebis pirveli Sexvedris scenaSi. cxovreba

Teatria da Teatri cxovreba _ saukuneebis manZilze dramaturgebis erT-

erTi mniSvnelovani Temaa da kvlevis sagani. Seqspiric garkveuli

TvalsazrisiT Teatrs realuri cxovrebis anareklad miiCnevs.

179

robert sturuas da zaza papuaSvilis hamleti ar warmoadgens

tradiciad qceul `keTilSobil ufliswuls~. speqtaklSi hamletis qceva,

qmedebebi moulodnelad sxvadasxvagvaria. es ar aris ganswavluli,

keTilSobili, msoflio sevdiT Sepyrobili axalgazrda kaci, romelic

filosofiur monologebs warmoTqvams (rogorc aRvniSne, speqtaklSi

reJisorma arcerTi mniSvnelovani monologi hamlets bolomde ar

warmoaTqmevina). z. papuaSvilis hamleti ufro qmediTia da mTeli misi

`filosofiac~ mis konkretul qmedebebSia gadmotanili. speqtaklSi ufro

naTlad aris gamovlenili am gmiris winaaRmdegobrivi buneba, xasiaTi da

aqedan gamomdinare misi guneba-ganwyobilebis moulodneli cvalebadoba. is

ufro spontanuri adamiania. es aris Tavisive Sinagani winaaRmdegobebisagan

gatanjuli adamiani. mas SeuZlia iyos alersiani, ficxi, sastiki, ironiuli,

mimndobi, eWviani, SeuZlia fexze gaixados da fexSiSvelam iaros

sasaxleSi, SeuZlia jambaziviT moiqces, iyos metad seriozuli. yovelive

amis gamosaxatavad hamleti `TamaSis~ sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTavs. igi xan

sulelia da xanac _ brZeni, oRond amas ise akeTebs, rom veravin mixvdes,

Tu vin aris igi sinamdvileSi. hamleti sul moZraobaSia, misi sulieri

Sinagani winaaRmdegobani sul sxvadasxva moqmedebas aiZuleben. aseTi

bunebis adamians SeuZlia is satanjveli, rac cxovrebam mas bedad arguna,

samasxaraod aqcios, Tavisi wuxili da siyvarulic garkveulwilad

ìroniiT daamdablos~. robert sturuam hamletis saxis interpretaciisas,

iseve rogorc mTlianad speqtaklSi, uxvad gamoiyena klounadisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli xerxebi. amiT reJisorma ki ar daamdabla `hamletSi~

gadmocemuli problemebis seriozuloba, aramed garkveulwilad

aqcentirebac ki moaxdina da, rac mTavaria, mayureblisaTvis ufro advilad

aRsaqmeli gaxada. swored aseT hamlets SeuZlia klavdiusTan daZabuli

monologis Semdeg, uceb patara, damjere bavSviT warmoTqvas _ `deda

mixmobs, unda wavide~. anda poloniusis mokvlis Semdeg, rodesac mas

klavdiusi ekiTxeba, gvami sad damaleo, pirSi wyali Caigubos da

jambaziviT Seasxas klavdiuss zurgSi. speqtaklis finalSi ki

moTvalTvalis skamidan amdgari personaJi, romelsac zaza papuaSvili

180

ganasaxierebs, moTvalTvale, romelic fortinbrasi aRmoCndeba, msubuqi

moZraobiT moemarTeba avanscenisken, romlis moZraobaSic devs raRac

takimasxarisa _ gvamebis scenidan gaTrevis brZanebas gascems, mayurebels

ki Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs: `Tqven ki, romlebic gafiTrebuli saxeebiT

adevnebdiT Tvalyurs am sisxlian dramas, Tqveni...~

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, robert sturuam `hamleti~ warmoadgina

tragikomediad da masSi CarTo jambazuri elementebi, riTac sruliadac ar

Seamcira Tavad problemis seriozuloba, magram dabla daswia tragediis

paTosi. robert sturuam am kontrastebiT ufro cxadad warmoaCina, ufro

gaamwvava sakuTar TavSi jer isev vergarkveuli hamletis sulieri Tu

fizikuri aforiaqeba, ufro naTeli gaxada misi ganwyobilebis gadasvla

erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi, erTi polusidan meoreSi, mdabiuris Serwyma

maRalinteleqtualurTan. am speqtaklSic yoveli detali, rogorc robert

sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, maTematikuri sizustiT aris

damuSavebuli, yovel epizods, scenas, simarTle udevs safuZvlad, ris

gamoc, TiTqosda erTi SexedviT, Janruli ekleqtizmi erT mTlian

kompoziciaSia Sekruli. yvelaferi es ki reJisors aZlevs saSualebas,

Tavisi saTqmeli xan `maRali materiebiT~ gadmosces, xan ki _ sakuTari

mistikuri xilvebis meSveobiT.

mesaflavesTan hamletis Sexvedris epizodi robert sturuam

dramatulobisa da ironiulobis zRvarze warmoaCina. ismis mSvidi,

romantikuli xasiaTis musika. mesaflave (m. qvriviSvili) saflavs Txris.

Semodian hamleti da horacio (T. WiWinaZe). `saocaria, horacio, saflavs

Txris da mReris~ _ ambobs hamleti. `miCveulia~ _ upasuxebs horacio. `Tu

mieCvevi, gulgrili xdebi~ _ ambobs hamleti. isini nel-nela avanscenisken

moemarTebian, mesaflave axal saflavs Txris. maTi moZraoba da laparakis

manera seriozulisa da ironiulis Sezavebaa. iwyeba Tavis qalebis

SeTvaliereba da amocnoba, Tu vis SeiZleba ekuTvnodes esa Tu is Tavis

qala _ politikoss, romelic erT dros RmerTebs epaeqreboda, msajuls,

romelic mWevrmetyvelebiT gamoirCeoda da axla ki dums, arafris Tqma

aRar ZaluZs. erT-erT Tavis qalaze miuTiTebs hamleti mesaflaves _ vis

ekuTvnodao? _ ekiTxeba, Tan xeljoxs uwvdis, romelzedac am Tavis qalas

181

wamoacmevs mesaflave. aRmoCndeba, rom es Tavis qala erT dros sasaxlis

masxaras, ioriks ekuTvnoda, romelic hamlets bavSvobaSi mxrebze Sesmuls

mTel sasaxles moatarebda xolme. hamlets saxesTan axlos miaqvs Tavis

qala, mere zizRiT iSorebs, rogor yarso _ ambobs, guli mereva. Semdeg

hamleti da horacio iwyeben imaze msjelobas, Tu rogor SeiZleba

aRmoCndes aleaqsandre makedonelis neStis nawili ludis kasris sacobSi.

