RK Cluster Munitions Neg Final ViDA

8/3/2019 RK Cluster Munitions Neg Final ViDA

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NVCC Property Green/Voell Cluster Munitions Neg

Robert Koehnke Page 1 of18

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Green/Voell Cluster MunitionsNeg

Argument 1 Definitions of technologies being

discussed..4

Top 1.1) Sensor Fuzed Weaponry Def (Deagal11)Top 1.2) Dual Purposed Improved Conventional Munition (Global Security10)Top 1.3) Sensor Fuzed Weapons Definition (Global Security10)

Argument 2 Russia Will Use US Funded Bombs to Terrorize

Civilians6

DA 2.1) Russia Dropped Cluster Bombs in Populated Areas in Georgia (Human Rights

Watch08)

DA 2.2) Specifics on Russias Attacks on Georgian Civilians (Human Rights Watch

08)

DA 2.3) How HRW found out about the Attack (Human Rights Watch08)

DA 2.4) The Russia have Cluster Bombed Civilian Areas of Georgia (The Times08)

DA 2.5) Russia has intentionally targeted civilians (Amnesty09)

DA 2.6) The Russia Military has bombed civilian targets in Chechnya (its own people)

(Global Security05)

Argument 3: The Technology is Not Available to Sell to

Russia9

Solv 3.1) The US does not have enough high tech cluster munitions to sell internationally

(DOS08)

Solv 3.2) The technology is just coming in place to create at 99% dud rate (DOS08)

Solv 3.3) The self destruct features do not always work (UNIDR06)Solv 3.4) Test dud rates may not be achievable on the battlefield (UNIDR06)

Solv 3.5) The self destruct feature fails when used with other bombs (UNIDR06)

Argument 4: The Russians are already attempting to acquireweaponry11

Inh 4.1) Russia is Attempting to get sensor fuzzed weapons (UNIDR06)Inh 4.2) Russia has sensor fuzed munitions (Wired08)

Inh 4.3) Russia has Sensor Fuzed Submunitions (FAS10)


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Argument 5: $2billion is a lot of

money..14

DA 5.1) $2billion is equal to the annual income of you and 51,712 of your friends

(Wallstats08)

DA 5.2) $2 Billion is equal to the taxes of you and 206,848 of your friends (Wallstats

08)

DA 5.3) $2bil is equal to twice the winnings of every Powerball in 2007 (Wallstats08)

DA 5.4) $2billion is almost 2x the GDP of Djibouti (World Bank09)

DA 5.5) $2billion is greater than the entire GDP of Sierra Leone (World Bank09)


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Strat Notes:

None of the first four arguments in this brief work together, so pick whichever one

appeals to you and run with it. The fifth one works with any as it is a generic

funding argument where you argue band for your buck. I honestly think the

strongest argument is to restate their plan like this: The US is going to give

$2billion dollars worth of high tech extremely efficient and fail safe bombs to an

aggressive expansionist nation led by a quasi dictator who uses military force

against his own populace in the name of saving lives. At best this is the greatest

paradox in history. Also Green/Voell only claim to save 127 lives so cost per life

saved has a good argument behind it that it is unreasonable high.


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Argument 1 Definitions of technologies being discussed

Top 1.1) Sensor Fuzzed Weaponry Def

Degel.com. CBU-97/CBU-105 Sensor Fuzed Weapon.Degal.com. degal.com. 2011

The CBU-97/CBU-105 Sensor Fuzed Weapon (SFW) is a 1,000-pound class submunitiondispenser designed to effectively engage and destroy heavy armored vehicles both stationary andmoving. The US Air Force might use this weapon to stop heavy armor forces in the event of aregional crisis getting more time for coalition forces to arrive to the theater of operations. As theremaining cluster bombs, the SFW can be integrated onto the majority of tactical aircraftoperated by the US and allied countries. (RJK)

http://www.deagel.com/Bombs-and-Guidance-Kits/CBU-97-SFW_a000942001.aspx AccessedJanuary 3, 2011

Top 1.2) Dual Purposed Improved Conventional Munition

Global Security. Dual Purposed Improved Conventional Munitions. Global Security.

