RIBA National CPD on CDM 2007 10 Top Tips for Architects 2012

RIBA National CPD on CDM 2007 10 Top Tips for Architects2012

Scott Brownrigg/ DIOHAS10 Top CDM Tips for Architects

Paul Bussey

RIBA- Chartered ArchitectAssociate at Scott Brownrigg

CPD provider on CDM to RIBARIBA – Standards and Regulations Committee

RMaPS- Association for Project SafetyAPS-London Vice Chairman, National Council Member

HSE- Designer Case StudiesCONIAC- Working Group Member 2009/10 reporting on the Evaluation

of CDM 2007 to CONIAC Main Committee and HSECIC Health and Safety Committee Member

DIOHAS- Designers Initiative on Health and Safety –ChairmanBS 8560 – Design incorporating Working at Height- Chairman


DIOHASMission Statement

AIMSTo encourage clarity common

standards and understanding of proportionate and practicable health and safety issues amongst construction designers.

To focus, consolidate and disseminate health and safety information

To achieve this through•Education•Understanding•Clear Communications

To establish and maintain a national standing in architectural and building design related health and safety issues

www.diohas.org.uk


Stakeholder Groups consulted by DiohasHSE- Coniac, Construction Group, etcCONSTRUCTION CLIENTS GROUPMAIN CONTRACTORS GROUPConsultants H&S GroupPROFESSIONS:-RICS, RIBA, ICE, IStructEAPS- membership, speakersTRADE ASSOCIATIONS:Nasc, Irata, fpdc,INDUSTRY- manufacturers and suppliers


HSE Strategy 2008/9 Can we all be part of the solution?

Judith Hackitt CBE (Chair of HSE Board) – THE PLEDGE

“After many years of improvement in health and safety performance our rate of progress has slowed and we need to regain momentum”

“Health and Safety is being used increasingly as a synonym for unnecessary bureaucracy and an excuse for not doing things. It is time for us to regain the value of the brand for genuine health and safety –and not trivia”

“To be truly effective health and safety has to be an everyday process and an integral part of workplace culture”

“Everyone within the Health and safety system has a role but each stakeholder has to understand their role and become better at executing their responsibilities”

“To encourage strong leadership in championing the importance of, and a common sense approach to, health and safety in the workplace”


10 Top Tips Tip 1 – AppointmentTip 2 – CDM Designer Competency AssessmentsTip 3 – Existing Environment – Existing HazardsTip 4 – Build abilityTip 5 – UsabilityTip 6 – Maintainability (including cleaning)Tip 7 – Only Consider Significant and Unusual Hazards

and Provide Proportionate SolutionsTip 8 – Communicating Health and Safety Information Tip 9 – Sources for CDM Design Best Practice Tip 10 – Sources for Advice on CDM and Health and

Safety


Tip 1 – AppointmentOn appointment, you are required to make your Client aware of their responsibilities under CDM and to avoid doubt you should write to the client asking for them to confirm their understanding.

Remember, where a project is likely to become notifiable i.e. except where the project is for a domestic client, HSE must be notified of projects where construction work is expected to:a) last more than 30 working days orb) involve more than 500 person days , eg. 50 people working for more than 10 days

The Design should not proceed past RIBA Stage C without an appointment (by the Client) of a CDM Coordinator.


Tip 2 – Designer Competence Prior to your appointment as architect you may be requested by the Client or CDM Coordinator to demonstrate your ability to meet the Designer Duty Holder responsibilities under CDM.

This includes the need to demonstrate your competence regarding technical abilities and confirm you have allocated enough resources in your fee to correctly deliver your project CDM duties.

This has become a reoccurring task. You may be asked if you are a member of a pre-qualification scheme. To avoid the burden of becoming a member of more than one of these schemes you can make use of the deemed to satisfy arrangement under the Safety Schemes in Procurement forum (SSIP)These SSIP Forum schemes are recognised by most Clients and CDM Coordinators and should reduce the need to complete full assessments on every commission……(but not always!)


Tip 3 – Existing Environment – Existing HazardsAt early/ mid concept stageConsider hazards and risks associated with the proposed site. Eg.Current site activities, existing services, adjacent site activities and the existing built environment.

Best undertaken as a project team with a Client representative, fellow design team consultants and the CDM- C. During or after a design team meeting.