rogorc ukve aRvniSne, maTi qmedeba Tu saubari seriozulobisa Tu

ironiulobis zRvarze mimdinareobs, rac ufro sanaxaobiTs da

mayureblisaTvis ufro iolad aRsaqmelad aqcevs epizods. am epizods ki

mosdevs dramatulobiT aRsavse, ofelias dasaflavebis scena. Cabnelebuli

scena naTdeba, ofelia avanscenaze, pirobiTad axlad gaTxrili saflavis

win aris dasvenebuli. dis sikvdiliT damwuxrebuli laerti warmoTqvams _

umanko ia amoizardos Cemi dis uspetakesi sxeulidano... ofelias gaTxril

saflavSi Caasveneben da damwuxrebuli gertruda, nerviuli moZraobebiT

yvavilebs ayris mis sxeuls. mas egona, rom am yvavilebiT ofeliasa da

hamletis sarecels Seamkobda. laerti saflavSi Caxteba, raTa ukanasknelad

gamoemSvidobos usayvarles das, misi godeba cas swvdeba. am dros hamleti

da horacioc Semodian, hamletic SeZrwunebulia ofelias sikvdiliT. igi

laertTan gadaeSveba saflavSi da iwyeben Cxubs. scena bneldeba da

sulisSemZvreli hangebi gaismis. scena nel-nela naTdeba, ismis hamletis

sasowarkveTili, mwuxarebiT aRvsili sulis amoZaxili _ òfelia miyvarda,

rogorc ormocaTas Zmas erTad Sekrebils, Cemnairad ver eyvareboda!~

avanscena naTdeba. yvela, hamletis garda, saflavSia: gertruda, klavdiusi,

horacio, laerti. hamleti saflavis garSemo nerviuli nabijiT dadis da

laerts ekiTxeba, ras izamda misi gulisTvis _ `kbilebiT sxeuls

daiglejdi? iqviTinebdi? miwas SeWamdi? Sxams dalevdi? _ mec SevZleb amas~

_ Rrialebs hamleti. gamwarebul laerts bRavili aRmoxdeba. hamleti ki

eubneba, neta ras bRavixaro. mere muxlebze daCoqils sulis siRrmidan Cumi

xavili aRmoxdeba. hamletis xavili im adamianis xavils mogvagonebs,

romelsac gausaZlisi mwuxarebis dros surs xmamaRla iyviros, magram

aRebs pirs da yvirilis nacvlad mxolod susti xavili amosdis. es xma

sulisSemZvrelia. am epizodis finalSi yvela personaJi, hamletis garda,

182

iRebs xelSi ficars da ofelias saflavSi agdebs, am qmedebas iseTive

efeqti aqvs, rogorc dasaflavebisas miwas rom ayrian micvalebulis

sasaxles da es miwa gruxuniT ecema kubos. am scenas, robert sturua misi

reJisurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli moulodneli gadawyvetiT asrulebs.

ofelia saflavidan wamodgeba, sevdiani musikis fonze Tavadac agdebs

saflavSi erT ficars, uaxlovdeba hamlets, TiTqos mxolod masTan surs

damSvidobeba da gadis scenidan. am epizodSi robert sturua ar iyenebs

aranair groteskul Tu ironiul elementebs. es scena aRsavsea

dramatizmiT. mwuxarebis grZnoba, romliTac aRvsilni arian hamleti da

laerti sayvareli adamianis dakargvis gamo, mayurebelTa darbazsac

moicavs. hamletis da laertis tkivili maTi tkivilic xdeba.

speqtakl `hamletis~ msvlelobis periodSi, mayurebeli SeigrZnobs,

Tu rogor Zlierdeba yvelafris wamlekavi stiqiuri Zala. finalisken _ es

Zala Tavzardamcemi siswrafiT izrdeba, kulminacias miRweuli ki Searyevs

samyaros. samyaros ryevis Semdeg samariseburi siCume isadgurebs. am

Zalebis pirispir adamiani patara da uZluria. igi sruliad martoa. ufro

sworad, Tavs mitovebulad grZnobs. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, mas

gamouvalobis grZnoba eufleba da sevda Seipyrobs, magram yvelafer amaSi

damnaSave TviT adamiania, vinaidan adamianmave aRZra es Zalebi Tavis

sawinaaRmdegod, warmoSva problemebi, romlebic Semdgom mis gareSe iwyeben

moqmedebas. adamiani xvdeba, rom CixSia moqceuli, rom misi cxovrebis

istoria dasrulda. swored am tragikuli dasasrulis SiSi ipyrobs mas

mTlianad.

iseve, rogorc robert sturuas mier dadgmuli Seqspiris yvela

tragediis finali, `hamletis~ finalic efeqturi, grandiozuli da

emociurad datvirTulia. finalSi klavdiusis mier dagegmili laertisa da

hamletis xmlebiT Serkinebis epizodi TamaSdeba. klavdiusis mzakvruli

gegmis mixedviT laertis xmals sawamlavi aqvs wasmuli. patara nakawric ki

hamletisaTvis sasikvdilo aRmoCndeba. klavdiusi amasac ar ikmarebs da

sawamlavs RviniT savse sasmisSic Caurevs, romelic hamletisaTvis aris

gankuTvnili. scenaze Semodian am droisTvis cocxlad darCenili moqmedi

pirni. gaismis musika, romelic mogvagonebs msxverplTSewirvis dros

183

Sesrulebul ritualur musikas. laerti da hamleti xmals Caasoben scenis

SuagulSi, horacio ki maTi sekundantia. klavdiusi pirobas debs, rom

ramdenjerac misi Zmiswuli xmals Seaxebs Tavis metoqes, imdenjer Sesvams

daniis mefe mis sadRegrZelos. gulSematkivrebi scenis siRrmeSi

naxevarwres akeTeben laertisa da hamletis irgvliv. uSualod Serkinebis

dros scena naxevrad Cabnelebulia. hamletisa da laertis brZola isea

gakeTebuli, rom isini TiTqmis ar exebian erTmaneTs. reJisorma

gulSematkivarTa moZraobaSi gamoxata es brZola. isini xan erT mxares

gadaixrebian da xan meore mxares. amis mixedviT xvdeba mayurebeli, Tu

rogor viTardeba brZola. hamleti da laerti mkerdiT SeeCexebian

erTmaneTs. gaismis SeZaxili _ `moxvda!~ gulSematkivrebic erTxmad

imeoreben _ `moxvda!~ scena naTdeba. klavdiusi hamlets mowamluli RviniT

savse Tass miawvdis, magram hamleti Rvinis Sesmaze uars ambobs, jer

orTabrZola ar damTavrebula. scena isev naxevrad bneldeba. iwyeba

Serkinebis meore etapi. amjerad gulSematkivrebi hamletsa da laerts

wreSi moaqceven. hamleti meorejer moaxvedrebs laerts xmals.

