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An RMAN channelrepresents one stream of data to a device type and corresponds to one server
session. It establishes a connection from the RMAN executable to a target database instance by starting
a new server session on the instance. The server session then performs the backup, restore, and
recovery operations. Only one RMAN session communicates with all the allocated server sessions.
RMAN channels are of two types, DISK and sbt. If the channel is of DISK type, the server process reads
backups from or writes backups to the disk. If the channel is of sbt type, the server process reads
backups from or writes backups to a third-party media (e.g., tape). Channels are always able to read and
write backups to and from a disk regardless of their type.
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A backup setis a backup that is taken using the RMANs BACKUP command. A backup set is alogical grouping of one or more physical (binary) files called backup pieces. By default, one
backup set contains only one backup piece. A backup piece contains backed up data files, control
files, or archived log files. A backup set is stored in an RMAN-specific format. Therefore, abackup set cannot be manually restored. It must be restored using the Recovery Manager
(RMAN) RESTORE command before it can be used by Oracle.
Backup sets are of two types: data file backup sets and archived log backup sets. A data file
backup set is a backup of data files or control files. A data file backup set is compressed, i.e., it
contains only used data blocks.
An archived log backup set is a backup of archived redo logs. An archived log backup set is not
compressed.
A backup piece can belong to only one backup set. Backups of data files and archived redo logs
cannot be stored in the same backup set.
What is RMAN ?
Recovery Manager (RMAN) is a utility that can manage your entire Oracle backup and recoveryactivities.
Which Files must be backed up?Database Files
(with RMAN)Control Files (with RMAN)
Offline Redolog Files (with RMAN)
INIT.ORA (manually)
Password Files (manually)
Benefits:
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1. Incremental backups that only copy data blocks that have changed since the last backup.
2. Tablespaces are not put in backup mode, thus there is noextra redo log generation during
online backups.3. Detection of corrupt blocks during backups.
4. Parallelization of I/O operations.
5. Automatic logging of all backup and recovery operations.6. Built-in reporting and listing commands.
Architectural components:
1.RMAN executable2.Server processes
3.Channels
4.Target database
5.Recovery catalog database (optional)6.Media management layer (optional)
7.Backups, backup sets, and backup pieces
RMAN Executable:The RMAN executable, usually named rman, is the program that manages all backup and
recovery operations. You interact with the RMAN executable to specify backup and recovery
operations you want to perform.
Server Processes:
RMAN server processes are background processes, started on the server, used to communicatebetween RMAN and the databases. When you connect the RMAN client to the target database
server, RMAN allocates server sessions on the target instance and directs them to perform the
backup and recovery operations. The RMAN client itself does not perform the backup, restore,
or recovery.
Channels:A channel is an RMANserver processstarted when there is a need to communicate with an I/Odevice, such as a disk or a tape. A channel is what reads and writes RMAN backup files. It is
through the allocation of channels that you govern I/O characteristics such as:
Type of I/O device being read or written to, either a disk or an sbt_tape Number of processes simultaneously accessing an I/O device Maximum size of files created on I/O devices Maximum rate at which database files are read Maximum number of files open at a time
Target Database:The target database is the database on which RMAN performs backup, restore, and recovery
operations. This is the database that owns the datafiles, control files, and archived redo files that
are backed up, restored, or recovered.
Note:-- that RMAN does not back up the online redo logs of the target database
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Recovery Catalog Database:The recovery catalog database is an optional repository used by RMAN to record informationconcerningbackup and recoveryactivities performed on the target. This includes information
such as:
Details about the physical structure of the target database A log of backup operations performed on the target database's datafiles, control files, and
archived redo log files
Stored scripts containing frequently used sequences of RMAN commandsWhy is the catalog optional?Because RMAN manages backup and recovery operations, it requires a place to store necessary
information about the database. RMAN always stores this information in the target database
control file. You can also store RMAN metadata in a recovery catalog schema contained in a
separate database. The recovery catalog
schema must be stored in a database other than the target database.
