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Richard Parncutt and Angelika DorferRichard Parncutt and Angelika DorferUniversity of Graz, AustriaUniversity of Graz, Austria
The role of music in The role of music in cultural integrationcultural integration
Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Musikpsychologie, Gießen, 14.-16.9.07
Why music and integration?Why music and integration?
IntegrationIntegration social, cultural, politicalsocial, cultural, political globalisationglobalisation
MusicMusic an aspect of culturean aspect of culture influences identity and well-beinginfluences identity and well-being
Music and integrationMusic and integration a neglected topic?a neglected topic?
Integration: DefinitionsIntegration: Definitions
social, cultural, political social, cultural, political allall interactions among interactions among allall cultural groups cultural groups
majoritymajority ““indigenous” = implicit ownership of territory?indigenous” = implicit ownership of territory?
minoritiesminorities migrantsmigrants ““indigenous”indigenous”
multiple identitiesmultiple identities e.g. old and new, overlapping groupse.g. old and new, overlapping groups
Integration: DimensionsIntegration: Dimensions
independence in social/political/cultural context independence in social/political/cultural context languagelanguage incomeincome shopping, transport, administration…shopping, transport, administration…
frequency of intergroup contactfrequency of intergroup contact friends, acquaintances, events…friends, acquaintances, events…
acceptance by other groupsacceptance by other groups lack of prejudicelack of prejudice
feeling of belongingfeeling of belonging Do I feel at home in Graz?Do I feel at home in Graz?
Contact hypothesisContact hypothesis
more frequent contactmore frequent contact better integrationbetter integration
collective activities promote integrationcollective activities promote integration sportsport musicmusic festivalsfestivals
Multiple identitiesMultiple identities
e.g. Turkish + Austrian + woman + Muslime.g. Turkish + Austrian + woman + Muslim
Intergroup contactIntergroup contact new cultural orientationnew cultural orientationmodification of traditions modification of traditions
Auernheimer, G. (1996). Auernheimer, G. (1996). Einführung in die interkulturelle ErziehungEinführung in die interkulturelle Erziehung (2. Aufl.). (2. Aufl.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
Role of “old” cultureRole of “old” culture
The familiarity of migrant children with The familiarity of migrant children with their “old” culture enhances:their “old” culture enhances: self esteemself esteem ability to integrate ability to integrate
Hansson, S. (1990). Hansson, S. (1990). Invandrarföreningar.Invandrarföreningar.
Research on integrationResearch on integration
language skills language skills Greenberg et al. (2001)Greenberg et al. (2001)
education, occupation, income education, occupation, income Hou & Balakrishnan (1991)Hou & Balakrishnan (1991)
(un-) employment (un-) employment Gowricharn (2002)Gowricharn (2002)
social capital social capital Jacobs & Tillie (2004)Jacobs & Tillie (2004)
opinions and prejudices of majority culture opinions and prejudices of majority culture Bobo & Zubrinsky (1996)Bobo & Zubrinsky (1996)
Music and cultural identityMusic and cultural identity
Music can both promote and hinder integration Music can both promote and hinder integration
Folkestad, G. (2002). National identity and music.Folkestad, G. (2002). National identity and music. In R. McDonald, D. Hargreaves, & D. Miell (Ed.): In R. McDonald, D. Hargreaves, & D. Miell (Ed.): Musical identitiesMusical identities
(pp. 151-162). Oxford: Oxford University Press.(pp. 151-162). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Frith, S. (1996). Music and identity.Frith, S. (1996). Music and identity. In S. Hall & P. Du Gay (Ed.): In S. Hall & P. Du Gay (Ed.): Questions of cultural identityQuestions of cultural identity (pp. 108- (pp. 108-
127). London: Thousand Oaks.127). London: Thousand Oaks.
Müller, R. et al. (2002). Müller, R. et al. (2002). Wozu Jugendliche Musik und Wozu Jugendliche Musik und Medien gebrauchen.Medien gebrauchen. Jugendliche Identität und musikalische Jugendliche Identität und musikalische und mediale Geschmacksbildungund mediale Geschmacksbildung. . Weinheim: Juventa. Weinheim: Juventa.