Design team should consider recording all significant and unusual risks and hazards identified in a single central Project Risk Register and/ or on design Drawings. This will reduce the level of paperwork for everyone and provide an audit trail for future reference


Site Hazard Analysis to facilitate “Strategic CDM Design” decisions

The Problem / ChallengeTo find the best building location on the site, The risksHazardous local gas installations, railway structures, tracks, viaducts, roads , etc. below ground services, tunnels and foundations, retained structures etcThe solutionDrawings that show proximity that can be built to the railwayThe benefitsSafe theoretical maximum building envelopeKey PointsAll such hazards require analysis before the footprint and form of the intended structure can be finalised. The Client should provide survey information

Site Plan with significant hazards indicated

Boundary section to railway viaduct


Site Analysis – Underground Services for Initial Design and Construction Phase

The Problem / Challengeexisting underground servicesThe risksElectrical services and gas supplies are potentially highly hazardous.The solutionDesigner clearly identified hazardous underground services on the drawings The benefitsThe sub-scan survey costs were significantly outweighed by the benefit of avoiding delays, diversions or bridging. Site safety is enhanced and costs reduced through the elimination of earthworks. Key PointsTake account of existing and new services when considering the design footprint on the site.Ask Clients early for adequate survey information .Provide drawings early.

Underground electrical cables

Subscan Survey -hazards identified with symbols

Choke Points


Simple Register with risk identification, actions, ownership and timings


Visual Risk Matrix


Site Contamination - Asbestos Survey Information on design drawingsThe Problem / ChallengeTo avoid exposure to free asbestos fibresThe risksRisks of asbestosis or mesotheliomalack of understanding of how to interpret the Asbestos Report.The solutionClient to instruct appropriate survey analysis, to be highlighted on drawings. record drawings.The benefitsReduction in likelihood of asbestos exposure before , during and after, and in future construction works.Key PointsLiaison and communication between client ,design team and contractor by interpretation of long reports.Paying for the appropriate type of survey early in project.

Survey drawings to be used for asbestos survey

Areas of asbestos and not surveyed identified


Tip 4 – Build abilityArchitects should consider:-Build-abilitySite logistical issues if influenced by the designForm of their proposed structure if it affects access.Site access arrangements during constructionSite set upTemporary service connectionsThe practicality of installing any unusual specified components. How these components will be handled and sequenced.Especially if unusual and may require temporary works design

Remember, Architects don’t have to specify construction methods, except where the design assumes or requires a particular construction or erection sequence, or where a competent contractor might need such information.


Case Study- Heavy Glass Buildability Sketch Sequencing Drawings


Site Entrance


Site Access –Existing


Proposed Ground Floor Plan


Site Access –Proposed


Section -


Workshop - Case Study- Buildability Review


10 Minute CDM Review


Case Study – Prefabrication and Off-Site Manufacture- The EyeThe Problem / ChallengeBuilding the London EyeThe risksDrowning and working next to the ThamesThe solutionEarly identificationto encourage off-site working. Analysis of the river access and cranage capabilities of the siteThe benefitsPrefabrication reduces work at height and on difficult sites allowing off-site fabrication in factory conditions but it increases hazardous heavy lifting, access and transportation issues.Prefabrication can be advantageous to CDM but is not always the answer.Key Points Review the buildability and access issues with contractor as early as possible . Cost benefitsmay be possible as well as safety benefits. Fall arrest with boat recovery used.

Pontoons, floating crane, sea transport, unitisation


Roads, turning heads, welfare facilities & storage compound location are partially a designers issue, they can influence design

Construction site layout at Strategic Design Stage


Contractors Site Set-Up Drawing-Developed from Designers Drg.


Principal Contractor – Site Set –up – PracticalitiesContinuously changing environment

Site Access, Off-Loading Bay, storage, waste, MOE, construction


HSE Designer Guidance – Unusual Construction SequencesThe Problem / ChallengeIntelligibility of unusual construction sequencesThe risksCollapse during construction due to asymetric loading and unbalanced cantileversThe solutionGraphic presentation of the proposed sequencefor contractors to understand the structural and constructional design intentions.The benefitsInformation sharing with the construction team at early stages of the projectKey PointsSimple 3-D drawingsoverlaid in an animated powerpoint, showing the site constraints and proposed significant sequences


BuildabilityCannon Place- Bridge building methods for 21m cantilevers.Temporary tension cablesuntil cantilevers restrained.Bridge construction techniques employed

Unusual methodologiesNOTStandard construction techniques


Significant Buildability Issues – Cannon Place


Tip 5 – Usability

The Architect is required under CDM 2007 to ensure all workplaces meet the requirements of the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations. This requires you to consider the end user health, safety and welfare requirements in ‘workplaces’ and other fit for purpose issues such as safe access/ egress arrangements.