Contents of the Recovery CatalogThe recovery catalog contains information about RMAN operations, including:
Datafile and archived redo log backup sets and backup pieces Datafile copies Archived redo logs and their copies Tablespaces and datafiles on the target database Stored scripts, which are named user-created sequences of RMAN commands Persistent RMAN configuration settings
Media Management LayerTheMedia ManagementLayer (MML) is a third-partypiece of software
that manages the reading and writing of files to and from tape
Backups, Backup Sets, and Backup PiecesWhen you issue an RMAN backup command, RMAN creates backup sets, which are logical
groupings of physical files. The physical files that RMAN creates on your backup media arecalled backup pieces.
RMAN backup
A backup of all or part of your database. This results from issuing an RMAN backup command.A backup consists of one or more backup sets.
Backup set
A logical grouping of backup files -- the backup pieces -- that are created when you issue anRMAN backup command. A backup set is RMAN's name for a collection of files associated
with a backup. A backup set is composed of one or more backup pieces.
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A configurable, persistent RMAN policy that governs when archived redo logs can be deleted.
You can configure the policy with the CONFIGURE ARCHIVELOG DELETION POLICYcommand.
archived redo log failover
An RMAN features that enables RMAN to complete a backup even when some archived logdestinations are missing logs or have logs with corrupt blocks. For example, if you back up logsin the flash recovery area that RMAN determines are corrupt, RMAN can search for logs in other
archiving locations and back them up instead if they are intact.
ARCHIVELOG mode
The mode of the database in which Oracle Database copies filled online redo logs to disk.
Specify the mode at database creation or with the ALTERDATABASEARCHIVELOGstatement.
See Also:archived redo log,NOARCHIVELOG mode
archiving
The operation in which a filled online redo log file is copied to an offline log archivingdestination. An offline copy of an online redo logs is called anarchived redo log.You must run
the database in ARCHIVELOGmode to archive redo logs.
asynchronous I/O
A server process can begin an I/O and then perform other work while waiting for the I/O to
complete while RMAN is either reading or writing data. RMAN can also begin multiple I/O
operations before waiting for the first I/O to complete.
automatic channel allocation
The ability of RMAN to perform backup and restore tasks without requiring the use of the
ALLOCATE CHANNNELcommand. You can use the CONFIGUREcommand to specify disk and tape
channels. Then, you can issue commands such as BACKUPand RESTOREat the RMAN commandprompt without manually allocating channels. RMAN uses whatever configured channels that it
needs in order to execute the commands.
Automatic Diagnostic Repository (ADR)
A system-managed repository for storing and organizing database trace files and other diagnosticdata. ADR provides a comprehensive view of all the serious errors encountered by the database
and maintains all relevant data needed for problem diagnostic and their eventual resolution. The
repository contains data describing incidents, traces, dumps, alert messages, data repair records,
data integrity checkrecords, SQL trace information, core dumps, and so on.
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The initialization parameter DIAGNOSTIC_DESTspecifies the location of the ADR base, which isthe directory that contains one or more ADR homes. Each ADR home is used by a product or aproduct instance to store diagnostic data in well-defined subdirectories. For example, diagnostic
data for an Oracle database instance is stored in its ADR home, which includes an alert
subdirectory for alert messages, a tracesubdirectory for trace files, and so on. The easiest way
to locate trace files and the alert log is to run the following SQL query: SELECT NAME, VALUEFROM V$DIAG_INFO.
Automatic Storage Management (ASM)
A vertical integration of both the file system and the volume manager built specifically for
Oracle database files. ASM consolidates storage devices into easily managed disk groups andprovides benefits such as mirroring and striping without requiring a third-party logical volume
manager.
automatic undo management mode
A mode of the database in which undo data is stored in a dedicatedundo tablespace.The onlyundo management that you must perform is the creation of the undo tablespace. All other undo
management is performed automatically.
auxiliary channel
An RMANchannelthat is connected to an auxiliary instance. An auxiliary channel is specified
with the AUXILIARYkeyword of the ALLOCATE CHANNELor CONFIGURE CHANNELcommand.
auxiliary database
(1) A database created from target database backups with the RMAN DUPLICATEcommand.