Music and integrationMusic and integration
Stockholm choirsStockholm choirs
Pawlig, M. (2003). Pawlig, M. (2003). Chor als Arena für kulturelle Chor als Arena für kulturelle Integration. Eine Fallstudie in den Stockholmer Integration. Eine Fallstudie in den Stockholmer Vororten Tensta und RinkebyVororten Tensta und Rinkeby. . Magisterarbeit, Berlin.Magisterarbeit, Berlin.
Our aimsOur aims
What is the role of music in integration?What is the role of music in integration? pilot studypilot study non-representative sample from Graznon-representative sample from Graz non-general conclusionsnon-general conclusions
MethodMethod
semi-structured interviewssemi-structured interviews musicology students & Graz residentsmusicology students & Graz residents summary transcription by students summary transcription by students
qualitative analysisqualitative analysis hermeneutic formulation of hypotheseshermeneutic formulation of hypotheses
formulate or revise (top-down)formulate or revise (top-down) search for quotes for & against (bottom-up)search for quotes for & against (bottom-up) repeat repeat
quantitative analysisquantitative analysis demographics, quantitative measuresdemographics, quantitative measures
Interviews: ParticipantsInterviews: Participants
interviewersinterviewers 24 participants of a musicology course unit24 participants of a musicology course unit in 7 groupsin 7 groups
respondentsrespondents 52 “new Austrians” 52 “new Austrians”
AlbaniaAlbania ChinaChina Egypt (Copts)Egypt (Copts)
sex:sex: 28 female28 female 24 male24 maleage:age: 17 to 5317 to 53 mean 29mean 29years in EU:years in EU: 0.2 to 230.2 to 23 mean 8mean 8
Iraq (Kurds)Iraq (Kurds) ItalyItaly NigeriaNigeria SerbiaSerbia
Not analysedNot analysed
8 respondents 8 respondents significant communication difficultiessignificant communication difficulties significant missing datasignificant missing data
Interviews: IssuesInterviews: Issues
(any) music in everyday life(any) music in everyday life own performance of (any) musicown performance of (any) music cultural identitiescultural identities social contactssocial contacts favourite CDsfavourite CDs culture of main cultural groupculture of main cultural group
music, customs, traditions music, customs, traditions
views on role of music in integration views on role of music in integration
Degree of integrationDegree of integration
2nd author’s interpretation of transcripts2nd author’s interpretation of transcripts
1: very low1: very low2: low2: low3: neutral3: neutral4: high4: high5: very high5: very high
main criteria:main criteria: How much contact between How much contact between
respondent and other groups respondent and other groups (majority, other minorities)?(majority, other minorities)?
To what extent does respondent To what extent does respondent feel at home in Graz?feel at home in Graz?
Degree of integrationDegree of integration
0123456789
Number of People
very low low neutral high very high
Degree of Integration
Degree of Integration
Respondents: Years in EURespondents: Years in EU
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0
Years in EU
Deg
ree
of
inte
gra
tio
n
r = .35 p = .07N = 28
Respondents: Respondents: Practical musicianshipPractical musicianship
0
5
10
15
Number of respondents
noso
me
profe
ssion
al
no: 0 years / don’t playsome: <=10 years / as a hobbyprofessional: >10 years / as a profession
Respondents:Respondents:Practical music experiencePractical music experience
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 5 10 15 20 25
Practical musical experience (years)
Deg
ree
of
inte
gra
tio
n
r = -.66 p = .002N = 19
Importance of own musicImportance of own music
““own” music = of main cultural group own” music = of main cultural group 2nd author’s interpretation of transcripts2nd author’s interpretation of transcripts
1: very low1: very low2: low2: low3: neutral3: neutral4: high4: high5: very high5: very high
main criteria:main criteria: How often does respondent How often does respondent
play or listen to own music?play or listen to own music? How important is own music How important is own music
for respondent?for respondent?