Some of the regulation requirements overlap with common Building Regulation requirements; however in some instances some may not be obvious or covered. This may include common areas in domestic premises (i.e. tower blocks) where caretakers or cleaners may need to frequently work.


Detailed Design Guidance – Gate Safety- Fully Automatic

www.gate-safe.co.uk

Fully automatic operationThis is a gate that is activated by a device (intercom, radio control, etc) and the gate will open and close within a pre determined time.That the gate features the necessary safety devices to protect the user and other pedestrians from all potential trap pointsThat the gate is operating with the correct force as stated by the regulations (this should be the minimum required to enable the gate to operate)That the person responsible for the gate has been trained in the safe operation of the gate and its maintenance requirementsThat the control cabinet is housed in a weatherproof enclosure that is lockableThat pedestrians have an alternative method of entry and exit (wherever possible pedestrians should not use a vehicular gate) giving alternative access in the event of the gate failingThat there are clearly visible signs advising that the gate is an automated deviceThat trained operatives regularly maintain the gate and that full servicing records are kept.

Note: Signs & Symbols are for design guidance


Tip 6 – Maintainability (including cleaning)

The Architect is in an important position to protect future maintenance workers from harm. This can be as providing edge protection on a roof, window cleaning access or by providing sufficient space in plant room areas, or access to lighting fittings.

To manage this, the Architect should consider undertaking safety design reviews with fellow designers, the CDMC and selected Client representatives, such as Facilities Managers.

A practical way of undertaking this review is to lay out the developing design drawings in a workshop environment and collectively consider any potential impacts and conflicts in the design


Strategic Design –Envelope Maintenance Systems – Mechanically basedThe Problem / ChallengeCleaning and maintaining glazing to elevations at high level in a safe mannerThe risksFalls from height due to unsuitable systems or inappropriately designed building fabric.The solutionEarly consideration of cleaning optionsshould be made in relation to building form, scale and site constraints.The benefitsEconomic and safe maintenance systemsappropriate to the scale, form and type of building.Provide the client with long-term maintenance strategy and budgetary considerations.If possible provide a safe working platformin line with the Work at Height Regulations hierarchy.Key PointsReview relevant viable options for mechanical systems at an early stage.

MEWP

Cradle

BMU

Robotic


Strategic Design Stage - Envelope Maintenance Systems- Manually basedThe Problem / ChallengeCleaning glazing to elevations at high level and in difficult locationsThe risksFalls from height due to inappropriate work systems, poorly designed fabric or operative error.The solutionEarly design consideration of cleaning options.. Limitations of use to be fully understood.The benefitsAllows economies of scale to be proportionately applied to all building types. Enables quicker and more immediate response to cleaning demands. Roped access allows work positioning to difficult undercuts and geometrically intricate areas.Key PointsCareful consideration of all relevant associated legislation is necessary especially the Working at Height Regulations to determine the most appropriate system or combination of systems for each building design. Large ,flat and high elevations are less suited to these systems.

Ladder limitations Opening window criteria

Water-fed polesSpecial roped access areas


Initial Design- Roof Access - Permanent Fall Prevention MethodsThe Problem / ChallengeRoof access fall prevention methods proportionate to thefrequency of access requirements for maintenance activitieswhilst considering the aesthetic and cost considerations.The risksFalls from height by plant maintenance operatives or roofworkers. Access is unlikely to be entirely eliminated on anyroof due to inspections, clearance of rainwater outlets, etc.The solutionCollective protection measures should be selected inpreference to other methods of protection, especially in areasrequiring plant maintenance on a frequent basis.Where other factors prevent the addition of roof edgeparapets, balustrading or railings, mansafe type fall restraintsystems may be appropriate, set back from roof perimeters.Fall arrest methods using mansafe systems are the leastacceptable option and are only workable if fall recovery andrescue systems are in place. Consider adequate means ofsafe access to roof level for operatives with tools and kit.The benefitsFacilities managers, maintenance operatives and inspectionstaff can make low frequency visits eg. for rainwater outletclearance if properly planned measures are in place.Key PointsEarly decisions must be made at Initial Design stagesconsidering frequency of access in various roof zones.Detail of the roof access design may require furtherdevelopment at later stages as plant areas grow.

