MASTER CREDIT SEMINAR ONR F I D – A MODERN TECHNIQUE IN ANIMAL IDENTIFICATION

RAMESWAR PANDAENROLL.NO- V/13/240LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENTBOMBAY VETERINARY COLLEGE

Outline

RFID- Radio Frequency Identification.

Animal identification is defined as “the combination and linking of the identification and registration of an animal individually, with a unique identifier, or collectively by its epidemiological unit or group, with a unique group identifier”

(Sehularo, 2010).

It is an AIDC ( Automatic Identification & Data Capturing)

that uses radio frequency waves to transfer data between reader and electronic(RFID) tag attached to an object for the purpose of identification and tracking.

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Radio frequency identification (RFID) is one of the advanced and efficient identification technologies in recent years and is widely adopted by various dairy industries. RFID can improve the automatic data collection by taking advantage of electronic transmission technology that provides quick access to dairy herd information and utilized for improving the feeding and managemental practices.

(Prasad et al., 2013).

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HOW RFID INVENTED

The cause of rfid invention was the application

of IFF ( Identification friend or foe) method

during world war 2 by the British Army to detect

their own returning plane from inbound German

ones.

Though radar was there, but it was able to signal

the presence of plane not the type of plane it was.

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TORY OF RFID

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Components of RFID RFID consist of three components and they are as follows: (1) Transponder (2) Trans-receiver (3) Data accumulator ( computer

system) (McAllister et al.,

2000).

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• TRANSPONDER

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EAR TAG

Ear tags: The ear tag transponder is one inch in diameter and can be embodied in plastic (Sherwin, 1990; Stark et al., 1998).

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Flag shaped ear tag

Button shaped ear tag

Button shaped ear tag has more durability than flag shaped ear tag. (Carne et al. 2003)

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Argentina 32 Australia 36Austria 40 Belgium 56 Bulgaria 100 Canada 124 Switzerland 756 Germany 276 Denmark 208Dominican Republic 214 Spain 724 Estonia 233 Finland 246France 250 Great Britain 826 Greece 300 Croatia 191Czech Republic 203 Costa Rica 188

Hungary 348 Isle of Jersey(obsolete)* India 356 Iran 364 Ireland 372 Israel 376

Italy 380Japan 392Kazakhstan 398South Korea 410Lithuania 440Luxembourg 442

Sweden 752Tunisia 788 United States ofAmerica 840

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Now the tagging is done.

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RFID RUMEN BOLUS

For cattle - 70 gm For sheep - 20 gm

Covered with ceramic materials Bolus with animal ID

The bolus transponders are covered by a capsule of biomedical glass and injected under the skin (Gruys et al., 1993; Lambooij et al., 1995) introduced orally into the forestomach of ruminants (Fallon and Rogers, 1996; Hasker and Bassingthwaighte, 1996; Caja et al., 1999) through a balling gun.

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Bolus applicator/ Bolus gun

Precautions to be taken during application

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Pathway for Bolus

After administration , bolus is read by RFID reader

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Microchips:

Microchips are a form of identification that involves the implanting of an electronic chip, with a miniature radio transponder and antenna, under the skin of an animal near the neck between the shoulder blades, or near the base of the ear (Diez et al., 1994).

Wide application over pet animals and wild animals

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Microchip injector with covering of poly- propylene

Now, the chip is fitted with the injector

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It is recommended that a subcutaneous implantation site in the lateral left side of the neck, approximately 10 cm cranial to the shoulder of cattle, sheep and goats.

Dorn (1987) There are 4 different sites for IETs in veal calves.The sites were

(a) subcutaneously at the front of the head, 10 cm lateral and caudal to the nostril, (b) at the base of the ear, (c) intramuscularly in the neck, ventral to the ligamentum nuchae and 10 cm cranial, and (d) at the lateral side of the neck, cranial to the shoulder.

Merks and Lambooij (1989)

Microchip is injected in the neck area.

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COLLAR TAGElectronic collar are similar to that of neck chain, except they have an attached tag with an electronic number that can be read by a scanner.

