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Political RevivalPolitical Revival
1111thth Century a new political stability began Century a new political stability began Rulers in France, England, and Germany Rulers in France, England, and Germany
worked to reduce private warfare and civil worked to reduce private warfare and civil anarchyanarchy
In the 10In the 10thth Century Charlemagne’s Century Charlemagne’s descendents continued to hold the royal descendents continued to hold the royal title in the West Frankish kingdomtitle in the West Frankish kingdom They did not exercise control over the feudal They did not exercise control over the feudal
lordslords
FranceFrance
Northern France had strong feudal Northern France had strong feudal elementselements
Southern territories used Roman Southern territories used Roman LawLaw
Five counties dominated northern Five counties dominated northern FranceFrance Anjou, Blois-Chartres, Brittany, Anjou, Blois-Chartres, Brittany,
Flanders, and NormandyFlanders, and Normandy
Charles the SimpleCharles the Simple
West Frankish RulerWest Frankish Ruler Not able to remove the Vikings from Not able to remove the Vikings from
FranceFrance In 911AD he officially recognized Viking In 911AD he officially recognized Viking
ruler, Rollo and later gave him more ruler, Rollo and later gave him more landland In turn Rollo gave allegiance to Charles and In turn Rollo gave allegiance to Charles and
agreed to hold the region as a barrier agreed to hold the region as a barrier against future Viking attacksagainst future Viking attacks
Duke William IDuke William I Descendent of RolloDescendent of Rollo Under his control rebellious lords ignored ducal Under his control rebellious lords ignored ducal
authority, built private castles, and engaged in authority, built private castles, and engaged in private warfareprivate warfare
Beginning in 1060, he united the Norman nobility Beginning in 1060, he united the Norman nobility under threat of external aggression from the under threat of external aggression from the counts of Blois and Mainecounts of Blois and Maine
Defended his frontier with a circle of castlesDefended his frontier with a circle of castles Made feudalism work as a system of governmentMade feudalism work as a system of government Executed vassals who defaulted on their Executed vassals who defaulted on their
obligationsobligations
Carpetian DynastyCarpetian Dynasty
In 987, when the last of the Carolingian In 987, when the last of the Carolingian rulers died, nobles assembled to choose rulers died, nobles assembled to choose a successora successor
Hugh Capet was selectedHugh Capet was selected Soon after his coronation he crowned his Soon after his coronation he crowned his
son to ensure succession and prevent son to ensure succession and prevent disputes after his deathdisputes after his death
Saved France from further divisionSaved France from further division By hanging onto their lands they laid By hanging onto their lands they laid
the foundation for later political stabilitythe foundation for later political stability
EnglandEngland
In 1013 the Danish ruler Swen In 1013 the Danish ruler Swen Forkbeard invaded EnglandForkbeard invaded England His son Canute completed the His son Canute completed the
subjugationsubjugation Became King of England from 1016-1035Became King of England from 1016-1035 After 1030 he became King of Norway as wellAfter 1030 he became King of Norway as well Made England the center of his empireMade England the center of his empire Promoted a policy of assimilation and Promoted a policy of assimilation and
reconciliation between Anglo-Saxons and reconciliation between Anglo-Saxons and VikingsVikings
King Otto 936-973King Otto 936-973Lead the Germans in a crushing defeat on the Hungarians on Lead the Germans in a crushing defeat on the Hungarians on
the banks of the Lech Riverthe banks of the Lech River The Battle of Lechfeld halted the Magyars’ threat to Germany The Battle of Lechfeld halted the Magyars’ threat to Germany
and made Otto a great hero to the Germansand made Otto a great hero to the Germans– Also it demonstrated that Otto was a worthy successor to Also it demonstrated that Otto was a worthy successor to
CharlemagneCharlemagne Selected Aachen as the site of his coronation to symbolize his Selected Aachen as the site of his coronation to symbolize his
intention to continue the tradition of Charlemagneintention to continue the tradition of Charlemagne Relied on the church to halt feudal anarchyRelied on the church to halt feudal anarchy Got financial support and the bulk of his army from Got financial support and the bulk of his army from
ecclesiastical landsecclesiastical lands Coroneted by the Pope in 962Coroneted by the Pope in 962
Revived imperial dignity and laid the foundation for what was Revived imperial dignity and laid the foundation for what was later call the Holy Roman Empirelater call the Holy Roman Empire
Filled a power vacuum in northern Italy and brought peace Filled a power vacuum in northern Italy and brought peace among the great aristocratic familiesamong the great aristocratic families
The Peace of GodThe Peace of God Bishops took action to put a stop to the Bishops took action to put a stop to the
rampant attacks against the churchrampant attacks against the church Church councils formed peace associationsChurch councils formed peace associations