Mansafe cable and lanyard system

X

Fall Restraint protection, prevents falls

Fall Arrest Edge Protection railings


Scheme and Detailed Design – Globe Lighting Access- London ColiseumThe Problem / ChallengeThe existing globe at the top of the tower of the Coliseum Opera House was no longer illuminated and needed refurbishment. The building is Grade 2* listed so replication of original features was essential.The risksFalls from height during refurbishment and future maintenance of the 240 lamps. The solutionRegular man access was rejected on safety and economic grounds.A fibre optic design was selected with projectors at lower accessible levels of the tower.. The tower was fully scaffolded during refurbishment, and can be scaffolded for periodic maintenance and cleaning. The benefits Risks associated with access to the globe were eliminated. The fibre optic solution allows client an economic method to maintain full lighting to the globe sky sign without risks to maintenance personnelKey PointsConsultation between the client / FM team and the design and contractor team allowed early decisions to be made. (The early involvement of the client allowed for the increased costs of fibre optics to be accommodated.) Survey drawings were annotated to analyse the risks and communicate the solutions.

Existing”dark” tower Proposed “lit” towerCDM Analysis


Detailed Design –Access to Tower Lighting - ColiseumThe Problem / ChallengeExisting historic freestanding light fittings to be refurbished and replace those missing. These are located on unguarded parapets to the tower and façade. The light fittings vary between 2.5m and 3.5m and cannot be safely reached unaided.The risksFalls from unguarded parapets during maintenance access. The solutionPowered access equipment, and scaffolding were discounted after careful assessment as unsuitable. A roped access system, allowing safe work positioning and fall restraint, agreed after detailed client, design team negotiations and specialist consultations.Rope attachment anchors were built into the structural steel and terracotta cladding by design team integration. Long life lamps were chosen to minimise the frequency of access.The benefitsProvides safe and economic lamp replacement at short notice using trained theatre maintenance staff.Key PointsLighting design drawings were annotated to communicate the risks and solutions to entire team.The annotated drawings were used by the construction team as the basis of the construction details

Historic Light

Eyebolts installed

Parapet detail

CDM Analysis

eyebolts


Tip 7 – Only Consider Significant and Unusual Hazards and Provide Proportionate Solutions

Architects are required to consider risks and hazards due to their designs. focus on those that are significant and/ or unusual.

NOT ‘all hazards’ only the significant and unusual hazards

Then record and consider.

When considering a forward action to eliminate or reduce the risk, the Architect is allowed to balance solutions against other factors such as aesthetics, programme, cost and effort.

The amount of effort made to remove, reduce or control the hazard is allowed to be proportionate to the level of risk ….SFARP


SIGNIFICANT RISKSProject SpecificNot obvious to those who use the design eg. maintenance contractors, client.Not necessarily involving the greatest risks but those including health and safety risks that are:-Not likely to be obvious to a competent contractor or other designersUnusualLikely to be difficult to manageInformation should be brief, clear ,precise and in a form suitable for other users.This can be achieved by :-Notes on DrawingsWritten information provided with the designSuggested construction sequences

TRIVIAL RISKS – are ordinary Health and Safety design issues or other normal construction risks obvious to a competent contractor

So how can these be separated , identified and recorded?

But what are significant & trivial risks? CDM 2007 ACOP


Strategic Design Stage – Early CDM Design Decisions of Mass and FormThe Problem / ChallengeIdentification of the key CDM design issues at the concept stage?The risksConstructing, maintaining and cleaning the building’s structure and exterior safely.The solution

Identify significant CDM Issues affecting the design .Can it be built with reasonably practicable, constructional techniques?The benefitsEarly consideration of key CDM issuesIncreased costs and project delays may be avoided.Key PointsLiaise with the client ,FM team and CDM-C

There are clear advantages to involving a contractor, CDM-C or a CDM experienced designer at the concept stage.Early consideration of fundamental safety issues and buildability may avoid wasted effort at later stages

.