Importance of own musicImportance of own music
““We have very many different instruments and We have very many different instruments and directions in our traditional music… we are all directions in our traditional music… we are all very proud of our music… it is very beautiful.” very proud of our music… it is very beautiful.”
Respondent 7, Chinese, female, age 27, 4.5 yr in Respondent 7, Chinese, female, age 27, 4.5 yr in EU, 20 yr music, degree of integration 3EU, 20 yr music, degree of integration 3
““For me, music is mainly for entertainment and For me, music is mainly for entertainment and relaxation. Chinese music has no meaning for me relaxation. Chinese music has no meaning for me and I don’t listen to it.”and I don’t listen to it.”
6, Chinese, m, 19, 9, 0, 56, Chinese, m, 19, 9, 0, 5
Importance of own musicImportance of own music
0123456789
10
Number of People
very low low neutral high very high
Importance of own music
Importance of own music
Respondents:Respondents:Importance of own musicImportance of own music
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Importance of own music
Deg
ree
of
inte
gra
tio
n
r = -.50 p = .007 N = 28
Group differencesGroup differences Nigerians: Nigerians:
music seen as universal, promotes peaceful coexistencemusic seen as universal, promotes peaceful coexistence Copts: Copts:
music important for religion & identity but rather privatemusic important for religion & identity but rather private
Kurds & Copts:Kurds & Copts: high degree of cultural self-organisationhigh degree of cultural self-organisation
Chinese, Albanians, Italians: Chinese, Albanians, Italians: low degree of cultural self-organisationlow degree of cultural self-organisation
Italians: Italians: music important for identity although no integration problemmusic important for identity although no integration problem
Many, e.g. Serbs: Many, e.g. Serbs: music important for identity but job, language more important for music important for identity but job, language more important for
integrationintegration
Contact Contact
ThesisThesisMusic can help cultural groups to get to Music can help cultural groups to get to
know each otherknow each other
““You hear the music and immediately get You hear the music and immediately get an impression of what Albanians are like. an impression of what Albanians are like. That is quite different from reading about That is quite different from reading about Albanians in the newspaper.”Albanians in the newspaper.”
12, Albanian, f, 27, 5, >2, 312, Albanian, f, 27, 5, >2, 3
Music and languageMusic and language
ThesisThesisMusic is easier to understand across cultures than Music is easier to understand across cultures than
language.language.
““I think music is very important because music is a world I think music is very important because music is a world language. Everyone can understand it.”language. Everyone can understand it.”
Respondent 28, Copt, male, 40 yrs, 17 yrs in EURespondent 28, Copt, male, 40 yrs, 17 yrs in EU
““I can’t speak Italian but I like to listen to Italian music. I I can’t speak Italian but I like to listen to Italian music. I can’t speak Turkish but I can listen to Turkish music.”can’t speak Turkish but I can listen to Turkish music.”
26, Copt, m, 44, 1726, Copt, m, 44, 17
““On the radio I prefer to listen to music than language On the radio I prefer to listen to music than language (news, documentaries) because I don’t understand the (news, documentaries) because I don’t understand the language very well.”language very well.”
