Revision Research Output 4 (GROUP 9A)

8/4/2019 Revision Research Output 4 (GROUP 9A)

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RESEARCH OUTPUT 4: Sampling Method

Adviser: Dr. I.A. Ilano

Submitted by: GROUP 9-A

Leader:

Holgado, Anna Victoria

Members:

Alcantara, Jan Christopher

Balandan, Patricia

Buenafe, Jonas Joaquin

Constantino, Erwin

Delos Santos, Kathrine Aira

Flores, Marie Felle

Hernandez, Kristeen Khae

Lopez, Edison

Date:

September 7, 2011

Topic: "A comparative study on the antibacterial activity of the peel extract obtained from

different species of banana (Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana, and Musa paradisiaca) against

Staphylococcus aureus


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I. RESEARCH QUESTION AND OBJECTIVES

A. Reseach question

Which species of banana peel extract has more effective antibacterial activity against

Staphylococcus aureus?

B. Objectives

1. General objective:

To determine which species of banana peel extract has more effective antibacterial

activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

2. Specific objectives:

a) To determine the antibacterial activity of the peel extract obtained from Musa acuminata.b) To determine the antibacterial activity of the peel extract obtained from Musa balbisiana.

c) To determine the antibacterial activity of the peel extract obtained from Musa

paradisiaca.

d) To compare the antibacterial activity of the peel extracts against Staphylococcus aureus.

C. Research hypotheses

1. Working hypothesis:

The peel extracts obtained from the different species of banana have comparable

antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

2. Null hypothesis:

The peel extracts obtained from the different species of banana do not have

comparable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.


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II. RESEARCH DESIGN

The study will utilize an analytic experimental design, wherein the independent variable

under observation will be assigned particularly to a treatment group and will be compared to a

positive and negative control group. Figure 1 illustrates the design of the study.

A. Biases and Limitations

Although there were no significant experimental biases recognized in the related

literatures that were reviewed, a possible researcher bias may be encountered in the study,

wherein the prior literature review, knowledge regarding the preparation of treatment, as well as

allotment of treatment by the researchers might affect the analysis of the results (1).

The in vitrosetting of the study may be accounted to the limitation of the external validity

of the findings (2). The extract activity observed in a controlled laboratory setting may be

observed differently when applied in the clinical setting.

The possible sources of errors in the study may come from faulty execution of

preparation and storage techniques of both the inoculum and banana peel extracts. Application

of the inoculum may contribute to the inaccuracy of results. Thickly applied inoculum onto the

agar may result to a small zone of inhibition; whereas, a thinly applied inoculum may result to a

large zone of inhibition.(1) Inadequate application of the banana extracts as well as those of the

controls on to the paper disks may also contribute to the inaccuracy of results.(3)

B. Control plan for biases and possible errors

The study will be conducted in an isolated controlled unit set at the temperature of 37C

to minimize the possible effect of environmental factors. A facilitator with microbiology expertise

will be supervising the study in order to monitor errors in preparation and storage techniques

throughout the duration of the study. The principle of blinding will be applied in the execution of

the study and data collection. Members will be assigned solely to the execution of the

experiment, observation, and data collection. Unassigned members will determine what type of

treatment will be assigned to a particular sample and will also be responsible for the result

analysis, so as to minimize the occurrence of possible researcher bias.


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III. SAMPLING METHOD

A. Definitions:

1. Determining the type of banana species

The different species of banana used in the study were classified based on the current

regional classification scheme in Southeast Asia proposed by International Network for the

Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP) (8). Being the center of diversity for bananas, in

Southeast Asian countries including Philippines the adoption of the rather simplistic Linnean

description and classification generated confusion thus brought about the development of new

classification scheme.

In the Linnean classification, Karl Linnaeus simply classified bananas as plantain (Musa

paradisiaca Linn.), which is a special type of cooking banana and dessert banana (Musa

sapientum Linn.). Whereas in the suggested classification scheme by INIBAP, which was

evaluated and agreed upon by different curators of banana varieties in Southeast Asia, three

tier system using species, genome group and cultivar was adopted. Endemic Southeast Asian

wild banana species namely Musa acuminataand Musa balbisiana, which has been concluded

to be the origin of edible bananas will have their edible diploid and triploid derivatives adopt the

scientific name of their respective wild parents. Whereas for the hybrid of the aforementioned

two species, Musax paradisiacaLinn. should be adopted. Presented in Table 1 are the different

diagnostic characters used in differentiating Musa acuminata from Musa balbisiana and their

hybrids.

Table 1. Characters used in the classification of banana using a taxonomic scorecard.