(2) A temporary database that is restored to a new location and then started with a new instance
name duringtablespace point-in-time recovery (TSPITR).A TSPITR auxiliary database contains
therecovery setandauxiliary set.
auxiliary instance
The Oracle instance associated with an auxiliary database, or the temporary instance used in
tablespace point-in-time recovery (TSPITR)or atransportable tablespaceoperation.
auxiliary set
In TSPITR, the set of files that is not in the recovery set but which must be restored in the
auxiliary databasefor the TSPITR operation to be successful. In a transportable tablespace
operation, the auxiliary set includes datafiles and other files required for the tablespace transportbut which are not themselves part of therecovery set.
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backup
(1) A backupcopyof data, that is, a database, tablespace, table, datafile, control file, or archivedredo log. Backups can be physical (at the database file level) or logical (at the database object
level). Physical backups can be created by using RMAN to back up one or more datafiles,
control files or archived redo log files. You can create logical backups with Data Pump Export.
(2) In an RMAN context, the output of the BACKUPcommand. The output format of a backup can
be abackup set,proxy copy,orimage copy.Logs archived by the database are considered copies
rather than backups.
backup and recovery
The set of concepts, procedures, and strategies involved in protecting the database against data
loss due to media failure or users errors.
backup control file
A backup of the control file. You can back up the control file with the RMAN backupcommand
or with the SQL statement ALTERDATABASEBACKUPCONTROLFILETO'filename'.
backup encryption
The encryption of backup sets by using one of the algorithms listed in
V$RMAN_ENCRYPTION_ALGORITHMS. RMAN can transparently encrypt data written to backup sets
and decrypt those backup sets when they are needed in a RESTOREoperation. RMAN offers threemodes of encryption: transparent, password-protected, and dual-mode.
backup mode
The database mode (also called hot backup mode) initiated when you issue the ALTER
TABLESPACE...BEGINBACKUPor ALTERDATABASEBEGINBACKUPcommand before taking an
online backup.You take a tablespace out of backup mode when you issue the ALTERTABLESPACE
...ENDBACKUPor ALTERDATABASEENDBACKUPcommand.
When making a user-managed backup of datafiles in an online tablespace, you must place the
tablespace in backup mode to protect against the possibility of afractured block.In backup
mode, updates to the database create more than the usual amount of redo. Each time a block in
the buffer cache becomes dirty, the database must write an image of the changed block to theredo log file, in addition to recording the changes to the data. RMAN does not require you to put
the database in backup mode.
See Also:corrupt block
backup optimization
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A configuration enabling RMAN to automatically skip backups of files that it has already backed
up. You enable and disable backup optimization with the CONFIGUREcommand.
backup piece
The physical file format used to store anRMANbackup set.Each logical backup set containsone or more physical backup pieces.
backup retention policy
A user-defined policy for determining how long backups and archived logs need to be retained
for media recovery. You can define a retention policy in terms of backup redundancy or a
recovery window.RMAN retains the datafile backups required to satisfy the current retentionpolicy, and any archived redo logs required for complete recovery of those datafile backups.
backup set
A backup of one or more datafiles, control files, server parameter files, and archived redo log
files. Each backup set consists of one or more binary files. Each binary file is called abackuppiece.Backup pieces are written in a proprietary format that can only be created or restored by
RMAN.
Backup sets are produced by the RMAN BACKUPcommand. A backup set usually consists ofonly one backup piece. RMAN divides the contents of a backup set among multiple backup
pieces only if you limit the backup piece size using the MAXPIECESIZEoption of the ALLOCATE
CHANNELor CONFIGURE CHANNELcommand.
