Honors Biology Name: __________________________Study Guide Final Exam Completion Date______________________The Nature of Science

1. List the steps of the scientific method.2. Explain and provide examples for how the scientific method is flexible and dynamic and NOT linear.3. Define the following terms be able to identify them from sample experiments

constants controlled variables dependent variable

independent variables quantitative variables qualitative variables

o The variable that is being measured or observed in an experiment is the Dependent variable, it will be graphed on the “y-axis”

o The variable that is being manipulated or changed in an experiment is the Independent variable, it will be graphed on the “x-axis”

o Your prediction for what you think will happen in your experiment is also known as the hypothesis.o The variables that you keep the same throughout an experiment are constant variables.o When looking for patterns or trends in your data, you are analyzing your data.

4. All living organisms (including cells) perform basic functions of life. Define and give an example of each of them:

Metabolism Reproduction Respond to Stimuli Maintain Homeostasis

Excretion Obtain & Use Energy Grow and Develop

Biochemistry 1. All organic compounds contain what element? What are 2 other elements MOST commonly found in organic

compounds in addition to the first element listed? 2. Differentiate between a covalent and ionic bond. 3. Make a table that lists the follow organic compound and identifies 1) monomers, 2) polymers, and 3) major

function(s) in the body. (You should have the Macromolecule Chart)a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids

c. Proteins d. Nucleic acids

4. Make a table that includes the following terms and identify for each 1) the type of organic compound it is, whether it is a 2) monomer or polymer, and 3) its major function. a. Cellulose b. Polypeptide a. Polysaccharide

c. Glycerol and fatty acids

d. Starch

e. Phospholipids f. Glucose g. Simple sugars

5. Differentiate between hydrolysis (when bonds are broken) and dehydration synthesis (when bonds are made). Which one stores energy and which one releases energy?

6. Draw a water molecule. Label the elements and charges that make up water. Explain why this is a polar molecule.

7. Draw 4 water molecules and how they are attracted to one another, what type of “bond” forms between them? 8. List definitions for the following terms: cohesion, hydrogen bond, non-polar, polar 9. What is an example of an organic compound that is “non-polar”? What are polar organic compounds?10. Explain acids and bases using the pH scale. 11. What is the function of enzymes? List some specific names of enzymes – what do the names have in common? 12. What environmental factors influence enzyme activity?

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13. Enzymes are protein catalysts (they speed up reactions), enzyme lower the activation energy and are not used up by a reaction.

14. What is the enzyme substrate complex? What is the active site of an enzyme? 15. Draw a graph of the factors effecting enzyme activity (temperature, pH and substrate concentration)

Cell Physiology 1. List the 3 components of cell theory. 2. Outline the relationship between surface area and volume in a cell has it increases in size.3. How does the SA:V ratio impact; rates of diffusion, homeostasis, physical structure of cells (what shapes

promote high surface area to volume ratio?)4. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Give an example of each. 5. What is the function of each of the following organelles?

a. Nucleus b. Plasma Membrane

(phospholipid bilayer)c. Ribosomes

d. Mitochondrion e. Chloroplasts f. Lysosomes g. Golgi body

h. Vacuoles i. Cell wall

**Be able to identify/label these organelles in a plant or animal cell. 6. What organelles listed in above are found in most prokaryotic cells? 7. What organelles are present in a plant cell that are absent in an animal cell? 8. What are the levels of organization from simplest to most complex? 9. Create a table comparing active and passive transport. Include the following information: 1) what direction is the

concentration gradient? 2) is energy required? 3) what is the goal of this process? 10. Define the following terms and classify them as active or passive transport:

a. diffusion b. osmosis c. facilitated diffusion

d. endocytosis e. exocytosis

11. Draw the cell membrane. Label: phospholipid bilayer, protein, carbohydrate chain, and cholesterol. 12. Draw a phospholipid bilayer (include 8 phospholipids total) and label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

Which area(s) would be exposed to water? 13. Draw an example and describe what would happen in cells of the following solutions: hypertonic, hypotonic,

isotonic. a. What type of passive transport is occurring in these examples? b. What is moving in and out of the cell in each of these 3 scenarios?

