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Mobility biographies and milestones Mobility biographies and milestones
A review of existing evidence and a proposal for a new
methodology
Richard Manton & Henrike RauRichard Manton & Henrike RauIATBR Conference
19th July 2015NUI Galway
Outline
1. Key concepts – Mobility biographies, life events & mobility milestonesmobility milestones
2. New methodology
3. First findings
4. Conclusions
5. Ireland boom-bust5. Ireland boom-bust
Key concepts
• Mobility biography – series of stages capturing both continuity and change in capturing both continuity and change in mobility practices across the life course
• Life events – reflect social, political and economic construction of the life course
• e.g. residential relocation, childbirth
• Mobility milestones – reflect wider mobility system such as social norms or infrastructure
• e.g. getting a driving licence, buying a car
Social, economic & infrastructuralconditions; governance & policy
environment
Social & cultural norms & policies related to life course
& mobility; availability ofmobility tools
Individual mobility
biographybiography
Individual's agency+ socially
negotiated lifeevents & mobility
milestones
Interactions between LE & MM
Life events
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Mobility milestones
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Author(s) Life Events Mobility Milestones
Leavin
g fam
ily
hom
e
Change in
Education
Resid
ential
Relo
cation
Change in
Em
plo
ym
ent
Cohabitation
Marr
iage
Child
-birth
Change in
household
Retire
ment
Illn
ess/inju
ry/
Health c
hange
Drivin
g lic
ense
Car
ow
ners
hip
/
availa
bili
ty
PT
ticket
ow
ners
hip
Bic
ycle
ow
ners
hip
Tra
ffic
accid
ent
Cyclin
gskill
s
Cyclin
g
environm
ent
PT
environm
ent
Literature reviewAdapted from Schoenduwe et al (2015)
Leavin
g fam
ily
hom
e
Change in
Education
Resid
ential
Relo
cation
Change in
Em
plo
ym
ent
Cohabitation
Marr
iage
Child
Change in
household
Retire
ment
Illn
ess/inju
ry/
Health c
hange
Drivin
g
Car
ow
ners
hip
/
availa
bili
ty
PT
ow
ners
hip
Bic
ycle
ow
ners
hip
Tra
ffic
accid
ent
Cyclin
g
Cyclin
g
environm
ent
PT
env
Adjei & Behrens X X X X X X X
Behrens & Del Mistro ~ ~
Beige & Axhausen X X X X X X X X X X X
Brunner X X
Chatterjee et al. X X X ~ ~ X X X X X
Harms & Lanzendorf X X X
Klöckner X X X X X X X X X X X X
Lanzendorf X X X X X X X X X XLanzendorf X X X X X X X X X X
Oakil et al. X X X X X X X X X X
Scheiner & Holz-Rau X X X X
Schoenduwe et al. X X X X X X X
Stanbridge & Lyons X
van der Waerden et al. X X X X X X X X
van der Waerden &
TimmermansX X X X X X X X X X ~ ~ X X ~
Verhoeven et al. X X X X X X
Previous methodologies
Lanzendorf (2003), Chatterjee et al. (2013), Beige & Axhausen (2012), Adjei & Behrens (2013)
Previous results
• Key Life Events: residential relocation,
changes in employment, changes in educationchanges in employment, changes in education
• Key Mobility Milestones: getting a driving
licence, changes in mobility tool ownership
• Should consider interactions between events, • Should consider interactions between events,
causation & role of attitudes
Baselines
Life course calendar
Online survey
Life course calendar
Event effects
Go
t a
dri
vin
g l
ice
nc
e
Invo
lve
d i
n t
raff
ic a
cc
ide
nt
So
ld m
y c
ar
Bo
ug
ht
a b
icyc
le
Bo
ug
ht
a c
ar
Mil
es
ton
es
On foot Bicycle Public transport Motor car: passenger Motor car: driver
Mode of analysis
Sta
rte
d c
oll
eg
eS
tart
ed
co
lle
ge
Mo
ve
d h
om
e/t
ow
nS
tart
ed
fir
st
job
Mo
ve
d h
om
e/t
ow
n
Be
ca
me
un
em
plo
ye
dGo
t a
dri
vin
g l
ice
nc
e
Invo
lve
d i
n t
raff
ic a
cc
ide
nt
So
ld m
y c
ar
Bo
ug
ht
a b
icyc
le
Bo
ug
ht
a c
ar
Eve
nts
M
ob
ilit
y M
ile
sto
ne
s
Sta