Groups of men in particular districts who assessed Groups of men in particular districts who assessed themselves and used the money to provide armed themselves and used the money to provide armed protection against thuggish lordsprotection against thuggish lords
Some churchmen tried to reduce the amount of Some churchmen tried to reduce the amount of warfare by initiating the Truce of Godwarfare by initiating the Truce of God
They limited the number of days on which fighting was They limited the number of days on which fighting was permittedpermitted
– Sundays, Special feast days, and the seasons of Lent and Sundays, Special feast days, and the seasons of Lent and Advent were to be free of fightingAdvent were to be free of fighting
– If all forbidden days had been observed fighting would have If all forbidden days had been observed fighting would have been permissible on only 80 days of the yearbeen permissible on only 80 days of the year
Revival and Reform in the Revival and Reform in the Christian ChurchChristian Church
In the 11In the 11thth Century monasteries Century monasteries remodeled themselves under the remodeled themselves under the leadership of the Burgundian abbey of leadership of the Burgundian abbey of ClunyCluny
Pope Gregory VII’s strong assertion of Pope Gregory VII’s strong assertion of papal power led to profound changes in papal power led to profound changes in serious conflict with secular authoritiesserious conflict with secular authorities
Cathedrals showed the revival in the Cathedrals showed the revival in the church in the 12church in the 12thth and 13 and 13thth Centuries Centuries
Monastic RevivalMonastic Revival The Viking, Magyar, and Muslim invaders attacked and The Viking, Magyar, and Muslim invaders attacked and
ransacked many monasteries across Europeransacked many monasteries across Europe Powerful laymen appointed themselves or their relatives Powerful laymen appointed themselves or their relatives
as abbots, took the lands and goods of monasteries, and as abbots, took the lands and goods of monasteries, and spent monastic revenuesspent monastic revenues
Abbots, bishops, and archbishops thus had military Abbots, bishops, and archbishops thus had military responsibilities that required them to fight with their responsibilities that required them to fight with their lords or at least send contingents of soldiers when lords or at least send contingents of soldiers when called on to do socalled on to do so
The first two abbots of Cluny, Berno and Odo, set very The first two abbots of Cluny, Berno and Odo, set very high standards of religious behaviorhigh standards of religious behavior
Cluny gradually came to stand for clerical celibacy and Cluny gradually came to stand for clerical celibacy and the suppression of simonythe suppression of simony Simony-Simony- the sale of church offices the sale of church offices
Deeply impressed laypeople showered Deeply impressed laypeople showered girts on monasteries with good reputationsgirts on monasteries with good reputations
As the monasteries became richer, the As the monasteries became richer, the lifestyle of the monks grew increasingly lifestyle of the monks grew increasingly luxuriousluxurious
Soon fresh demands for reform were Soon fresh demands for reform were heard, and the result was the founding of heard, and the result was the founding of new religious orders in the late 11new religious orders in the late 11thth and and early 12early 12thth Centuries Centuries
The CisterciansThe Cistercians In 1098 a group of monks left the rich abbey of In 1098 a group of monks left the rich abbey of
Molesmes in Burgundy and founded a new house Molesmes in Burgundy and founded a new house in the swampy forest of Citeauxin the swampy forest of Citeaux
Planned to avoid all involvement with secular Planned to avoid all involvement with secular feudal societyfeudal society
Accepted only uncultivated lands far from regular Accepted only uncultivated lands far from regular habitationhabitation
Refused all gifts of mills, serfs, tithes, and ovensRefused all gifts of mills, serfs, tithes, and ovens Early Cistercians avoided elaborate liturgy and Early Cistercians avoided elaborate liturgy and
ceremony and kept chants simpleceremony and kept chants simple Refused to allow the presence of powerful Refused to allow the presence of powerful
laypeople in their monasterieslaypeople in their monasteries
In 1112 a 23 yr old nobleman named Bernard In 1112 a 23 yr old nobleman named Bernard joined the community at Citeauxjoined the community at Citeaux 3 yrs later he was appointed founding abbot of 3 yrs later he was appointed founding abbot of
Clairvaux in ChampagneClairvaux in Champagne He attacked the theological views of Peter AbelardHe attacked the theological views of Peter Abelard He intervened in the disputed papal election of 1130He intervened in the disputed papal election of 1130 Drafted a constitution for the Knights TemplarsDrafted a constitution for the Knights Templars Preached the 2Preached the 2ndnd Crusade Crusade
Unavoidably, Cistercian success frought wealth Unavoidably, Cistercian success frought wealth and wealth brought powerand wealth brought power By the later 12By the later 12thth century economic prosperity and century economic prosperity and
political power had begun to compromise the original political power had begun to compromise the original Cistercian idealsCistercian ideals