Transponder attached to the neck chain

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DIFEERENCE BETWEEN ACTIVE TAG AND PASSIVE TAG

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RFID Reader

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4 parts1- power source2- antennae3- transciever4- decoder

Ruhil .et al. 2013

There are two basic readers (1) Portable/Handheld and (2) Fixed reader. The handheld can be powered by rechargeable battery

(Blasi et al, 2003).

Portable RFID reader

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neck band

Stationary RFID reader

Fixed RFID reader in milking parlour for auto-identification

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For reading barcodes and microchipsCalled 2 in 1 scanner.

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How reader and host system is connected

1- Bluetooth

2- RS 232/ USB

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PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)

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RFID COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

----------------------------------------------------------<-----------------------

Both A and B send and receive simultaneously

1- Full Duplex mode (FDX)

B waits for the signal from A.

-----------------------------------------

2- Half Duplex mode (HDX)

Ex- telephone

Ex – walki- talki

A B

A B

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Radio- Frequency range

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Norms In RFID Animal Identification

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International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR)

ICAR recommends three-way RFID ear tags (visual laser-printed, bar-coded and microchip-embedded). These tags are commonly used in India. (Ruhil et al 2013)

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All RFID appliances are regulated under ISO standards 1- 11784 2- 11785 Barge et al 2012

ISO 11784- defines the code structure of the RFID transponder ISO 11785 - readability of RFID reader ( ICAR 2009)

The ISO compliant RFID animal identification transponder operates at a frequency of 134 kHz and stores a 64-bit code.

( Ruhil et al 2013)

The ISO solution of 64-bit coded tags limits the complexity of the transponders and their cost

(Saa et al. 2005).

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For cattle, sheep and goats, the code structure and the operating frequencies must be compliant with the International Organization for Standardization 11784 and 11785 standards (International

Organization for Standardization 1996a, b), which were defined and adopted in the early 1970s (Rossing 1999) and then approved by the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR 2005).

No standards are at present defined for pig identification.

The introduction of new ISO standard, ISO 14223:2003 (International Organization for Standardization 2003) could allow the exploitation of the new possibilities offered by RFID technology.

(Sydanheimo et al. 2006).

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Comparision between RFID rumen bolus and ear tag

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According to the advantage of the ear tag device is that farmers will buy and apply the electronic ear tags themselves and, could easily identify their animals from a

distance. Anon(2012b) The disadvantages of ear tags are that they can be easily

removed, lost or damaged deliberately resulting in animals

being difficult to identify. Anon, 2012b; Seretse, (2012)

FAO/WHO (2004) compared electronic ear tags and rumen bolus based on the five attributes (i.e., readability, cost, durability, transcription and central control)

Bolus is irretrievable until the time of slaughter. Boluses showed higher readability (99.5) than electronic tag (89.8%)

(Garin et al., 2003).

The recovery of the rumen bolus after slaughter is more problematic than the removal of an electronic ear tag

(Fallon, 2001; Merchant, 2002).

Reading of a bolus seems to be more difficult and time consuming than reading of injectable transponders and electronic ear tags when hand-held readers are used.

Klindtworth et al. (1999)

Ear tags and rumen boluses were both suitable for electronic identification purposes, but boluses were shown to have a higher retention rate and to potentially pose less welfare problems

(Ribo et al., 2001; JRC, 2002).

Compared to bolus, ear tags cannot be reused or recycled (Anon, 2012b) .

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Automation in dairy with the help of RFID

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Animal identification helps in automation of dairy farm operation and better management of individual animal records (Pires 2002, Eradus et al. 1995).

RFID used in automatic weighing

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Automatic milking with the help of RFID

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Temperature monitoring: RFID microchips can read the temperature of the cow along with the cow’s unique identification number (Higgins, 2003; Hostettor, 2003).

Health and Reproduction monitoring: RFID helps in health monitoring like monitoring health of herd (physiological parameters, mastitis) and individual medication and vaccination records. Sick animal identified at early stage and segregated for treatment. (Eradus and Jansen, 2009

Ankle pedometer used to detect estrous

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Traceability system and tracking system: This is a combination of Global Positioning System (GPS) and RFID technology. This will help in enhance farm management capabilities. It is proposed that GPS technology be included in RFID tags in to tracing cattle movements, and locate individual cows with a single program (Karnjanatwe, 2005).