rte
d c
oll
eg
eS
tart
ed
co
lle
ge
Mo
ve
d h
om
e/t
ow
nS
tart
ed
fir
st
job
Go
t m
arr
ied
Ha
d a
ch
ild
Mo
ve
d h
om
e/t
ow
n
Be
ca
me
un
em
plo
ye
d
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Lif
e E
ve
nts
RESULTS
LIFE EVENTS, MOBILITY MILESTONES &
MODAL SHIFT
IRELAND THROUGH BOOM AND BUST: IMPACTS ON MOBILITY BIOGRAPHIES
Sample characteristics
• 444 responses, 324 complete
• 56% female• 56% female
• Average age: 39 years old
• 31% live in Dublin City or County
• 48% married
• Average household size: 3.1• Average household size: 3.1
• 48% drive, 21% cycle, 13% PT, 11% walk
• 93% third level education
Life Eventsn % who increased mode usage after event
Bike Walk PT Driver Pass
Started college 213 36 71 69 14 13
Moved home/town 168 30 48 43 35 22Moved home/town 168 30 48 43 35 22
Started first job 135 13 18 36 54 15
Changed job 110 23 32 38 48 15
Had a child 50 18 44 10 76 36
Moved in with partner 29 21 28 28 55 62
Became unemployed 12 17 58 25 25 25
Illness / disability 9 0 22 56 44 44Illness / disability 9 0 22 56 44 44
Separated from partner 7 43 14 14 29 14
Retired 5 60 80 80 0 0
Child(ren) moved out 2 50 50 0 50 0
740
Life Event n Modal shifts %
Started college 213 141 66
Moved 168 71 42
First job 135 62 46
Associated modal shifts
Direction?First job 135 62 46
Changed job 110 36 33
Childbirth 50 13 26
Cohabitation 29 5 17
Unemployed 12 2 17
Illness/disability 9 2 22
Separation 7 1 14
Direction?
Separation 7 1 14
Retired 5 0 0
Child(ren) moved 2 0 0
Old modeTotal
Walk Bike PT Driver Passenger Other
Starting college
Walk Bike PT Driver Passenger Other
Ne
w m
od
e
Walk 7 8 6 10 0 31
Bike 7 8 10 5 1 31
PT 12 12 12 12 1 49
Driver 5 7 7 7 0 26
Passenger 0 0 0 0 0 0
Other 2 1 0 1 0 4Other 2 1 0 1 0 4Total 26 27 23 29 34 2 141
Old modeTotal
Walk Bike PT Driver Passenger Other
First job
Walk Bike PT Driver Passenger Other
Ne
w m
od
e
Walk 1 0 1 0 0 2
Bike 2 2 1 0 0 5
PT 4 5 3 2 0 14
Driver 10 11 11 4 1 37
Passenger 1 0 0 0 0 1
Other 1 1 0 0 1 3Other 1 1 0 0 1 3Total 18 18 13 5 7 1 62
Old modeTotal
Walk Bike PT Driver Passenger Other
Residential relocation
Walk Bike PT Driver Passenger Other
Ne
w m
od
e
Walk 1 3 2 2 0 8
Bike 4 6 8 1 1 20
PT 5 3 5 3 0 16
Driver 3 6 13 2 0 24
Passenger 1 0 0 0 0 1
Other 0 0 1 1 0 2Other 0 0 1 1 0 2Total 13 10 23 16 8 1 71
Mobility milestonesn % who increased mode usage after event
Bike Walk PT Driver Pass
Bought a car 153 1 2 1 99 12Bought a car 153 1 2 1 99 12
Bought a bike 103 100 14 9 2 1
Got a driving licence 110 5 7 4 94 7
Gained access to a car 40 5 5 3 88 43
Learned to cycle 29 93 0 0 0 0
Got a public transport pass 27 19 59 96 4 11
Lost access to a car 12 58 67 83 17 17
Sold my car 13 62 62 85 8 23
Got a mobile device 9 11 33 67 0 0
Had a traffic accident 4 0 75 50 0 0
500
Mobility milestone n Modal shifts %
Bought car 155 68 44
Licence 110 55 50
Associated modal shifts
Licence 110 55 50
Bought bike 103 50 49
Gained car access 40 20 50
Learned to cycle 29 7 24
PT pass 27 11 41
Sold car 13 5 38
Lost car access 12 5 42Lost car access 12 5 42
Mobile device 9 2 22
Accident 4 2 50
Old modeTotal
Walk Bike PT Driver Passenger Other
Buying a car
Walk Bike PT Driver Passenger Other
Ne
w m
od
e
Walk 0 1 0 1 0 2
Bike 1 4 0 0 0 5
PT 0 0 2 0 0 2
Driver 10 15 29 2 1 57
Passenger 0 0 1 0 0 1
Other 0 0 0 1 0 1Other 0 0 0 1 0 1Total 11 15 35 3 3 1 68
Old modeTotal
Walk Bike PT Driver Passenger Other
Getting a driving licence
Walk Bike PT Driver Passenger Other
Ne
w m
od
e
Walk 2 2 3 0 0 7
Bike 2 1 3 0 0 6
PT 2 4 1 1 0 8
Driver 6 10 10 5 1 32
Passenger 1 0 0 0 0 1
Other 0 0 1 0 0 1Other 0 0 1 0 0 1Total 11 16 14 7 6 1 55
Old modeTotal
Walk Bike PT Driver Passenger Other
Buying a bicycle
Walk Bike PT Driver Passenger Other
Ne
w m