Mendicant FriarsMendicant Friars Pope Innocent III 1198-1216Pope Innocent III 1198-1216
1313thth century pope who presided over the papacy at century pope who presided over the papacy at its highest level of influenceits highest level of influence
Sanctioned the establishment of two new ordersSanctioned the establishment of two new orders The Dominicans and the FranciscansThe Dominicans and the Franciscans
– The members of both were called friarsThe members of both were called friars– Worked among needy people, especially those living in Worked among needy people, especially those living in
towns, rather than isolating themselvestowns, rather than isolating themselves It was said that “their world was their cloister”It was said that “their world was their cloister”
– To finance their good deeds they went about begging for To finance their good deeds they went about begging for almsalms
This caused people to refer to them as mendicants, or This caused people to refer to them as mendicants, or beggarsbeggars
– Preached and defended the teachings of the Church and Preached and defended the teachings of the Church and fought heresy wherever they encountered itfought heresy wherever they encountered it
Thomas AquinasThomas Aquinas Dominican theologianDominican theologian His teachings are still considered the His teachings are still considered the
definitive statement of Roman definitive statement of Roman CatholicismCatholicism
DominicansDominicans
Founded in 1216 by Saint DominicFounded in 1216 by Saint Dominic Felt the way to fight heresy was to return to Felt the way to fight heresy was to return to
the simple ways of the apostlesthe simple ways of the apostles Gained fame by joining the crusade against Gained fame by joining the crusade against
the Albigensian heresythe Albigensian heresy Albigensian were centered in southern FranceAlbigensian were centered in southern France
– Believed the world was a battleground for the Believed the world was a battleground for the forces of good and evilforces of good and evil
– Church = Evil, because of its wealth and powerChurch = Evil, because of its wealth and power
Order of the Friar Preachers became the Order of the Friar Preachers became the official name of the Dominicansofficial name of the Dominicans
FranciscansFranciscans FrancisFrancis
Son of a wealthy merchant from AssisiSon of a wealthy merchant from Assisi Dreamed of becoming a knight but was captured during his first Dreamed of becoming a knight but was captured during his first
military venturemilitary venture Had a dream in which he was directed to repair several ruined Had a dream in which he was directed to repair several ruined
churches near the citychurches near the city Without permission used fathers money to do repairs and was flogged Without permission used fathers money to do repairs and was flogged
and imprisonedand imprisoned Then pledged himself to a life of poverty and to helping the poor Then pledged himself to a life of poverty and to helping the poor
and the sickand the sick To demonstrate the teachings of JesusTo demonstrate the teachings of Jesus
Soon a small group of like-minded people joined him Soon a small group of like-minded people joined him The Order of Friars Minor was sanctioned by Pope Innocent IIIThe Order of Friars Minor was sanctioned by Pope Innocent III
Impressed Clare, a young noble womanImpressed Clare, a young noble woman She renounces her inheritanceShe renounces her inheritance She founded an order of nuns called the Poor ClaresShe founded an order of nuns called the Poor Clares
Reform of the PapacyReform of the Papacy In the 10In the 10thth the papacy provided little the papacy provided little
leadership to the Christian peoples of leadership to the Christian peoples of western Europewestern Europe
Popes were appointed to advance the Popes were appointed to advance the political ambitions of their familiespolitical ambitions of their families
Pope John XII was appointed pope by his Pope John XII was appointed pope by his powerful father when he was only 18powerful father when he was only 18 He concentrated on expanding papal territoriesHe concentrated on expanding papal territories
At the local parish level, in the 10At the local parish level, in the 10thth and 11 and 11thth centuries, many priests were marriedcenturies, many priests were married These priests were called NicolaitesThese priests were called Nicolaites
The Controversy over Lay The Controversy over Lay InvestitureInvestiture
In 1075 Pope Gregory held a council at In 1075 Pope Gregory held a council at RomeRome Published decrees against nicolaitism, Published decrees against nicolaitism,
simony, and lay investituresimony, and lay investiture Clerics who accepted investiture from laymen were Clerics who accepted investiture from laymen were
to be deposedto be deposed Laymen who invested clerics were to be Laymen who invested clerics were to be
excommunicatedexcommunicated– The church’s penalty of excommunication relied for The church’s penalty of excommunication relied for
its effectiveness on public opinionits effectiveness on public opinion– Henry IV in the Empire, William the Conqueror in Henry IV in the Empire, William the Conqueror in
England, and Philip I in France protestedEngland, and Philip I in France protested
Why did the issue of lay Why did the issue of lay investiture provoke the wrath of investiture provoke the wrath of the Kings?the Kings?
