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Topic: Rivers 3 River Management Strategies Two types: 1. Channelisation Strategies: River realignment River resectioning 2. Bank protection strategies: Dykes/ Embankments Vegetation planting/ clearing Effectiveness of strategies

Rivers 3

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Page 1: Rivers 3

Topic: Rivers 3

River Management Strategies

• Two types:

1.

Channelisation Strategies:

• River re‐alignment

• River re‐sectioning

2.

Bank protection strategies:

• Dykes/ Embankments

• Vegetation planting/ 

clearing

• Effectiveness of strategies

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River Channel Management

Why manage river channels?

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Flooding

occurs when:

1.

Clearance of vegetation  increase surface runoff  sudden increase in river volume

2.

Period of heavy and continuous rainfall river exceeds carrying capacity

These may be triggered by:• Global warming

– Extreme weather phenomena called El Nino and  La Nina effect

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HENCE THERE IS A NEED TO MANAGE 

RIVERS. QUESTION IS, HOW? 

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River Channel Management  Strategies

Two types of strategies1.

Channelisation Strategies:

• River re‐alignment

• River re‐sectioning

2.

Bank protection strategies:

• Dykes/ Embankments

• Vegetation planting/ clearing

Change the river 

channel shape/ 

length, etc.

Make changes to 

the river banks

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1. Channelisation  Strategies 

• River re‐alignment

• River re‐sectioning

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1.1 River Re‐alignment

• Straightening of river channel to increase  speed

of river  water to flow away from an 

area more quickly & wash away sediments accumulated on river bed  reduce flooding in that area

Source: 

http://www.defra.gov.uk/enviro

n/fcd/policy/mrcomp/Image6.gi

f

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River re‐alignment

Straightening of river = river re-alignment

E.g. Mississippi River (USA) has been shortened by 240 km to reduce threat of flooding.

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• Widening

and deepening

of river channel.• Increase channel’s ability to hold waterdecrease likelihood of floods

Or,• Smoothening

of river beds

and banks

with 

cement and granite  less friction allow water to flow away more quickly  reduce likelihood of floods 

• E.g. Singapore River ay Boat Quay

1.2 River Re‐sectioning

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River re‐sectioning

Widen & Deepen river = River Re- Sectioning

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2. Bank Protection  Strategies 

• Dykes/ embankments

• Vegetation planting/ clearing

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1.

Dykes/ Artificial levees : Walls of sand, stone  or concrete built along rivers  increase 

river capacity to hold water  reduce flooding 

2.

Protects banks from erosion by force of  running water  reduced sediments flowing 

into river  increase river capacity  less flood

• E.g. Artificial embankments along river of  Pasir

Ris

Park, Singapore 

2.1 Bank Protection (Embankments)

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Embankments:  Dykes/ Levees

Dykes

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Dykes

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• Roots of trees and plants holds soil together stabilise river banks

• Vegetation also slows down

rate of surface runoff prevent large amount of water entering river 

at any one time• Reduced

surface runoff  less sediments 

transported  river channel does not become shallower  reduce flood occurrence

• E.g. Joint effort to protect mangroves along  Mekong River.

2.2.1 Vegetation Planting

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Vegetation Planting

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• Weight

of vegetation may add stress to river  banks

and cause them to collapse

• Fallen trees or branches in the river bed cause obstruction

to river flow

– Reduce speed of flow of river – Increase

likelihood of flooding

• E.g. Vegetation clearance done on Geylang River near Tanjong

Rhu, Singapore.

2.2.2 Vegetation Clearing

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Vegetation Clearing

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WHAT ARE THE LIMITATION(S)

OF  THIS STRATEGIES?

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Limitations of River Channel Management  Strategies

1.

Causes flooding downstream

2.

Accumulation of sediments

3.

Loss of marine life and wetlands

4.

High cost of building and maintenance

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1. Flooding downstream 

Increase in speed of river due to  channelisation

may result in flooding 

downstream

Hence, flooding is not reduced. They can still  occur in another part of the river.

Effectiveness of River Channel  Management Strategies

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Recall: River re‐alignment

strategy

Increase in speed of flow due to re- alignment upstream may cause flooding downstream.

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Recall: River re‐sectioning

strategy

Increase in speed of flow due to re- sectioning upstream may cause flooding downstream.

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2.1 Accumulation of sediments

• Channelisation

allows rivers to flow at higher  speed. 

• Sediments, previously deposited on river bed  are carried downstream into sea/ ocean.

• Result: less sunlight reach seabed, affect  growth of marine life such as coral reefs

Effectiveness of River Channel Management  Strategies

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Recall: River re‐alignment

strategy

Accumulation of sediments

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2.2 Accumulation of sediments

• Bank protection measures such as dykes  causes sediments to accumulate behind

these 

structures 

• Sediments build‐up over time  river channel become shallower still flood with continuous rain

• Higher dykes need to be built/ money spent to  dig out accumulated sediments

Effectiveness of River Channel Management  Strategies

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Recall: Building of dykes

Sediments accumulated behind structures makes the river shallower

E.g. Build up of sediments along lower course of Yellow River, China, making the channel shallower over the years.

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3. Loss of marine life and wetlands1.Too much vegetation prevents sunlight from 

reaching river bed  kill aquatic life  affect aquatic food chains

2.Changing river course, lining of banks with  concrete destroys plants and animal habitats

3.Channelisation

leads to disappearance of  wetlands. i.e. river flows over smaller area with 

shortening of river course

Effectiveness of River Channel Management  Strategies

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Recall: River re‐alignment

strategy

Loss of wetlands

Loss of wetlands

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4. High cost of building and maintenance

• Expensive to build and maintain river  defenses

• Resources and manpower needed for river  realignment and re‐sectioning.

• Aesthetically unappealing

Effectiveness of River Channel Management  Strategies

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In summation…Name of strategy/ 

Limitation(s)

Flooding 

Downstream

Accumulation 

of Sediments 

Loss of 

wetlands & 

marine life

Expensive to 

build & 

maintain

Channelisation

Re‐alignment √ √(downstream)

√ √

Re‐sectioning  √ √(downstream)

√ √

Bank protection

Building of 

embankments

(behind 

structures)

Clearing Vegetation √

Planting Vegetation √