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Rhinencepalon. Smells are surer than sounds and sights to make your heart-strings crack. - Rudyard Kipling. Olfactory system. Conveys specific visceral sensation ( smell ) via n. olfactorius. Does not relay in the thalamus . - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Smells are surer than Smells are surer than
sounds and sights to sounds and sights to
make your heart-strings make your heart-strings
crack.crack.
- - Rudyard KiplingRudyard Kipling
Olfactory systemOlfactory system
ConveysConveys specific visceral sensationspecific visceral sensation ( (smellsmell) ) viavia n. olfactorius.n. olfactorius.
Does not relay Does not relay in the thalamusin the thalamus.. Connections withConnections with thalamusthalamus, , hypothalamus, hypothalamus,
amygdaloid complexamygdaloid complex && hippocampal formationhippocampal formation..
Structure of the olfactory systemStructure of the olfactory system
І. І. Receptor cellsReceptor cells
ChemoreceptorsChemoreceptors.. AboutAboutоо 25 25 billionsbillions on each sideon each side.. Located in theLocated in the nasal mucosanasal mucosa. . RegenerateRegenerate.. 11stst order neurons order neurons in the olfactory pathwayin the olfactory pathway.. Bipolar neuronsBipolar neurons,, unmyelynated axons formunmyelynated axons form nn. nn.
оlfactоriiоlfactоrii.. InIn bulbus olfactorius the axons synapse withbulbus olfactorius the axons synapse with the the
mitral cellsmitral cells in olfactory glomerulusin olfactory glomerulus..
Nervi olfactoriiNervi olfactorii
II. Bulbus olfactoriusII. Bulbus olfactorius
OnOn lamina cribrosalamina cribrosa ofof os ethmoidaleos ethmoidale Entered by olfactory nervesEntered by olfactory nerves.. 6-layered 6-layered structurestructure.. 4 4 cell typescell types::
– periglomerularperiglomerular - - inhibitoryinhibitory– tuftedtufted - - efferentefferent (ІІ (ІІ orderorder))– mitralmitral - - efferentefferent (ІІ (ІІ orderorder)) – granulegranule - - inhibitoryinhibitory
GlomerulusGlomerulus – – polysynaptic structurepolysynaptic structure, , ensuringensuring conversionconversion of olfactory impulsesof olfactory impulses on the mitral cells.on the mitral cells.
Bulbus olfactoriusBulbus olfactorius
Bulbus olfactorius -Bulbus olfactorius -клетъчен клетъчен съставсъстав
Synaptic organization ofSynaptic organization of bulbus olfactoriusbulbus olfactorius
Dendrodendrite synapses
Glutamate (excitory)GABA (inhibitory)
Types of synapsesTypes of synapses
Lateral inhibition.
ІІІІІІ. . Tractus olfactorius:Tractus olfactorius:– inin sulcus olfactoriussulcus olfactorius..– Axons of mitral and tufted cellsAxons of mitral and tufted cells..– nucl. olfactorius anterior nucl. olfactorius anterior ((modulatormodulator))::– terminates interminates in trigonum olfactorium.trigonum olfactorium.
ІVІV. . Stria olfactoria lateralisStria olfactoria lateralis– to primary olfactory cortex throughto primary olfactory cortex through limen insulaelimen insulae
VV. . Stria olfactoria medialisStria olfactoria medialis– toto area subcalosa andarea subcalosa and gyrus paraterminalisgyrus paraterminalis
Tractus olfactorius
VІVІ. . Olfactory corexOlfactory corex PrimaryPrimary
– onon uncusuncus ((area area 3434 afterafter BrodmannBrodmann))..
– fibers fromfibers from stria olfactoria lateralis.stria olfactoria lateralis.
– containscontains prepiriformprepiriform && periamygdaloid areasperiamygdaloid areas..
– connectins withconnectins with nucl. medialis dorsalis of thalamus, nucl. medialis dorsalis of thalamus, hypothalamus, hipocampal formationhypothalamus, hipocampal formation..
SecondarySecondary– entorhinal areaentorhinal area ofof gyrus parahippocampalis gyrus parahippocampalis ((areaarea 28 28).).