orTabrZola kvlav SeCerdeba. gertruda xelsaxociT ofls swmends

hamlets. klavdiusi isev miawvdis sasmis hamlets, magram sasmiss gertruda

daeufleba. igi hamletis sadRegrZelos warmoTqvams. klavdiusi

Secbunebulia. eubneba gertrudas, ar Sesvas es Rvino, magram ukve gviania,

gertruda Rvinos daewafeba. hamleti da laerti iwyeben Serkinebis mesame

etaps. am dros gertruda wamoiZaxebs, rom igi kvdeba, rom Rvino

mowamlulia. laerti ki hamlets agebinebs klavdiusis mzakvruli gegmis

Sesaxeb, romelSiac igi klavdiusma SurisZiebis grZnobis gamo CaiTria. _

`hamlet, Sen kvdebi!~ _ ambobs laerti. hamleti am mowamlul xmals

ramdenjerme Seasobs klavdiuss da mowamlul Rvinosac Seasmevs. hamleti

horacios mouxmobs, momakvdavi adamianis konvulsiebSi ikrunCxeba Zirs

garTxmuli misi sxeuli. Semdeg horacios daxmarebiT fexze wamodgeba da

gahyviris _ `horacio, yvelas uTxari, Cemi ambavi, simarTle uTxari!~ Semdeg

mSviddeba da bolo sityvebs warmoTqvams: `raRa damrCenia, saukuno siCume

mxolod~. hamleti kvdeba. zaza papuaSvili msubuqi, haerovani moZraobiT

misrialebs scenis siRrmisken, scenis siRrmeSi Cerdeba da xels aRmarTavs,

184

TiTqos mayurebelTa darbazs emSvidobeba. scena bneldeba. avanscenaze

gamonaTebuli horacio pirobas debs, rom hamletis ambavs mTel qveyanas

gaagebinebs. gaismis Citebis WikWiki, iqmneba gariJraJis STabeWdileba. scenis

siRrmeSi vitraJebTan skami dgas, romelzec mTeli speqtaklis

ganmavlobaSi viRac zis, TiTqos raRacas kiTxulobs da Tan Tvals

adevnebs scenaze ganviTarebul movlenebs. es moTvalTvale fortinbrasia.

igi msubuqi moZraobiT moemarTeba avanscenisken (robert sturuam finalSi

es personaJi zaza papuaSvils ganasaxierebina), mis moZraobaSi devs raRac

takimasxarasi. igi moiTxovs, rom hamleti pativiT dakrZalon, Semdeg ki

gvamebis scenidan gaTrevis brZanebas gascems. stepis mocekvavis moZraobiT

Semotrialdeba mayureblisken da Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs: `Tqven ki,

romlebic gafiTrebuli saxeebiT adevnebdiT Tvalyurs am sisxlian TamaSs,

Tqveni...~ Semdeg horacios miutrialdeba da eubneba: `gaaTrieT gvamebi~, da

amas ambobs intonaciiT _ bolos da bolos am gvamebs moaSorebT Tu arao.

mere msubuqi moZraobiT keps moixdis da moisvris, am qmedebiT speqtaklis

msvlelobas reJisorma wertili dausva.

185

daskvna

lingvosemiotikis ganviTarebasTan erTad, XX saukunidan moyolebuli

dRemde, aqtualuria `xelovnebis enis~ kvlevis sakiTxi. xelovnebis

Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi, imaze dayrdnobiT, rom yovelnairi sistema,

romelic or an ufro met adamians Soris komunikaciis saSualebaa,

SeiZleba gansazRvruli iyos rogorc ena, amtkiceben, rom xelovnebis

sxvadasxva dargs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli ena gaaCnia. vinaidan xelovneba

Seicavs komunikacias, mas aucileblad aqvs am komunikaciis

gansaxorcieleblad organizebuli sistema, anu ena. aqedan gamomdinare, Cven

SeiZleba visaubroT musikis, ferweris, Teatris, zogadad xelovnebis enaze.

saTeatro enas semiotikuri erToblioba qmnis, romelic warmoadgens

nakrebs sxvadasxva niSnebisa, kodebisa _ msaxiobTa TamaSi (sxeulis

plastika, xmis JReradoba, sivrceSi moZraoba da a. S.), dekoraciebi, Suqi,

musika (melodia, tonaloba, ritmi), dumili, siCume, pauza, metaforebi,

simboloebi da a. S. es yvelaferi qmnis saTeatro enas. yvela am niSnis

erToblioba, saTeatro ena ki, saboloo jamSi, aris Teatraloba.

Teatralobis ori koncefcia: pirveli _ mayurebelma unda daiviwyos,

rom igi TeatrSia da meore _ mayurebeli yovelTvis unda grZnobdes, rom

igi TeatrSia. es gaxlavT ama Tu im saTeatro moRvawis subieqturi midgoma,

magram swored am midgomaSi aisaxeba Semoqmedis saTeatro ena.

naSromSi istoriul-tipologiuri da struqturul-dialeqtikuri

meTodis meSveobiT gamovikvlie robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis

procesi. struqturul-dialeqtikuri meTodiT kvlevisas, robert sturuas

saTeatro enaSi arsebuli calkeuli niSnebi davukavSire msoflio

saTeatro process, davadgine maT Soris arsebuli kavSirebis da

mimarTebebis erToblioba. SemoqmedebiTi koncefciidan gamomdinare,

Seviswavle misi sareJisoro ena, rogorc teqnikuri saSualeba koncefciis

gamosaxatavad. es ori komponenti erTimeoridan gamomdinareobs. teqnika _

enaa, ena ki saSualebaa sakuTari koncefciis, msoflmxedvelobis

186

gamosaxatavad. aqedan gamomdinare ganvsazRvre iseTi fenomenis arseboba,

rogoricaa _ robert sturuas Teatri da robert sturuas saTeatro ena.

SeiZleba iTqvas, kvlevaSi sinqroniuli analizis meSveobiT naTlad

gamoikveTa msoflio saTeatro xelovnebaSi erTdroulad mimdinare

movlenebis tipologiuroba. istoriul-tipologiuri kvlevisas, qarTul da

evropul TeatrSi mimdinare procesebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, identuri aRmoCnda,

saqarTvelos geopolitikuri adgilmdebareobis miuxedavad. sxvasTan erTad,

qarTuli da msoflio Teatris saerTo tipologiur kanonzomierabad

gamoikveTa saTeatro enaSi kinomontaJis xerxis gamoyeneba. ukve XX

saukunis dasawyisidan saTeatro xelovnebaSi zogadad kinoxerxebis

gamoyeneba tipur xasiaTs atarebs.

kvlevis samecniero siaxle mdgomareobs sakiTxis dasmasa da gadaWris

gzebSi. kerZod, sakvlevi masalis SerCevasa da misi warmoCenis

Tanmimdevruli dinamikis SeqmnaSi, ramac xeli Seuwyo sakvlevi obieqtis,

robert sturuas saTeatro enis Camoyalibebis kanonzomierebis gamokveTis

Cvenebas. dadginda, rom saTeatro xelovneba flobs Tavis specifikur enas.

aqedan gamomdinare, SromaSi Sevecade gamomekveTa, Semeswavla robert

sturuas saTeatro ena da is, Tu rogor TamaSis models, sistemas

sTavazobs reJisori mayurebels.

robert sturuas `saTeatro enis~ formirebis sakiTxis kvlevisas,

aucilebeli da saWiroa Seiqna mokle istoriul-kulturuli, saxelovnebo

eqskursis Catareba. robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sawyisebis

dasadgenad, Seviswavle: qarTuli, rusuli, evropuli Teatris tradiciebi

Teoriuli da praqtikuli magaliTebis SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze,

romlebmac xeli Seuwyves robert sturuas saTeatro enis Ziebis procesSi.

vcade damedgina, Tu sad SeiZleba veZioT r. sturuas xelweris safuZvlebi,

konkretulad, qarTul da zogadad, msoflio Teatris masStabiT... qarTul

TeatrSi, XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, kinoxerxebs Tavis speqtaklebSi jer

kidev kote marjaniSvili iyenebda, xolo ruseTSi, 1917-18 wlebSi, vsevolod

meierholdi pirvel naSromebSi bevrs werda XX saukunis saTeatro

xelovnebaze, sadac ukve axsenebda montaJis principebs.

