Robert HouzeRobert HouzeUniversity of WashingtonUniversity of Washington

(with contributions from B. Smull(with contributions from B. Smull))

Winter MONEXWinter MONEX Summer MONEXSummer MONEX

Presented at: International Conference on MONEX and its Legacy, 3-7 Feb 2005, New Delhi

Johnson & Houze 1987

Houze et al. 1981

WINTER MONEXWINTER MONEXDiurnal variation of high cloudiness near BorneoDiurnal variation of high cloudiness near Borneo

08 LST08 LST 20 LST20 LST

14 LST14 LST 02 LST02 LST

S. CHINA SEA

December1978

Bintulu

BORNEO

Houze et al. 1981

Radar Obs. of WINTER MONEX Borneo cloud systemRadar Obs. of WINTER MONEX Borneo cloud system

Stratiform Precipitation

Bintulu

Mapes et al. 2003

Pacific

Pacific

South America

South America

Andes

Andes

Diurnal gravity wave generation of mesoscale convection over coastal South America

Johnson & Houze 1987

300 mb wind & sfc pressure850 mb wind

Percent High Cloudiness in the Summer MonsoonPercent High Cloudiness in the Summer Monsoon

May-September 19991999

< 235 K < 210 K

Zuidema 2002

Diurnal cycle, mean percent high cloudiness, 1999

Cloud Top < 210 K

Zuidema 2002

Zuidema 2002

r < 85 km

r = 140-210 km

r = 85-140 km

r > 210 km

Location of cloud systems by horizontal dimension May-September 1999

CloudTop

< 210 K

equator

NOAA ShipRonald H. Brown

Webster et al. 2002

Zuidema 2002

JASMINE Mesoscale Convective SystemsJASMINE Mesoscale Convective SystemsDefined & tracked by 218 K infrared thresholdDefined & tracked by 218 K infrared threshold

JASMINE 1999, Ship Track & Satellite DataJASMINE 1999, Ship Track & Satellite Data

85-90 E85-90 E

ShipTrack

Webster et al. 2002

IR Temperature

08:30 LST

IR Temperature

11:30 LST

IR Temperature

14:30 LST

IR Temperature

17:30 LST

IR Temperature

20:30 LST

IR Temperature

Ship radar

20:30 LST

2345 LST 22 May 99 0215 LST 23 May 99 0615 LST 23 May 99

JASMINE 1999JASMINE 1999

Ship Radar DataShip Radar Data

Doppler Radial Velocity

Reflectivity

Reflectivity

JASMINE 1999JASMINE 1999

Ship Radar DataShip Radar Data

22 May 19992300 LST

Doppler Radial Velocity

Reflectivity

Reflectivity

JASMINE 1999JASMINE 1999

Ship Radar DataShip Radar Data

22 May 19992143 LST

JASMINE Ship RadarData

TRMM PrecipitationRadar Swath

23 May 1999 0650 LST

23 May 1999 0650 LST

TRMM Precipitation Radar shows extensive stratiform structureTRMM Precipitation Radar shows extensive stratiform structure

SUMMER MONEXSUMMER MONEX

6 July 19796 July 1979

850 mb wind

Houze & Churchill 1987

Houze & Churchill 1987

SUMMER MONEXSUMMER MONEX

6 July 19796 July 1979

NOAA P3 AircraftNOAA P3 Aircraft

Radar

Microphysics

14N

20N

88E 92E88E 92E

14N

20N

850 mb wind

SUMMER MONEXSUMMER MONEX

8 July 19798 July 1979

Houze & Churchill 1987

Radar

MicrophysicsSUMMER MONEXSUMMER MONEX

8 July 19798 July 1979

NOAA P3 AircraftNOAA P3 Aircraft

16N

20N

82E 86E82E 86E

16N

20N

Houze & Churchill 1987

SUMMER MONEXSUMMER MONEX

Microphysics, All P3 flights, 3-8 July 1979Microphysics, All P3 flights, 3-8 July 1979

Houze & Churchill 1987

Columns

Needles

Drops

AggregatesPlates

Dendrites

Columns Plates & Dendrites

Aggregates &Drops

Flig

ht

Lev

el T

emp

erat

ure

(d

eg C

)

0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

Relative Frequency of Occurrence

Melting

Intense Convective Wide Stratiform

°N

°E

TRMM Precipitation RadarTRMM Precipitation RadarJune-Sept, 2002-2003June-Sept, 2002-2003

Oceanic convection in both winter and summer monsoons occur in deep, broad mesoscale convective systems, often diurnally forced

Ground and airborne radars showed that precipitation in the mature mesoscale convective systems was predominantly stratiform

Microphysical data collected by aircraft confirmed the highly stratiform character of the precipitation, with evidence of ice particle growth by vapor deposition & aggregation

JASMINE 1999 shows the deepest, broadest, & longest lasting mesoscale systems are diurnal & propagate southward, possibly as waves, with discrete jumps in the progression of the cloud systems

TRMM satellite radar data (since 1997) confirm the stratiform character of the precipitation over the ocean—in contrast to that over the land

Diurnal cycle, mean percent high cloudiness, 1999

<235 K <210 K

Zuidema 2002

Churchill & Houze 1984

Stratiform precipitation shown by the Bintulu RadarStratiform precipitation shown by the Bintulu Radar

Houze et al. 1981

WINTER MONEXWINTER MONEXTime series of high cloudiness seen by satelliteTime series of high cloudiness seen by satellite

SOUTH CHINA SEA

BORNEO

December 1978