RIPng Technology White Paper

8/3/2019 RIPng Technology White Paper

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ripng-technology-white-paper 1/8

RIPng Technology White Paper

Hangzhou H3C Technologies Co., Ltd. www.h3c.com. 1/8


Keyword: IPv4, IPv6, RIP, RIPng

Abstract: RIPng was developed from RIP to support IPv6. This document describes the RIPng

implementation, differences between RIPng and RIP, and RIPng application scenarios.

Acronyms:

Acronym Full spelling

CIDR Classless Inter-domain Routing

IGP Interior Gateway Protocol

RIP Routing Information Protocol

RIPng RIP next generation

RTE Route Table Entry

VLSM Variable Length Subnet Mask





Table of Contents

1 Overview.........................................................................................................................................3 2 RIPng Implementation....................................................................................................................3

2.1 Introduction to RIP ...............................................................................................................3 2.1.1 Mechanism................................................................................................................3 2.1.2 RIP Versions .............................................................................................................4

2.2 Differences Between RIPng and RIP...................................................................................4 2.2.1 Packets......................................................................................................................4 2.2.2 Authentication............................................................................................................6 2.2.3 Compatibility with Network Layer Protocols..............................................................6

3 Application Scenarios.....................................................................................................................7 3.1 Network Diagram.................................................................................................................7 3.2 Network Requirements ........................................................................................................7

4 References .....................................................................................................................................7





1 Overview

RIP is a distance-vector Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) developed by the IETF. It iswidely used in small-sized IPv4 networks due to ease of implementation,

configuration and maintenance.

To route IPv6 packets, the IETF developed RIPng based on RIP. RIPng has become

a main routing protocol used on IPv6 networks.

2 RIPng Implementation RIPng works basically the same way as RIP but has some differences from RIP to

support IPv6 address format. The following describes RIP briefly before detailing how

different RIPng and RIP are.

2.1 Introduction to RIP

2.1.1 Mechanism

RIP uses UDP and port 520 to exchange route information.

RIP uses a hop count to measure the distance to a destination. The hop count is

known as a metric. The hop count from a router to a directly connected network is 0.

The hop count from a router to a directly connected router is 1. To limit convergence

time, a RIP metric ranges from 0 to 15. A metric value of 16 (or greater) is considered

infinite, which means the destination network is unreachable.

The following describes how RIP works:

(1) After RIP is enabled, a router sends request messages to neighboring routers,and listens for RIP request or response messages from neighboring routers.

(2) Upon receiving response messages, the router processes the routing update

information in the messages, updates its local routing table, and sends

triggered update messages to its neighbors.

(3) All routers on the network do the same to keep the latest routing information.

By default, a RIP router sends its routing table to neighbors every 30 seconds. RIP

ages out routes by adopting an aging mechanism to keep only valid routes.





2.1.2 RIP Versions

RIP has two versions: RIPv1 and RIPv2.

RIPv1, a classful routing protocol, supports message advertisement via broadcast

only. RIPv1 protocol messages do not carry mask information, which means it can

only recognize routing information of natural networks such as Classes A, B, and C.

That is why RIPv1 does not support discontiguous subnets.

RIPv2 is a classless routing protocol. Compared with RIPv1, RIPv2 has the following

advantages:

Supporting route tags. Route tags are used in route policies to flexibly control

routes.

Supporting masks, route summarization and Classless Inter-Domain Routing

(CIDR).

Allowing for designating the best next hop on a broadcast network.

Supporting multicast routing update to reduce resource consumption.

Supporting plain text authentication and MD5 authentication by adding an

authentication route table entry (RTE) into updates to enhance security.

2.2 Differences Between RIPng and RIP RIPng works basically the same way as RIP but has the following differences from

RIP to support IPv6:

2.2.1 Packets 1. Different IP address lengths

RIPng uses 128-bit IP addresses, compared with RIPv2's 32-bit addresses.

2. Different packet lengths A RIPv2 message carries up to 25 route entries, while the maximum number of RTEs

in a RIPng packet depends on the IPv6 MTU of the sending interface.

3. Different packet formats Like a RIPv2 packet, a RIPng packet consists of a header and multiple RTEs. The

following figure shows the packet formats of RIP and RIPng:





Figure 1 RIPv2 packet format (upper) and RIPng packet format (lower)

Different from RIPv2, RIPng has two types of RTEs:

Next hop RTE: Defines the IPv6 address of a next hop.

IPv6 prefix RTE: A next hop RTE can be followed by multiple IPv6 prefix RTEs

that use the same next hop. An IPv6 prefix RTE describes the destination IPv6

address, route tag, prefix length and metric of a RIPng route entry. The following figure shows the format of the next hop RTE. IPv6 next hop address is

the IPv6 address of the next hop.

Figure 2 Next hop RTE format

The following figure shows the format of the IPv6 prefix RTE:





IPv6 prefix (16 octets)

Route tag Prefix length Metric

0 7 15 31

Figure 3 IPv6 prefix RTE format

IPv6 prefix: Destination IPv6 address prefix Route tag: Route tag Prefix length: Length of the IPv6 address prefix

Metric: Cost of the route 4. Different packet sending modes RIPv2 can be configured to periodically broadcast or multicast routing information,

while RIPng periodically multicasts routing information.

2.2.2 Authentication In RIPng, the authentication RTEs have been removed. RIPng relies on the

authentication mechanism of IPv6 to ensure integrity and validity.

2.2.3 Compatibility with Network Layer Protocols

RIP can run in IP networks and IPX networks, while RIPng can run in IPv6 networks

only.





3 Application Scenarios 3.1 Network Diagram

Router H

Router I

IPv6 network

School

Router B Router CRouter A

Figure 4 Typical RIPng application scenario

3.2 Network Requirements A school builds an IPv6 network. All routers and hosts in the network running

IPv6.

The school requires a small office network where any two nodes can

communicate with each other and the network devices can automatically adapt

to topology changes.

In this case, RIPng can be used to enable communication between any two

nodes on the network.

4 References RFC 2080: RIPng for IPv6

RFC 2081: RIPng Protocol Applicability Statement

RFC 1058: Routing Information Protocol

RFC 1721: RIP Version 2 Protocol Analysis





RFC 2082: RIP-2 MD5 Authentication

RFC 2453: RIP Version 2

Copyright ©2008 Hangzhou H3C Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent of Hangzhou

H3C Technologies Co., Ltd.

The information in this document is subject to change without notice.

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