– Impulses from primary areasImpulses from primary areas..
– efferents to hippocampus.efferents to hippocampus. Orbitofrontal cortexOrbitofrontal cortex
– Impulses fromImpulses from nucl. medialis dorsalis thalaminucl. medialis dorsalis thalami– conscious preception of smell.conscious preception of smell.
Olfactory corexOlfactory corex
Orbitofrontal cortexOrbitofrontal cortex
We need our orbitofrontal cortex to make intelligent We need our orbitofrontal cortex to make intelligent choices. Its individual cells code for value.choices. Its individual cells code for value.
Ann Thomson, Nature NeuroscienceAnn Thomson, Nature Neuroscience
Pathways in the olfactory systemPathways in the olfactory system
Limbic system
Limbic systemLimbic systemLimbic systemLimbic system
Morphological substrate Morphological substrate of emotionsof emotions and behaviourand behaviour..
Role inRole in emotional behavioremotional behavior, , feedingfeeding, , defensive defensive
reactionreaction, , sexual behavioursexual behaviour, , memorymemory and learningand learning..
Functions Functions mediatedmediated through through hypothalamus andhypothalamus and
autonomic systemautonomic system..
ContainsContains corticalcortical && subcorticalsubcortical ( (nucleinuclei) ) structuresstructures..
AffectiveAffectivebehaviorbehavior
EmotionEmotion
HappinessHappinessandandGriefGrief
IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction
ConceptConceptBroca (1877) - ‘La Grand Lobe Limbique’Broca (1877) - ‘La Grand Lobe Limbique’
Papez (1937) - ‘Limbic Circuit’ - Papez (1937) - ‘Limbic Circuit’ - emotionemotionMacLean (1952) - ‘Limbic System’ – MacLean (1952) - ‘Limbic System’ – visceral brainvisceral brain
Nauta (1972) - ‘Septo-hypothalamo-mesencephalic continuum’Nauta (1972) - ‘Septo-hypothalamo-mesencephalic continuum’
JAMES PAPEZ (1883-1958)
PAUL BROCA (1824-1880)
Paul D. MacLean (1913- )Paul D. MacLean (1913- )
Limbic systemLimbic system- - Term ofTerm of Paul MacLeanPaul MacLean (1952) (1952)
- - Visceral brainVisceral brain-Triple conceptTriple concept
of brain evolutionof brain evolution
HypothalamusHypothalamus
Nucleus accumbensNucleus accumbens
Nucleus amygdaloideusNucleus amygdaloideus
Cortex orbitofrontalisCortex orbitofrontalis
Some psychiatric implications onSome psychiatric implications onphysiological studies on fronto-physiological studies on fronto-temporal portions of limbic systemtemporal portions of limbic system(visceral brain). Electroencephalogr(visceral brain). ElectroencephalogrClin Neurophysiol 4: 407-418, 1952Clin Neurophysiol 4: 407-418, 1952
Septo-(Preoptico)-Hypothalamo- Mesencephalic ContinuumSepto-(Preoptico)-Hypothalamo- Mesencephalic ContinuumSepto-(Preoptico)-Hypothalamo- Mesencephalic ContinuumSepto-(Preoptico)-Hypothalamo- Mesencephalic Continuum
Parts of the limbic systemParts of the limbic systemParts of the limbic systemParts of the limbic system
AreaAreaseptalisseptalis
AreaAreaseptalisseptalis HypothalamusHypothalamus HypothalamusHypothalamus
MidbrainMidbrain MidbrainMidbrain HippocampalHippocampalformationformation
HippocampalHippocampalformationformation
Olfactory Olfactory cortexcortex
Olfactory Olfactory cortexcortex
AmygdaloidAmygdaloidcomplexcomplex
AmygdaloidAmygdaloidcomplexcomplex
SpinalSpinalcordcord
&&BrainBrainstemstem
