Rhetoric

Rhetorical DevicesAcronym- initial letters which make a new word for easy reference and familiarity

Alliteration- makes responder comfortable with words, helps with tone, reinforces meaning by using fundamental soundsAllusion- intertextuality, shows relationships, adds weight or importance

Aside- secret thoughts for responders ear, personal appeal to responders or talking to selfAssonance- vowel repetition, resonates and aids memory

Anachronism- an error where objects appear out of historical contextAnaphora- repetition at beginning makes responder comfortable, emphasis, drama

Antithesis, juxtaposition, contrast- colours, ideas, binary opposites, surprising memorable connections between ideas, concepts, imagesAmplification- say it and vividly say it again Responders realize importance of

Analogy- compares two things, like simile but a story, functionalAphorism, maxim- a proverb or wise saying, can be triteApostrophe- address something as person- intensifies emotion, personifies spoken to object giving it powerCacophany- harsh sounding words, clashing sounds

Bildungsroman- a story/ novel from child to adultClimax- add phrases to build up- ladder, makes impact- enumeration, cumulationColloquialisms- vernacular, creates sense of realism, conversational, frankness, honesty, intimacyCultural icons- vegemite, Holden cars

Values- and context for composer, characters or respondersDash- disjointed, creates expectation, rising inflection instead of falling full stop. Note punctuation divides thought unitsDiction- negative, positive- creates tone, feeling

Deus ex machina- from Greek theatre, artificial solution, denouementDirect speech- dialogue simulates reality, direct, drama, excitementDistinction- explaining phrases spoken to responders, by.. I meanEffect vocabulary: make more forceful, draw special attention to ,emphasis, interest, amplifies meaning/ feeling, keeps reader thinking, accentuates, draws attention, reinforce, highlight, stress, reflect, representElision leaving out letters for rhythm/metre or effectEllipsis- leaving out words for effect Pause to create suspense Delayed sentence- creates suspenseEmotive language: appeals to responders emotions, pathos

Connotation- subtle suggestion Imply/ InferEnjambment- poetry, draws eye from line to line, verse to verse, connecting ideas, making meaning whole Caesura: break in poetry mid lineEnumeration- lists features, makes statement more forceful

Epigraph- a quote at the beginning to foreshadow a texts ideas

Equality by association- Puffs, powder, Bibles ironic, increases value of small and decreases.

Euphemism- substitute disagreeable with agreeable, toilet- washroom,,, softens gentle, politeGaps- Omitted words/ strange word order archaic, attracts attention

Genre conventions- establishes expectations, subverts themHyperbole- deliberate exaggeration, thousand reasons why, sharply draws attentionHUMOUR- establishes mental and emotional connection with responders. They get the jokeIdiom- figure of speech that means more than the words imply, to kick the bucket

Interjection, exclamation- O, fie emotionImagery- sensory: visual, tactile, olfactory, auditory

Imperative voice- forceful verbs, ordering someoneInterruptions- disrupts flow, chaotic

Parataxis jolting short independent clauses In media res- starts a story in the middle of the action, grasps attention Irony- say one thing mean another, forces responder stop and think consider, dramatic irony, shows surprising contrastJargon- use of specialized language, authenticity

Length of lines, paragraphs/ stanzas- structural features add to meaning

Metaphor- compares one thing with another is not like, illuminates one idea by comparison and creates perspectiveMetalanguage, metadrama, metafiction- self reflexive texts- literature talking about literature, irony

Nouns, action or passive verbs, adjectives, adverbs repetition focuses on action or image

Onomatopoeia- sound suggest meaning, use of pure sound to make meaningOxymoron- two word paradox, eloquent silence power in juxtaposition forces to stop and consider

Pathetic fallacy- giving nature human qualitiesParallelism- repetition of same thing said in different way for rhythm or balance Chiasmus- reverse parallelismPersonification- animal as human features- makes things more real and familiar

Plosive sounds: p, t, k, g,d, t, b, v recreate explosion implies violence

Sibilance- s, sh, dg, z, zh evokes cicadas, snake-likePre emptive strike- silences opposition or makes weaker, admit problem then blow out of water

Pronouns- first person (personal or inclusive /we/), second person ( direct address or colloquial), third person ( distance)Puns, wit, quips, play on words- clever jokes based on double meanings or clever associations, often in titleRedundancy- to emphasizes an idea, emotion

Repetition- words, sounds, phrases for emphasis of a conjunction and or- polysyndeton to exaggerateRhetorical question- not answered by writer but obvious answerRhyme, rhythm, meter and its disruption for emotion or context, enjambment, caesura, helps remember words, creates image Satire- mocking humour to expose social flaws

Sarcasm- biting satire, cruelSelf talk- self awareness, dialogue with self, trying to make self believe or expressing hatred

Shocking/ surprising words for dramatic effectSibilance- s, z, dj, sh, zh sounds can be soft/ relaxing or sinister and cold

Simile- comparison with like or as, makes unfamiliar familiar, comfortableSoliloquy- responders are in on the secretStatistics- appeal to authority and reason, reinforces argumentStructure- titles, line length, paragraph/ stanza length, circular repetitions of phrases/words, italics, bold, capitals, numbersStyle- personal voice

Register- formal, informal , colloquialTautology- repetition said in different way, aids understanding

Text type- How do conventions shape meaning? Film, poetry, feature article, opinion piece, novel, short story, non-fiction Tone- changes can highlight mood, feelings: sarcastic, humorous, depressedUnderstatement- litote for irony, emphasis, politeness, Earthquake interrupted business somewhat, creates expectations, then subvertsVerbs- active verbs simulate action, passive verbs Tense- past, present, futures, infinitive- generalizes, should/ought- implies obligationVisual techniques: frames, vectors, salient images, low/high modal, demanding gaze, background, language/graphic/layout