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Roadmap towards developing a DGR
programme
Haeryong Jung
Waste Technology Section
Department of Nuclear Energy
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
8th edition of the International Summer School on Nuclear Decommissioning and Waste Management
1st Workshop on Planning R&D towards Geological Disposal
European Commission, Joint Research Centre
12-16 September 2016, JRC Ispra (Italy), Bldg. 58c
Background
Objectives and scope
Generic timeline for a geological disposal
programme
Roadmap matrix
Outline
Spent fuel inventory
Total 444 nuclear power reactors are in operation in 30 countries as of
26 May 2016 (PRIS, IAEA).
Discharge of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) (as of 2013)
Spent fuel management options
Reprocessing
Direct Disposal
Wet Storage
Dry Storage
New Fuel
NPP Temporary Storage
Deep
Geological
Disposal
NPP Temporary storage
Interim storage
Disposal
Geological disposal: why?
<US National Academy of Sciences, 1957> <Concept of geological disposal>
To provide long-term passive safety
Biosphere
Natural
barrier
Engineered
barrier
Low flow rate of groundwater
Anoxic condition
Retardation
Dilution
Geological disposal: why?
Geological disposal of high-level waste (HLW) and spent nuclear fuel
(SNF) when declared as waste is the already well developed solution
capable of providing passive long term safety.
- Geological disposal facilities for radioactive waste (IAEA)
- Technology Roadmap: Nuclear Energy 2015 (OECD/NEA & IEA)
Some Member States have made good progresses (e.g., Finnish
government granted a license for construction of geological repository
for spent nuclear fuel in November 2015). However, many Member
States still need to develop a disposal solution for HLW/SNF.
Implementation of geological disposal
Spent Fuel Repository at Forsmark
(Courtesy of SKB)
Sweden
HLW & IL-LLW Repository at Bure
(Courtesy of Andra)
Spent Fuel Repository at Olkiluoto
(Courtesy of Posiva) Yucca Mountain Project
(Courtesy of SNL)
STUK (2015):
Nuclear waste
facility can be built
to be safe
France
USA Filand
General phases of geological disposal
Note:
Stages and phases are not necessarily discrete but often overlap
Stages and phases are typically iterative and not simply sequential
Stages and phases can differ from country to country
Robert J. MacKinnon (SNLs) and Stefan J. Mayer (IAEA), URF Workshop, 2014
Background
Objectives and scope
Generic timeline for a geological disposal
programme
Roadmap matrix
Outline
Purpose
The primary objective of this roadmap is to provide support to
IAEA Member States in developing and implementing a
programme on the geological disposal of high-level waste and
spent nuclear fuel which is declared as waste.
It focuses on identifying the key phases and activities that
contribute to developing a disposal programme from an early
research and development phase through siting steps to
licensing. Later phases such as construction, operations, and
closure will also be addressed, taking into account experiences
from ILW DGR developments.
It also highlights the role of URLs and how they may contribute
to disposal development in the context of such a roadmap.
Scope
The report lays out a roadmap relevant to the waste management
organisation’s responsibilities. The broader national context
including the regulator, policy makers, etc is considered outside of
scope.
Transportation and predisposal activities, such as storage, are
outside the scope of this work.
Geological disposal is considered in a “broad” meaning (not only
deep geological disposal) and for all possible host rock formations
and for all waste categories; it however addresses mined
repositories and not the developments of alternative concepts such
as the deep borehole disposal concept, as the latter is not as
mature as mined geological repositories.
Background
Objectives and scope
Generic timeline for a geological disposal
programme
Roadmap matrix
Outline
Safety Case
IAEA SSG-14: Geological disposal facilities for radioactive waste
Siting process
IAEA SSG-14: Geological disposal facilities for radioactive waste
Siting (process): encompasses a range of activities from initial conceptual design through site selection to
confirmation of the site for construction of a disposal facility.