Kings appointed monks and clerics Kings appointed monks and clerics as their administratorsas their administrators Rulers used church offices, bishoprics, Rulers used church offices, bishoprics,
and abbacies as the financial means and abbacies as the financial means with which to support royal with which to support royal governmentsgovernments
The revenues of a diocese or monastery The revenues of a diocese or monastery supplied the incomes for royal officials supplied the incomes for royal officials and their staffsand their staffs
The strongest reaction came from GermanyThe strongest reaction came from Germany Gregory accused Henry of lack of respect for the papacy and Gregory accused Henry of lack of respect for the papacy and
insisted that disobedience to the pope was disobedience to insisted that disobedience to the pope was disobedience to GodGod
In 1076 many of the German bishops who had been invested by In 1076 many of the German bishops who had been invested by Henry withdrew their allegiance from the popeHenry withdrew their allegiance from the pope
– Gregory replied by excommunicating them and suspending Gregory replied by excommunicating them and suspending Henry from the kingshipHenry from the kingship
– The Christmas season of 1076 witnessed an ironic situation The Christmas season of 1076 witnessed an ironic situation in Germany; the Clergy supported the emperor and the in Germany; the Clergy supported the emperor and the nobility supported the popenobility supported the pope
Henry outwitted GregoryHenry outwitted Gregory According to legend, Henry stood for 3 days in the snow seeking According to legend, Henry stood for 3 days in the snow seeking
forgivenessforgiveness As a priest, Gregory was obliged to grant absolution and to As a priest, Gregory was obliged to grant absolution and to
readmit the emperor to the Christian communityreadmit the emperor to the Christian community
In 1080 Gregory VII again excommunicated In 1080 Gregory VII again excommunicated and deposed the emperor; in return, Henry and deposed the emperor; in return, Henry invaded Italy, captured Rome, and controlled invaded Italy, captured Rome, and controlled the city when Gregory died in 1085the city when Gregory died in 1085 Gregory’s successors encouraged Henry’s sons to Gregory’s successors encouraged Henry’s sons to
revolt against their fatherrevolt against their father In 1122, at a conference held at Worms, the In 1122, at a conference held at Worms, the
issue was settled by a compromiseissue was settled by a compromise Bishops were to be chosen according to canon law Bishops were to be chosen according to canon law
in the presence of the emperor or his delegatein the presence of the emperor or his delegate This allowed emperors an effective veto over This allowed emperors an effective veto over
ecclesiastical appointmentsecclesiastical appointments
The Papacy in the HighThe Papacy in the HighMiddle AgesMiddle Ages
Pope Urban II laid the foundations for the papal Pope Urban II laid the foundations for the papal monarchy by reorganizing the central monarchy by reorganizing the central government of the Roman church, the chancery, government of the Roman church, the chancery, and papal financesand papal finances He recognized the college of cardinals as a definite He recognized the college of cardinals as a definite
consultative bodyconsultative body These agencies combined with the papal chapel These agencies combined with the papal chapel
constituted the curia Romanaconstituted the curia Romana Curia Romana –Curia Romana – the papal court, the papacy’s administrative the papal court, the papacy’s administrative
bureaucracy and its court of lawbureaucracy and its court of law The Roman curia had its greatest impact as a court of The Roman curia had its greatest impact as a court of
lawlaw As the highest ecclesiastical tribunal, it formulated canon law As the highest ecclesiastical tribunal, it formulated canon law
for all of Christiandomfor all of Christiandom