SpinalSpinalcordcord
&&BrainBrainstemstem
Limbic system
Expression ofExpression ofemotionemotion
Septo-Septo-
hypothalamo-hypothalamo-
mesencephalicmesencephalic
continuumcontinuum
Parts of the limbic systemParts of the limbic systemParts of the limbic systemParts of the limbic system
TELENCEPHALONTELENCEPHALON Lobus LimbicusLobus Limbicus Gyrus FornicatusGyrus Fornicatus Gyrus CingulatusGyrus Cingulatus Gyrus ParahippocampalisGyrus Parahippocampalis Hippocampal FormationHippocampal Formation HippocampusHippocampus Gyrus DentatusGyrus Dentatus SubiculumSubiculum Hippocampal RudimentsHippocampal Rudiments Gyrus FasciolarisGyrus Fasciolaris Indusium GriseumIndusium Griseum
Cortex Olfactorius (Rhinencephalon)Cortex Olfactorius (Rhinencephalon)
- Lobus Piriformis- Lobus Piriformis
Cortex PrepiriformisCortex Prepiriformis
Cortex PeriamygdaloideusCortex Periamygdaloideus
Cortex EntorhinalisCortex Entorhinalis
Basal forebrainBasal forebrain Substantia InnominataSubstantia Innominata Nucleus Basalis Nucleus Basalis нана Meynert Meynert Pallidum VentralisPallidum Ventralis Nucleus Accumbens (Septi)Nucleus Accumbens (Septi)Regio SeptalisRegio Septalis Area SeptalisArea Septalis GyrusGyrus ParaterminalisParaterminalis Gyrus SubcallosusGyrus Subcallosus Nuclei SeptalisNuclei Septalis DorsalDorsal, , laterallateral andand medialmedial Nuclei SeptalisNuclei Septalis Nucleus Stria Diagonalis BrocaNucleus Stria Diagonalis Broca Nucleus Stria TerminalisNucleus Stria TerminalisCorpus Amygdaloideum Corpus Amygdaloideum Pars CorticomedialisPars Corticomedialis Pars BasolateralisPars Basolateralis Nucleus CentralisNucleus Centralis
LobLobusus Limbic LimbicususLobLobusus Limbic Limbicusus
Lobus LimbicusLobus Limbicus Gyrus FornicatusGyrus Fornicatus
GyrusGyrus CinguliCinguli Gyrus ParahippocampalisGyrus Parahippocampalis AreaArea EntorhinalisEntorhinalis IsthmusIsthmus Hippocampal FormationHippocampal Formation Hippocampus ProperHippocampus Proper (Ammon’s horn)(Ammon’s horn) Gyrus DentatusGyrus Dentatus SubiculumSubiculum Hippocampal RudimentsHippocampal Rudiments GyrusGyrus FasciolarisFasciolaris Indusium GriseumIndusium Griseum
Класификация на коратаКласификация на кората
Isocortex Isocortex - Neocortex- Neocortex
AllocortexAllocortex
ArchicortexArchicortex
HippocampusHippocampus
Gyrus DentatusGyrus Dentatus
PaleocortexPaleocortex
BulbusBulbus OlfactoriusOlfactorius
Lobus PiriformisLobus Piriformis
Mesocortex (Juxtallocortex,Mesocortex (Juxtallocortex,
Periallocortex, Mesallocortex)Periallocortex, Mesallocortex)
GyrusGyrus CinguliCinguli
Parts of the limbic systemParts of the limbic systemParts of the limbic systemParts of the limbic system
Limbic cortexLimbic cortexLimbic cortexLimbic cortex
OnOn medial aspectmedial aspect of the hemispheresof the hemispheres
ArchicortexArchicortex
– In some partsIn some parts paleo- &paleo- & neocortex.neocortex.
External ringExternal ring
Internal ringInternal ring
Limbic cortexLimbic cortexLimbic cortexLimbic cortex
External ringExternal ring-- gyrus cinguli gyrus cinguli
-- area subcallosa area subcallosa
-- gyrus parahippocampalis gyrus parahippocampalis
-- uncus.uncus.
Internal ringInternal ring
-- gyrus paraterminalisgyrus paraterminalis
-- indusium griseumindusium griseum
- - Hippocampal formationHippocampal formation..