8 Chinese, f, 20, 2, 16, 1 8 Chinese, f, 20, 2, 16, 1
Emotion Emotion ThesisThesisOwn music is more emotionalOwn music is more emotional
ForFor““There are so many songs in Albanian that could make me There are so many songs in Albanian that could make me
cry because the words are so sad.”cry because the words are so sad.”11, Albanian, f, 23, 23, 4, 511, Albanian, f, 23, 23, 4, 5
““When I hear songs about freedom fighters I start to cry.”When I hear songs about freedom fighters I start to cry.”25 Kurd, m, 45, 18, 0, 525 Kurd, m, 45, 18, 0, 5
AgainstAgainst““Classical music is very emotional, I often get goose bumps Classical music is very emotional, I often get goose bumps
… pop music is emotional if the text goes well”… pop music is emotional if the text goes well”2, Chinese, f, 21, 4, 10, 22, Chinese, f, 21, 4, 10, 2
AssociationAssociation
ThesisThesisOwn music is strongly associated with other aspects of Own music is strongly associated with other aspects of
own cultureown culture
ForFor““The music reminds me of the Kurd’s situation, their The music reminds me of the Kurd’s situation, their
suffering, the beauty of the country.”suffering, the beauty of the country.”36, Kurd, f, 25, 4, 0, 536, Kurd, f, 25, 4, 0, 5
AgainstAgainst““But the music in Austria reminds me of my adolescence But the music in Austria reminds me of my adolescence
in Egypt, e.g. ABBA, Bonny M., Bee Gees, .. Tina in Egypt, e.g. ABBA, Bonny M., Bee Gees, .. Tina Charles…, I have them all on CD”Charles…, I have them all on CD”
26, Copt, m, 44, 17, >1, 326, Copt, m, 44, 17, >1, 3
HomesicknessHomesickness
ThesisThesis
Own music can either increase or decrease Own music can either increase or decrease homesicknesshomesickness
““I avoid listening to Albanian music when I I avoid listening to Albanian music when I have not been home for a while because it have not been home for a while because it makes me homesick.”makes me homesick.”
10, Albanian, f, 27, 7, 0, 410, Albanian, f, 27, 7, 0, 4
Migrants versus localsMigrants versus locals
ThesisThesisOwn music is more important for migrants Own music is more important for migrants than for locals (back home)than for locals (back home)
““The young people in Albania seem to The young people in Albania seem to avoid folk music. But when they are away avoid folk music. But when they are away from home they want you to send them from home they want you to send them CDs of folk music.”CDs of folk music.”
10, Albanian, f, 27, 7, 0, 410, Albanian, f, 27, 7, 0, 4
Music as part of cultureMusic as part of culture
ThesisThesis
Any aspect of culture can equally well promote Any aspect of culture can equally well promote integration: music, food, costumes, integration: music, food, costumes, architecture…architecture…
““Maybe people can understand our food more Maybe people can understand our food more easily than our music … Many people have easily than our music … Many people have come to look at our church because it is so come to look at our church because it is so beautiful”beautiful”
33, Copt, f, 17, 17, >1, 233, Copt, f, 17, 17, >1, 2
Cultural freedomCultural freedom
ThesisThesis
Integration is promoted when minorities feel free Integration is promoted when minorities feel free to express their identity through their music.to express their identity through their music.
““We play loud Albanian music. We go to an We play loud Albanian music. We go to an Albanian pub so we can be alone because we Albanian pub so we can be alone because we are so loud. When you are homesick and have are so loud. When you are homesick and have not been home for a long time that is really nice.”not been home for a long time that is really nice.”
10 Albanian, f, 27, 7, 0, 410 Albanian, f, 27, 7, 0, 4
Feeling of acceptanceFeeling of acceptance
ThesisThesis
Low self-rated integration is associated with Low self-rated integration is associated with belief that others do not like own music.belief that others do not like own music.
““The people here accept other music, but our The people here accept other music, but our music is very difficult (for prayer, meditative). music is very difficult (for prayer, meditative). Austria is a land of music, but I think they Austria is a land of music, but I think they would find our music boring.”would find our music boring.”
32, Copt, f, 49, 15, 10, 232, Copt, f, 49, 15, 10, 2
Will any music do?Will any music do?
ThesisThesisIntegration is about feeling good wherever you are. Integration is about feeling good wherever you are.
Perhaps any kind of music (own or foreign) can help.Perhaps any kind of music (own or foreign) can help.
