Risk Assessment Risk Assessment and Monitoring for and Monitoring for

Environmental Environmental ChemicalsChemicals

ByBy

Amer Samy Mohamed Amer Samy Mohamed El-KallinyEl-Kalliny

Egypt covers a land area of over 1 million Egypt covers a land area of over 1 million kmkm22. .

Egypt on the East-Northern corner of Egypt on the East-Northern corner of Africa. Africa.

Population: about 75 million.Population: about 75 million.Religion: IslamReligion: IslamLanguage: Arabic. Language: Arabic.

Egypt

National Research Centre

President of National Research Centre

Vice President for Technical ProjectsVice President for Scientific Projects

Engineering4 Dept.

Applied Organic Chemistry3 Dept.

Food Industries3 Dept.

Chemical Industries6 Dept.

Pharmaceutical Industries3 Dept.

Textile Industries4 Dept.

Applied Inorganic Chemistry2 Dept.

Genetic Engineering &Biotechnology

5 Dept.Basic Science

5 Dept.

Physics5 Dept.

Agriculture & Biology11 Dept.

EnvironmentalResearch

3 Dep.

Medical Science6 Dept.

Water PollutionResearch

Dept.

Occupational HealthIndustrial & Medicine

Dept.

Air Pollution Research Dept.

Current Environmental Current Environmental IssuesIssues

Water ResourcesWater Resources Conventional Water ResourcesConventional Water Resources

* The Nile River, * The Nile River, * groundwater in the Delta, Western deserts * groundwater in the Delta, Western deserts

and Sinai, and Sinai, * Rainfall and flash floods.* Rainfall and flash floods. Non-Conventional Water ResourcesNon-Conventional Water Resources

* Agricultural drainage water, * Agricultural drainage water, * Desalinization of brackish groundwater * Desalinization of brackish groundwater

and/or seawater, and/or seawater, * Treated municipal wastewater. * Treated municipal wastewater.

Water Resources ChallengesWater Resources Challenges Water ShortageWater Shortage

Egypt is located in an arid climate zone where rainfall is Egypt is located in an arid climate zone where rainfall is scarce and most of the land is desert. Its water is derived scarce and most of the land is desert. Its water is derived primarily from the Nile River originating outside of the primarily from the Nile River originating outside of the country’s borders. country’s borders.

A second current source is the deep groundwater of the A second current source is the deep groundwater of the Nubian Aquifer reservoir in the Western Desert.Nubian Aquifer reservoir in the Western Desert.

The share of water per capita in Egypt is currently The share of water per capita in Egypt is currently about 850 cubic meters per year (mabout 850 cubic meters per year (m33/yr), which places it below /yr), which places it below the “water poverty level” (1,000 mthe “water poverty level” (1,000 m33/yr) accepted by the World /yr) accepted by the World Bank. Bank.

Therefore, Egypt is faced with a potential water scarcity Therefore, Egypt is faced with a potential water scarcity situation due to increasing demands against a fixed supply of the situation due to increasing demands against a fixed supply of the resource which could limit the country’s ability to implement its resource which could limit the country’s ability to implement its overall economic development plans.overall economic development plans.

Agricultural ExpansionAgricultural ExpansionThe government is planning by 2017 to The government is planning by 2017 to

expand its cultivated area by 3.4 million feddans. expand its cultivated area by 3.4 million feddans. The ambitious plans for agricultural expansion in The ambitious plans for agricultural expansion in Nile Delta, North Sinai and Southern Egypt will Nile Delta, North Sinai and Southern Egypt will extract 10 bcm or more of the Nile’s waters. extract 10 bcm or more of the Nile’s waters.

Water PollutionWater PollutionA steady increase in population and A steady increase in population and

continuing expansion of urbanized and continuing expansion of urbanized and industrialized areas has meant that water industrialized areas has meant that water pollution problems are on the rise. Agricultural pollution problems are on the rise. Agricultural activities, especially excessive fertilizer and activities, especially excessive fertilizer and pesticide use and associated run-off, are another pesticide use and associated run-off, are another source of pollution. source of pollution.

Air PollutionAir Pollution The levels of common pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, The levels of common pollutants such as sulfur dioxide,

Suspended particulate matter and carbon monoxide in the air Suspended particulate matter and carbon monoxide in the air are higher than the guideline values established by the World are higher than the guideline values established by the World Health Organization, especially in the industrial cities. Health Organization, especially in the industrial cities.