Globalsecurity.org. 2010

The US Army-developed M80 Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munition (DPICM)incorporates a shaped charge and an enhanced fragmentation case for use against material andpersonnel targets. Each MLRS warhead contains 644 M77 Dual Purpose Improved ConventionalMunitions (DPICM) bomblets. The armed M77 submunitions detonate on impact. Theantimateriel capability is provided through a shaped charge with a built-in standoff. The M77 canpenetrate up to four inches of armor. Its steel case fragments and produces antipersonnel effectswith a radius of 4 m. (RJK)

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/dpicm.htm Accessed January 2, 2011
http://www.deagel.com/Bombs-and-Guidance-Kits/CBU-97-SFW_a000942001.aspxhttp://www.deagel.com/Bombs-and-Guidance-Kits/CBU-97-SFW_a000942001.aspxhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/dpicm.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/dpicm.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/dpicm.htmhttp://www.deagel.com/Bombs-and-Guidance-Kits/CBU-97-SFW_a000942001.aspx


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Top 1.3) Sensor Fuzzed Weapons Def

Global Security. CBU-97 Sensor Fuzed Weapons. Global Security. Globalsecurity.org. 2010

The CBU-97 Sensor Fuzed Weapon cluster munition combines 10 submunitions with 4 skeet

type warheads in a single dispenser, providing 40 weapons total. After release, a fuze causes thedispenser to disperse the 10 submunitions, each stabilized by a parachute. At a preset altitude arocket fires, propelling the submunition in an upward vector. As the submunition climbs, it isspun to disperse the 4 internal skeet warheads randomly by centrifugal force. An IR sensor ineach warhead searches for a target, and upon discovery detonates over it, firing a kineticfragment. The fragment drives itself through the lightly armored top of the target. If notargetisfound, the sensor detonates the warhead above ground to spray the battlefield with a myriad oflethal fragments. This weapon is good against armor and soft skinned targets, covering a 4,800square yard area (RJK)

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/cbu-97.htm Accessed January 3, 2011
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/cbu-97.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/cbu-97.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/cbu-97.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/cbu-97.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/cbu-97.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/cbu-97.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/cbu-97.htm


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Argument 2 Russia Will Use US Funded Bombs to Terrorize Civilians

DA 2.1) Russia Dropped Cluster Bombs in Populated Areas in Georgia

Human Rights Watch. Georgia: Russian Cluster Bombs Kill Civilians.Human Rights Watch.

hrw.org. August 15, 2008

Human Rights Watch researchers have uncovered evidence that Russian aircraft dropped

cluster bombs in populated areas in Georgia, killing at least 11 civilians and injuring dozens,

Human Rights Watch said today. Human Rights Watch called upon Russia to immediately stop

using cluster bombs, weapons so dangerous to civilians that more than 100 nations have agreed

to ban their use. (RJK)

http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/08/15/georgia-russian-cluster-bombs-kill-civiliansAccessed January 1, 2011

DA 2.2) Specifics on Russias Attacks on Georgian Civilians



Human Rights Watch said Russian aircraft dropped RBK-250 cluster bombs, each containing

30 PTAB 2.5M submunitions, on the town of Ruisi in the Kareli district of Georgia on August12, 2008. Three civilians were killed and five wounded in the attack. On the same day, a cluster

strike in the center of the town of Gori killed at least eight civilians and injured dozens, Human

Rights Watch said. Dutch journalist Stan Storimans was among the dead. Israeli journalist Zadok

Yehezkeli was seriously wounded and evacuated to Israel for treatment after surgery in Tbilisi.

An armored vehicle from the Reuters news agency was perforated with shrapnel from the

attack. (RJK)

http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/08/15/georgia-russian-cluster-bombs-kill-civilians

Accessed January 1, 2011

DA 2.3) How HRW found out about the Attack
http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/08/15/georgia-russian-cluster-bombs-kill-civilianshttp://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/08/15/georgia-russian-cluster-bombs-kill-civilianshttp://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/08/15/georgia-russian-cluster-bombs-kill-civilianshttp://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/08/15/georgia-russian-cluster-bombs-kill-civilianshttp://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/08/15/georgia-russian-cluster-bombs-kill-civilianshttp://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/08/15/georgia-russian-cluster-bombs-kill-civilians