See Also:unused block compression,multiplexing,RMAN
backup undo optimization
The exclusion of undo not needed for recovery of an RMAN backup because they describe
already-committed transactions. For example, a user updates the salariestable in the USERS
tablespace. The change is written to the USERStablespace, while the before image of the data is
written to the UNDOtablespace. A subsequent RMAN backup of the UNDOtablespace may notinclude the undo for the salary change. Backup undo optimization is built-in RMAN behavior
and cannot be disabled.
backup window
A period of time during which a backup activity must complete.
backup-based duplication
Aduplicate databasethat is created by restoring and recovering backups of thetarget database.
This technique is an alternative toactive database duplication.
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base recovery catalog
The entirety of therecovery catalogschema. The base recovery catalog is distinguished from avirtual private catalog,which is a subset of a recovery catalog.
binary compression
A technique whereby RMAN applies a compression algorithm to data in backup sets.
block change tracking
A database option that causes Oracle to track datafile blocks affected by each database update.
The tracking information is stored in a block change tracking file. When block change tracking is
enabled, RMAN uses the record of changed blocks from the change tracking file to improveincremental backup performance by only reading those blocks known to have changed, instead
of reading datafiles in their entirety.
block change tracking file
A binary file used by RMAN to record changed blocks to improveincremental backup
performance. You create and rename this file with the ALTER DATABASEstatement.
block media recovery
The recovery of specified blocks within a datafile with the Recovery Manager RECOVER ...
BLOCKcommand. Block media recovery leaves the affected datafiles online and restores andrecovers only the damaged or corrupted blocks.
channel
An RMAN channel represents one stream of data to or from a backup device. A channel can
either be a DISKchannel (used to perform disk I/O) or anSBTchannel (used to perform I/Othrough a third-partymedia manager). Each allocated channel starts a new Oracle server session.
The server session then performs backup, restore, and recovery operations.
See Also:target database
channel parallelism
Allocating multiple channels for RMAN operations.
data integrity check
An invocation of a checker, which is a diagnostic procedure registered with the Health Monitor.
checkpoint
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A data structure that defines an SCN in the redo thread of a database. Checkpoints are recorded
in the control file and each datafile header, and are a crucial element of recovery.
checksum
A number calculated by the database from all the bytes stored in a data or redo block. If theDB_BLOCK_CHECKSUMinitialization parameter is enabled, then the database calculates thechecksum for every datafile or online redo log block and stores it in the block header when
writing to disk. The database can use the checksum value to check consistency.
circular reuse records
Control file records containing information used by RMAN for backups and recovery operations.These records are arranged in a logical ring. When all available record slots are full, Oracle
either expands the control file to make room for a new records or overwrites the oldest record.
The CONTROL_FILE_RECORD_KEEP_TIME initialization parameter controls how many days
records must be kept before they can be overwritten. The default forCONTROL_FILE_RECORD_KEEP_TIME is 7 days.
closed backup
A backup of one or more database files taken while the database is closed. Typically, closed
backups are whole database backups. If you closed the database consistently, then all the files inthe backup are consistent. Otherwise, the backups are inconsistent.
cold backup
Seeclosed backup
command file
In an RMAN context, a client-side text file containing a sequence of RMAN commands. You
can run command files with the @or @@commands from within RMAN or from the operating
system prompt with the @or CMDFILEparameters.
complete recovery
Recovery of one or more datafiles that applies all redo generated after the restored backup.
Typically, you perform completemedia recoverywhenmedia failuredamages one or moredatafiles or control files. You fully recover the damaged files using all redo generated since the
restored backup was taken.
consistent backup
Awhole database backupthat you can open with the RESETLOGSoption without performingmedia recovery. In other words, you do not need to apply redo to this backup to make it
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consistent. Unless you apply the redo generated since the consistent backup was created,
however, you lose all transactions since the time of the consistent backup.
