Rhetorical Strategies & Notes“Rhetoric is the art of ruling

the minds of men” —Plato

Review:

•Rhetorical Analysis: an examination of a text that utilizes rhetoric (the art of discourse: inform, motivate, or persuade) to analyze the interactions between a text, an author, and an audience.▫Goal: articulate HOW the author writes, rather

than WHAT they actually wrote. Discuss whether or not the author’s approach is successful.

▫NOT: a summary or saying whether or not you agree with the argument.

How do we read texts?

Rhetorical Strategies:•Ethos, Logos, and Pathos

Note: Consider how the author uses these strategies to persuade you based on the purpose of

the text.

Logos•Greek for “word”

▫Focus on argument itself, not the person making it

▫Evidence (statistics, pictures, sources)

▫Logic and Reasoning

Ethos

•Greek for “character” ▫Premise: we believe those whom we respect

▫Focuses on the speaker or writer, not the audience

▫The ethos: character, credibility, reliability

Ethos Continued• Character: Are you a good person?

▫ Example: “I am a husband, a father, and a taxpayer. I’ve served faithfully for 20 years on the school board. I deserve your vote for city council.”

• Credibility: remind others of the author’s illustrious past or qualifications ▫ Examples:

Companies include “since 19—” ▫ Colleges advertise famous/successful alumnae

• Reliability: How does the audience know you’ll come through? ▫ Example: On-Star commercials with “actual” recordings of

distress calls

Pathos•Greek for “suffering” or “experience”

▫Appeals to emotions and values of the audience

•Usually conveyed through narrative or story ▫Hot topics: children, animals, the elderly,

the disadvantaged

•Think: Is the writer simply “playing me”?

Terms for the Rhetorical Analysis Frame EXIGENCE

(What is bothering the writer?)

AUDIENCE (Who is the writer addressing?)

PURPOSE (What does the writer intend the reader to do after reading the text?)

LOGOS

(The Central Argument or structure of argument)

(Appeals) ETHOS PATHOS

Appeal to character of the writer Appeals to emotions of the reader 1. Good sense 2. Good character 3. Good Will

 ORGANIZATION/STRUCTURE/FORM

DICTION—SYNTAX—IMAGERY—FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

Rhetorical Strategies

Strong vs. Weak Verbs•To help you move away from summary and

toward ANALYSIS, you need to begin to incorporate strong verbs into your writing when discussing the writer’s rhetorical choices. Below is a list of verbs that are considered weak because they imply summary and a list of verbs that are considered strong because they imply analysis. Strive to use the stronger verbs in your essays to help push yourself away from summary and toward analysis:▫ “The writer flatters…” NOT “The writer

says…”

Weak Verbs (Summary)•says •relates •goes on to say •tells•this quote shows explains •states •shows

Strong Verbs (Analysis)• implies • trivializes • flatters • qualifies • processes • describes• suggests • denigrates • dismisses• analyzes

• questions• compares • praises • supports • enumerates • contrasts• emphasizes • demonizes • establishes • admonishes

• expounds • argues• defines• ridicules • minimizes• narrates• lists• warns

Alternatives to “show”• Acknowledge• Address• Analyze• Apply• Argue• Assert• Augment• Broaden• Calculate• Capitalize• Characterize• Claim• Clarify• Compare

• Complicate• Confine• Connect• Consider• Construct• Contradict• Correct• Create• Convince• Critique• Declare• Deduce• Defend• Demonstrate

• Deny• Describe• Determine• Differentiate• Disagree• Discard• Discover• Discuss• Dismiss• Distinguish• Duplicate• Elaborate• Emphasize• Employ

Alternatives to “show” continued

• Enable• Engage• Enhance• Establish• Evaluate• Exacerbate• Examine• Exclude• Exhibit• Expand• Explain• Exploit• Express• Extend• Facilitate• Feature

• Forecast• Formulate• Fracture• Generalize• Group• Guide• Hamper• Hypothesize• Identify• Illuminate• Illustrate• Impair• Implement• Implicate• Imply• Improve