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RFIDlivestock in World

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The radio frequency identification (RFID) of each single head of cattle is already mandatory in many countries. (Smith et al. 2008).

In the European Union, electronic identification of sheep and goats by radiofrequency has been mandatory since January 2010 implemented by Commission Decision 2006/968/EC., but for cattle it is voluntary.

NLIS is the largest animal ID system in the world.

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RFIDlivestock in India

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Application of electronic animal identification technologies is a growing trend in the livestock industry and plays an important role in the future prospects. There is still a gap regarding electronic animal identification for the purposes of improving total farm management practices, especially on dairy farms in India.. (Trevarthen, 2007).

Maharashtra is the first state in India to introduce animal identification authority called ‘MAIRA’.

BVC created ‘HERDMAN’ sofeware under Dr. A. Samad and his colleagues.

Chitale dairy farm

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Less than 10% of the cattle in India are insured. (Brockman et al. 2010, Sharma et al. 2010).

+

providing cattle insurance in 5 states through RFID

they work in tamil Nadu through RFID

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CONCLUSION

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The countries that have started recording of performance data have doubled the productivity of animals in 25 years

(Samad 2010).

The general perception is that RFID technology is cost prohibitive to small-hold dairy farmers .

(Geers et al., 1997; Saatkamp et al., 1997)

RFID has led to the evolution of herd health programs focused on maximizing production (Voelker, 1981; Menzies et al., 1988), health (Dohoo, 1988) and fertility (Lehenbauer, 1987).

Such integrated systems offer advantages such as decrease in recording errors, automation of farm implements (Naas, 2002), reduction in labour costs and overall productivity optimization (Artman, 1999).

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Every sector is with RFID evolution, why not dairy sector…..

World’s smallest RFID chip ‘Dust’

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Barge, P., Campo, M. W., Piccarolo, P., Racioppi, F., Torassa, C. and Tortia, C. 2009. Web based systems and RFID for meat traceability. Proceedings of XXXIII CIOSTA CIGR VConference ‘‘Technology and management to ensure sustainable agriculture, agro-systems, forestry and safety’’, Jun. 1719, Reggio Calabria, Italy.Burose, F., Anliker, T., Herd, D., Jungbluth, T. and Za¨ ner, M. 2010. Readability of electronic ear tags in stationary antenna systems. Landtechnik 6: 446449.Caja, G., Conill, C., Nehring, R. and Ribo` , O. 1999. Development of a ceramic bolus for the permanent electronic identification of sheep, goats and cattle. Comput. Electron.Agric. 24: 4563. Caja, G., Herna´ ndez-Jover, M., Conill, C., Garı´n, D., Alabern, X., Farriol, B. and Ghirardi, J. 2005. Use of ear tags and injectable transponders for the identification and traceability of pigs from birth to the end of the slaughter line. J. Anim. Sci.83: 22152224.

Council Regulation (EC). No 21/2004 of 17 December 2003 establishing a system for the identification and registration of ovine and caprine animals and amending Regulation (EC) No 1782/2003 and Directives 92/102/EEC and 64/432/EEC.

International Organization for Standardization. 1996a. Agricultural equipment. Radio-frequency identification of animals Code structure. ISO 11784:1996 (E). 2nd ed. ISO, Geneva,Switzerland.

REFERENCES

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Klindtworth, M., Wendl, G., Klindtworth, K. and Pirkelmann, H. 1999. Electronic identification of cattle with injectable transponders. Comput. Electron. Agric. 24: 6579. Lambooij, E., van’t Klooster, C. E., Rossing, W., Smits, A. C. and Pieterse, C. 1999. Electronic identification with passive transponders in veal calves. Comput. Electron. Agric. 24: 8190.

Rossing, W. 1999. Animal identification: introduction and history. Comput. Electron.Agric. 24: 14.

Saa, C., Mila´ , M. J., Caja, G. and Ghirardi, J. J. 2005. Costevaluation of the use of conventional and electronic identification and registration systems for the national sheep and goat populations in Spain. J. Anim. Sci. 83: 12151225.

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THANK YOU