You can only take consistent backups after you have performed aconsistent shutdownof the
database. The database must not be re-opened until the backup has completed.
consistent shutdown
A database shut down with the IMMEDIATE, TRASACTIONAL, or NORMALoptions of the statement.A database shut down cleanly does not require recovery; it is already in a consistent state.
control file autobackup
The automatic backup of the current control file and server parameter file that RMAN makes
after backups and, if the database is in ARCHIVELOGmode, after structural changes.
The control file autobackup has a default filename that allows RMAN to restore it even if thecontrol file and recovery catalog are lost. You can override the default filename.
convert script
A script generated by the CONVERT DATABASEcommand that you can use to convert datafileformats on the destination host.
copy
To back up a bit-for-bit image of an Oracle file (Oracle datafiles, control files, and archived redo
logs) onto disk. You can copy in two ways:
Using operating system utilities (for example, the UNIX cpor dd) Using the RMAN BACKUPASCOPYcommand
See Also:backup
corrupt block
An Oracle block that is not in a recognized Oracle format, or whose contents are not internally
consistent. Typically, corruptions are caused by faulty hardware or operating system problems.
Oracle identifies corrupt blocks as either logically corrupt (an Oracle internal error) or mediacorrupt (the block format is not correct).
You can repair a media corrupt block withblock media recovery,or dropping the database objectthat contains the corrupt block so that its blocks are reused for another object. If media
corruption is due to faulty hardware, then neither solution will work until the hardware fault is
corrected.
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crash recovery
The automatic application of online redo records to a database after either a single-instancedatabase crashes or all instances of an Oracle Real Applications Cluster configuration crash.
Crash recovery only requires redo from the online logs: archived redo logs are not required.
See Also:recover
crosscheck
A check to determine whether files on disk or in themedia management catalogcorrespond tothe data in theRMAN repository.Because themedia managercan mark tapes as expired or
unusable, and because files can be deleted from disk or otherwise become corrupted, the RMAN
repository can contain outdated information about backups. Run the CROSSCHECKcommand toperform a crosscheck.
See Also:validation
cumulative incremental backup
Anincremental backupthat backs up all the blocks changed since the most recent backup at level0. When recovering with cumulative incremental backups, only the most recent cumulative
incremental backup needs to be applied.
See Also:differential incremental backup,incremental backup
current incarnation
The databaseincarnationin which the database is currently generating redo.
current online redo log
Theonline redo logfile in which the LGWR background process is currently logging redo
records.
See Also:redo log,redo log group
data repair
The use ofmedia recoveryorOracle Flashback Technologyto recover lost or corrupted data.
Data Recovery Advisor
An Oracle Database tool that automatically diagnoses persistent data failures, presents repair
options to the user, and executes repairs at the user's request.
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database area
A location for the Oracle-managed datafiles, control files, and online redo log files. The database
area is specified by the DB_CREATE_FILE_DESTinitialization parameter.
database checkpoint
The thread checkpoint that has the lowest SCN. All changes in all enabled redo threads with
SCNs prior to the database checkpoint SCN are guaranteed to have been written to disk.
See Also:checkpoint,datafile checkpoint
database identifier
SeeDBID
database point-in-time recovery (DBPITR)
The recovery of an entire database to a specified past target time, SCN, or log sequence number.
See Also:incomplete recovery,tablespace point-in-time recovery (TSPITR)
database registration
Seeregistration
datafile checkpoint
A data structure that defines an SCN in the redo thread of a database for a particular datafile.
Every datafile has acheckpointSCN, which you can view in
V$DATAFILE.CHECKPOINT_CHANGE# . All changes with an SCN lower than this SCN areguaranteed to be in the datafile.
datafile media recovery
The application of redo records to a restored datafile in order to roll it forward to a more current
time. Unless you are doingblock media recovery,the datafile must be offline while being
recovered.