• Include• Incorporate• Indicate• Induce• Initiate• Inquire• Instigate• Integrate• Interpret• Intervene• Invert• Isolate• Justify• Locate• Loosen• Maintain

Alternatives to “show” continued • Manifest• Manipulate• Measure• Merge• Minimize• Modify• Monitor• Necessitate• Negate• Nullify• Obscure• Observe• Obtain• Offer• Omit

• Optimize• Organize• Outline• Overstate• Persist• Point out• Possess• Predict• Present• Probe• Produce• Promote• Propose• Prove• Provide

• Qualify• Quantify• Question• Realize• Recommend• Reconstruct• Redefine• Reduce• Refer• Reference• Refine• Reflect• Refute• Regard• Reject

• Rely• Remove• Repair• Report• Represent• Resolve• Retrieve• Reveal• Revise• Separate• Shape• Signify

• Simulate• Solve• Specify• Structure• Suggest• Summarize• Support• Suspend• Sustain• Tailor• Terminate• Testify

• Theorize• Translate• Undermine• Understand• Unify• Utilize• Validate• Vary• View• Vindicate• Yield

Alternatives to “show” continued

Diction•Diction is simply the words the writer

chooses to convey a particular meaning.

•When you are writing an essay in which you are analyzing the diction of the writer:▫Avoid saying: “The writer used diction…” – since

this is obvious (diction IS the words on the page; without them, the page would be blank).

▫Instead, say: “The writer creates a ______________ diction through the use of…” OR “The language of the text is ___________________.”

•abstract• learned • literal•academic • loaded•ambiguous • lyrical•biting •melodious•bombastic •monosyllabic

•brusque •nostalgic•obscene•casual •obscure•caustic •offensive•concrete •ordinary•colloquial •ornate

•colorful •passionate•common •patriotic•connotative •pedantic•cultured •picturesque•crisp •plain•curt

Words to describe the type of diction:

• poetic• political• detached • polysyllabic• divisive • precise• emotional • pretentious • provincial• euphemistic• romantic• euphonious• scholarly

• everyday • sentimental• exact • shocking• fanciful • sincere• flowery • slang• figurative • subdued• folksy • symbolic• formal

• tame• grandiose • technical• trite• inflammatory • unifying• inflated • uppity• informal • vague• insincere • vulgar• jargon

Words to describe the type of diction continued:

Tone•Tone is the writer’s attitude or feeling

about the subject of his text.•When writing your essay, avoid saying:

“The writer uses tone” since ALL writers use a tone of some kind.

•Instead, say: “The writer creates a __________ tone…”

Words to describe the type of tone:•angry •sad •sentimental •bitter•sharp •cold • fanciful •dramatic •audacious•upset •urgent

•complimentary

•provocative •benevolent•silly • joking •condescendin

g •tired•boring •poignant

•sympathetic •proud •frivolous•afraid •detached •contemptuous •giddy•irreverent•happy •confused

Words to describe the type of tone continued:

•apologetic •pitiful •seductive•hollow •childish •humorous •restrained •sweet• joyful •peaceful •horrific

•somber •objective•allusive •mocking •sarcastic •candid •nostalgic•vexed •vibrant •zealous •dreamy

•shocking•sarcastic •patriotic •serious •mocking •satiric•motivational • tactful •respectful •humorous

Source: http://sutterfield.weebly.com/unit-1-creative-non-fiction.html

Grading Criteria:• Copy the following to the bottom of your paper:

▫ Corrections are made from the original paper.▫ MLA Formatting▫ Concise Writing: Be brief; do not write anything that does

not support your point. Avoid the superfluous and repetitive. ▫ Correct Grammar & Punctuation▫ Formal Writing▫ Use of Examples▫ Use of “strong” verbs and adjectives.▫ Questions are answered and ideas fully discussed▫ What is bothering Dickens?

What is the purpose of his writing? What is the effect of his writing? How does he accomplish this? (Logos, Pathos, or Ethos)

• Due: Tuesday 19 February