Hippocampus Proper Hippocampus Proper
(Ammon’s horn, (Ammon’s horn,
Cornu Ammonis)Cornu Ammonis)
Gyrus DentatusGyrus Dentatus
SubiculumSubiculum
Hippocampal formationHippocampal formation
Hippocampal formationHippocampal formationHippocampal formationHippocampal formation Hippocampus Hippocampus –– cortical fold in the lateral cortical fold in the lateral
ventricleventricle caused bycaused by sulcus hippocampisulcus hippocampi
- 3-layered- 3-layered aarchicortexrchicortex-- sstratum pyramidale tratum pyramidale - - efferentsefferents, , formingforming
alveusalveus and and fimbria hippocampifimbria hippocampi
-- sstratum molecularetratum moleculare- stratum radiatumstratum radiatum
- Subiculum (paleocortex)Subiculum (paleocortex)-- affrents from affrents from h hippocampusippocampus
-- efferents to efferents to co corpora mamillaria andrpora mamillaria and nucl. anterior thalaminucl. anterior thalami
Parasubiculum (paleocortex)Parasubiculum (paleocortex)-- transition to transition to gyr. parahippocampalisgyr. parahippocampalis
1. uncus1. uncus
2. gyrus dentat2. gyrus dentatusus
3. fornix3. fornix
4. corpus callosum4. corpus callosum
5. gyrus fasciolaris5. gyrus fasciolaris
6. sulcus 6. sulcus
hippocampalishippocampalis
7. gyrus 7. gyrus
parahippocampal parahippocampal
8. sulcus collateralis8. sulcus collateralis
Hippocampal formationHippocampal formation
Hippocampal formationHippocampal formation ((lateral viewlateral view))
Hippocampal formationHippocampal formation (medial view)(medial view)
Archicortex - 3 Archicortex - 3 layerslayers
Hippocampus ProperHippocampus Proper Str. MoleculareStr. Moleculare
Str. PyramidaleStr. Pyramidale
Str. PolymorpheStr. Polymorphe
Gyrus DentatusGyrus Dentatus Str. MoleculareStr. Moleculare
Str. Str. GranulareGranulare
Str. PolymorpheStr. Polymorphe
SubiculumSubiculum TransientTransient betweenbetween hippocampalhippocampal archicortex archicortex and entorhinaland entorhinal paleocortex paleocortex
Hippocampal formationHippocampal formation - - ArchicortexArchicortex
Classification of the cortexClassification of the cortex
IsocortexIsocortex 66-layered cortex-layered cortex
homotypicalhomotypical andand
heterotypicalheterotypical
Allocortex Allocortex
PaleocortexPaleocortex olfactory cortexolfactory cortex
- lobus piriformis- lobus piriformis
ArchicortexArchicortex 33-layered-layered
- - hippocampal formationhippocampal formation
Archicortex Archicortex - - afterafter Ramon y Cajal Ramon y Cajal
7. stratum 7. stratum molecularemoleculare
6. stratum 6. stratum lacunosumlacunosum
5. stratum 5. stratum radiatumradiatum
4. stratum4. stratum pyramidalispyramidalis
3. stratum oriens3. stratum oriens
2. alveus2. alveus
1. ependyma1. ependyma
Hippocampus and memoryHippocampus and memory
Х.M. - пациент с антеградна и Х.M. - пациент с антеградна и ретроградна амнезия, ретроградна амнезия, възникнала след мозъчна възникнала след мозъчна операция за лечение на операция за лечение на епилептични припадъци.епилептични припадъци.
Х.M. - пациент с антеградна и Х.M. - пациент с антеградна и ретроградна амнезия, ретроградна амнезия, възникнала след мозъчна възникнала след мозъчна операция за лечение на операция за лечение на епилептични припадъци.епилептични припадъци.