DBID
An internal, uniquely generated number that differentiates databases. Oracle creates this number
automatically when you create the database.
destination host
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The computer on which aduplicate databaseresides.
destination platform
When using the RMAN CONVERTcommand, the platform on which the destination database is
running. The destination database is the database into which you are transporting data.
differential incremental backup
A type ofincremental backupthat backs up all blocks that have changed since the most recent
backup at level 1 or level 0. For example, in a differential level 1 backup RMAN determines
which level 1 orlevel 0 incremental backupis most recent and then backs up all blocks changed
since that backup. Differential backups are the default type of incremental backup. Whenrecovering using differential incremental backups, RMAN must apply all differential incremental
level 1 backups since the restored datafile backup.
See Also:cumulative incremental backup,incremental backup
direct ancestral path
When multiple OPEN RESETLOGSoperations have been performed, the incarnation path thatincludes theparent incarnationof the current database incarnation as well as eachancestor
incarnationof thecurrent incarnation.
disaster recovery
A strategic response to the loss of all data associated with a database installation. For example, a
fire may destroy a server in a data center, forcing you to reinstall Oracle Database on a newserver and recover the lost database from backups.
disk controller
A hardware component that is responsible for controlling one or more disk drives.
disk group
A collection of disks that are managed as a unit byAutomatic Storage Management (ASM).Thecomponents of a disk group include disks, files, and allocation units.
disk quota
A user-specified limit to the size of theflash recovery area.When the disk quota is reached,
Oracle automatically deletes files that are no longer needed.
duplexed backup set
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In RMAN, a duplexedbackup setis an RMAN-generated identical copy of a backup set. Each
backup piece is in the original backup set is copied, with each copy getting a unique copy
number (for example, 0tcm8u2s_1_1and 0tcm8u2s_1_2).
duplicate database
A database created from target database backups using the RMAN duplicate command.
See Also:auxiliary database
expired backup
A backup whose status in the RMAN repository is EXPIRED, which means that the backup was
not found. RMAN marks backups and copies as expired when you run a CROSSCHECKcommandand the files are absent or inaccessible.
export
The extraction of logical data (that is, not physical files) from a database into a binary file usingData Pump Export. You can then use Data Pump Import to import the data into a database.
See Also:logical backup
export dump file
A file created by the Data Pump Export utility. The dump file set is made up of one or more disk
files that contain table data, database object metadata, and control information. The files are
written in a proprietary, binary format.
failure
In the context ofData Recovery Advisor,a failure is a persistent data corruption that has been
diagnosed by the database. A failure can manifest itself as observable symptoms such as errormessages and alerts, but a failure is different from a symptom because it represents a diagnosed
problem. Failures are recorded in a repository for diagnostic data located outside of the database.
For each failure, Data Recovery Advisor generates a problem statement that unambiguously
describes it. Examples of failures include inaccessible datafiles and corrupted undo segments.
Data Recovery Advisor maps every failure to arepair optionor set of repair options.
failure priority
The priority of afailurediagnosed byData Recovery Advisor.Every failure that is not closed
has CRITICAL, HIGH, or LOWstatus. You can manually change the status of HIGHand LOWfailures
with the CHANGEcommand.
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failure status
The status of afailurediagnosed byData Recovery Advisor.Every failure has OPENor CLOSEDstatus.
file section
A contiguous range of blocks in a datafile. Amultisection backupprocesses a large file in
parallel by copying each section to a separatebackup piece.
flash recovery area
An optional disk location that you can use to store recovery-related files such as control file and
online redo log copies, archived redo log files,flashback logs,and RMAN backups. Oracle
Database and RMAN manage the files in the flash recovery area automatically. You can specify
thedisk quota,which is the maximum size of the flash recovery area.
flashback data archive
A historical repository of transactional changes to every record in a table for the duration of the
record's lifetime. A flashback data archive enables you to use some of thelogical flashbackfeaturesto transparently access historical data from far in the past.
flashback database window
The range of SCNs for which there is currently enough flashback log data to support the
FLASHBACKDATABASEcommand. The flashback database window cannot extend further back
than the earliest SCN in the availableflashback logs.
flashback logs
Oracle-generated logs used to perform flashback database operations. The database can only
write flashback logs to the flash recovery area. Flashback logs are written sequentially and are
not archived. They cannot be backed up to disk.
flashback retention target
A user-specified time or SCN that specifies how far into the past you want to be able to perform
a flashback of the database.
foreign archived redo log
An archived redo log received by a logical standby database for a LogMiner session. Unlikenormal archived logs, foreign archived logs have a different DBID. For this reason, they cannot
be backed up or restored on a logical standby database.