Solid Waste Management Solid Waste Management * Municipal Waste* Municipal Waste* Medical Waste* Medical Waste* Industrial Waste* Industrial Waste* Agricultural Waste* Agricultural Waste* Wastewater Treatment Sludge Waste * Wastewater Treatment Sludge Waste

Wastewater ManagementWastewater Management * Domestic Wastewater* Domestic Wastewater* Industrial Wastewater* Industrial Wastewater

Hazardous SubstancesHazardous Substances

Egypt is primarily an agricultural country. Pesticides Egypt is primarily an agricultural country. Pesticides and fertilizers are being used extensively to increase crop yield and fertilizers are being used extensively to increase crop yield of limited cultivable land to meet the requirements of the of limited cultivable land to meet the requirements of the exponential increase in population. exponential increase in population.

The industrial base in the country accommodates a The industrial base in the country accommodates a variety of chemical industries that have created several variety of chemical industries that have created several problems, most important of which is that of industrial problems, most important of which is that of industrial hazardous wastes. hazardous wastes.

Different chemical substances are being used in Different chemical substances are being used in pharmaceutical, petroleum industries in housing and the pharmaceutical, petroleum industries in housing and the production of consumer goods in Egypt. production of consumer goods in Egypt.

Explosive are used in different activities such as mining Explosive are used in different activities such as mining police activities. Radioactive substances are used in clinical police activities. Radioactive substances are used in clinical activities, research, welding and piping testing. activities, research, welding and piping testing.

Organization and Organization and LegislationLegislation

The Egyptian Environmental The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) and its Regional Affairs Agency (EEAA) and its Regional Branch Offices (RBOs) are the main Branch Offices (RBOs) are the main environmental bodies responsible for the environmental bodies responsible for the protection of the environment in Egypt. protection of the environment in Egypt.

Organizations Relevant to the Organizations Relevant to the

EnvironmentEnvironment Ministry of Health and PopulationMinistry of Health and Population Ministry of PetroleumMinistry of Petroleum Ministry of InteriorMinistry of Interior Ministry of Industry and Technological DevelopmentMinistry of Industry and Technological Development Ministry of Housing and Public UtilitiesMinistry of Housing and Public Utilities Ministry of Agriculture and Land ReclamationMinistry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation Ministry of Water Resources and irrigationMinistry of Water Resources and irrigation Ministry of TransportMinistry of Transport Ministry of Electricity and EnergyMinistry of Electricity and Energy Ministry of EducationMinistry of Education Ministry of Scientific Research and Higher EducationMinistry of Scientific Research and Higher Education GovernoratesGovernorates

International Non-Governmental International Non-Governmental

Organizations NGOsOrganizations NGOs

There are also international NGOs There are also international NGOs working in the field of the environment in working in the field of the environment in Egypt, most of which work concurrently Egypt, most of which work concurrently in other fields. The main goal of these in other fields. The main goal of these NGOs is improving the social, NGOs is improving the social, economical and environmental conditions economical and environmental conditions of the Egyptian community. of the Egyptian community.

National Policy on the National Policy on the EnvironmentEnvironment

The Five Year Action Plan of EEAAThe Five Year Action Plan of EEAA National Strategy for Municipal Solid WasteNational Strategy for Municipal Solid Waste National Strategy for improved Medical waste National Strategy for improved Medical waste

Management in EgyptManagement in Egypt National Strategy and Action Plan for National Strategy and Action Plan for

Biodiversity ConservationBiodiversity Conservation Environmental Disasters Management PlanEnvironmental Disasters Management Plan National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP)National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP)

Major Problems on Major Problems on Environmental Environmental ContaminantsContaminants * Chemical industry is by far the main source of * Chemical industry is by far the main source of

hazardous wastes in the developed regions. hazardous wastes in the developed regions.

Pops – Persistent Organic PollutantsPops – Persistent Organic Pollutants High toxic to humans and the environment. High toxic to humans and the environment. Persistent in the environment, resisting biodegradation. Persistent in the environment, resisting biodegradation. Taken up and bioaccumulated in terrestrial and aquatic Taken up and bioaccumulated in terrestrial and aquatic

ecosystems.ecosystems. Capable of long-range transboundary atmospheric transport Capable of long-range transboundary atmospheric transport

and deposition. and deposition.