Connection in the hippocampal formationConnection in the hippocampal formation
1. 1. Internal connectionsInternal connectionstrisynaptic pathwaytrisynaptic pathway
2. 2. Afferent connectionsAfferent connections perforantperforant andand alveolar pathwayalveolar pathway
3. 3. Efferent connctionsEfferent connctions
fornixfornix
Internal connectionsInternal connections
Classical 3-neuron pathwayClassical 3-neuron pathway
1. 1. Енторинална кораЕнторинална кора ( (perforant pathwayperforant pathway)) granule cell ofgranule cell of gyrus dentatusgyrus dentatus
2. 2. Granules cellsGranules cells (mossy fiber) (mossy fiber) CA3 CA3 pyramid cellspyramid cells
3. 3. Pyramid cellsPyramid cells (Schaffer collateral) (Schaffer collateral)
CA1 CA1 pyramid cellspyramid cells
subiculum subiculum cortex entorhinalis cortex entorhinalis
AfferentsAfferents
FromFrom Cortex Entorhinalis Cortex Entorhinalis
Alveolar pathwayAlveolar pathway from medialfrom medial EC EC toto CA1 CA1 andand Subiculum Subiculum
Perforant pathwayPerforant pathway from medialfrom medial EC EC toto CA1, CA2, CA3 CA1, CA2, CA3 &&
Gyrus DentatusGyrus Dentatus
EfferentsEfferents
FORNIXFORNIX
AlveusAlveus
FimbriaeFimbriae
CrusCrus
CommissurCommissurаа
Corpus Corpus
ColumnColumn
EfferentsEfferents
FornixFornix -- from pyramid cells offrom pyramid cells of hippocampus & subiculum hippocampus & subiculum
- 1.2 million - 1.2 million fibersfibers
PostcommissiralPostcommissiral Fornix Fornix – – basic bundlebasic bundle
toto Corpus MammillareCorpus Mammillare
Thalamus AnteriorThalamus Anterior
Nuclei Septi LateralisNuclei Septi Lateralis
Hypothalamus Hypothalamus
Tegmentum Tegmentum of midbrainof midbrain
EfferentsEfferents
PrecommissuralPrecommissural Fornix Fornix – – smallersmaller
- - mainly frommainly from hippocampus proper hippocampus proper
toto Nuclei Septi Nuclei Septi
Area Preoptica LateralisArea Preoptica Lateralis
Area Hypothalamica AnteriorArea Hypothalamica Anterior
Nucleus Striae Diagonalis BrocaNucleus Striae Diagonalis Broca
Nucleus AccumbensNucleus Accumbens
Medial aspect of frontal lobeMedial aspect of frontal lobe
Nucleus Caudatus &Nucleus Caudatus & PutamenPutamen
Amygdala & ClaustrumAmygdala & Claustrum
EfferentEfferent FORNIXFORNIX from pyramid cellsfrom pyramid cells hippocampus & subiculumhippocampus & subiculum Alveus, Fimbriae, CrusAlveus, Fimbriae, Crus Commissure, Corpus, ColumnCommissure, Corpus, Column PrecommissuralPrecommissural Fornix Fornix toto Nuclei Septal, Nuclei Septal, Nucleus AccumbensNucleus Accumbens Area Hypothalamica AnteriorArea Hypothalamica Anterior Nucleus Olfactorius AnteriorNucleus Olfactorius Anterior PostcommissuralPostcommissural Fornix Fornix toto Corpus Mammillare Corpus Mammillare Thalamus AnteriorThalamus Anterior HypothalamusHypothalamus Nucleus StriaNucleus Striaее Terminalis Terminalis
AfferentAfferent Entorhinal CortexEntorhinal Cortex Alveolar pathwayAlveolar pathway medialmedial EC EC toto CA1 CA1 andand Subiculum Subiculum Perforant pathwayPerforant pathway from lateralfrom lateral EC EC toto CA1, CA2, CA3 CA1, CA2, CA3 andand GyrusDentatus GyrusDentatus
GyrusGyrus DentatuseDentatuse Mossy fiber Mossy fiber - CA3- CA3 - - Schaefer fiber Schaefer fiber (CA3-CA1)(CA3-CA1)
OthersOthers Hypothalamus, Nuclei Septi, Hypothalamus, Nuclei Septi, Substantia InnominataSubstantia Innominata MidbrainMidbrain
Summary of connectionsSummary of connections
Subcortical limbic structuresSubcortical limbic structuresSubcortical limbic structuresSubcortical limbic structures
11. . Amygdaloid complexAmygdaloid complex
2. 2. Mammillary bodyMammillary body