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fractured block
A block in which the header and footer are not consistent at a given SCN. In auser-managedbackup,an operating system utility can back up a datafile at the same time that DBWR is
updating the file. It is possible for the operating system utility to read a block in a half-updated
state, so that the block that is copied to the backup media is updated in its first half, while thesecond half contains older data. In this case, the block is fractured.
For non-RMAN backups, the ALTER TABLESPACE ... BEGIN BACKUPor ALTER DATABASE
BEGIN BACKUPcommand is the solution for the fractured block problem. When a tablespace is inbackup mode,and a change is made to a data block, the database logs a copy of the entire block
image before the change so that the database can reconstruct this block if media recovery finds
that this block was fractured.
full backup
A non-incremental RMAN backup. Note that "full" does not refer to how much of the database isbacked up, but to the fact that the backup is not incremental. Consequently, you can make a full
backup of one datafile.
full resynchronization
An RMAN operation that updates therecovery catalogwith all changed metadata in the
database's control file. You can initiate a full catalogresynchronizationby issuing the RMAN
command RESYNCCATALOG. (Note that it is rarely necessary to use RESYNCCATALOGbecauseRMAN automatically performs resynchronizations when needed.)
fuzzy file
A datafile that contains at least one block with an SCN greater than or equal to the checkpoint
SCN in the datafile header. Fuzzy files are possible because database writer does not update the
SCN in the file header with each file block write. For example, this situation occurs when Oracleupdates a datafile that is inbackup mode.A fuzzy file that is restored always requiresmedia
recovery.
guaranteed restore point
Arestore pointfor which the database is guaranteed to retain theflashback logsfor anOracle
Flashback Databaseoperation. Unlike anormal restore point,a guaranteed restore point does notage out of the control file and must be explicitly dropped. Guaranteed restore points utilize space
in theflash recovery area,which must be defined.
hot backup
Seeonline backup
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hot backup mode
Seebackup mode
image copy
A bit-for-bitcopyof a single datafile, archived redo log file, or control file that is:
Usable as-is to perform recovery (unlike a backup set, which usesunused blockcompressionand is in an RMAN-specific format)
Generated with the RMAN BACKUPASCOPYcommand, an operating system commandsuch as the UNIX cp, or by the Oracle archiver process
incarnation
A separate version of a database. The incarnation of the database changes when you open it with
the RESETLOGSoption, but you can recover backups from a prior incarnation so long as thenecessary redo is available.
incomplete recovery
A synonym fordatabase point-in-time recovery (DBPITR).
See Also:complete recovery,media recovery,recover
inconsistent backup
A backup in which some of the files in the backup contain changes that were made after the fileswere checkpointed. This type of backup needs recovery before it can be made consistent.
Inconsistent backups are usually created by taking online database backups. You can also makean inconsistent backup by backing up datafiles while a database is closed, either:
Immediately after the crash of an Oracle instance (or, in a RAC configuration, allinstances)
After shutting down the database using SHUTDOWNABORTInconsistent backups are only useful if the database is in ARCHIVELOGmode and all archived redologs created since the backup are available.
See Also:consistent backup,online backup,system change number (SCN),whole database
backup
incremental backup
An RMAN backup in which only modified blocks are backed up. Incremental backups areclassified by level. Alevel 0 incremental backupperforms the same function as afull backupin
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that they both back up all blocks that have ever been used. The difference is that a full backup
will not affect blocks backed up by subsequent incremental backups, whereas an incremental
backup will affect blocks backed up by subsequent incremental backups.