Challenging forms and structures


Scheme and Detailed Design– Fragile Roof-lights- Wigmore Hall

The Problem / ChallengeTo refurbish and modify existing fragile roof-lights in a listed concert hall building whilst enhancing the accessibility for cleaning and lighting maintenance access, with no appreciable affect on the hall acoustics or aesthetics. The risksFalls from height during construction and maintenance operations.The solutionThe hall was fully “birdcage” scaffolded during construction.This allowed removal of existing cramped crawl-ways and the installation of a new lightweight central spine walkway. This facilitated access to the lights for performances and general hall lighting within the roof spaceThe benefitsSignificant improvements in accessibility and safety of maintenance operativesRetention and upgrading of an historic and fragile roof-light feature. Key PointsEarly analysis of the structural limitations of the roof truss and walls. Access requirements for A/C services and lighting requirements understood through discussions with users and consultants.Buildability issues raised at the beginning of the project through specialist consultation.

finl Drg or photo

Roof services, rooflight and access analysis

Inner rooflight above auditorium

Original roof-space

Revised roof-space

Inner roof-light and lights

New central walkway

Outer roof-light

Original crawlway


Detailed Design Stage – Heavy Element Handling eg.Glass ScreensThe Problem / ChallengeTo install heavy glass screens that are specifically required by the designer and client and need to be brought into the building and located by other than manual handling methods.The risksIf these heavy elements are not identified or eliminated early the installation methods may not be adequately planned or costed. Higher risk manual handling may occur. Alternatively expensive additional hoisting methods may have to be added to the contract costs at a late stage The solutionThe team investigated the feasibility of substituting lighter materials, for instance smaller components that can be demounted and re-assembled on site.This was not acceptable to the client.The position of the heavy elements was identified at tender stage and their access route indicating vertical and horizontal transportation routes and methods.The benefitsThis allowed the contractor, client and designer to recognise and react to the key heavy lifting issues. Mechanical aides used to transport the screens.Key PointsConsider substitution for lighter or smaller elements.Use drawings to identify areas where heavy components are located by simple symbols.Look carefully at component access routes.Consult contractor or specialist lifting and equipment contractors and request proposals at tender.Think about future replacement access.

X X

Mechanical aides

Acceptable access route shown and final locations

Vertical access route


Detail Design - highlighting residual construction risks in the design

.

The Problem / ChallengeHighlighting significant residual risks hidden or outside of competent contractors’ normal experience.The risksIf these risks are not identified pre-tender it is possible that the contractor will under-estimate the cost and details of the temporary works solution for safe construction.The solutionSimple drawing and survey annotation techniquesshowing existing features, new proposals and possible temporary works solution with commonly recognised symbols.The benefits Simple identification on project drawings or surveys that can be used at pricing stages. These can also identify key issues for construction workers on site irrespective of language and educational difficulties. Key Points Identification only required with symbols and simple annotation. No need for detailed explanations which can be added to risk register or hazard elimination list if required.

Fragile roof-lights, edge protection, and new stairs

Plan and sectional drawings highlighted


Guidance- Detailed Design- Roof-lights and fragile roofing materials

The Problem / ChallengeRoof-lights and fragile roofing materials are economic, sustainable and aesthetically desirable features which should not be eliminated from design projects purely for reasons of safety.The risksFalls through fragile roofing materials are statistically high and often highly injurious or fatalThe solution Constuction Phase -Important to identify existing and new fragile rooflights and other fragile roofing materials on drawings as a method of informing the contractor to control the risk of falls through these materials during construction. Contractors to recommend methods of temporary protection in tender or construction phase planproposals to show their response .In-use - Additional protection measures are required for the longer term in use condition such as metal railings, barriers, wire mesh or non - fragile walk on type rooflights. Avoid in-plane roof-lights or sheeting.The benefitsNatural daylighting is a human right and engenders healthy and sustainable environmentsKey PointsWalk-on rooflights tend to be very expensive so control mitigation measures are necessary. Safe Cleaning methods also need to be considered .