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Georgians look at the remnants of an RBK-250 cluster bomb dropped by Russian aircraft on the

village of Ruisi, near South Ossetia, Tuesday, Aug. 12, 2008. Human Rights Watch has

identified the weapon as a RBK-250 cluster bomb. Human Rights Watch researchers interviewed

numerous victims, doctors, and military personnel in Georgia. They examined photos of craters

and video footage of the August 12 attack on Gori. Human Rights Watch has also seen a photo

of the submunition carrier assembly and nose cone of an RBK-250 bomb in Gori. The Gori video

showed more than two dozen simultaneous explosions during the attack, which is characteristic

of cluster bombs. Two persons wounded in Gori described multiple simultaneous explosions at

the time of the attack. Craters in Gori were also consistent with a cluster strike. (RJK)

http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/08/15/georgia-russian-cluster-bombs-kill-civilians


DA 2.4) The Russia have Cluster Bombed Civilian Areas of Georgia

Nico Hines. (Writer The Times) Russia accused of dropping cluster bombs on Georgian

civilians. The Times. timesonline.co.uk. August 15, 2008

Russian military aircraft have deployed controversial and indiscriminately deadly cluster bombs

on civilian areas of Georgia according to an international rights group. (RJK)

http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4539186.eceAccessed January 1, 2011
http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/08/15/georgia-russian-cluster-bombs-kill-civilianshttp://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/08/15/georgia-russian-cluster-bombs-kill-civilianshttp://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4539186.ecehttp://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4539186.ecehttp://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4539186.ecehttp://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/08/15/georgia-russian-cluster-bombs-kill-civilians


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DA 2.5) Russia has intentionally targeted civilians

Amnesty International. Russian Federation 2009 Report.Amnesty International.

amnestry.org. 2009

Russian aerial and artillery attacks took place over 8 to 12 August. While most of the

bombardments appeared to have targeted Georgian military positions outside of built-up areas,

villages and towns were also hit amid reports that some attacks may have been indiscriminate, or

directly targeted civilians and/or civilian infrastructure. (RJK)

http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/russia/report-2009


DA 2.6) The Russia Military has bombed civilian targets in Chechnya (its own people)

Global Security. First Chechnya War. globalsecurity.org. globalsecurity.org. Last Updated

April 27, 2005

Russian military aircraft bombed both military and civilian targets in Groznyy, the capital of the

[Chechnya] republic. Regular army and MVD troops crossed the border into Chechnya on

December 10 to surround Groznyy. Beginning in late December 1994, following major Chechen

resistance, there was massive aerial and artillery bombardment of Chechnya's capital, Groznyy,

resulting in a heavy loss of civilian life and hundreds of thousands of internally displaced

persons. Air strikes continued through the month of December and into January, causing

extensive damage and heavy civilian casualties. According to press reports, there were up to4,000 detonations an hour at the height of the winter campaign against Groznyy. (RJK)

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/chechnya1.htm

http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/russia/report-2009http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/russia/report-2009http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/chechnya1.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/chechnya1.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/chechnya1.htmhttp://www.amnesty.org/en/region/russia/report-2009


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Argument 3: The Technology is Not Available to Sell to Russia

The argument is that currently the US can only sell bombs with a 1% dud rate. We currently do

not have enough of that rate to meet our own military needs and to sell internationally. Since we

do not have enough to sell on the open market we also can not have enough to be giving them

away for free to Russia and still be able to outfit our own military.

Solv 3.1) The US does not have enough high tech cluster munitions to sell internationally

Ambassador Stephen D. Mull. (Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs)

On the Record Briefing On US Cluster Munitions Policy. US Department of State Office of the

Spokesperson. america.org. May 21, 2008 (Authors Note this is a transcript of an interview)

Well, we arewe are notagain, were forbidden by law of by providing cluster munitions

that have a less than 99 percent reliability. Were in the process of making our own internal

transformation in our own military, so were I dont think theres a supply of those at thatreliability rate that were able, practically, to provide them. So we are not now, because of this

law, in effect, providing cluster munitions to foreign partners. (RJK)

http://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-

english/2008/May/20080522163101eaifas0.8921015.html#ixzz19qX9ENQ6


Solv 3.2) The technology is just coming in place to create at 99% reliability rate

Ambassador Stephen D. Mull. (Acting Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs)

On the Record Briefing On US Cluster Munitions Policy. US Department of State Office of the

Spokesperson. america.org.May 21, 2008 (Authors Note this is a transcript of an interview)

