Reviewer Water Resource

8/9/2019 Reviewer Water Resource

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Artesian wells - wells in which water rises to the surface and flow out under its own pressurewithout pumping - well is placed in a confined aquifer that is under pressure

Karst or Limestone - land sculptured by underground water

Swallow holes - streams and rivers disappear down holesPotholes - shallow holes that have been widened and deepened by solution of the

materialSinkholes - circular depressions produced by chemical solution of limestoneUnderground caves and caverns - underground features that have been developed

by chemical solution of the limestoneCollapse sinks - surface area caused by collapsing subsurface cave roofs

In caves where water drips from the ceiling and evaporates it leaves behind a deposit of calciumcarbonate - stalactites (grow downward from the ceiling) - stalagmites (build up from the floor)

- speleothems (stalactites and stalagmites meet to form a column)

Stream System

Runoff surface flow from precipitation

Tributaries of streams smaller streams that feed into the major one

Stream system major stream and its tributaries

Drainage Basin ( watershed, catchment basin) land surface drained by a stream system

Watershed Divide imaginary line between two stream systems

Types of stream flow regimes

Perennial streams that flow year-round

Intermittent seasonal flow after heavy rains or during the rainy seasonEphemeral stream unpredictable flows

Stream Discharge (Q) volume of water flowing past a cross section of the stream in a given period of time

Q = A VQ is volume of water per time (cubic feet per second)A is cross sectional area of stream


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V is velocity of water (how fast it is moving down the stream)Erosion by Streams

Graded Stream stream has just the velocity necessary to remove the load eroded from thedrainage basin a perfect balance between sediment supply and stream capacity

Base Level level or elevation below which a stream cannot cut ultimate global base levelis sea-level

Stream Load (How weathered material is carried by running water)Dissolved load material in solution produced by chemical weathering process of

solutionSuspended load small particles being carried in the water by the streamBed load larger particles that are rolled, dragged or bounced along the stream bed

Traction process that moves larger eroded fragments (particles) along the

bed of the streamSaltation particles are lifted and transported short distances before they

return to the stream bed (particles appear to be jumping)

Stream Erosion, Transportation and Deposition

Degradation equals erosion

Aggredation equals deposition depends on a decrease in velocity

Major deposition features Alluvial fans (Fig 14.29) and Deltas (Fig 14.30)

Floods result of too much runoff for the stream channel to carry

Flood Plain area along the stream channel that gets covered by water during the flood andacts like an extension of the stream channel

Antecedent stream stream where erosion ( down cutting) has been able to keep up with thegeologic uplift of the land AND maintain grade while the land rose around it

Grand Canyon of the Colorado River is a good example the elevation of the river is where ithas always been (one mile deep canyon represents the amount of uplift of the whole ColoradoPlateau during the past 6 or 7 million years)

Documents

Reviewer Water Resource