187

robert sturua upirvelesad muSaobs teqstze da teqstidan akeTebs

garkveul kompilacias. arsebuli teqstidan is qmnis Tavis teqsts. zogjer,

robert sturua ar dgams piesiT gansazRvrul yvela suraTs, moqmedebas.

robert sturuam, yovelgvari teqnikuri xerxebis gamoyenebis gareSe,

Tavisi saTeatro dadgmebi maqsimalurad miuaxlova kinoxelovnebis enas. aq

Cven vgulisxmobT Teatralur formebs gamomsaxvelobiTi enis

TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, saTeatro sivrceSi sxvadasxva kinoxedis

gamoyeneba, gamsxvileba, msxvili xedebi, saerTo xedebi. qarTul TeatrSi

kinoxerxebs, rogorc aRvniSne, marjaniSvilic iyenebda. am TvalsazrisiT

gavixsenoT ernst toleris `hopla, Cven vcocxlobT~, ùriel akosta~ (a.

guckovis piesis mixedviT), sadac e. w. `kinoxerxebs~: montaJs, xedebis

gamsxvilebas, sasceno sivrceSi erTdroulad sxvadasxva planze moqmedebas

mimarTavda.

robert sturua agrZelebs qarTuli Teatraluri skolis tradiciebs

(marjaniSvili, axmeteli, TumaniSvili) da Tavis speqtaklebSi simbolur,

metaforul enas iyenebs `protestis~ gamosaxatavad. es procesi Teatralur

xelovnebaSi gacilebiT adre daiwyo. rodesac formirebas iwyebs e. w.

`sareJisoro Teatri~ (XIX _ XX saukunis dasawyisi). imis Tqma gvsurs, rom

60-ian wlebSi, `simbolur-metaforuli Teatri~ _ erTgvari `rimeiqi~ iyo

saxecvlili formebiT. amis tradicia ukve arsebobda ara mxolod evropasa

da ruseTSi, aramed, saqarTveloSic.

robert sturuas sareJisoro enis Camoyalibebisas warmosaxvis

Teatris stilistikam pirvelad Tavi iCina `xanumaSi~. miRebulma Sedegma

Tavisi gamomxatvelobiTi saSualebebiT gansazRvra misi SemoqmedebiTi gzis

Semdgomi orientacia, romelsac dRes `sturuaseul ekleqtur Teatrs~

vuwodebT.

daviT kldiaSvilis `samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~ reJisorebma

(robert sturua, Temur CxeiZe) erTmaneTs SeuTavses fsiqologiuri wvdomis,

gardasaxvis principebi brextiseul `gaucxoebis efeqts~. speqtakli saxl-

muzeumSi damTvalierebelTa mosvliT iwyeboda da mTeli moqmedeba am

muzeumis erT oTaxsa da aivanze mimdinareobda. am xerxis gamoyenebiT,

distancia msaxiobebsa da moTxrobis gmirebs Soris, xan mcirdeboda da xan

188

kvlav izrdeboda. amas garda, meTodi, romelic gamoiyenes reJisorebma,

speqtaklis dasawyisidanve saSualebas aZlevda Tavisuflad gadasuliyvnen

moTxrobis realuri situaciebidan pirobiTsa da stilizebul xerxebze. es

xazs usvamda damdgmelebis damokidebulebas ama Tu im movlenisadmi _

gadasvla ironiidan da iumoridan naRvelisa da tragizmis situaciebze.

robert sturuas `yvaryvare~ qarTul Teatralur sivrceSi miCneulia

postmodernis manifestad. rusTavelis Teatris dadgmis xerxi groteski

iyo. speqtaklSi tiraniis globaluri aspeqtebi gacxadda. reJisors

speqtakli gadawyvetili hqonda, rogorc sakarnavalo farsi, xolo aseT

JanrSi yovelgvari pirobiTobaa dasaSvebi. amitomac sruliad gamarTlda

ramaz CxikvaZis yvaryvares saxis warmoCena tiranis globalur aspeqtSi.

robert sturua amxelda ara marto yvaryvares, aramed iseT

sazogadoebasac, romelic uSvebs da itans yvaryvares arsebobas. albaT,

swored amitom, reJisorma speqtaklSi dagvanaxa yvaryvares metamorfozebi,

misi niRbis sxvadasxvagvari imitaciebi.

robert sturuas speqtaklebSi ferTa simbolikas dramaturgiuli

mniSvneloba, datvirTva aqvs miniWebuli. misi adreuli speqtaklebidan

gansakuTrebuli simZafriT es `RalatSi~ gamoikveTa. magaliTad, Tuki

dasawyisSi zeinabsa da oTar-begs sisxlisferi samosi ecvaT, rogorc

soleimanis msaxurebs, speqtaklis dasrulebisas mooqrosfroTi icvleboda,

rac albaT maT ganaxlebul sulier mdgomareobaze mianiSnebda. `Ralats~

robert sturuam zogadsakacobrio masStabi SesZina da globalurad

warmoaCina dampyroblisa da dapyrobilis urTierTobani, maTi fsiqologia

da cxovrebis cvalebadobis garduvaloba.

Tu `samaniSvilis dedinacvalSi~ r. sturua adamianTa urTierTobis

rTul sulier da socialur procesebs ikvlevda da warmoaCenda,

`RalatSi~ da Semdgom ufro mZafrad `yvaryvareSi~ politikuri Teatris

principebi Cndeba, rac Semdgom `kavkasiur carcis wreSi~, `riCardSi~ da

sxva speqtaklebSi viTardeba. es speqtaklebi TavianTi arsiT ebrZvian

yovelgvar usamarTlobas. reJisori ar erideboda situaciebis gaRrmavebas

da gamwvavebas, raTa ukeT warmoeCina keTili.

189

robert sturuas saTeatro enis Camoyalibebis procesSi

mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa brextis Teatralurma stilistikam da mixeil

baxtinis Teoriulma kvlevebma. man, SeiZleba iTqvas, praqtikaSi, Tavis

dadgmebSi ganaxorciela baxtinis Teoriuli mosazrebebi. baxtinis

parodiis, groteskis, ironiis, karnavalurobis Teoria gadaamuSava da

sakuTar sareJisoro enaSi organulad gamoiyena. robert sturuas mTel

Semdgom SemoqmedebaSi sxvadasxva stilisa da Janris, sxvadasxva

saSemsruleblo maneris urTierSekavSireba moxda da ara aRreva.

brextis piesebidan pirveli, romelsac robert sturua dgams

`seCuaneli keTili adamiania~. `seCuanel keTil adamianSi~ reJisorma SeZlo

gadmoeca azris Tanmimdevruloba, socialuri simaxvile, magram speqtaklis

formaSi, mxatvrul saSualebebSi araviTari siaxle ar igrZnoboda.