Production and use data of Production and use data of Persistent Toxic Substances Persistent Toxic Substances

(PTS)(PTS) The use of organochlorine insecticides in The use of organochlorine insecticides in

Egypt began in the 1950s and were extensively Egypt began in the 1950s and were extensively used until 1981 to protect crops from insects, used until 1981 to protect crops from insects, diseases fungi and weeds, to remove unwanted diseases fungi and weeds, to remove unwanted vegetation and to control insects by the general vegetation and to control insects by the general public. public.

Regulation of Regulation of Environmental and Environmental and

Industrial Chemicals in Industrial Chemicals in EgyptEgypt General Law 4/1994 General Law 4/1994

Environmental protection law. It addresses coastal and Environmental protection law. It addresses coastal and marine pollution and air pollution; hazardous waste and marine pollution and air pollution; hazardous waste and environmental disaster issues.environmental disaster issues.

Water PollutionWater Pollution Sea Water Protection Sea Water Protection Air Pollution Air Pollution Solid Waste ManagementSolid Waste Management Hazardous Waste ManagementHazardous Waste Management

The Stockholm ConventionThe Stockholm Convention The Stockholm Convention, held in May 2001, focuses on The Stockholm Convention, held in May 2001, focuses on

eliminating or reducing releases of 12 POPs, the so-called eliminating or reducing releases of 12 POPs, the so-called “Dirty Dozen”. These 12 chemicals include aldrin, “Dirty Dozen”. These 12 chemicals include aldrin, chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirx, and chlordane, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirx, and toxaphene used principally as pesticides, two industrial toxaphene used principally as pesticides, two industrial chemicals polychlorinated biphenyls and chemicals polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene used in industry but also produced hexachlorobenzene used in industry but also produced unintentionally together with dioxins and furans. Over 150 unintentionally together with dioxins and furans. Over 150 countries signed the convention.countries signed the convention.

Based on the reports of their harmful effects to wildlife Based on the reports of their harmful effects to wildlife and humans, many organochlorine pesticides were banned and humans, many organochlorine pesticides were banned or restricted from use or trade since 1988 by the Ministry or restricted from use or trade since 1988 by the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1996, a Ministerial Decree prohibited of Agriculture. In 1996, a Ministerial Decree prohibited the import and use of 80 pesticides including all the import and use of 80 pesticides including all compounds in the Stockholm Convention compounds in the Stockholm Convention

Nowadays, more than 200 chemicals are Nowadays, more than 200 chemicals are registered and commonly used as pesticides. registered and commonly used as pesticides. Presently, the application of pesticides has Presently, the application of pesticides has decreased in the country, according to the decreased in the country, according to the data provided by the Ministry of data provided by the Ministry of Agriculture, from 20,500 tonnes in 1980 to Agriculture, from 20,500 tonnes in 1980 to 16,435 tonnes in 1995. As chlorinated 16,435 tonnes in 1995. As chlorinated pesticides are banned, the majority of these pesticides are banned, the majority of these pesticides are presently organophosphorous pesticides are presently organophosphorous compounds.compounds.

Major Technology for Major Technology for Monitoring of Monitoring of

Environmental and Environmental and Industrial ChemicalsIndustrial Chemicals Conventional monitoring program by annual Conventional monitoring program by annual

survey and measurement.survey and measurement. Fixed monitoring stations on hot point sources Fixed monitoring stations on hot point sources

of pollution.of pollution. Mobile laboratories for emission Mobile laboratories for emission

measurement.measurement. National contingency plan (NCP) for quick National contingency plan (NCP) for quick

response in case of environmental disasters.response in case of environmental disasters.

My Purpose to Attend in My Purpose to Attend in this Training Coursethis Training Course

To gain more knowledge and new technology on the To gain more knowledge and new technology on the field of this training program.field of this training program.

To visit Japan and to come close with the most To visit Japan and to come close with the most developed country in the world, to see how the developed country in the world, to see how the modern life is going on, and to acquire new modern life is going on, and to acquire new friendships.friendships.

To see the highly advanced industry and technology To see the highly advanced industry and technology through the field trips.through the field trips.

To assist in the development processes in my institute To assist in the development processes in my institute and my country. and my country.

ThanksThanks