3. 3. Septal areaSeptal area
4. 4. Nucleus anterior, Nucleus anterior, nnucleus medialis dorsalis & ucleus medialis dorsalis & nuclei intralaminares thalami nuclei intralaminares thalami
5. Nucleus accumbems5. Nucleus accumbems
6. Substantia innominata6. Substantia innominata
7. Nuclei habenulae7. Nuclei habenulae
8. 8. HypothalamusHypothalamus
9. 9. Midbrain limbic nucleiMidbrain limbic nuclei
Amygdala
L. almond
K. F. Burdach’s
term
Amygdaloid complexAmygdaloid complex
Amygdaloid complexAmygdaloid complexAmygdaloid complexAmygdaloid complex
WithinWithin uncusuncus
Process sensory informationProcess sensory information
Determines emotional levelDetermines emotional level, , especially negativeespecially negative
Modulates affective expressionModulates affective expression
AutonomicAutonomic, , endocrineendocrine andand affective reactionsaffective reactions
– Aggression when stimulatedAggression when stimulated
– CalmCalm, , fearless in damagefearless in damage
Amygdaloid complexAmygdaloid complexAmygdaloid complexAmygdaloid complex
А. А. Corticomedial partCorticomedial part
BB. . Basolateral partBasolateral part
CC. . ConnectionsConnections
- Stria terminalis- Stria terminalis
- - Ventral amygdalofugal pathwayVentral amygdalofugal pathway
Connections of the AmygdalaConnections of the AmygdalaConnections of the AmygdalaConnections of the Amygdala
Amygdaloid Nuclear ComplexAmygdaloid Nuclear ComplexAmygdaloid Nuclear ComplexAmygdaloid Nuclear Complex
EmotionEmotion& & AmygdalaAmygdala
AutismAutismAutismAutism
Dysfunction ofDysfunction of
amygdalaamygdala
MercuryMercuryRisingRising
Limbic subcortical nucleiLimbic subcortical nuclei ((contcont.).)Limbic subcortical nucleiLimbic subcortical nuclei ((contcont.).)
ConectionsConectionsCorpus amygdaloideumCorpus amygdaloideum (stria terminalis) (stria terminalis)
Habenula (stria medullaris)Habenula (stria medullaris)
Corpus amygdaloideum, hippocampus (diagonal band ofCorpus amygdaloideum, hippocampus (diagonal band of Брока Брока))
Orbitofrontal cortexOrbitofrontal cortex, , hypothalamushypothalamus, , midbrain (medial forebrain bundle) midbrain (medial forebrain bundle)
Area septalisArea septalis Septum precommissuraleSeptum precommissurale
NNucleus tractus diagonalis ucleus tractus diagonalis (Broca)(Broca)
Septum pellucidumSeptum pellucidum
Nuclei septi pellucidiNuclei septi pellucidi
- aboveabove substantia perforata anterior substantia perforata anterior
- Large cholinergic neuronsLarge cholinergic neurons
- Afferents fron olfactory and limbic Afferents fron olfactory and limbic
structuresstructures
- Duffuse cortical projectionsDuffuse cortical projections- Damaged in cortical dementiaDamaged in cortical dementia ((Alzhaeimer diseaseAlzhaeimer disease))
Nucleus basalis ofNucleus basalis of MeynartMeynartNucleus basalis ofNucleus basalis of MeynartMeynart
- - ventralventral striatumstriatum-- Connection betweenConnection between limbiclimbic andand extrapyramid systemextrapyramid system- Regulates processes of reward, motivation and addiction. Cocain and nicotine cause release of dopamin from its cotical part.
Nucleus accumbens. Center of Nucleus accumbens. Center of pleasurepleasure
PathwaysPathwaysPathwaysPathways
11. . FornixFornix
2. Stria terminalis2. Stria terminalis
3. Ventral amygdalofugal pathway3. Ventral amygdalofugal pathway
4. 4. Stria medullaris thalamiStria medullaris thalami
5. 5. Diagonal band ofDiagonal band of BrocaBroca
6. Fasciculus retroflexus6. Fasciculus retroflexus
Limbic circuit ofLimbic circuit of PapezPapezLimbic circuit ofLimbic circuit of PapezPapez