Q: Does that bring you closer to Kosovo?Q: Does that bring you closer to Kosovo?A: I feel better when I listen to music. But that is true only A: I feel better when I listen to music. But that is true only
for Albanian music but for any music that I like.for Albanian music but for any music that I like.9, Albanian, f, 33, 9, 5, 4 9, Albanian, f, 33, 9, 5, 4
Q: What kind of music helps you feel at home in Austria?Q: What kind of music helps you feel at home in Austria?A: Musicals. I sing along and lose myself in the music to A: Musicals. I sing along and lose myself in the music to
forget my homesickness.forget my homesickness.2, Chinese, f, 21, 4, 10, 22, Chinese, f, 21, 4, 10, 2
Practical proposalsPractical proposals public events with different aspects of each culturepublic events with different aspects of each culture
6, Chinese, m, 19, 9, 0, 5 (and others)6, Chinese, m, 19, 9, 0, 5 (and others)
an entertaining multicultural concert for childrenan entertaining multicultural concert for children9, Albanian, f, 33, 9, 5, 49, Albanian, f, 33, 9, 5, 4
a multicultural weekend with folklore, football, music…a multicultural weekend with folklore, football, music…26, Copt, m, 44, 17, >1, 326, Copt, m, 44, 17, >1, 3
financial support for performance of own musicfinancial support for performance of own music35, Kurd, m, 45, 18, 0, 535, Kurd, m, 45, 18, 0, 5
media reports on culture as well as economics, politics media reports on culture as well as economics, politics 12 Albanian, w, 27, 5, >2, 312 Albanian, w, 27, 5, >2, 3
ConclusionsConclusions
These and other data suggest that:These and other data suggest that: Integration can be promoted in many waysIntegration can be promoted in many ways One of these is musicalOne of these is musical
Possible integration strategies:Possible integration strategies: Promotion of minority musicPromotion of minority music Promotion of intercultural musical contact Promotion of intercultural musical contact
What next?What next?
Repeat interviews with selected Repeat interviews with selected participantsparticipants New interview questions based on new New interview questions based on new
hypotheseshypotheses
Recommendations to City of GrazRecommendations to City of Graz
ExampleExample
Turkish woman in GrazTurkish woman in Graz contact mainly with husband and two childrencontact mainly with husband and two children limited contact with majority or other groupslimited contact with majority or other groups little knowledge of German languagelittle knowledge of German language
Listens to recordings of Turkish musicListens to recordings of Turkish music feels sad, nostalgicfeels sad, nostalgic
Does music promote integration?Does music promote integration?
IdentityIdentity
ThesisThesisPublic local display of own music Public local display of own music
strengthens identitystrengthens identity
Referring to a concert of Albanian traditional music Referring to a concert of Albanian traditional music on Graz’s main square:on Graz’s main square:
““The people stopped to look and were interested. The people stopped to look and were interested. ‘Where do they come from? Oh, that’s what it’s ‘Where do they come from? Oh, that’s what it’s like in Albania! … Aha, Albania is real and like in Albania! … Aha, Albania is real and Albanians live right here among us in Graz.’ “Albanians live right here among us in Graz.’ “
12, Albania, f, 27, 5, >2, 312, Albania, f, 27, 5, >2, 3
Cultural opportunitiesCultural opportunities
ThesisThesisMusicians feel more integrated when they can Musicians feel more integrated when they can
play their own music with others.play their own music with others.
Q: What role does the music of your cultural Q: What role does the music of your cultural group play in your everyday life?group play in your everyday life?
A: At home I used to play a lot of traditional A: At home I used to play a lot of traditional Chinese music with my family. Here I cannot Chinese music with my family. Here I cannot do that, so I sing the (classical) music that I do that, so I sing the (classical) music that I learn at university and listen to pop music.learn at university and listen to pop music.
7, Chinese, f, 27, 4.5, 20, 37, Chinese, f, 27, 4.5, 20, 3
Dual identityDual identity
Integration is promoted by engagement Integration is promoted by engagement with both own and local musicwith both own and local music
Role of styleRole of style
ThesisThesis
The integration-promoting function of music The integration-promoting function of music depends strongly on style.depends strongly on style.
Role of own musicRole of own music
ThesisThesis
If own music is preferred, it is because of If own music is preferred, it is because of emotional associations and identity, not emotional associations and identity, not an absolute aesthetican absolute aesthetic
(No respondent suggested that their own (No respondent suggested that their own music might be intrinsically superior)music might be intrinsically superior)