QUESTION: Okay. And I was confused on one part. You said that there was a law statingthat only 99 percent reliability weapons could be sold, but then you said also that none are beingsold. So is it the law says it, but you arent selling any? Is that what youre

AMBASSADOR MULL: Well, its because we thatyou know, theyre just the technologyis just coming into place to produce weapons of that reliability. (RJK)

http://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-

english/2008/May/20080522163101eaifas0.8921015.html#ixzz19qYSzgdC
http://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2008/May/20080522163101eaifas0.8921015.html#ixzz19qX9ENQ6http://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2008/May/20080522163101eaifas0.8921015.html#ixzz19qX9ENQ6http://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2008/May/20080522163101eaifas0.8921015.html#ixzz19qX9ENQ6http://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2008/May/20080522163101eaifas0.8921015.html#ixzz19qYSzgdChttp://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2008/May/20080522163101eaifas0.8921015.html#ixzz19qYSzgdChttp://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2008/May/20080522163101eaifas0.8921015.html#ixzz19qYSzgdChttp://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2008/May/20080522163101eaifas0.8921015.html#ixzz19qYSzgdChttp://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2008/May/20080522163101eaifas0.8921015.html#ixzz19qYSzgdChttp://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2008/May/20080522163101eaifas0.8921015.html#ixzz19qX9ENQ6http://www.america.gov/st/texttrans-english/2008/May/20080522163101eaifas0.8921015.html#ixzz19qX9ENQ6


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Solv. 3.3) The self destruct features do not always work

Mark Hiznay. (senior researcher in the Arms Division of Human Rights Watch) Operational

and Technical Aspects of Cluster Munitions. United Nations Institute for Disarmament

Research. unidr.org. 2006

Self-destruct features reduce, but they do not eliminate, the UXO [unexploded ordinance]problem caused by clustermunition use. A certain percentage (unknown and dependent on manyfactors) of failed submunitions of this type will still be hazardous if disturbed or handled. Interms of the relative safety of failed DPICM [Dual-Purpose Improved Conventional Munitions]submunitions in the field, only people trained in this particular aspect of explosive ordnancedisposal will be able to visually recognize the difference between a submunition that is armed orunarmed, with or without a self-destruct function, which has been either successful orunsuccessful, and a fully hazardous DPICM dud. Most experts are trained to treat these failedsubmunitions as hazardous, and to neutralize them in situ. (RJK)

http://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2530.pdf Accessed January 2, 2011

Solv 3.4) Test dud rates may not be achievable on the battlefield




While technological improvements present one avenue to help remedy the cluster-munition

problem, there is reason to question whether a technical fix is truly feasible, and whether it is avalid approach on a global scale. There is reason to question whether even the most advancedmilitary will be able to lower the failure rate sufficiently to offset the dangers posed by therelease of hundreds, or even thousands, of submunitions at a time. There is reason to questionwhether the low reliability rates that may be achieved in testing will ever be reproduced underbattle conditions, or in operational environments. There is reason to question how accurate aweapon can be when it is designed to cover a broad area. (RJK)

http://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2530.pdfhttp://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2530.pdfhttp://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2530.pdfhttp://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2530.pdfhttp://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2530.pdfhttp://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2530.pdf


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Solv 3.5) The self destruct feature fails when used with other bombs




Most importantly, the advantage of the self-destruct feature is entirely cancelled out whenknown, high-failure rate cluster munitions are used in the same area. UK forces faced thisdilemma in Iraq in 2003 when they were using cluster munitions with a self-destruct feature, butthen US artillery fired high-failure rate cluster munitions in their support. (RJK)


Argument 4: The Russians are already attempting to acquire weaponry

Inh 4.1) Russia is Attempting to get sensor fuzzed weapons

Mark Hiznay. (senior researcher in the Arms Division of Human Rights Watch) Operationaland Technical Aspects of Cluster Munitions. United Nations Institute for Disarmament


Yet the most visible activity in the international market for cluster munitions revolves aroundthe technically advanced sensor-fuzed weapons. The United States intends to export CBU97/105sensorfuzed weapon cluster bombs to Oman, Poland, Republic of Korea and the United ArabEmirates. Sensor-fuzed weapons are also being researched, produced or acquired by France,