`kavkasiuri carcis wre~ robert sturuas meore Sexvedra iyo

brextTan, sadac reJisorma piesis Tavisufali, axleburi montaJi

SemogvTavaza. prologi mTlianad amoiRo, mgosani Secvala mTxrobliT,

amoagdo musikosTa jgufi, xolo dramaturgiuli datvirTva mTxrobels

daakisra, Seamokla teqsti. brextis dramis Teoriis mTavari principebi ki

daculi iyo.

`kavkasiur carcis wreSi~ robert sturuam ganaxorciela groteskisa

da realizmis urTierTSerwyma, mis saTeatro enaSi naTlad gamoikveTa

baxtiniseuli groteskuli realizmis arseboba. speqtaklSi brextis kidev

erTi principi iyo daculi _ sxvadasxva mimdinareobaTa erTmaneTTan

organuli Serwyma. am SemTxvevaSi _ naturalizmis, eqspresionizmisa da

simbolizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. brextis Teoriis Tanaxmad,

reJisorma erTmaneTs Seurwya poeturi da prozauli, fantastikuri da

realuri, gonebrivi da emociuri. amis erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTi

gaxldaT mTlianobaSi azdakis saxe.

robert sturuas miswrafebam publicistikisaken, poeturi sityvis,

musikis da cekvis sinTezisaken Tavisi maRalmxatvruli gamoxatuleba pova

bertolt brextis `kavkasiur carcis wreSi~, es iyo r. sturuas

reJisoruli azrovnebis namdvili gamarjveba.

190

1994 wels robert sturua rusTavelis TeatrSi meored dgams brextis

`seCuanel keTil adamians~. am speqtaklSi gamoiyena `citirebis~ xerxi:

`citirebebi~ Tavisi adrindeli speqtaklebidan, erTgvari kolaJi

sxvadasxva speqtaklis dekoraciebidan (`kavkasiuri carcis wre~ da `riCard

mesame~). es anturaJi Tumca nacnobi iyo mayureblisaTvis, inarCunebda Tavis

pirvandel saxes, moqceuli sxva konteqstSi axal sinamdviles qmnida.

`kavkasiuri carcis wrisgan~ gansxvavebiT, `seCuaneli keTili adamianis~

sturuaseuli brexti ufro skeptikuria. aq, am speqtaklSi brextiseuli

`gaucxoebis efeqti~ yvelaze ufro metad aisaxa reJisorisa da drois

gaucxoebaSi.

Seqspiris dramaturgia iZleva mravali, gansxvavebuli interpretaciis

SesaZleblobas. brukis TqmiT: `Seqspiris piesebis dadgmebi umeteswilad

warmoadgens sxvadasxva Teatralur stilTa istorias, romlebic ubiZgebda

msaxiobebs, reJisorebsa da mxatvrebs gamoeZerwaT Seqspiris piesebi

Taviseburad~.63

robert sturuas yovelTvis awuxebda tiranul saxelmwifoSi

pirovnebis nivelirebis problema, amitomac bunebrivi iyo, rom man mimarTa

Seqspiris piesebs. reJisorma `riCard mesames~ dadgmis SemTxvevaSic ar

uRalata Tavis meTods da reJisoruli koncefciis gamosaxatavad Seqspiris

teqstsac iseve Tavisuflad moeqca, rogorc amas sxva dramaturgTa mimarT

akeTebda. speqtaklSi zogierTi personaJi saerTod gaqra, teqsti Semoklda.

rigi scenebi, romlebic SeqspirTan Tanmimdevrulad aris mocemuli,

warmodgenaSi gaerTianda polifoniur plastebSi, amiT naTlad

gamomJRavnda movlenebis is urTierTSemakavSirebeli xazi, romelic sxva

SemTxvevaSi mayureblisaTvis SeiZleba amoucnobi gamxdariyo. speqtaklSi

Semoyvanilia axali personaJic, romelic Seqspiris tragediaSi ar aris. es

aris masxaras saxe. reJisorma mas mayureblis `gaucxoebis~ funqcia

daakisra.

robert sturua Seqspiris tragedias tragifarsis formiT gvawvdis.

tragikulia yvelaferi is, rac scenaze xdeba, ra Tqma unda, tragediaa

63 Брук П. Шекспир в наше время. ж. «Англия» , 1964. №2. стр. 8.

191

adamianTa imgvari yofa, arseboba, rogoradac es Seqspiris `riCard

mesameSia~ mocemuli, magram reJisori yvelafer amas, adamianTa gaSmagebul

brZolas Zalauflebis mopovebisaTvis, ironiulad uyurebs, TiTqos

dascinis kidec maT. igi TiTqos civi gonebiT ukvirdeba da afasebs.

warmodgenis amgvar xasiaTSi gadawyvetas Seefereba rogorc speqtaklis

mxatvroba (m. SveliZe), aseve musika (g. yanCeli). robert sturuas yvela

speqtaklsa da maT Soris `riCard mesameSi~ didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda

musikas. umetes SemTxvevaSi igi sazRvravda speqtaklis plastikur

gadawyvetas.

problemis globalur aspeqtSi warmoCenas xels uwyobda agreTve

kostiumebi, romlebic speqtaklSi monawile msaxiobebs, `riCard mesamis~

personaJebs ecvaT. es iyo abstraqtul-stilizebuli kostiumebi, romlebic

TiTqosda yvela drois politikosTa Cacmulobas mogvagonebda (hitleris,

napoleonis da a. S.).

mesame moqmedebaSi robert sturuas Semohyavda jambazi, romelic

scenaze mimdinare moqmedebas ironiul, gamosaaSkaravebel komentarebs

ukeTebda. reJisorma mas mayureblis `gaucxoebis~ funqcia daakisra. jambazi

mayurebels ironiulad esaubreboda tragediis bunebis Sesaxeb. dascinoda

scenaze moqmed personaJebs. yvelafer amas ki akeTebda imisTvis, raTa

mayurebels SesZleboda gaeanalizebina scenaze momxdari ambis saSineli

uazroba da Seegno, rom ZalauflebisaTvis, sakuTari gandidebisaTvis

brZola klavs adamianSi yovelgvar adamianurs, aqcevs mas sisxlismsmel,

ideafiqsiT Sepyrobil meqanizmad.

transformaciam, romelic ganicades robert sturuas speqtaklSi


JReradoba. Seqspiris `riCard mesamis~ yvela gmiri ar aris aramzada.

speqtaklSi ki, teqstSi aqcentebis gadaadgilebiT, replikebis amogdebiT,

CasmiT, gadakeTebiT da sxva amgvari saSualebebiT yvelani aRmoCndnen

pativmoyvare, Zalauflebisaken swrafviT Sepyrobilni.

speqtaklSi xazgasmulia, rom riCards zneobrivad arajansaRma

garemocvam xeli Seuwyo misi araadamianuri zraxvebis aRmocenebasa da

aRsrulebaSi.

