Reviewing the Prevalence of Visual Plagiarism Within Visual Arts, TertiaryEducation in South East Asia

Lisa WinstanleyAssistant ProfessorSchool of Art, Design and Media

June 2019

“The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.”(English Oxford Living Dictionaries, Online 2019)

1. Johnson, Steve. 2019. Blue‐Orange‐And‐White‐Abstract‐Painting. Image. https://www.pexels.com/photo/blue‐orange‐and‐white‐abstract‐painting‐1183992/.

2. Winstanley, Lisa 2019 Connection lost poster design3. Winstanley, Lisa 2016 Lisa Logo design

Pastiche / homage / Parody

Mackintosh, Charles Rene. 1896. Charles Rennie Mackintosh The Scottish Musical Review (Poster For A Magazine) 1896. Image. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/4870.

https://www.slideshare.net/lclarkhfc/parody-pastiche

https://www.pexels.com/photo/people-coffee-meeting-team-7096/

Focus Group Sessions

• Sparsity of research• Ambiguous boundaries• Inadequate policy

Visual Plagiarism Detection

• www.tineye.com• iTrace

(Garrett & Robinson, 2012)

• Google reverse image search• Blob filter

http://www.roborealm.com/help/Blob_Filter.php

https://pixabay.com/illustrations/observe-monitoring-spy-search-job-3539810/

Methods• 3 Focus groups

positioning participants as experts

• 6 open ended questions & 1 focusing exercise

• Data Analysis: Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)

• Thematic Analysis of experiential claims

Findings: 4 Experiential Discourse Themes Identified

1. Cultural Discourse2. Definition Discourse3. Dishonesty Discourse4. Education Discourse

FindingsDiscourse Themes Identified

1) Culture• Social Media – social

proof!

• Industry – Lack of repercussions

• Cultural Differences Western Influence Perceived InnocenceSecondary Education

www.straitstimes.com. 2016. Manila-Born Monica Delgado's Artworks Look Like That Of Renowned Singapore Artist Jane Lee. Image. https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/arts/too-similar.

FindingsDiscourse Themes Identified2) Definition

Confounding factors• Contextualisation –

how and for what• Originality/similarity -

transformative• Ambiguity –

confusion & lack of specific policy

http://dearrichblog.blogspot.com. 2018. Satire, Parody And Fair Use. Image. http://dearrichblog.blogspot.com/2018/12/satire-parody-and-fair-use-gullivers.html.

FindingsDiscourse Themes Identified3) DishonestyIntermixture of terminology • Copying• Stealing• Whistle blowing

Kleon, Austin. 2019. Steal Like An Artist Book. Image. Accessed May 20. https://austinkleon.com/steal/.

FindingsDiscourse Themes Identified3) DishonestyIntermixture of terminology • Copying• Stealing• Whistle blowing

Kleon, Austin. 2019. Steal Like An Artist Book. Image. Accessed May 20. https://austinkleon.com/steal/.

FindingsDiscourse Themes Identified4 ) Education• Lack of Knowledge

– Unintentional Plagiarism

• Learning Tools– Prevention

• Policy & Protocols

Artist’s RationaleA broader approach required

behaviour by Yu luck from the Noun Project

An Iterative 5 Phase Pre-Emptive Approach• Phase 1: Behavioural change strategy

Utilising Stanford’s Behaviour Design Lab’s Green Path Behaviour Change strategy as a framework

• Phase 2: A framework of Integritya) Determining Originality 1+1-3, b) Written Rational, c) Reverse Image Search d) Personal Code of Ethics

• Phase 3: Active-learning workshops

• Phase 4: Production of digital and print based supporting collateralsText books, handouts, posters, online platform