Germany, India, Kuwait, Poland, [the] Russian Federation, Sweden, Switzerland, UnitedKingdom and the United States. In February 2006, India became the third export customer,buying 28 launch units for the Russian-produced 300mm Smerch multiple launch rocket systemfitted with dual-purpose, sensor-fuzed submunitions. (RJK)

http://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2530.pdfhttp://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2530.pdfhttp://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2530.pdfhttp://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2530.pdfhttp://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2530.pdfhttp://www.unidir.org/pdf/articles/pdf-art2530.pdf


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Inh 4.2) Russia has sensor fuzed munitions

David Hambling. Russias Can of Whup Ass. wired.com. wired.com June 7, 2008

The sensor-fuzed weapon is one of the most sophisticated weapons in the US air-to-ground

arsenal. This is a 1,000-pound bomb which releases forty small BLU-108 submunitions, over anarea the size of 20 football fields. Each BLU-108 (or "cans of whup ass" as some call them)scans the area below with an infra-red sensor; on detecting an armored vehicle below, it fires anexplosively formed penetrator with lethal accuracy. The EFP is capable of piercing the thin toparmor and scoring a mobility kill any known tank: basically, there goes your engine. A singlesensor-fuzed weapon will knock out several vehicles in a formation; an aircraft armed withseveral of them could stop a large-scale armored assault in its tracks. (The video, above, is areconstruction of a B-52 which took out a battalion-sized Iraqi force in one pass using sensor-fuzed weapons.) It turns out the Russian have their own version. This is a 500-kilogram bombmade by Bazalt, termed SPBE-D. The similarities with the SFW are obviousthe way thesubmunitions are scattered, the infra-red sensor to look for vehicles, and the EFP kill mechanism.

There are some differences, however. The Russian submunitions are much larger, with only 15rather than 40 in each bomb. And they weigh four times as much as their American counterparts.Bazalt claim that each bomb can knock out six tanks. (RJK)

http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2008/06/russias-cans-of/ Accessed January 3, 2011
http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2008/06/russias-cans-of/http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2008/06/russias-cans-of/http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2008/06/russias-cans-of/


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4.3) Russia has Sensor Fuzed Submunitions

Walter L. Williams. Advanced ArtilleryMunitions Status. Federation of American Scientists.

fas.org. Last Updated October 21, 2010

SENSOR-FUZED SUBMUNITIONS (SFSM)

NAME TYPE OF MUNITION STATUS REMARKS

MOTIV-3M (RUSSIA) 300-mm MRL Produced,limitedfielding. Sales

pending to 4countries(India,Bulgaria,Others)

IR

MCS-E1 (RUSSIA) 152-mm Cannon Production duein 2002-2003

IR & MMW

UNIVERSALSUBMUNITION (RUSSIA)

122-mm MRL Fielding due in1999, foreignsales to MiddleEast likely by2002.

IR & MMW

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/ADHPM.htm Accessed January 3, 2011
http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/ADHPM.htmhttp://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/ADHPM.htmhttp://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/ADHPM.htm


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Argument 5: $2billion is a lot of money

DA 5.1) $2billion is equal to the annual income of you and 51,712 of your friends

Wall Stats. Visualizing One Billion Dollars. wallstats.com. wallstats.com. May 30, 2008

http://www.wallstats.com/blog/visualizing-one-billion-dollars/Accessed January 3, 2011

DA 5.2) $2 Billion is equal to the taxes of you and 206,848 of your friends


http://www.wallstats.com/blog/visualizing-one-billion-dollars/Accessed January 3, 2011
http://www.wallstats.com/blog/visualizing-one-billion-dollars/http://www.wallstats.com/blog/visualizing-one-billion-dollars/http://www.wallstats.com/blog/visualizing-one-billion-dollars/http://www.wallstats.com/blog/visualizing-one-billion-dollars/http://www.wallstats.com/blog/visualizing-one-billion-dollars/http://www.wallstats.com/blog/visualizing-one-billion-dollars/


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DA 5.3) $2bil is equal to twice the winnings of every Powerball in 2007


http://www.

wallstats.com/blog/visualizing-one-billion-dollars/Accessed January 3, 2011

DA 5.4) $2billion is almost 2x the GDP of Djibouti

The WorldBank. Gross Domestic Product 2009. World Development Indicators Database,

worldbacnk.org, December 15, 2010

Djibouti 1,049 [GDP in millions of US dollars] (RJK)