Fragile roof symbolProtection Methods

Mesh fall protection Fragile roof-lights identified

Fragile and Non-fragile roof-lights can be used


Contract Stage Design – Riser DuctsThe Problem / ChallengeMaintaining the safety of floor openings before installation of service risers. The programme usually requires the installation of services after the riser holes formed.The risksThis can lead to openings in the floor that the contractor has to manage, creating a potential fall risk or trip hazard.The solutionAlert the contractor to the issues at tender on drawings. By keeping risers adjacent to walls they can be easier to protect. Co-ordination between M & E designers and structural designers can enable the size of riser openings to be reduced. Sleeves or ducts can be cast in ready for services. Alternatively, it may be possible to cast mesh into the floor. The contractor to agree the preferred solution.The benefitsSignificantly reduce the reliance on scaffolding or coveringsthat can be easily moved. Reduce the likelihood of accidents on site.Key PointsTalk to other designers, involve M & E designers as early as possible to minimize risks and size of riser openings.Consider casting in sleeves or mesh to eliminate fall risks.Consider pre-assembly of services, reducing work at height.This is a “competent contractor” issue to manage but the design team can assist to prevent accidents by alerting the contractors as early as possible in tendering process.

Large duct at party wall, fall risk highlighted

1. Sleeved services 2. Large metal mesh

3.Small metal mesh prevents falls in open areas


Tender / Contract Stage Design – Temporary Fall Protection IssuesThe Problem / ChallengeTo alert the contractor’s temporary works designers to unprotected slab and roof edges where the designer could insert temporary protection works aides instead of a traditional perimeter scaffolding system.The risksFalls from height during construction rather than during future maintenance.The solutionDesigners to highlight typical roof edges and slab edges which need to be considered by contractors whilst pricing for temporary works. Project drawings can be used for site risk identification to all contracting staff irrespective of language and ability to understand drawings.The benefitsEnables contractor to identify key safety issues that he needs to respond to by traditional methods eg. full scaffolding. Or by means of proprietary edge guarding methods to which designers can contribute eg. sockets in slabs, fixing points in steel, etc.Key PointsAvoidance of unnecessary bureaucracy and utilisation of contractor’s advice at the appropriate stage of the project

Holes in steel for net guards Sockets in slabs for edge panels

Areas requiring edge guarding simply indicated on drawings

Other methods of fall protection eg. Air bags


Guidance – Flat Roof Design- Infrequent access plus roof-lights


Roof Access Guidance –Temporary and Permanent BS 8560


Initial Design- Bio-Diverse Roofs – Maintenance Access StrategyThe Problem / ChallengeRoof access fall prevention methods proportionate to the frequency of access requirements for maintenance activities whilst considering other design issues of “green” roofs..The risksFalls from height by maintenance operatives or roof workers. Access is unlikely to be entirely eliminated on any flat or green roof due to inspections, clearance of rainwater outlets.The solutionCollective protection measures should be selected in preference to other methods of protection, especially in areas requiring frequent maintenence.Where other factors prevent the addition of roof edge parapets, balustrading or railings, mansafe type fall restraint systems may be appropriate, set back from roof perimeters. Fall arrest methods using mansafe systems are the least acceptable option and are only workable if fall recovery and rescue systems are in place. Consider adequate means of safe access to roof level for operatives with tools and kit.The benefitsFacilities managers, maintenance operatives and inspection staff can make low frequency visits eg. for rainwater outletclearance if properly planned measures and training are in place.Key PointsEarly decisions must be made at Initial Design stagesconsidering frequency of access in various roof zones.Detail of the roof access design may require further development at later stages as access need increases.

X

Multiple access requirements to be assessed

Inappropriate design & access

Appropriate methods


Tip 8 – Communicating Health and Safety InformationAs an output of design reviews, the Architect and the collective design team will have removed and reduced a number of potential hazards. It may not be reasonably practicable to remove all hazards. This could be due to inherent hazards outside the Architects control, such as the presence of asbestos or that the effort to remove the hazard is disproportionate to the benefits. The Architect will need to communicate forward any likely significant or unusual hazards so that the contractor and eventual end users can develop suitable arrangements to manage the risk. This information will ideally need to be communicated throughout design development, but communication is essential at two key stages:

� At pre construction stage to the CDMC where information is included in a Preconstruction Information Pack or directly to the contractor if the project is not CDM Notifiable.