• Phase 5: Policy UpdateIn collaboration with RIEO NTU

Thank you

ReferencesAshworth, Peter, Philip Bannister, Pauline Thorne, and Students on the Qualitative Researc. 1997. "Guilty In Whose Eyes? University Students' Perceptions Of Cheating And Plagiarism In Academic Work And Assessment". Studies In Higher Education 22 (2): 187-203. doi:10.1080/03075079712331381034."Blob Filter". 2019. Roborealm.Com. Accessed May 8. http://www.roborealm.com/help/Blob_Filter.php.Bloor, Michael, Jane Frankland, Michelle Thomas, and Kate Robson. 2001. Focus Groups In Social Research. Ebook. SAGE Research Methods. http://methods.sagepub.com/book/focus-groups-in-social-research.Bowman, Stephen A. 2008. "The Creativity Of Plagiarism". In Third International Plagiarism Conference. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/215531470_The_Creativity_of_Plagiarism.Breen, Lauren, and Margaret Maassen. 2005. "Reducing The Incidence Of Plagiarism In An Undergraduate Course: The Role Of Education". Issues In Educational Research 15 (1): 1-16. http://www.iier.org.au/iier15/breen.html.Chapman, Kenneth J., and Robert A. Lupton. 2004. "Academic Dishonesty In A Global Educational Market: A Comparison Of Hong Kong And American University Business Students". International Journal Of Educational Management 18 (7): 425-435. doi:10.1108/09513540410563130.Devlin, Marcia, and Kathleen Gray. 2007. "In Their Own Words: A Qualitative Study Of The Reasons Australian University Students Plagiarize". Higher Education Research & Development 26 (2): 181-198. doi:10.1080/07294360701310805.Drenttel, William. 2010. "What's The Difference Between Appropriation And Plagiarism? - Ethics In Graphic Design". Ethicsingraphicdesign.Org. http://www.ethicsingraphicdesign.org/whats-the-difference-between-appropriation-and-plagiarism/.Economou, Inge. 2011. "The Problem With Plagiarism". In 20/20 Design Vision Conference. Proceedings Of The Sixth International DEFSA Conference. Design Education Forum of Southern Africa (DEFSA).Fogg, B.J. 2010. Green Path Behavior Guide. Ebook. Stanford Persuasive Tech Lab. http://www.BehaviorWizard.org.Fogg, B.J. 2018. "BJ Fogg's Behavior Model". Behaviormodel.Org. https://www.behaviormodel.org/.Foltýnek, Tomáš, Jiří Rybička, and Catherine Demoliou. 2014. "Do Students Think What Teachers Think About Plagiarism?". International Journal For Educational Integrity 10 (1): 21-30. https://www.ojs.unisa.edu.au/index.php/IJEI/article/view/931.Franklyn-Stokes, Arlene, and Stephen E. Newstead. 1995. "Undergraduate Cheating: Who Does What And Why?". Studies In Higher Education 20 (2): 159-172. doi:10.1080/03075079512331381673.Garrett, Leigh, and Amy Robinson. 2012. "Spot The Difference! Plagiarism Identification In The Visual Arts". In Electronic Visualisation And The Arts (EVA 2012). London: British Computer Society (BCS). https://core.ac.uk/display/9427953.Glaser, Barney G, and Anselm L Strauss. 2017. The Discovery Of Grounded Theory. Oxon, London: Routledge.Gullifer, Judith, and Graham A. Tyson. 2010. "Exploring University Students' Perceptions Of Plagiarism: A Focus Group Study". Studies In Higher Education 35 (4): 463-481. doi:10.1080/03075070903096508.Kuehn, Phyllis, Douglas J. Stanwyck, and C. L. Holland. 1990. "Attitudes Toward "Cheating" Behaviors In The ESL Classroom". TESOL Quarterly 24 (2): 313. doi:10.2307/3586911.Lambert, Scott, and Nick Eagleton. 2019. "1+1=3". Presentation, School of Art Design and Media, Nanyang Technological University, , 2019.Lim, Vivien K. G., and Sean K. B. See. 2001. "Attitudes Toward, And Intentions To Report, Academic Cheating Among Students In Singapore". Ethics & Behavior 11 (3): 261-274. doi:10.1207/s15327019eb1103_5.Madslien, Jorn. 2007. "BBC NEWS | Business | Chinese Copy Row Reaches Car Show". News.Bbc.Co.Uk. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6989384.stm.McCabe, Donald, L. 2005. "Cheating Among College And University Students: A North American Perspective". International Journal For Educational Integrity 1 (1). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.21913/IJEI.v1i1.14.Noh, Mohd Amin Mohd, Anith Liyana Amin Nudin, Nik Narimah, Wan Nur Khalisah Shamsudin, and Mohd Fauzi Harun. 2019. "Plagiarism In Graphic Design". In 2Nd Art And Design International Conference 2016 (Andic 2016), 391-400. Springer. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811304866#aboutBook.Palmer, Michelle, Michael Larkin, Richard de Visser, and Gráinne Fadden. 2010. "Developing An Interpretative Phenomenological Approach To Focus Group Data". Qualitative Research In Psychology 7 (2): 99-121. doi:10.1080/14780880802513194.Park, Chris. 2003. "In Other (People's) Words: Plagiarism By University Students--Literature And Lessons". Assessment & Evaluation In Higher Education 28 (5): 471-488. doi:10.1080/02602930301677.Saldaña, Johnny. 2016. The Coding Manual For Qualitative Researchers. Los Angeles: Sage.Simon, Beth Cook, Mario Minichiello, and Chris Lawrence. 2014. "Academic Integrity: Differences Between Design Assessments And Essays". In Proceedings Of DRS 2014: Design’S Big Debates. Design Research Society Biennial International Conference. Umeå: Design Research Society. http://www.drs2014.org/media/654194/0231-file1.pdf.Trott, Dave. 2016. One Plus One Equals Three - A Masterclass In Creative Thinking. London: Pan Macmillan.

