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Revolutions of 1820, 1830 and 1848. Mrs. Craig. Concert of Europe. Returned monarchies after Napoleon’s defeat Klemens Metternich of Austria mastermind behind the “Concert” Goal: Keep France in check Goal: Stamp out Liberalism or Nationalism anywhere it appears in Europe. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Revolutions of 1820, 1830 and 1848
Mrs. Craig
Returned monarchies after Napoleon’s defeat
Klemens Metternich of Austria mastermind behind the “Concert”
Goal: Keep France in check Goal: Stamp out Liberalism or Nationalism anywhere it appears in Europe
Concert of Europe
Decembrists- RussiaSpain/PortugalGreeks/ Serbia
Revolutions of 1820
Boyar class/military background Found glory in Napoleon’s invasion Secret Societies -to change Russia Opportunity arises on death of Czar
Alexander I -delay in naming new Czar Czar Nicholas I puts down disorganized
uprising Sets tone for increased repression in Russia
for19th century How does this compare to The Fronde??
Decembrists- Russia
Bourbon dynasty restored Ferdinand VII tore up constitutional reforms of
1812 ( under Napoleon); dissolves Cortes. Revolt against Ferdinand by army officers,
merchants, intelligensia Ferdinand restores constitution and Cortes Metternich’s policy of intervention comes to
Ferdinand’s rescue!- French army used First challenge to Metternich- Concert split-
England leaves. Monarchy restored Monroe Doctrine!!
Spanish Revolution
Want emancipation from Ottoman Turk rule Greek hero- Ypsilanti (also officer in Russian
army) leads several uprising Romantic sympathy for Greek plight Balance of power- fear Russian dominance in
Balkans increases British/French help to Yps. Turkish/Egyptian fleet sunk 1827 Treaty of Adrianople- limits Russian territory
annexation, recognizes small independent Greek kingdom.
Greek/Serbia
Decembrists- unsuccessfulSpain/Portugal-unsuccessful
Greeks/ Serbia- “Successful”
Revolutions of 1820
ItalyPolandBelgium France
Revolutions of 1830
Louis XVIII restored/Constitutional Monarchy/ Liberal domestic policies
Charter with Chambers of Peers and Deputies
Returning emigres +Metternich force revocation of Charter
Charles X- conservative- succeeds Louis XVIII
Absolutism returns! Dissolves chamber! Four Ordinances!!! Causes July Revolution
leads to ‘Les Trois Glorieuses’ Charles flees
France 1830
Liberal leaders emerge- Thiers and Guizot Republic versus Constitutional Monarchy Lafayette??--no King Louis Philippe Known as Bourgeois King
France 1830 Continued
Congress of Vienna-R & PR fight over Poland Czar Alex I allows Poland liberal constitution Nicholas I restricts Polish liberties Influenced by news of French Rev 1830,
revolt Resist Russia for 1 year- Warsaw falls/martial
law imposed Revolutionaries/poets/musicians(Chopin)
leave Results in Russification program
Poland
Austria & Pope obstacles to Italian unification.
Secret societies to support unification began
Carbonari rise up in 1831 to be put down by Austrian troops
Rise of Mazzini- visionary of a unified republican Italy.
Forms Young Italy Failed attempt at a Roman republic but
ideas are planted– only to grow later.
Italy 1830
After Napoleon, Belgium Holland and Netherland form loose political/economic union.
Holland had political advantage Belgium revolt against Dutch rule- students,
workers with middle class leadership National Congress created constitutional
monarchy-Leopold of Saxe-Coburg Religious tolerance/limit king power Belgium beats another(1832) Netherland
invasion with Fr and Br help/ guarantee Belgium independence and neutrality.
Belgium
Italy failedPoland failedBelgium SUCCESS!!!France failed
Revolutions of 1830
France Italy Germany Austria
Revolutions of 1848
This Revolution was the catalyst for others!!!
Louis Phillipe fails! Economic problems: unemployment, low wages, indifferent govt
Constitutional monarchist (Theirs) join forces with republicans- want increased suffrage!
Feb 1848- large demonstrations in Paris lead to riots! And Louis Phillippe abdicates!!
Create Second Republic of France with first socialist programs
France 1848
Louis Blanc floats a plan called “National Workshops”- guarantees jobs for all!!
2ND Republic institutes some- not all- Blanc’s plan- bankrupts treasury in 2 years
Riots again in 1850 leads to marshal law and leadership of General Cavaignac
Elections in 1850 lean toward moderates. Middle class fear of loss of property and voting
rights allows for Louis Napoleon Bonaparte to rise to power as symbol of order stability and democracy. ( won’t last long!)
France 1848 cont
Zollverein (customs union)- successful Economic problems and French riots in 1848
creates sympathy toward reform Metternich resigns and Frankfurt National
Assembly convenes to prepare a constitution. Stood for ideals but had no power! Disputes
over unification (Big vs. Little Germany), liberal vs democracy, proletariat vs bourgeoisie- uprisings in cities the result.
National Assembly drafts a constitution
Germany 1848
Offers Fred WM IV the crown of a united Germany- not popular with Junkers
Fred Wm declines- saying “I will not accept a crown from the gutter”
Frankfurt Assembly then dwindles away. Fred Wm will issue a constitution for Prussia Parliament will have 2 chambers Voting power biased toward Junkers vs
working class.
Germany 1848 cont
Italy still not unified. Pope Pius IX – Papal States King Charles Albert & Cavour –Piedmont Mazzini- leader of Young Italy Pius IX thought to be a reformer- with CA
pushed for unification Threats from Austria & suddenly Pius neutral Charles Albert suspends army and abdicates
in favor of his son Victor Emmanuel II Meanwhile……
Italy 1848
Mazzini and Young Italy rise up in Rome Force Pius IX to leave Form a Republic led by Mazzini French troops come to the pope’s rescue
and Mazzini surrenders Ends any unification movements in 1848
And Italy is restored to pre-1848 rulers
Italy 1848 cont
Metternich has been a powerful prime minister Rising nationalism by Magyars(Hungarians)
creates political instability Louis Kossuth- promotes Magyar nationalism Metternich tries policy of divide and conquer-
pits anti-Magyar against anti- German Magyars Uprising in Feb 1848 Liberalism, nationalism, expanding middle class
Austria 1848
Hungarians(Magyars) want no Austrian control- briefly independent under Kossuth but invaded by Russia and Austria- remain under Austrian control
Meanwhile, students join middle class in revolt-Metternich resigns (goes to Britain)
Hapsburgs crush revolt in Nov 1848 Prince Schwarzenberg- prime minister Francis Joseph succeeds Ferdinand I but
nationalism increases within Austrian minorities. To be continued……..
Austria 1848 cont
France Successful!!! (kind of)Italy Failure!!!Germany Failure!!!AustriaFailure!! ( but it did get rid of
Metternich and the Concert of Europe is no more!!!)
Revolutions of 1848