� Prior to building handover to the CDMC for inclusion within the Health and Safety file that is prepared by the CDMC and then handed to the client. If the project is not Notifiable then this information should be handed directly to the Client.


Designer Guidance –Standard Safety Symbols for Design DrawingsThe Problem / ChallengeProviding graphic significant risk data at the point of use on drawings for designers and contractors with an explanatory key if necessary depending upon complexity.The risksDesigners and supervising/pricing contractors missing the significant risk issues whilst developing designs or cost plans and procurementThe solutionUse of an optimal number of standard industry wide symbols with explanatory key if requiredThe benefitsRisks are pinpointed on the actual drawn plansrather than lost in the margins or other documents. This prevents the likelihood of risks being missed at key design stages by the entire design and client team and during workshop sessionsKey PointsDiscretion of designer and CDM-C needed to decide the significance, amount and complexity of risk information presented

Fragile Roof


Detail Design - Plant and Personnel Roof Access Zonal Details

Fragile roof light

residual risk


Tip 8 – Communicating Health and Safety Information (cont’d)

The Architect should discuss with the CDMC and Client how best to communicate this information so it reaches the intended audience. Current best practice suggests that the use of pictorial warnings supported with written dialogue within a drawing comment box is a useful process of communicating hazards.This allows for all relevant risk information to collate in one place and ensures all significant and unusual issues are not missed during design changes. This practice also ensures that the intended audience, the contractors and their employees will visually be made aware of these issues. Examples of this best practice can be viewed at the APS websiteNote: You are not required to warn about every risk and hazard in the design, such as obvious ones like working at height (unless the risks of working at height are particularly significant or unusual). In relation to the Health and Safety file, Safety in Design have developed a guidance note which details typical information that should be provided by the Project Architect.


Designer Guidance –Hazard and Risk Identification and Communication

The Problem / ChallengeIn accordance with the CDM Regulations it is preferred to include all significant risk analysis on drawings rather than on written or numerical Design Hazard and Risk Assessment documents. This is to encourage visual analysis and recording of significant construction, maintenance, and demolition issues without unnecessary bureaucracy.The risksSignificant hazards and risks can be hidden in the bureaucracy of a project causing them to be overlooked during design, pricing, construction and maintenance stages of a projectThe solutionProject drawings to be annotated in simple graphic manner with key to further detail or references. More complex projects may need special CDM drawings. Hand annotation for design stage issues can sufficeThe benefitsAll relevant risk information is collated in one placewith all the associated complexity visually apparent to all participants in the risk reduction process.Key PointsDesigner friendly technique ensures all significant and unusual or specific hidden issues are not missed even during design changes .Important not to confuse drawings with “trivial” or “obvious” risk information which a competent contractor is expected to understand

Hazard and risk analysis sketched and hand annotated

Keys in margin to amplify if requiredSimple symbols used on survey

and construction drawings

?


Designer Guidance –WSP Engineers Symbols for Design Drawings

Significant hazards that are unusual, difficult to manage and cannot be designed out eg. Fragile roof lights, holes through floors, etc.

Compulsory actions to encourage the contractor to carry out specific tasks in a particular way eg. Structural erection or demolition sequences

Prohibited Actions- Having identified significant existing hazards and risks the contractor may need to be informed of particular actions to be avoided eg. Use of access roads prohibited at certain times on school sites.

Significant Information – to inform the contractor or user of issues that have been mitigated but of which they need to be aware eg. Maintenance and inspection access to difficult parts of the building once scaffolding removed.www.wspgroup.com

Identifying hazards that cannot be mitigated

Identifying compulsory actions to avoid risks

Identifying actions that should be prohibited

Identifying significant safety information to pass on


Designer Guidance – Symbols and SHE Boxes for Design Drawings

The Problem / ChallengeHow to put hazard and risk data on drawings that are relevant to other designers and other relevant construction stakeholdersThe risksDesigners could be other team members even of the same discipline and need to see the hazards graphically on drawings , perhaps cross referenced to SHE boxes, so the significant issues are clearly obvious, otherwise they can be missed during the design development process.The solutionSHE box/key cross referenced with symbols on the drawing eg.

The benefitsDesign team and contractor’s supervising and pricing team are aware of the significant issuesKey PointsAvoidance of reference to non-significant , trade or competent contractor risk information is essential to prevent over complication of drawings. Caveats are included to confirm that contractors still have their own responsibilities.