Incremental backups at level 1 back up only blocks that have changed since previous incremental
backups. Blocks that have not changed are not backed up. An incremental backup can be either adifferential incremental backupor acumulative incremental backup.
incrementally updated backup
An RMAN datafile copy that is updated by means of an incremental backup. An effectivebackup strategy is to copy a datafile, make an incremental backup, and then merge the
incremental backup into the image copy. This strategy reduces the time required formedia
recoverybecause the image copy is updated with the latest data block changes.
instance failure
The termination of an Oracle instance due to a hardware failure, Oracle internal error, or
SHUTDOWNABORTstatement. Crash or instance recovery is always required after an instancefailure.
instance recovery
In an Oracle RAC configuration, the application of redo data to an open database by an instance
when this instance discovers that another instance has crashed.
See Also:recover
interblock corruption
A type of block corruption in which the corruption occurs between blocks rather than within the
block itself. This type of corruption can only belogical corruption.
intrablock corruption
A type of block corruption in which the corruption occurs within the block itself. this type of
corruption can be either aphysical corruptionorlogical corruption.
level 0 incremental backup
An RMANincremental backupthat backs up all data blocks in the datafiles being backed up. An
incremental backup at level 0 is identical in content to afull backup,but unlike a full backup thelevel 0 backup is considered a part of the incremental backup strategy.
level of multiplexing
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The number of input files simultaneously read and then written into the same RMANbackup
piece.
LogMiner
A utility that enables log files to be read, analyzed, and interpreted by means of SQL statements.
See Also:archived redo log
log sequence number
A number that uniquely identifies a set of redo records in a redo log file. When Oracle fills one
online redo log file and switches to a different one, Oracle automatically assigns the new file a
log sequence number.
See Also:log switch,redo log
log switch
The point at which LGWR stops writing to the active redo log file and switches to the next
available redo log file. LGWR switches when either the active log file is filled with redo records
or you force a switch manually.
See Also:redo log
logical backup
A backup of database schema objects, such as tables. Logical backups are created and restoredwith the Oracle Data Pump Export utility. You can restore objects from logical backups using the
Data Pump Import utility.
logical flashback features
The set ofOracle Flashback Technologyfeatures other thanOracle Flashback Database.The
logical features enable you to view or rewind individual database objects or transactions to a past
time.
logical corruption
A type of corruption in which the block has a valid checksum, the header and footer match, and
so on, but the contents are logically inconsistent.
long-term backup
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A backup that you want to exclude from a backup retention policy, but want to record in the
recovery catalog. Typically, long-term backups are snapshots of the database that you may want
to use in the future for report generation.
lost write
A write to persistent storage that the database believes has occurred based on information from
the I/O subsystem, when in fact the write has not occurred.
Mean Time To Recover (MTTR)
The time required to perform recovery.
media failure
Damage to the disks containing any of the files used by Oracle, such as the datafiles, archived
redo log files, or control file. When Oracle detects media failure, it takes the affected filesoffline.
See Also:media recovery
media manager
A third-party networked backup system that can be integrated with Recovery Manager so that
database backups can be written directly to tertiary storage.
media manager multiplexing
Multiplexing in which themedia managerrather than RMAN manages the mixing of blocks
during an RMANbackup.One type of media manager multiplexing occurs when the media
manager writes the concurrent output from multiple RMAN channels to a single sequentialdevice. Another type occurs when a backup mixes database files and non-database files on the
same tape.
media management catalog
A catalog of records maintained by amedia manager.This catalog is completely independent
from the RMANrecovery catalog.TheOracle Secure Backupcatalog is an example of a media
management catalog.
media management library
A software library that RMAN can use to back up to tertiary storage. AnSBTinterface conforms
to a published API and is supplied by a media management vendor.Oracle Secure Backup
includes an SBT interface for use with RMAN.
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