Additional Slides for discussion

Phase 1: Behavioural change strategy• (Fogg 2018) Behaviour Change Model indicates that behaviour can

be changed when three specific elements converge at the same time, these are: Motivation, Ability and Trigger.

• “Increase the number of triggers leading to the new behavior. (facilitator, signal)

• Increase ability to do the new behavior. (Simplicity factors: time, brain cycles, social deviance, physical effort)

• Increase motivation for doing the behavior by decreasing fearassociated with the behavior.”(Fogg 2018)

Phase 2: A framework of Integrity• a) Determining Originality 1+1=3

https://www.oliviercourbet.com/work/circus-of-magazines/

+ =

Phase 2: A framework of Integrity

• a) Determining Originality: Steal Like an Artist

An Example:“ ’Macbeth shall never vanquished be’ until the very forest marches on his castle. But then the English army marches on the castle holding branches from the forest, and Macbeth is vanquished.

J.R.R. Tolkien has such ‘bitter disappointment and disgust’ at this ‘shabby use’That he invented a moving, talking forest, which actually uproots and goes to war inThe Lord of the Rings.

And for now, the public knows Tolkien’s trees better than Shakespeare’s. He stole like an artist.” (Douglas 2017)

Douglas, Nick. 2017. Lifehacker.Com. https://lifehacker.com/an‐artist‐explains‐what‐great‐artists‐steal‐really‐me‐1818808264.

Phase 2: A framework of Integrity• b) Written Rational

Patel, Neneh. 2018. February Statement Of Intent. Ebook. Issuu. https://issuu.com/nenehpatel/docs/statement_of_intent.

Phase 2: A framework of Integrity• c) Reverse Image Search

"Tineye Reverse Image Search". 2019. Tineye.Com. https://www.tineye.com/.

"Google Images". 2019. Google.Com. https://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en.

Phase 2: A framework of Integrity• Personal Code of Ethics

Harrop, Matt. 2017. Oldham Street Art, Manchester. Image. https://www.geograph.org.uk/more.php?id=5298014.

pexels.com. 2019.Working In A Group. Image. Accessed May 25. https://www.pexels.com/photo/working‐in‐a‐group‐6224/.

Phase 3: Active-learning workshops

Phase 4: Production of digital and print based supporting collaterals

• Text books• Handouts• Posters • Online-platform

Mecoy, Laura. 2017. Infographic_Caniusethatpicture4. Image. http://mecoy.net/can‐i‐use‐that‐picture/infographic_caniusethatpicture4/#prettyPhoto.

Focus Group:Focussing Exercise 1.

1. Direct Copying

2. Pastiche / homage

3. Direct copying for commercial purposes but original was homage

4. Direct copying of a photographic composition for commercial purposes

5. Tracing a photograph

6. Copying as a learning tool