14. What is the meaning of homeostasis? Cell Energy (photosynthesis and respiration):

1. What types of organisms use photosynthesis? 2. Compare ATP and ADP. What is the difference in structure between these two molecules? Which one is higher in

energy? 3. What is a pigment? What is the primary pigment found in green plants? 4. Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis. Label products and reactants. 5. Write the chemical equation for cellular respiration. Label products and reactants. 6. Compare and contrast the chloroplast and mitochondrion. (What types of organisms contain each? Single or

double membrane? What is its function – what process occurs here?) 7. Which process (photosynthesis or respiration) releases energy for cells? 8. What are the 2 steps of photosynthesis? Describe each. 9. What are the 3 steps of cellular respiration? Describe each. 10. Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration (fermentation).

a. How much ATP is produced by each? b. What are the 2 types of fermentation? What organisms perform each type of fermentation?

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Genetics (includes information from: cell division, DNA & protein synthesis, and genetics unit) 1. Describe the shape and composition of a DNA molecule. 2. What is the function of DNA? 3. What is the structure of a nucleotide? 4. What are the complementary base pair rules for DNA to DNA? How are complementary bases bonded? 5. Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. 6. What is the function of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA? 7. What is a codon? What does it code for? How many letters make up each codon? 8. If you were given the following mRNA sequence (UUC GUU GGA ACC), what would be the amino acid sequence

and DNA template? (use the genetic code provided here) 9. What is the difference between a gene and chromosome mutation? 10. Define and illustrate a point and frameshift mutation.

a. How many codons change in a point mutation? In a frameshift mutation? 11. Describe transcription and translation. Where does each step occur? 12. Summarize the events of the cell cycle (Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis, Cytokinesis). 13. Summarize the events of the stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) 14. What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

a. Which of these processes requires meiosis? b. What is a benefit of this type of reproduction?

15. What is the difference between homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids? 16. What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells? Classify somatic cells and gametes as each of these. 17. If a skin cell of an animal had 52 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would be in an egg cell from this

species? 18. What are the differences between Meiosis I and Meiosis II with respect to the alignment of the homologous

chromosomes and sister chromatids? 19. What is a karyotype? How can you tell a female from a male?

a. What is another name for down syndrome? Describe what the karyotype would look like. 20. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.

a. Include general drawings of each type of cell division using 4 chromosomes. b. What must occur prior to the cells dividing? c. If a cell starts with 50 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would there be after mitosis? After meiosis?

21. Define the following terms: a. Genotype b. Phenotype

c. Homozygous d. Heterozygous

e. Dominant f. Recessive

22. How are the following words related? DNA, gene, RNA, protein, trait 23. What is a Punnett Square & what does it show? 24. Complete the following genetics crosses:

a. Monohybrid heterozygous parents (Tt x Tt) b. Determine the parents’ genotypes and diagram a Punnett square for the following problem. Blonde hair

is dominant to brown. Two parents are mated, one with blonde hair and one with brown, and some of their children end up with blonde and some with brown.

c. Dihybrid heterozygote parents (TtYy x TtYy) d. A colorblind male with a female carrier. (Hint: colorblindness is x-linked recessive) e. A red snapdragon with a pink snapdragon. (Hint: RR = red, rr = white, Rr = pink is the heterozygote

showing incomplete dominance.) 25. Analyze the following pedigrees. Determine if the type of inheritance is dominant, recessive, codominant, or

sex-linked based on the people that inherit a certain trait. Classification, Evolution, Biodiversity

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1. Compare and contrast bacteria and viruses. What do they have in common? What are differences between them?

2. How do bacteria reproduce? Draw and label an E. coli cell.3. List 2 ways bacteria benefit humans and 2 ways bacteria harm humans.4. What are antibiotics? What are they used to treat? 5. What is antibiotic resistance? How/why does it occur? (This is an example of Natural Selection)6. Why do you have to get some vaccines every year instead of only once? 7. Describe the structure of a virus. What are the 2 main parts? 8. List and Distinguish between the 3 Domains in the current classification system9. Outline the binomial nomenclature. What are the levels of classification for Homo sapiens?10. Complete the table the compares the features and characteristics of the 4 Eukaryotic Domains.