192

robert sturuam `mefe lirSi~ harmoniulad gaaerTiana sxvadasxva

Teatraluri mimdinareoba. man Tavis, ukve arsebul, `saTeatro enas~ axali

JReradoba SesZina. e. w. `warmosaxvis Teatrs~, pirobiTobas, `gaucxoebis

efeqts~ da distanciur damokidebulebas, Teatralobas daumata gmirTa

xasiaTebis fsiqologiuri damuSaveba. man am speqtaklSi wina planze

wamoswia Seqspiris teqstis qveteqsti. tragifarsuli, tragikomikuri

Teatris gverdiT Rrmad Cagvaxeda adamianis Sinagan samyaroSi, mis sulSi,

gviCvena pirovnuli tragedia, pirovnebis sulis rRveva da aRorZineba.

reJisoris Canafiqri ganxorcielda dekoraciaSic, romelic TeatrSi

Teatris imitacis qmnida.

robert sturua `mefe lirSi~ agrZelebs kvlevas pirovnebis, tiraniis,

saxelmwifos, diqtaturis problemebisa. am speqtaklSi reJisorma wina

planze wamoswia tiranis, despotis danatovris saSineli aspeqtebi.

reJisor robert sturuas koncefciaSi gadmocemuli iyo liris

msoflmxedvelobis arsi, e. w. `liris Teatri~ da tragedias absoluturad

Tanamedrove JReradoba SesZina.

Seqspiris poeturi, filosofiuri sityva sturuam scenaze

vizualurad gamoZerwa. ama Tu im epizodSi movlenis arss igi Tavisebur

scenur formas usadagebda.

robert sturua sxvadasxva reJisoruli xerxiT amZafrebs scenaze

warmodgenili samyaros saSinelebebs. am saSinelebebis warmoCeniT mihyavs

mayurebeli daZabulobis ukidures zRvramde. amas reJisori aRwevs

sxvadasxva Teatraluri saSualebis gamoyenebiT _ proJeqtorebis

damabrmavebeli efeqtis meSveobiT (elvis msgavsi), Weqa-quxilis

gamayruebeli xmebis imitaciiT, scenis siRrmidan wamosuli gamaognebeli

RmuiliT da a. S.

is samyaro, romelsac robert sturua speqtaklSi gviCvenebs, marto

liris samyaro ar aris. es dRes Cven garSemo arsebuli samyarocaa.

sarkisebri arekvla mayurebelTa darbazisa scenaze swored amis

mimaniSnebelia. speqtaklSi dro da adgili aranairad ar aris

Semofargluli. is, rac scenaze xdeba, nebismier drosa da sivrceSi

SeiZleba ganmeordes.

193

robert sturuasaTvis Seqspiris piesebSi mniSvnelovania masxaras

personaJi, rac reJisors xels uwyobs Tavisi koncefciis ukeT warmoCenaSi.

SeqspirTan `lirSi~ masxara ar kvdeba, igi ubralod qreba. robert sturuas

speqtaklSi liri klavs masxaras. Tavidan igi gauazreblad urtyamda danas

masxaras, mxolod bolo wuTebSi xvdeboda, rom masxaras mkvlelobiT man

TviTmkvleloba Caidina.

`mefe lirSi~ gamoCnda reJisoris `saTeatro enis~ axali plastebi,

axali Sreebi. es iyo gansxvavebuli robert sturuas politikuri

Teatrisagan. TamaSis axleburi manera, fsiqologiuri svlebi, Serwymuli

mis Teatralur stilistikasTan, ufro met Sinagan Zalas da siTbos

aniWebda speqtakls.

`makbetSic~ Zalauflebisa da taxtisaTvis brZolaa asaxuli.

gvirgvini, romlisTvisac daundobeli brZolaa gaCaRebuli, isev yvelaze

borots, daundobelsa da cbiers ergeba... am speqtaklSi ufro mZafrad

gamoikveTa samyaro adamianTa codvebiTa Tu ubiwoebiT aRvsili.

`makbetSi~ robert sturuas sareJisoro ena Sors aris `yofiTi~

scenuri urTierTobebidan, cxovrebiseuli detalebidan. aq, TiTqos,

yvelaferi ukiduresi daZabulobis zRvarze mimdinareobs. speqtakli ar

aris gadatvirTuli efeqtebiT, magram amave dros mayurebeli SeigrZnobs

reJisoris ulevi fantaziis nayofs.

speqtaklSi makbetis garSemo arsebuli qveyana ZalauflebisaTvis

brZolis morevSia Cafluli. aq, am samyaroSi, aravinaa ucodveli. yvelani

erTnairebi arian da yvelas sanukvari ocneba samefo gvirgvinia. samefo

gvirgvinisaTvis brZolaSi ki xan erTi imarjvebs da xan _ meore.

speqtaklSi zaza papuaSvilis makbeti da nino kasraZis ledi makbeti

ufro axalgazrdebi arian, vidre es piesaSia. gaaxalgazrdavebulia

speqtaklSi maTi garemocvac.

SeqspirTan makbets gmiruli da saxelovani warsuli aqvs. robert

sturuas interpretaciiT ki misi warsulis erTgvari nivelireba xdeba. igi

TiTqos warsulis gareSe xvdeba am samyaroSi, sadac TviTon, brZoliTa da

agresiiT unda ipovos Tavisi Tavi.

194

robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis, misi Teatraluri

esTetikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia dramaturgis sapirispiro gziT siaruli.

imavdroulad igi axerxebs dramaturgiuli Canafiqris asaxvas. am

SemTxvevaSic robert sturuas grZneuli qalebi formaluri mxatvruli

xerxia, metaforaa. maT gamosaxvas reJisorma Camoacila yovelgvari

tragikuli, mistikuri, idumali paTosi da groteskul aspeqtSi gadawyvita.

speqtaklSi ar aris mkveTrad gamijnuli boroteba da sikeTe, iseve

rogorc, waSlilia zRvari mkvdrebsa da cocxlebs Soris. `makbetSi~

mkvdrebs ar asaflaveben. maT TiTqos uzarmazar nagavsayrelze gadaisvrian

xolme. speqtaklSi erTxel moklulebi kvlav agrZeleben sicocxles da ara

marto makbetisa da misi meuRlis `zmanebebSi~, aramed `realurad~. isini

cocxldebian piradi SurisZiebisaTvis, sikeTe da samarTlianoba Sors aris

am adamianebisagan. Tumca, makbetis boroteba erTxel ukve moklulebs

aiZulebs mis mowinaaRmdegeTa banakSi yofnas. makbetis kidev ufro didi

borotebis winaaRmdeg mkvdrebi da cocxlebi erTiandebian.

Seqspiris sturuaseul dadgmebSi masxarebi gansxvavebulni arian. am

SemTxvevaSi masxara morCili, laquca qveSevrdomia, romelsac mTlianad

dakarguli aqvs adamianuri Rirseba.

robert sturuam da qoreografma gia marRaniam makbetis da ledi

makbetis araCveulebrivi plastikuri naxazi Seqmnes. maT scenaze

gaacocxles am wyvilis ucnauri da tragikuli siyvaruli.

reJisor robert sturuas saTeatro enas axasiaTebs erTdroulad

ramdenime moqmedebis gaSla scenaze. ase xdeba `makbetSic. sakmarisia,

gavixsenoT epizodi, rodesac scenis erT mxares malkolmi (Temiko WiWinaZe)

da misi momxreebi makbetis winaaRmdeg, misTvis samagieros gadasaxdelad,

SeTqmulebas amzadeben, xolo scenis meore mxares SeSinebuli, sindisis

qenjniT gawamebuli ledi makbetis sasikvdilo agonia TamaSdeba.

robert sturuasaTvis niSandoblivia personaJTa qmedebis

metaforuli gaazreba. laparakia moqmed pirTa e. w. `boroti xelebis~

aqcentirebaze. zogierT scenaSi swored xelebi amxelen gmirTa zraxvebs.