od
e
Walk 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bike 19 8 11 3 0 41
PT 2 1 2 1 0 6
Driver 0 1 0 0 0 1
Passenger 1 0 1 0 0 2
Other 0 0 0 0 0 0Other 0 0 0 0 0 0Total 22 2 9 13 4 0 50
THROUGH BOOM AND BUST: IMPACTS ON MOBILITY BIOGRAPHIESIMPACTS ON MOBILITY BIOGRAPHIES
EVIDENCE FROM IRELAND 2006-2015
Through boom and bust:
Ireland 2006-2015
• Unprecedented boom (mid-1990s–2000s), followed by recession in 2008
– Increasing car-dependence during the boom– Stagnation/drop in car use during recession & policy
change
– Recent recovery of car sales and driving– Recent recovery of car sales and driving
• Is the last decade a story of three periods?• How strong is the link between car-use and
economic growth? What role for policy?
Car sales and distance travelled
32,500
33,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
Pri
vate
car
VK
T (
millio
ns k
m)
New
pri
vate
cars
lic
en
sed
30,500
31,000
31,500
32,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
Pri
vate
car
VK
T (
millio
ns k
m)
New
pri
vate
cars
lic
en
sed
30,000
30,500
0
20,000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Pri
vate
car
VK
T (
millio
ns k
m)
New
pri
vate
cars
lic
en
sed
Source: CSO
Key questions
1. What do mobility biographies reveal about
boom-bust-recovery decade 2006-2014?boom-bust-recovery decade 2006-2014?
2. How do LE, MM & policy interact? Is it
possible to disaggregate their effects on
individuals’ mobility biographies?
3. What policy lessons?3. What policy lessons?
60
70
2006-2014 mobility biographies
20
30
40
50
Walk
Bike
PT
Driver
Passenger
Other
0
10
2006-2008 2009-2011 2012-2014
Celtic Tiger
tail
Recession
& Bailout
Recovery?
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
New Private Cars (1954-2013)
Recession & pro-PT era?
Boom & pro-car era?
Recession,
recovery &
policy shift?
1955-59 1960-64 1965-69 1970-74 1975-79 1980-84 1985-89 1990-94 1995-99 2000-04 2005-09 2010-14
New Cars 94055 166814 224996 303164 406382 386690 312964 358379 626741 829289 721199 411804
Pro-car policies 3 2 3 3 1 0 1 3 2 5 6 0
Anti-car policies 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 2 1 1
Pro-PT policies
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
Pro-PT policies 1 3 1 3 1 2 4 0 2 1 3 0
Anti-PT policies 4 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Pro-walking policies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Anti-walking policies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pro-cycling policies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Anti-cycling policies 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Conclusions
• Disaggregation of LE and MM → high policy relevance
– e.g. key life events and modal shift to/away from car; mobility tool acquisition and modal use
• Examples: Bike to Work, car sales & economic growth,
driving licences & Generation Y
• Evidence from Ireland confirms international findings
regarding importance of specific LE and MMregarding importance of specific LE and MM
• Ireland – suitable location for in-depth study of impacts of
recession on mobility biographies
Further steps
1. Linking transport policy & mobility biographies �recommendationsrecommendations
2. Segmentation of individual mobility biographies
3. Focus on particular events/milestones
– e.g. starting college, transition from education to work,
driving license
4. Potential for international roll-out & comparative
research
Publications
• Rau, H. and Manton, R. (2015) Life events
and mobility milestones: Advances in mobility
biography theory and research. Journal of
Transport Geography (under review).
Acknowledgement
This research is funded by the This research is funded by the
Environmental Protection Agency,
Ireland
