Revolutions in the Americas

Central and South America/United States

Reason for Independence in Latin and South America

Ethnic and cultural differences of people there

Reforms imposed by Europeans

Inspired by French and American Revolutions

Haiti

Declaration of Rights of Man in France allowed for voting rights for all free men including mulattoes

French settlers there did not want this

Toussaint L’Ouverture – led revolution against French settlers

Became a hero in Hispaniola

Napoleon sent general to put down revolution

Armistice made – French broke it and put Toussaint in prison

1804 – Independence from France declared

Mexican Independence

Movement started when Spain was conquered by Napoleon

Father Hidalgo – made first call for independenceHe included all of the mixed groups of Mexico

Wanted revolution against Peninsulares Peninsulares = colonists in Mexico who born in Spain

Executed by Spanish once they realized he was behind revolt

Hidalgo inspired:Jose Maria Morelos – organized Mexican Congress and led troops who took parts of Mexico and made them independent

Not all mixed groups wanted independenceCreoles led a counter-revolution and put a Creole leader Augustin I in power as emperor and declared Mexico its own country

South American Movements

Simon Bolivar – He led a revolution against Spanish Authority in area known as Gran Columbia

Never could spread further into South America

Jose de San Martin – fought for independence in Southern part of South America primarily in Argentina

Conquered Chile

Resigned his leadership to Simon Bolivar

Pedro I – led Brazil to independence without much violence

United States GrowsLouisiana Purchase – gave the U.S. land up to the Mississippi River after buying it from France

Monroe Doctrine – made the Americas off limits to new foreign colonies

Texas Annexation:Colonies of Americans set up by Moses Austin in Texas Territory

Texas becomes state in U.S. in 1845

Mexican American War – gave U.S. the American Southwest

Manifest Destiny – Americans felt they had God-given right to settle all lands west of Mississippi River

Found Gold in California

Forced Native Americans off their land – Trail of TearsReservations set up in the Plains and Natives lost much of their freedom

Civil War in America

Causes:Fight for states rights vs. federal laws

Slavery became the point of contention Some states felt they needed slave labor to keep their economy

Industrialized Northern States felt slave labor should be abolished

Kansas-Nebraska Act – caused trouble because people felt leaving idea of slave labor up to states was wrong

Succession – started with South CarolinaFollowed election of Abraham Lincoln – was anti-slavery

War Details

Started in April 1861

Started with firing on Fort Sumter in South Carolina

Lasted for 4 years – over 500,000 troops died from battle or disease

Emancipation Proclamation – Declaration made by Lincoln during the Civil War that pronounced all slaves were seen as free by the Union Armies of the North

Gettysburg – turning point of the war in Pennsylvania where Union forces saw themselves actually winning the war

1865 – Confederates surrender to Union at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia

Effects of the Civil War

Southern economy and property was ruined

Forced Reconstruction movement – had to rebuild roads, railroads, and industry in the South

Many constitutional laws passed to help settle disagreements among people of the United States

Civil Rights Movement begins:14th Amendment – citizenship given to all free slaves

15th Amendment – voting rights not denied based on race

Southern States did not abide by all laws but were readmitted to Union anyway

Questions #1

Why did Revolution in occur in South and Central America?

What inspired the Haitian movement for independence from France?

Who led the Haitian Independence movement?

Who made the first call for independence in Mexico?

Question #2

What are Peninsulares?

Who did Hidalgo inspire?

What group did not want total freedom from Spain?

What three men led revolutions in South America?

Questions #3

What 4 ways did America expand itself?

What were the 4 main causes of the Civil War

When and where did the Civil War begin and end?

What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?

Questions #4

What battle was the turning point of the Civil War?

What were the effects of the Civil War on America?

What was done by the following Amendments:14th Amendment?

15th Amendment?