Animal Plant Fungi ProtistaDNA contained inMulticellularCell wallMode of nutrient acquisition

Examples11. Construct and dichotomous key for use in identifying specimens.12. Cladograms are tree diagrams that show the most probable sequence of divergence in clade. Define cladogram

and node.13. Identify members of clades given a cladogram14. Analyze a cladogram to explain the evolutionary relationship between species.15. Discuss the use of cladograms as hypotheses of evolutionary relationships.16. Contrast analogous and homologous traits.17. State an example of analogous and homologous traits.18. Evolution is the change in a POPULATION over time (individuals do not evolve), Natural selection is the

mechanism by which evolution can occur.19. Evidence for evolution comes from Fossils, Biochemical / Molecular / DNA evidence (DNA sequences or

proteins that match), Artificial Selection (human breeding for desired traits)20. Outline the steps to natural selection. (Natural selection requires variation in a population, favorable traits

(variations) will become more common (more populated) in a population).21. In what ways do plants respond to their environments? Tropisms. (Phototropism, Geotropism, Thigmotropism,

Chemotropism, Hydrotropism)22. What behaviors or adaptations allow animals to survive?

Ecology1. List and give examples of Biotic & Abiotic Factors of an ecosystem.2. Identify the levels of organization or structure for an ecosystem.(Species/OrganismPopulationCommunity..)3. Draw a food chain with a minimum of 4 organisms. Identify each organism as Producer, Primary Consumer,

Secondary consumer…4. Producers are Autotrophs and will always be the first level of a chain or web, Consumers are Heterotrophs and

are all other levels except level 1. How much energy moves up? What happens to energy not moving up?5. Analyze a food web. Determine what level an organism is at by what it eats. How does removing organisms from

the web impact other organisms? What populations increase? Decrease? Or move to other food sources?6. List and define the 5 types of species interaction. What does symbiosis mean? What are 3 types of symbiosis?7. What is ecological succession? What are disturbances (natural or human caused) that can lead to succession?

What are the pioneer species associated with primary and secondary succession?

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8. Primary succession starts with bare rock and no soil (ie after a volcano creates a new island). Secondary succession starts with soil but no biotic components (ie after a major forest fire burns all the plants & animals)

9. Humans impact ecosystems. Population growth, habitat loss and pollution are major causes for damage on ecosystems.

10. Enhanced Climate change can lead to extinctions, rising sea levels, melting of polar ice. (Greenhouse gases that humans increase are CO2 and Methane these are the result of human activity

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pH Scale – acidic (low pH) / basic (high pH) Independent (x axis) / Dependent (y axis)

Homologous structures – indicate common ancestryOrganisms share structural similarities (patterns) but

have very different functions (uses for them)

Levels of Classification

Domain(Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya)

KingdomPhylum

ClassOrderFamilyGenus

Species(Genus & species = scientific name)

Enzyme-Substrate Complex Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membrane(phospholipid bilayer)

Kingdom Animalia Characteristics ATP / ADP CycleEnergy from food (carbs, lipids, proteins) is converted to

ATP for cellular work (movement, protein synthesis, homeostasis, growth, repair,

DNA replication, active transport)

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Energy Pyramid – Trophic Levels Cladogram indicates common ancestry and evolutionary relationships

Nodes show common ancestors

Food Chainshows feeding relationships / the arrow points to the EATER or CONSUMER / arrow indicates how energy flows

Virusnonliving but contains genetic material and can evolve

requires a host cell to replicate

Identify these macromolecules.List two functions of each

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Protein Synthesis – TranscriptionDNA to mRNA sequence – occurs in the Nucleus

Dihybrid Cross – Gamete (Haploid) Production

Protein Synthesis – TranslationmRNA to a Polypeptide (amino acid sequence) – occurs at a Ribosome

Effect of pH on enzyme activity Water Molecule and BondsWhere would he partial positive (+)

and partial negative (-) be?

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Membrane Transport and Osmosis Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

Passive Transport – 3 TypesMovement of molecules or particle down the

concentration gradient

Chloroplast & PhotosynthesisInputs: Water, Carbon Dioxide & Light

Outputs: Oxygen & Sugar (Carbohydrates)

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