Typical SHE box as used by Olympic Delivery Authority:-

SAFETY HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION

SITE-WIDE AND GENERAL RISKSFor details, to be read in conjunction with these notes, see Drg No: ……………………………………………………

In addition to the risks normally associated with the types of work detailed on this drawing, note the

following significant risks and information:

CONSTRUCTION RISKSi.Asbestos in existing ceiling void see Report XX

ii.Temporary stability of trusses during erection, see design assumptions in document ABC/001

CLEANING AND MAINTENANCE RISKSFor information relating to this see the H&S File and drawing nos.

DISMANTLING / DEMOLITION RISKS (Future)i.Cantilevered beams and suspended staircases, see Structural drawing nos. ii.Concealed cable runs under main beam A1/A2, see drg XYZ/1234

The design team have highlighted unusual and significant risks only that may not be obvious to a competent contractor. They are to assist with risk

reduction only and are not necessarily comprehensive.It is assumed that all works will be carried out by a

competent contractor working, where appropriate, to an approved method statement.

?


Detailed Design- Significant Risks “only” Identified with SymbolsThe Problem / ChallengeProducing clear visual information that conveys simple messages to all parties about risk.Highlighting significant residual risks outside competent contractors’ expectations or of otherwise hidden risks.The risksImportant information about risk can be easily buried in other project paperworkNeed to allow sufficient time for safety planning.The solutionSimple identification on the relevant project drawingsthat can be used at pricing and construction stages.Standardised set of symbols used to represent common hazards. These can be supplemented by text boxes with further clarification if required.Symbols could also be used to identify key safety issues for construction workers on site irrespective of language or reading ability. The benefitsSimple drawing annotation techniques showing key safety issues economically, with minimal bureaucracyKey PointsCommunicate with other designers to agree common significant design safety issues. Provide information that meets all intended purposes on one drawing. Try to avoid a separate set of H&S drawings but the principal is to make the risk information accessible.

Significant risks “only” identified on drawings

Key and symbols identify significant risks

Other symbols used for significant risks only


Tip 9 – Sources for CDM Design Best PracticeSince the implementation of CDM, a number of organisations and authorities have been established to support implementation. The quality and usefulness of this information varies, however the following resources are considered relevant for Architects and provide information on best practice approaches specifically on design (CDM) safety related best practices.

Web Based Resources � Safer Design – Information on STAGE design review and links to best practice � The Health and Safety Executive – Information on sector based risks and free risk management tools � Safety in Design – Provides Design Safety Guides and Training information � Design Best Practice – Provides examples of good design including case studies for CDM [25] � The Association for Project Safety – General information and training on CDM practice to support CDM-C’s, Designers and other CDM duty holders Further web based resources specifically for Designers can be found on the Safer Design website .


Tip 10 – Sources for Advice on CDM and Health and Safety

Architects may not have access to either internal or external health and safety advice or assistance

So need suitably qualified consultant.

Occupational Safety and Health Consultants Register as administered by the HSE

However, prior to any appointment, check the consultant is conversant with your sector needs.

These Registers are only indications of general competency and not specific sector competency.

Alternatively and for specialist advice and assistance on CDM, details of Registered CDM Co-ordinators can be found on the Association for Project Safety (APS) Register of Members


Tip 10 – Sources for Advice on CDM and Health and Safety

TrainingThere are many Training providers on the market; however the following

three providers have developed courses by designers for designers:-� The RIBA run a series of accredited CPD sessions and have

established a Health and Safety Specialist Group. Details are available on from RIBA regional websites

� The Association for Project Safety run a series of national and regional events and has a list of accredited trainers providing design risk management and CDMC courses. Details can be found on their website

� Safety in Design has developed good accredited courses for designers and details are listed on their website

Note: For RIBA members, Health and Safety is a CPD curriculum compulsory subject and you should undertake at least 2 hours annual CPD on this subject.


As Judith Hackett says:-“From now on ,if we all work together

with a clear vision and purpose we can recommence improvement and bring

about a change for the better”

In Conclusion


THANK YOU

Q & A TIME

Documents

RIBA National CPD on CDM 2007 10 Top Tips for Architects 2012