195

sayuradReboa is faqti, rom speqtaklis finalSi, reJisoris mier

Semotanili metaforuli xerxi _ adamianis mokveTili TavebiT fexburTis

TamaSisa, Tavad makbets Seawyvetina. siaves, borotebas aq wertili daesva.

`hamletSi~ robert sturuas reJisurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

dramatuloba da ironiuloba erTmaneTis gverdiT Tanaarseboben.

klasikuri da balaganuri dadgmis stili erTmaneTs enacvleba. piesis

gmirebi speqtaklSi tragikuli balaganis monawileebad arian qceulni.

robert sturuam `hamletSi~ dagvixata samyaro, sadac realurobasa

da pirobiTobas Soris arsebuli zRvari waSlilia. es paraleluri

Sreebia, romlebic erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTula. erTi mdgomareobidan, erTi

ganzomilebidan meoreSi gadasvla SeumCnevlad, minimaluri Strixebis

gamoyenebiT xdeba.

`hamletSi~ scena ar aris gadatvirTuli dekoraciebiT (mxatvari m.

SveliZe). scenografia da kostiumebi kvlav ar gansazRvraven dros.

robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mTelis da

nawilis, fragmentis da erTianobis warmoCena. swored amgvari xerxiT aris

agebuli `hamletic~, misi scenografia, musikaluri gaformeba, kompozicia

da struqtura. amiT igi TvalsaCinos xdis Tavis saTqmels.

robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia tragikulis

da komikuris Tanaarseboba. asea `hamletSic~.

reJisoris interpretaciiT zaza papuaSvilis hamleti ar aris erTiani

monoliTuri figura. misi hamleti winaaRmdegobrivia, rogorc Sinagani

bunebiT, aseve garegnuladac. igi xan jambazia, ironiiTa da cinizmiT

ganmsWvaluli, xan Steria, xan Wkviania, xan sastikia, xan wrfeli da nazia,

xan mZvinvare da ficxia da xanac _ romantiuli. misi qmedebebi Tu emociuri

mdgomareoba sxvadasxva situaciaSi sxvadasxva elfers iZens. zaza

papuaSvilis hamleti bedTan TiTqos Seguebulia. misi qcevebi TiTqos

ucnauria, ucnauria misi damokidebulebac samyaroSi arsebuli borotebis,

Ralatis mimarT. is aRar kiTxulobs, wyeulma bedma rad arguna gawyvetili

kavSiris Sekvra. mis aRqmaSi es gardauvali faqtia da amitomac iRebs mas

da ambobs: `droTa kavSiri dairRva da wyeulma bedma me marguna misi

Sekvra~.

196

hamletisa da mamis aCrdilis Sexvedris epizodSi reJisori

plastikuri gadawyvetis saSualebiT xazs usvams mamisa da Svilis sulier

erTianobas.

`hamletSi~ sxva sakiTxebTan erTad robert sturuam isev gausva xazi

Zalauflebisken swrafvis Temas. amjerad, klavdiusi sakuTar Zmas klavs

mmarTvelobis xelSi Casagdebad.

robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia musikas

mianiWos iseTive funqcia, rogorsac aniWebs sametyvelo enasa Tu sxeulis,

plastikis enas. speqtaklSi ramdenime musikaluri Temaa, TiToeul maTgans

Tavisi dramaturgiuli da emociuri funqcia akisria. scenaze situaciis an

gmiris ganwyobilebis Sesabamisad icvleba Temebi.

robert sturuas saTeatro enis kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa

kostiumebis ekleqtizmi. met-naklebad istoriuli kostiumebis gverdiT

Tanamedroved Cacmul personaJebs vxedavT. xelovani yovelTvis xazs usvams

Tavis, rogorc reJisoris, funqcias Seqspiris dramebis, misi gmirebis

gacocxlebisa; amitomac gadmoaqvs isini nacnob, erovnul, politikur Tu

socialur konteqstSi.

robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia scenuri

Txrobis araCveulebrivi dinamikuroba, rac am speqtaklSi sruli sicxadiT

gamovlinda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom `hamletSi~, verbaluri TvalsazrisiT, arcerTi

mniSvnelovani monologi bolomde ar aris gadmocemuli.

robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia _

sulisSemZvreli epizodis Semdgom mayurebels amosunTqvis saSualeba

misces. reJisorma `hamletSic~ gamoiyena komikuri elementebis Serwyma

tragikul movlenebTan.

`hamletSi~ ar xdeba Janrobrivi dayofa. ufro metic, Tamamad

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

ekleqtizmi am speqtaklSi yvelaze naTlad gamovlinda. aq yvelafers

erTdroulad aRviqvamT _ tragedias, fsiqologiur dramas, farss, komedias

da a. S.. am dadgmaSic yoveli detali, rogorc zogadad robert sturuas

saTeatro enas axasiaTebs, maTematikuri sizustiT aris damuSavebuli,

197

yovel epizods, scenas simarTle udevs safuZvlad, ris gamoc es TiTqosda

erTi SexedviT Janruli ekleqtizmi erT mTlian kompoziciaSia Sekruli.

`rogorc geneboT, Sobis meTormete Rame~ mxiaruli, raRac

TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba, cinikuri, `situaciebis komedia~ robert sturuas

interpretaciiT rusTavelis Teatris scenaze tragifarsad iqca. am xerxiT

robert sturuam komediis siuJeti sul sxva rakursiT, sxva mxridan

daanaxa mayurebels.

robert sturuas sareJisoro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva

Teatraluri Janrisa Tu mimarTulebis erT speqtaklSi gaerTianeba. aq, am

speqtaklSi, Suasaukneebis Teatridan dawyebuli, yvela Janrs amoicnobT:

liturgikul dramas, mirakls, misterias, farss, pastorals, `komedia

delartesaTvis~ damaxasiaTebel bufonadas... reJisorisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli Janruli, gamiznuli ekleqtika, SeiZleba iTqvas,

polistilistika am speqtaklSic erT mTlianobaSia Sekruli.

robert sturuam `meTormete RameSi~ Seqmna daxlarTuli, sabediswero

peripetiebi, romlebic Tavis morevSi iTreven speqtaklis yvela personaJs.

am xerxiT, eqstremaluri situaciebis SeqmniT, man moqmed pirTa uxilavi

mxareebi da maTSi momxdari metamorfozebi ufro naTlad warmoaCina.

sturua TiTqos cdilobs aCvenos ori samyaros paraleluri arseboba ara

marto scenaze, aramed Tavad adamianSi. erTi realuri, miwieri arsebobaa,

realuri samyaroa, meore ki _ metafizikuri, sadac yvelafers Tavisi

WeSmariti Rirebuleba aqvs. robert sturuam speqtaklSi gaaerTiana es

xiluli da uxilavi samyaroebi.

mxatvrul gaformebaSi zedmiwevniT lakoniuria ferTa gama. robert

sturuas sxva speqtaklebis msgavsad, am dadgmaSic mxatvrobis da musikis

ena harmoniulad aris Serwymuli reJisoris saTeatro, sareJisoro enasTan,

rac mTlianobaSi qmnis araCveulebriv, sulis amaforiaqebel da

dasafiqrebel sanaxaobas.

keTili iumori, ironiuli qveteqsti, nebismieri saxis iluziebi,

triukebi, oinebi, msaxiobTa TamaSisaTvis, improvizaciisaTvis Seqmnili

Tavisufleba ki ar cvlis, aramed piriqiT, amZafrebs movlenebis arss.