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf Accessed January8, 2011

DA 5.5) $2billion is greater than the entire GDP of Sierra Leone

The World Bank. Gross Domestic Product 2009. World Development Indicators Database,

worldbacnk.org, December 15, 2010

Sierra Leone 1,942 [GDP in millions of US dollars] (RJK)

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf Accessed January

8, 2011
http://www.wallstats.com/blog/visualizing-one-billion-dollars/http://www.wallstats.com/blog/visualizing-one-billion-dollars/http://www.wallstats.com/blog/visualizing-one-billion-dollars/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdfhttp://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdfhttp://www.wallstats.com/blog/visualizing-one-billion-dollars/http://www.wallstats.com/blog/visualizing-one-billion-dollars/


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Bibliography

Amnesty International: (commonly known as Amnesty and AI) is an international non-governmental organisation. Its stated mission is "to conduct research and generate action toprevent and end grave abuses of human rights and to demand justice for those whose rights have

been violated."Founded in London in 1961, Amnesty draws attention to human rights abuses andcampaigns for compliance with international laws and standards. It works to mobilise publicopinion to exert pressure on governments that perpetrate abuses. The organisation was awardedthe 1977 Nobel Peace Prize for its "campaign against torture", and the United Nations Prize inthe Field of Human Rights in 1978.In the field of international human rights organisations (ofwhich there were 300 in 1996), Amnesty has the longest history and broadest name recognition,and "is believed by many to set standards for the movement as a whole." (RJK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_InternationalAccessed January 1, 2011

GlobalSecurity.org is the leading source of background information and developing newsstories in the fields of defense, space, intelligence, WMD, and homeland security. Launched in

2000, GlobalSecurity.org is the most comprehensive and authoritative online destination forthose in need of both reliable background information and breaking news. GlobalSecurity.org, iswell-respected, trusted and often-referenced in the media, both domestically and internationally.(RJK)http://www.globalsecurity.org/org/overview/history.htm Accessed January 1, 2011

Human Rights Watch: Pursuant to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Human RightsWatch opposes violations of what it considers basic human rights, which include capitalpunishment and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Human Rights Watchadvocates freedoms in connection with fundamental human rights, such as freedom of religionand the press. Human Rights Watch produces research reports on violations of international

human rights norms as set out by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and what itperceives to be other internationally accepted human rights norms. These reports are used as thebasis for drawing international attention to abuses and pressuring governments and internationalorganizations to reform. Researchers conduct fact-finding missions to investigate suspectsituations and generate coverage in local and international media. Issues raised by Human RightsWatch in its reports include social and gender discrimination, torture, military use of children,political corruption, abuses in criminal justice systems, and the legalization of abortion. HumanRights Watch documents and reports violations of the laws of war and international humanitarianlaw. (RJK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_WatchAccessed January 1, 2011

The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research: (UNIDIR) was established in1980 by the United Nations General Assembly to inform States and the global community onquestions of international security, and to assist with disarmament efforts so as to facilitateprogress toward greater security and economic and social development for all. Recognizing theneed for objective, empirical and comprehensive research on disarmament and security, the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_Internationalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_Internationalhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/org/overview/history.htmhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/org/overview/history.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watchhttp://www.globalsecurity.org/org/overview/history.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International


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General Assembly specified that UNIDIR would be an autonomous entity within the UnitedNations structure, so that its work could be conducted in scientific independence. (RJK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Disarmament_Research AccessedJanuary 2, 2011

The Times: is a daily national newspaper published in the United Kingdom since 1785, when itwas known as The Daily Universal Register. The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Timesare published by Times Newspapers Limited, a subsidiary of News International. NewsInternational is entirely owned by the News Corporation group, headed by Rupert Murdoch.Though traditionally a moderately centre-right newspaper and a supporter of the Conservatives,it supported the Labour Party in the 2001 and 2005 general elections. In 2005, according toMORI, the voting intentions of its readership were 40% for the Conservative Party, 29% for theLiberal Democrats, 26% for Labour. (RJK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_TimesAccessed January 1, 2011
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Disarmament_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Disarmament_Researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Timeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Disarmament_Research

Documents

RK Cluster Munitions Neg Final ViDA