Character Musa acuminata Musa balbisisanaPseudostem color More or less heavily

marked with brown or blackblotches

Blotches slight or absent

Petiolar canal Margin erect or spreading,with scarious wings below,not clasping pseudostem

Margin inclosed, notwinged below, claspingpseudostem

Peduncle Usually downy or hairy GlabrousPedicels Short LongOvules Two regular rows in each

loculusFour irregular rows in eachloculus

Bract shoulder Usually high (ratio < 0.28) Usually low (ratio > 0.30)Bract curling* Bract reflex and roll back Bracts lift but do not roll

after openingBract shape Lanceolate or narrowly Broadly ovate, not tapering


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ovate, tapering sharply fromthe shoulder

sharply

Bract apex Acute ObtuseBract color Red, dull purple or yellow

outside; pink, dull purple orDistinctive brownish-purpleoutside; bright crimson

inside yellow insideColor fading Inside bract color fades to

yellow towards the baseInside bract colorcontinuous to base

Bract scars Prominent Scarcely prominentFree tepal of maleflower

Variably corrugated belowtip

Rarely corrugated

Male flower color Creamy white Variably flushed with pinkStigma color Orange or rich yellow Cream, pale yellow or pale

pink

In this study the most common banana species found in Cavite will be used namelyMusa acuminata, Musa balbisianaand Musa paradisiacawhich are locally known in Cavite as

lakatan, saba, and latundan respectively. Presented in Table 2 are the different common names

and synonyms of banana cultivars used within the country.

Table 2. Popular banana cultivars in the Philippines and their synonyms.

Common Names SynonymsLatundan Tundan, Turdan, SuringLakatan Mapang

Bugulan Bulugan, BalagonSulay Baguio Tampuhin, Po-otInarnibal Seorita, MonkoyTudlo Datu Morong DatuTernate Gloria, AngaoKatali LagkitanLaknau Darayan, MaybayMatavia Dacosta, GalaganKatsila Sabang KastilaTurangkog Calibo, Sab-aPelipia Pinipita, PelipitaTindok TondocSaba Dippig


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B. Selection

Selection for the type of banana species that will be utilized for the study will be based

on the species availability and accessibility to the public. Different banana species that were

common in the province of Cavite were determined. Based on the provinces consolidated

production report for the month of August 2011, Musa acuminata (lakatan) garnered the top

sales, followed by Musa balbisiana (saba) and Musa paradisiaca (latundan) (4). Choices for

banana species were further specified as to their distribution among the districts of the province.

Although majority of the local banana cultivars are grown in the upland districts (i.e. Districts V

VII), the purchase of the banana samples will be done at the most convenient district for the

study, the 4th district of Dasmarinas City (5). Figure 2 depicts the selection process for the

independent variable of the study.

Figure 2: Selection process for banana species

One subgroup consisting of three members will be in-charge of treatment allotment. Six

plates of nutrient agar will be prepared for the study. Two plates will be allotted for observing the

activity of extracts from different banana species (Musa paradisiaca, Musa balbisianana and

Musa acuminata) in different concentrations compared with a positive and negative control.

Control groups will be set up so as to validate that the intended effect is indeed attributed to the

independent variable of the study. Vancomycin, the drug of choice for Staphylococcus aureus

will be used as a positive control, evaluating the antibacterial activity of the banana peel extracts

(6). On the other hand, distilled water will be used as the negative control for the study to serve

PROVINCE OF CAVITE

BANANA-GROWING

DISTRICTS

DISTRICT V DISTRICT VI DISTRICT VII

DISTRIBUTION/EXPORT OF

BANANAS TO OTHER DISTRICTS

DISTRICT IV


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as a reference reflecting microbial growth (7). Figure 3 illustrates the distribution of the treatment

and control among the bacterial culture.

Figure 3:Allocation of treatment and control

Musa balbisiana

100%

conc.

40%

conc.

80%

conc.

60%

conc.

20%

conc.Distilled

water

Standard

drug

Musa acuminata

100%

conc.

40%

conc.

80%

conc.

60%

conc.

20%

conc.Distilled

water

Standard

drug

Musa paradisiaca

100%conc.

40%

conc.

80%conc.

60%

conc.

20%conc.

Distilled

water

Standard

drug


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

(1) Researcher bias.http://www.pairbondpublications.com/for_students/online_glossary .Retrieved last 8 August 2011.

(2) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1997). Marketing Research

and Information Systems(Chapter 6: Experimentation). Retrieved from:http://www.fao.org/docrep/w3241e/w3241e07.htm#chapter 6: experimentation

(3) Mahon, C.R., Lehman, D.C., and Manuselis, G. (2007). Textbook of DiagnosticMicrobiology. Missouri: Saunders.

(4) Provincial Government of Cavite. Agri P.Noy High Value Commercial Program Consolidated Monthly Report (August 2011).

(5) Republic Act No. 9272An Act Reapportioning the Province of Cavite into Seven (7)Legislative Districts. Retrieved fromhttp://www.senate.gov.phlast September 6, 2011.

(6) World Health Organization.http://www.who.int

(7) Mokbel, M.S. and Hashinaga, F. (2005). Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities ofBanana (MusaAAA cv. Cavendish) Fruits Peel. American Journal of Biochemistry andBiotechnology (Volume 1, No. 3) pp.125-131.

(8) Valmayor, R.V et. Al. Banana cultivar names and synonyms in Southeast Asia.

Retrieved from:

http://bananas.bioversityinternational.org/files/files/pdf/publications/synonyms.pdf
http://www.pairbondpublications.com/for_students/online_glossaryhttp://www.pairbondpublications.com/for_students/online_glossaryhttp://www.pairbondpublications.com/for_students/online_glossaryhttp://www.senate.gov.ph/http://www.senate.gov.ph/http://www.senate.gov.ph/http://www.who.int/http://www.who.int/http://www.who.int/http://www.who.int/http://www.senate.gov.ph/http://www.pairbondpublications.com/for_students/online_glossary

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Revision Research Output 4 (GROUP 9A)