198

yvelaferi es gakeTebulia sanaxaobiTobis SerwymiT Rrma filosofiur

azrTan.

sturuas sxva speqtaklebis msgavsad am dadgmaSic ostaturad da

efeqturad aris Sesrulebuli sanaxaobiTi formebi, rac minimaluri

dekoraciis gamoyenebiT xdeba. reJisori TiTqos xazs usvams, rom am

samyaroSi araferia mudmivi, miTumetes, sagnebi.

speqtakli savsea robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli moulodneli svlebiT. reJisorma speqtakli daiwyo imiT,

rac piesaSi ar aris, magram, mTavaria is, rom mis mier SemoTavazebuli

dasasruli sruliad moulodnelia mayureblisaTvis. speqtaklis finalSi

golgoTis scenis gaTamaSeba, maSin rodesac `situaciebis komedia~ kvanZis

gaxsnis Semdgom TiTqos keTilad unda dasrulebuliyo, Sokis momgvrel

STabeWdilebas tovebs mayurebelze.

robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis niSandoblivia _ `teqstis~

montaJi (zogjer, robert sturua ar dgams piesiT gansazRvrul yvela

suraTs, moqmedebas); warmodgenis scenaze ganxorcielebisas `kinomontaJis~

xerxis gamoyeneba; koncefciis naTlad warmosaCenad personaJTa

transformaciis meSveobiT moqmedi pirebisaTvis publicisturi JReradobis

miniWeba; personaJTa qmedebis metaforuli gaazreba; scenuri sivrcis

maTematikuri sizustiT aTviseba da niSnobrivi gajerebuloba; scenaze

dekoraciisa da rekvizitisTvis simbolos an metaforis rolis miniWeba

(yvelaferi, rac scenazea, ganmsWvalulia damatebiTi mniSvnelobebiT);

mTelis da nawilis, fragmentis da erTianobis warmoCena; msaxiobTa

universaluroba (maT TamaSs ver mivakuTvnebT romelime erT Teatralur

stils); TamaSis axleburi manera, fsiqologiuri svlebis Serwyma sakuTar

Teatralur stilistikasTan; dramatulobisa da ironiulobis erTmaneTis

gverdiT Tanaarseboba; musikisaTvis iseTive funqciis miniWeba, rogorsac

aniWebs sametyvelo enasa Tu sxeulis, plastikis enas; speqtaklebSi

ramdenime musikaluri Temis arseboba, TiToeuli maTganisaTvis

dramaturgiuli da emociuri funqciis dakisreba; musikis meSveobiT

speqtaklis plastikuri naxazis Seqmna; speqtaklis kostiumebis ekleqtizmi,

199

kostiumebisaTvis dramaturgiuli datvirTvis miniWeba; scenuri Txrobis

araCveulebrivi dinamikuroba (magaliTad, Tu gmiri monologs kiTxulobs,

es monologi sturuasTan iSviaTad aris mxolod monologi, klasikuri

gagebiT); droTa aRreva (mis speqtaklebSi dro ar aris gansazRvruli);

realurobasa da pirobiTobas Soris zRvris ararseboba; Janrobrivi

polistilistika;

robert sturuas saTeatro enis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia: montaJis

principi, simboluroba da metaforuloba, `dekanonizireba~, òrmagi

kodirebis~ principi, ironia, Janrebis Sereva _ stiluri sinkretizmi,

karnavaluroba, imanenturoba, Teatraloba, muSaoba publikaze, auditoriis

aucilebeli gaTvaliswineba. es niSnebi, sxvasTan erTad, axasiaTebs

postmodernizms. am mimdinareobam didi roli iTamaSa reJisoris saTeatro

enis formirebis procesSi.

xelovnebis arsi da daniSnuleba cxovrebis asaxvaa, romelic

WeSmaritebasTan miaxloebis da Semecnebis erT-erTi saSualebaa. xelovnebis

nebismieri dargi da miTumetes Teatri exmareba adamians ufro mZafrad

SeigrZnos da gaiazros sxvadasxva cxovrebiseuli movlena. robert

sturuas Seqspiris dadgmebi: `riCard III~, `mefe liri~, `makbeti~, `hamleti~,

asaxavs adamianis Zalauflebisken swrafvas, ukanasknelSi ki sxvasTan

erTad im fsiqikur Tu moralur zians, romelsac Zalaufleba da misken

ltolva ayenebs adamians, ara aqvs mniSvneloba Zalauflebis subieqtia is,

Tu obieqti. aseTi svla Zalauflebis anatomiidan ( `riCard III~, `mefe

liri~, `makbeti~) sulis anatomiisken (`hamleti~) robert sturuas

SemoqmedebaSi sruliad logikuria. `meTormete Rame~ es aris `Teatri

TeatrSi~. am cxovreba-TeatrSi, cxovreba-balaganSi, adamiani-Tojinebis,

adamiani-niRbebis, adamiani-jambazebis balaganuri amaoebis miRma naTlad

Cans sxva, kerZod ki, ganwiruli adamianis gancdebi.

xelovnebis nimuSi, romelic mxolod erTgvarovani interpretaciis

saSualebas iZleva, ar SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli xelovnebis nimuSad. robert

sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia miniSnebebis gakeTeba,

200

romelTac mayurebeli sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqvams da sxvadasxva

interpretacias aZlevs. amitomac aris robert sturua didi reJisori.

qarTuli TeatrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, msoflio saTeatro

Janrebis da tendenciebis zogierTi maxasiaTeblebi, bertolt brextis

saTeatro koncefciis transformirebuli saxiT gamoyeneba, mixeil baxtinis

parodiis, groteskuli realizmis, ironiis, karnavalurobis Teoria qmnis

robert sturuas èkleqtur~, `polistilistur~ Teatrs. msoflio

Teatraluri semiotikis Tanafardobisa Tu urTierTSerwymisas reJisorma

miagno originaluri saTeatro enis Seqmnis gzebs. robert sturuas

saTeatro enis ganmsazRvrel cnebas SeiZleba ewodos `polistilistika~.

201

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Documents

robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebisaTvis · mainly Brecht’s “Caucasian Chalk Circle” and “The Good Person of Szechwan”. Robert Sturua has his own comprehension of Brecht’s