RD&D Planning
IGD-TP (2015): RD&D planning towards geological disposal of
radioactive waste-guidance for less-advanced programmes
Phases and milestones for implementer
IAEA TECDOC-1755: Planning and
Design Considerations for Geological
Repository Programmes of Radioactive
Waste
• a broad and high-level outline of how
a geological disposal programme
needs to be developed
• key phases and milestone could be
adapted to suit specific situation of
each Member State
• However, it provides “considerations”
on disposal programme development
Comparison of generic timelines
IAEA SSG-14 (Safety case)
Initial site investigation and preliminary facility
design Site characterization & confirmation Construction Operation
Post-
closure
IAEA SSG-14 (Siting process)
Conceptual and planning Area survey Site investigation Detailed site characterization and site
confirmation Construction Operation
Post-
closure
IAEA
TECDOC-
1775
Establishment of WMO
and RB Site evaluation & site selection Site characterization Construction Operation
Post-
closure
IGD-TP, 2015 Policy, framework &
programme
establishment
Generic studies and site
selection
Site characterization & safety assessment for conceptual
design
Underground
development,
demonstration
& construction
Operation Closure
SNLs Report Planning, R&D,
concept evaluation
Elicitation of
interested
host
communities
Initial site
evaluation
Candidate
sites
evaluated
Preferred
site
selected
Characteri-
zation of
selected
site
License
application Construction and
monitoring
Operation and
monitoring Closure
OECD/NEA
Report -7085 Siting Construction 1 2 3 4 5 6
Siting process
1. Decision to begin disposal
2. Decision on partial backfilling
3. Decision on end emplacing waste
4. Decision on final closure
5. Decision on follow-up provisions
6. Decision on follow-up provisions
Background
Objectives and scope
Generic time for a geological disposal
programme
Roadmap matrix
Outline
Schematics of national decision and milestones
National
decision
National
decision
National
decision
National
decision National
decision
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
Phase 5
Milestones Milestones Milestones Milestones Milestones
Initiation Siting Construction/Operation Post closure
Initiation Siting process
Operation Post closure
Construction
excavation closure Investigation without
specific site(s)
Investigation with
specific site(s)
Major national decisions
I. Establishment & initiation of a DGR programme
II. Initiate the siting process
III. License granted for construction
IV. License granted for operation
V. License granted for closure
VI. Surveillance plan
I II III IV V
Key phases & major national decisions
Key phases
VI
Initiation Siting process
Operation Post closure
Construction
excavation closure Investigation without
specific site(s)
Investigation with
specific site(s)
I II III IV V
Roadmap matrix-milestones
1. Prerequisites • Milestone 1-1: Establishment of national, legal and regulatory frameworks
2. Initiation and implementation of geological disposal • Milestone 2-1: Development of implementation strategy
• Milestone 2-2: Technology readiness for application for construction license
• Milestone 2-3: Technology readiness for application for operation license
• Milestone 2-4: Technology readiness for application for closure license
3. Safety case and safety assessment • Milestone 3-1: Generic safety case
• Milestone 3-2: Safety case for construction license application
• Milestone 3-3: Safety case for operation license application
• Milestone 3-4: Safety case for closure license application
4. Site relevant activities • Milestone 4-1: Initiation of siting process
• Milestone 4-2: Selection of site(s) for detailed site characterization
• Milestone 4-3: Site confirmation
5. Post-closure activities • Milestone 5-1: Surveillance after closure, if necessary
6. URF activities • Milestone 6-1: Decision on how to initiate and implement URL programme
• Milestone 6-2: Confirmation of site specific URL
4-1 1-1 2-1 6-1 4-2 3-3 3-4 5-1 4-3 2-3 2-4 3-2 6-2 3-1 2-2
VI
RWMO management • License application
• Strategic plan
• Requirements
• Others (e.g. management system)
Scientific & technical readiness: Scientific understanding, Safety Case & long-term RD&D
• Scientific and technical understanding
• Safety case and safety assessment
• Site investigation and characterization
Implementation: blueprint design & engineering for construction/operation/closure
• Engineering
Stakeholder Involvement • Local and regional representatives and residents (e.g. acceptance, trust)
• Government
• Regulator (e.g. preparing & discussing license application)
• Waste producers (e.g. waste acceptance criteria, cost)
• National boards and committee (e.g. review scientific & technical basis)
Underground research facility • Contribution to generic RD&D
• Contribution to site specific RD&D
• Contribution to stakeholder involvement
Roadmap matrix-work area
Roadmap matrix-example
Draft
Thank you!